Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: GBS OS | Judge: Patrick Kennedy

1AC

1AC—Updated

1AC—Zapatismo—Blake

Before we can talk about the embargo in Cuba, or the oil in Mexico, or the cocaine cartels in Venezuela, we need to talk about why we’re debating this topic in the first place. The resolution calls us to affirm a legacy of violence towards Latin America – the projection of Western values throughout the globe and the instrumentalization of the topic countries for the gain of the US.

James Petras, Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York, 12-30-11, "Imperialism and the "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools,"
http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1886
There is a long history of imperialist "anti-imperialism", officially sponsored condemnation
AND
democracy movements and those promoted by Washington, NATO and the mass media.

We understand the topic, not through the resolution’s violent call to "economic engagement," but through the lens of Zapatismo. Debate should be a world in which many worlds are possible. Rejecting the colonizing interpretation of the topic mandated by the resolution allows for a multifaceted understanding of Latin America, creating the conditions for counter-hegemony.

David Solnit, writer and activist organizer who helped take a part in the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, 2003, "Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World"

Throughout the struggle, the Zapatistas have punctuated their statements, especially those circulated through
AND
be reaped if one fights, if, that is, one dreams.

The resolution’s Eurocentric mode of knowledge production needs to be questioned – the politics of "economic engagement" relies on a matrix of domination which valorizes and values the white heterosexual male at the expense of indigenous and black bodies. Pluralistic politics is necessary to decolonize debate and invert the status quo geopolitics of knowledge which makes death inevitable—as Indian and Chinese people in positions of privilege, this is something we needa confront.

Catherine Walsh, 2012 (Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, "The Politics of Naming" Cultural Studies 26:1 p. 117-122
To think with knowledges produced in Latin America and the Caribbean (as well as
AND
only one of our options, and part of the politics of naming.

The topic hails us to understand Latin America instrumentally—they are useful insofar only as they are beneficial to the American nation building project. This westernizing lens makes it impossible to imagine Latin America outside of a Eurocentric understanding of the world – the resolution affirms the expansion of empire and the extermination of the barbarian, primitive, black, native, savage racialized other who "has nothing to contribute to society."

Edgardo Lander, 2000 (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas , Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority. 

The topic cannot be separated from the way we debate it – the purpose of this year’s resolution is clear, and it’s to teach us to be better imperialists. This understanding of Latin America, the topic and the debate space destroys education and turns us into the agents of Empire.

Shanara Reid-Brinkley, 2008 (Shanara Rose Reid-Brinkley, Assistant Professor of African American Studies and Communications, Director of Debate @ University of Pittsburgh, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE", http://www.comm.pitt.edu/faculty/documents/reid-brinkley_shanara_r_200805_phd.pdf

Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a "sense
AND
of the "policymaker" and require their opponents to  do the same.

The academy has been colonized – debate goes from round to round, pretending like the topic we’ve been given is value-neutral while ignoring its drive to Westernize. Our affirmation of Zapatismo politics re-ignites the revolutionary potential of the debate space by allowing us to link up with other movements in order to move beyond the oppositional politics of the status quo.

El Kilombo Intergaláctico, 07 "BEYOND RESISTANCE: EVERYTHING," http://libcom.org/files/beyondresistance.pdf

The Fourth World War continues unabated and the result has been a near total devastation
AND
as these same movements struggle with the necessity of moving "beyond resistance.

The current strategies of oppositional politics fail because they rest on a fixed identity or solidarity activism – Zapatismo ruptures the fixed dialectic between sovereignty and rebellion, allowing resistance to take on new meaning and potential. Attempts to contain our politics deprive it of its revolutionary potential and make the debate space static and meaningless.

Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri, 2011 (Michael Hardt is a Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. Antonio Negri is an independent researcher and writer. He has been a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua., "common wealth", The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

The Zapatista campaigns for indigenous rights in Mexico provide a clear political example of this
AND
presenting a direct relation to the common to develop the paths of altermodernity.

The monocultural and hegemonic understanding of debate, the topic and Latin America imposed by the resolution makes the debate space socially useless.

Cynthia Valdivia-Sutherland, Professor and Director of Forensics at Buttle Community College, 1998, "Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs," http://www.phirhopi.org/phi-rho-pi/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm

Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of
AND
, and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin21

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Quarters | Opponent: ACORN AJ | Judge: Elijah Smith, William Cheung, Hannah Stafford

1AC – Quarters

Before we can talk about the embargo in Cuba, or the oil in Mexico, or the cocaine cartels in Venezuela, we need to talk about why we’re debating this topic in the first place. The resolution calls us to affirm a legacy of violence towards Latin America – the projection of Western values throughout the globe and the instrumentalization of the topic countries for the gain of the US.

James Petras, Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York, 12-30-11, "Imperialism and the "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools,"
http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1886
There is a long history of imperialist "anti-imperialism", officially sponsored condemnation
AND
democracy movements and those promoted by Washington, NATO and the mass media.

An understanding of history makes apparent the colonialism of the topic – before the expansion of the West, indigenous societies flourished across the continent – an amazing culture and society WIPED OUT by the arrival of the conquistadores and kept SILENT to this day by the resolution’s call to colonize. This westernizing lens makes it impossible to imagine Latin America outside of a Eurocentric understanding of the world – the resolution hails us to affirm the expansion of empire and the extermination of the barbarian, primitive, black, native, savage racialized other who "has nothing to contribute to society."

Edgardo Lander, 2000 (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas , Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority. 

The resolution’s Eurocentric mode of knowledge production needs to be questioned – the politics of "economic engagement" relies on a matrix of domination which valorizes and values the white heterosexual male at the expense of indigenous and black bodies. Pluralistic politics is necessary to decolonize debate and invert the status quo geopolitics of knowledge which makes death inevitable.

Catherine Walsh, 2012 (Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, "The Politics of Naming" Cultural Studies 26:1 p. 117-122
To think with knowledges produced in Latin America and the Caribbean (as well as
AND
only one of our options, and part of the politics of naming.

The topic cannot be separated from the way we debate it – the purpose of this year’s resolution is clear, and it’s to teach us to be better imperialists. This understanding of Latin America, the topic and the debate space destroys education and turns us into the agents of Empire.

Shanara Reid-Brinkley, 2008 (Shanara Rose Reid-Brinkley, Assistant Professor of African American Studies and Communications, Director of Debate @ University of Pittsburgh, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE", http://www.comm.pitt.edu/faculty/documents/reid-brinkley_shanara_r_200805_phd.pdf

Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a "sense
AND
of the "policymaker" and require their opponents to  do the same.

We understand the topic, not through the resolution’s violent call to "economic engagement," but through the lens of Zapatismo. Debate should be a world in which many worlds are possible. Rejecting the colonizing interpretation of the topic mandated by the resolution allows for a multifaceted understanding of Latin America, creating the conditions for counter-hegemony.

David Solnit, writer and activist organizer who helped take a part in the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, 2003, "Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World"

Throughout the struggle, the Zapatistas have punctuated their statements, especially those circulated through
AND
be reaped if one fights, if, that is, one dreams.

The academy has been colonized – we go from round to round, pretending like the topic we’ve been given is value-neutral while ignoring its drive to Westernize. Our affirmation of Zapatismo politics re-ignites the revolutionary potential of the debate space by allowing us to link up with other movements in order to move beyond the oppositional politics of the status quo.

El Kilombo Intergaláctico, 07 "BEYOND RESISTANCE: EVERYTHING," http://libcom.org/files/beyondresistance.pdf

The Fourth World War continues unabated and the result has been a near total devastation
AND
as these same movements struggle with the necessity of moving "beyond resistance.

The current strategies of oppositional politics fail because they rest on a fixed identity or solidarity activism – Zapatismo ruptures the fixed dialectic between sovereignty and rebellion, allowing resistance to take on new meaning and potential. Attempts to contain our politics deprive it of its revolutionary potential and make the debate space static and meaningless.

Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri, 2011 (Michael Hardt is a Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. Antonio Negri is an independent researcher and writer. He has been a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua., "common wealth", The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

The Zapatista campaigns for indigenous rights in Mexico provide a clear political example of this
AND
presenting a direct relation to the common to develop the paths of altermodernity.

The monocultural and hegemonic understanding of debate, the topic and Latin America imposed by the resolution makes the debate space socially useless.

Cynthia Valdivia-Sutherland, Professor and Director of Forensics at Buttle Community College, 1998, "Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs," http://www.phirhopi.org/phi-rho-pi/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm

Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of
AND
, and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin21

Tournament: Bronx Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Ben Crossan, Lee Sharmat

1AC – Bronx

1AC – Bronx

1AC – Bronx

Before we can talk about the embargo in Cuba, or the oil in Mexico, or the crazy cocaine cartels in Venezuela, we need to talk about why we’re debating this topic in the first place. The resolution calls us to affirm a legacy of violence towards Latin America – the projection of Western values throughout the globe and the instrumentalization of the topic countries for the gain of the US.

James Petras, Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York, 12-30-11, "Imperialism and the "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools,"
http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1886
There is a long history of imperialist "anti-imperialism", officially sponsored condemnation
AND
democracy movements and those promoted by Washington, NATO and the mass media.

This westernizing lens makes it impossible to imagine Latin America outside of a Eurocentric understanding of the world – the resolution hails us to affirm the expansion of empire and the extermination of the barbarian, primitive, black, native, savage racialized other who "has nothing to contribute to society."

Edgardo Lander, 2000 (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas , Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority. 

The topic cannot be separated from the way we debate it – the purpose of this year’s resolution is clear, and it’s to teach us to be better imperialists. This understanding of Latin America, the topic and the debate space destroys education and turns us into the agents of Empire.

Shanara Reid-Brinkley, 2008 (Shanara Rose Reid-Brinkley, Assistant Professor of African American Studies and Communications, Director of Debate @ University of Pittsburgh, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE", http://www.comm.pitt.edu/faculty/documents/reid-brinkley_shanara_r_200805_phd.pdf

Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a "sense
AND
of the "policymaker" and require their opponents to  do the same.

If you’re still waiting for us to read a plan text at this point, you should probably stop holding your breath – we understand the topic, not through the resolution’s violent call to "economic engagement," but through the lens of Zapatismo. Debate should be a world in which many worlds are possible. Rejecting the colonizing interpretation of the topic mandated by the resolution allows for a multifaceted understanding of Latin America, creating the conditions for counter-hegemony.

David Solnit, writer and activist organizer who helped take a part in the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, 2003, "Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World"

Throughout the struggle, the Zapatistas have punctuated their statements, especially those circulated through
AND
be reaped if one fights, if, that is, one dreams.

The academy has been colonized – we go from round to round, pretending like the topic we’ve been given is value-neutral while ignoring its drive to Westernize. Our affirmation of Zapatismo politics re-ignites the revolutionary potential of the debate space by allowing us to link up with other movements in order to move beyond the oppositional politics of the status quo.

El Kilombo Intergaláctico, 07 "BEYOND RESISTANCE: EVERYTHING," http://libcom.org/files/beyondresistance.pdf

The Fourth World War continues unabated and the result has been a near total devastation
AND
as these same movements struggle with the necessity of moving "beyond resistance.

The resolution’s Eurocentric mode of knowledge production needs to be questioned – the politics of "economic engagement" relies on a matrix of domination which valorizes and values the white heterosexual male at the expense of indigenous and black bodies. Pluralistic politics is necessary to decolonize debate and invert the status quo geopolitics of knowledge which makes death inevitable.

Catherine Walsh, 2012 (Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, "The Politics of Naming" Cultural Studies 26:1 p. 117-122
To think with knowledges produced in Latin America and the Caribbean (as well as
AND
only one of our options, and part of the politics of naming.

The current strategies of oppositional politics fail because they rest on a fixed identity or solidarity activism – Zapatismo ruptures the fixed dialectic between sovereignty and rebellion, allowing resistance to take on new meaning and potential. Attempts to contain our politics deprive it of its revolutionary potential and make the debate space static and meaningless.

Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri, 2011 (Michael Hardt is a Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. Antonio Negri is an independent researcher and writer. He has been a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua., "common wealth", The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

The Zapatista campaigns for indigenous rights in Mexico provide a clear political example of this
AND
presenting a direct relation to the common to develop the paths of altermodernity.

The monocultural and hegemonic understanding of debate, the topic and Latin America imposed by the resolution makes the debate space socially useless.

Cynthia Valdivia-Sutherland, Professor and Director of Forensics at Buttle Community College, 1998, "Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs," http://www.phirhopi.org/phi-rho-pi/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm

Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of
AND
, and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin21

Imagining a world where many world exist allows for a more open, equal society where communal-oriented government is truly possible – only Zapatismo allows us to define our relation to the state in our own, unique way – all other ways just forces dominant ideologies back onto us and retrenches

Lisa Poggiali, 2005 (MA in the Social Anthropology of Development, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, "Reimagining The Possible: Zapatista Discourse And The Problematics Of Rights", https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=8-poggiali-reimagining-the-possible26site=15
In the case of Chiapas, the Zapatista movement promoted the concept of autonomy not
AND
a source of strength of the Zapatista movement going into the 21st century.

Tournament: Bronx Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Law AL | Judge: Brian Manuel, Jeremy Hammond
Removed Valdivia-Sutherland; added this --

This stance of solidarity with the multitude is necessary to move beyond the antimodern politics of the status quo – oppositional politics reinforces the dyad between established power and revolution.

Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri, 2011 (Michael Hardt is a Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. Antonio Negri is an independent researcher and writer. He has been a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua., "common wealth", The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

Up to this point we have explored antimodernity as a form of resistance internal to
AND
antimodernity to altermodernity is defined not by opposition but by rupture and transformation.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Jake Shaner, Ezra Louvis, Andres Gannon

Zapatismo—Harvard

1AC—Doubles

1AC—Zapatismo—Doubles

Western economic policies towards Latin America cannot be separated from a never-ending history and ongoing implementation of mass violence—ethical engagement with the topic must come to terms with the way in which Eurocentric forms of knowledge production and the projection of Western values throughout the globe underlie present-day instrumentalization of the topic for the gain of the US.

James Petras, Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York, 12-30-11, "Imperialism and the "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools,"
http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1886
There is a long history of imperialist "anti-imperialism", officially sponsored condemnation
AND
democracy movements and those promoted by Washington, NATO and the mass media.

This policy of neocolonial "engagement" is rooted in a colonial matrix of domination which wages constant war against others. Communities like those in the Chiapas region of Mexico go ignored without access to running water or basic human needs while white heterosexual able-bodied males in America reap the benefits.

Edgardo Lander, 2000 (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority. 

Resistance to the globalization of domination is rising; Chiapas destitution gave rise to the Zapatista Front of National Liberation, sparking global rebellion against the dominant power structures of the status quo—this pluralistic politics recognizes that "in the world of the powerful there is no space for anyone but themselves and their servants. We want a world in which many worlds fit." We obviously aren’t Zapatistas, but we can’t help but ask why debate shouldn’t be the same.

The forgotten people of the Chiapas are those both left out of and most affected by our community’s discussions of economic engagement between Mexico and the United States. The resolution’s call to endorse imperialist violence towards Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela is part and parcel of the drive to exclude racialized and sexualized others from the conversations we have in these spaces. The purpose of this year’s resolution is clear, and it’s to teach us to be better imperialists. This understanding of Latin America, the topic and the debate space destroys education and turns us into the agents of Empire.

Shanara Reid-Brinkley, 2008 (Shanara Rose Reid-Brinkley, Assistant Professor of African American Studies and Communications, Director of Debate @ University of Pittsburgh, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE", http://www.comm.pitt.edu/faculty/documents/reid-brinkley_shanara_r_200805_phd.pdf

Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a "sense
AND
of the "policymaker" and require their opponents to  do the same.

The assumption of the value-neutrality of the topic ignores its drive to Westernize. Allan is Chinese, I am Indian and bisexual, this both comes with privilege and causes us to be violently impacted by the way debate organizes. Zapatismo re-ignites the revolutionary potential of debate by allowing us to link up with other movements; as people with the privilege to speak here, this is necessary.

El Kilombo Intergaláctico, 07 "BEYOND RESISTANCE: EVERYTHING," http://libcom.org/files/beyondresistance.pdf

The Fourth World War continues unabated and the result has been a near total devastation
AND
as these same movements struggle with the necessity of moving "beyond resistance.

Knowledge production needs to be questioned. "Economic engagement" relies on a matrix of domination which values white heterosexual males at the expanse of indigenous and black bodies. Pluralism is necessary to invert this.

Catherine Walsh, 2012 (Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, "The Politics of Naming" Cultural Studies 26:1 p. 117-122
To think with knowledges produced in Latin America and the Caribbean (as well as
AND
only one of our options, and part of the politics of naming.

Therefore—we endorse the resolution through our engagement with the topic through the lens of Zapatismo. Debate should be a world in which many worlds are possible. This methodological pluralism is necessary for multi-faceted approaches to craft counter-hegemonic strategies in debate.

David Solnit, writer and activist organizer who helped take a part in the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, 2003, "Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World"

Throughout the struggle, the Zapatistas have punctuated their statements, especially those circulated through
AND
be reaped if one fights, if, that is, one dreams.

Zapatista intellectual politics enables a politics of fugitivity which enables the marginalized to steal from the academy as a strategy for survival. This is the best method for creating revolutionary politics—vote aff to bring debate into the undercommons.

Stevphen Shukaitis, Lecturer in Work 26 Organization @ Essex University, 2009, "Infrapolitics 26 the Nomadic Educational Machine," http://beneaththeu.org/infrapolitics_and_the_nomadic.pdf
Anarchism has an ambivalent relationship to the academy.(1) This is, when
AND
becoming that constitutes the people to come and the new earth.?(26)

The monocultural and hegemonic understanding of debate, the topic and Latin America imposed by the resolution makes the debate space socially useless.

Cynthia Valdivia-Sutherland, Professor and Director of Forensics at Buttle Community College, 1998, "Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs," http://www.phirhopi.org/phi-rho-pi/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm

Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of
AND
, and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin21

The current strategies of oppositional politics fail because they rest on a fixed identity or solidarity activism – Zapatismo ruptures the fixed dialectic between sovereignty and rebellion, allowing resistance to take on new meaning and potential. Attempts to contain our politics deprive it of its revolutionary potential and make the debate space static and meaningless.

Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri, 2011 (Michael Hardt is a Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. Antonio Negri is an independent researcher and writer. He has been a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua., "common wealth", The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

The Zapatista campaigns for indigenous rights in Mexico provide a clear political example of this
AND
avoid getting stuck in antimodernity and move on to the terrain of altermodernity.

66 Altermodernity thus involves not only insertion in the long history of antimodern struggles but
AND
presenting a direct relation to the common to develop the paths of altermodernity.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Mingching Kam

1AC

1AC—Lakeland

1AC—Zapatismo—Lakeland

Western economic policies towards Latin America cannot be separated from a never-ending history and ongoing implementation of mass violence—ethical engagement with the topic must come to terms with the way in which Eurocentric forms of knowledge production and the projection of Western values throughout the globe underlie present-day instrumentalization of the topic for the gain of the US.

James Petras, Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York, 12-30-11, "Imperialism and the "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools,"
http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1886

There is a long history of imperialist "anti-imperialism", officially sponsored condemnation
AND
democracy movements and those promoted by Washington, NATO and the mass media.

This policy of neocolonial "engagement" is rooted in a colonial matrix of domination which wages constant war against others. Communities like those in the Chiapas region of Mexico go ignored without access to running water or basic human needs while white heterosexual able-bodied males in America reap the benefits.

Edgardo Lander, 2k (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority. 

Resistance to the globalization of domination is rising; Chiapas destitution gave rise to the Zapatista Front of National Liberation, sparking global rebellion against the dominant power structures of the status quo—this pluralistic politics recognizes that "in the world of the powerful there is no space for anyone but themselves and their servants. We want a world in which many worlds fit." We obviously aren’t Zapatistas, but we can’t help but ask why debate shouldn’t be the same.

The forgotten people of the Chiapas are those both left out of and most affected by our community’s discussions of economic engagement between Mexico and the United States. The resolution’s call to endorse imperialist violence towards Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela is part and parcel of the drive to exclude racialized and sexualized others from the conversations we have in these spaces. The purpose of this year’s resolution is clear, and it’s to teach us to be better imperialists. This understanding of Latin America, the topic and the debate space destroys education and turns us into the agents of Empire.

Shanara Reid-Brinkley, 2008 (Shanara Rose Reid-Brinkley, Assistant Professor of African American Studies and Communications, Director of Debate @ University of Pittsburgh, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE", http://www.comm.pitt.edu/faculty/documents/reid-brinkley_shanara_r_200805_phd.pdf

Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a "sense
AND
of the "policymaker" and require their opponents to  do the same.

The assumption of the value-neutrality of the topic ignores its drive to Westernize. Allan is Chinese, I am Indian and bisexual, this both comes with privilege and causes us to be violently impacted by the way debate organizes. Zapatismo re-ignites the revolutionary potential of debate by allowing us to link up with other movements; as people with the privilege to speak here, this is necessary.

El Kilombo Intergaláctico, 07 "BEYOND RESISTANCE: EVERYTHING," http://libcom.org/files/beyondresistance.pdf

The Fourth World War continues unabated and the result has been a near total devastation
AND
as these same movements struggle with the necessity of moving "beyond resistance.

Knowledge production needs to be questioned. "Economic engagement" relies on a matrix of domination which values white heterosexual males at the expanse of indigenous and black bodies. Pluralism is necessary to invert this.

Catherine Walsh, 2012 (Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, "The Politics of Naming" Cultural Studies 26:1 p. 117-122

To think with knowledges produced in Latin America and the Caribbean (as well as
AND
only one of our options, and part of the politics of naming.

Therefore—we endorse the resolution through our engagement with the topic through the lens of Zapatismo. Debate should be a world in which many worlds are possible. This methodological pluralism is necessary for multi-faceted approaches to craft counter-hegemonic strategies in debate.

David Solnit, writer and activist organizer who helped take a part in the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, 2003, "Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World"

Throughout the struggle, the Zapatistas have punctuated their statements, especially those circulated through
AND
be reaped if one fights, if, that is, one dreams.

Spaces of knowledge production are flawed and corrupted but they’re the only chance we have—Zapatista intellectual politics enables the marginalized to steal from these spaces as a strategy for survival. This is the best method for creating revolutionary politics.

Stevphen Shukaitis, Lecturer in Work 26 Organization @ Essex University, 2009, "Infrapolitics 26 the Nomadic Educational Machine," http://beneaththeu.org/infrapolitics_and_the_nomadic.pdf

Anarchism has an ambivalent relationship to the academy.(1) This is, when
AND
becoming that constitutes the people to come and the new earth.?(26)

The current strategies of oppositional politics fail because they rest on a fixed identity or solidarity activism – Zapatismo ruptures the fixed dialectic between sovereignty and rebellion, allowing resistance to take on new meaning and potential. Attempts to contain our politics deprive it of its revolutionary potential and make the debate space static and meaningless.

Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri, 2011 (Michael Hardt is a Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. Antonio Negri is an independent researcher and writer. He has been a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua., "common wealth", The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

The Zapatista campaigns for indigenous rights in Mexico provide a clear political example of this
AND
presenting a direct relation to the common to develop the paths of altermodernity.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rowland Hall FS | Judge: Shane Stafford

1AC—NDCA

1AC—New

1AC—Pluralism

The problem with the way we’ve understood Latin America this year is that our knowledge production is written from a disembodied perspective, bracketing off the embodied self. We’ve jumped into the topic, produced more and more research about Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela, spent weekends on weekends testing hypotheses about it—but we’ve never even taken a moment to produce knowledge about ourselves. This view from nowhere precludes ethical relationship to Latin America—instead of truly "engaging," the telos of our research is only to map and control the Other.

George Yancy, 2005 (Associate Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University and Coordinator of the Critical Race Theory Speaker Series, "Whiteness and the Return of the Black Body", The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 19.4 (2005) 215-241, Muse
I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source
AND
sees" "my body" and it becomes something alien to me?

This view from nowhere sustains and is sustained by Western economic policies towards Latin America that seek to advance the goals of white heterosexual able-bodied males and exterminate all those who don’t fit the mold. Even the most radical thought turns into empire-management doctrine when disconnected from ourselves.

Edgardo Lander, 2k (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority. 

This is not a process that we can distance ourselves from. This whole year, Allan and I advocated the pluralistic resistance tactics of the Mexican Zapatista movement without taking the time to understand the social context in which we’ve been speaking. We have mapped out their resistance tactics and naively tried to apply them to debate without questioning where we debate from and why we debate for. And it’s embarrassing because debating this topic has caused Allan and I to learn so much about ourselves, and yet we haven’t spoken a word of it until now.

Our debates about the forced labor of Koreans and Guyanese in Mexico have caused both of us to become more conscious of how our bodies are marked as "model minority" and so often are turned into collateral damage during racialized violence. Our debates about Guantanamo have made me more conscientious of how I, coming from a family that originated in Pakistan, am marked as a threat to the social order and am treated as such—from the insults of the bypasser who can call me a "sand negro" to the inevitable pat-downs and "random" searches at the airports that occur on the way to every debate tournament (including this one). But more than anything else, it was our research on the Zapatista National Front of Liberation that taught me the most about who I am.

I learned about the revolutionary indigenous communities of the Chiapas, who, in the face of the oppressive policies of NAFTA, were told to shut up and suppress their savagery. I learned about how they took up arms, refused to back down and have fought for indigenous rights to this very day. I learned about a group of subversive intellectuals who protected their cultures from fragmentation, refused to accept their fates and be the "good Indians" that America wanted them to be—and it’s through this process that I started to investigate my own relationship to "Indian-ness" and the ways in which my identity has been fractured.

After all, what does it mean to be "Indian" when practicing your sexuality in your country is a capital offense? What does it mean to be "Indian" when you can’t understand the language from the place where you were born because it’s more important to speak the language of Whites? And, what does it mean to be when, as someone from a school like Edgemont, I benefit from the labor of others—"my people"—hundreds of miles away—both in the slums of Asia, and the indigenous people of Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela that Western discourse interpellates to the position of "docile Indians"? Just like the Zapatistas, my identity is multiple—I cannot reconcile my queerness with my Indian-ness with my gender, I can only exist in the in-between. And before I can even CLAIM to understand the people of the Chiapas, I first need to understand myself.

Allan and I aren’t going to keep our identities outside the room anymore, and we’re not going to continue to dodge these issues because they must be reconciled before we can move forward. We put our arguments and our identities on the line because it is only through this process that we can come to understand how we relate to ourselves and others—because, like the Zapatistas say, we are both "agents of history."

El Kilombo Intergaláctico, 07 "BEYOND RESISTANCE: EVERYTHING," http://libcom.org/files/beyondresistance.pdf

The Fourth World War continues unabated and the result has been a near total devastation
AND
as these same movements struggle with the necessity of moving "beyond resistance."

Thus, the judge should endorse the 1AC as a performance of transnational kuaer pluralism—we must reinvent the ways in which people understand their lives and their conceptions of Latin America. This entails and solves for a couple of things—

First—our speech act is a revealing of counter-histories which delegitimizes monopolizing knowledge-producing practices as they relate to Latin America and insurrects subjugated voices and perspectives.

Jose Medina, Professor at Vanderbilt University, 2011 "Toward Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance," http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/philosophy/_people/faculty_files/_medinafoucaultstudies.pdf

Official histories are produced by monopolizing knowledge-producing prac-tices with respect to
AND
and exaction when it is seen from the viewpoint of the new discourse.

Second—our use of personal experience performs and informs a politics of multidimensional transnational Asian Kuaer consciousness which enables identity politics to operate at the level of specific localities. Kuaer theory fosters a multi-racial, multi-sexual, multi-gendered, multi-class-based and multi-embodied critical consciousness and opens up debate as a contact zone to engage with others in the search for subjectivity. This reverses the problematic research practices of the view from nowhere.

Wenshu Lee, Associate Vice President for Faculty Affairs at California State University, February 24^th 2004 "Kuaering Queer Theory: My Autocritography and a Race-Conscious, Womanist, Transnational Turn," from "Queer Theory and Communication: From Disciplining Queers to Queering the Discipline(S)"

THIRD AWAKENING: KUAER A NEW NAME FOR "TRANSNATIONAL WOMANISTQUARE" Queer theory and
AND
each other’s awakening, our crossing is, through and through, kuaer. 

Third—our analysis of how we relate to the Zapatista model of resistance offers us lessons for subversive and counter-hegemonic intellectualism within spaces like debate. Spaces of knowledge production are flawed and corrupted but they’re the only chance we have—Zapatista intellectual politics enables the marginalized to steal from these spaces as a strategy for survival.

Stevphen Shukaitis, Lecturer in Work 26 Organization @ Essex University, 2009, "Infrapolitics 26 the Nomadic Educational Machine," http://beneaththeu.org/infrapolitics_and_the_nomadic.pdf
Anarchism has an ambivalent relationship to the academy.(1) This is, when
AND
becoming that constitutes the people to come and the new earth.?(26)

Finally—tying questions of engagement towards Latin America to personal knowledge production is an act of engaging within the borders of and boundaries between the university and society—this is necessary to foster an ethic of care towards people subjugated by imperialist economic engagement policies and invert the status quo geopolitics of knowledge which makes death inevitable.

Catherine Walsh, 2012 (Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, "The Politics of Naming" Cultural Studies 26:1 p. 117-122

To think with knowledges produced in Latin America and the Caribbean (as well as
AND
only one of our options, and part of the politics of naming.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Shunta Jordan, Jason Sigalos, Brian Manuel

1AC—NDCA

1AC—New

1AC—Kuaer

The problem with the way we’ve understood Latin America this year is that our knowledge production is written from a disembodied perspective, bracketing off the embodied self. We’ve jumped into the topic, produced more and more research about Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela, spent weekends on weekends testing hypotheses about it—but we’ve never even taken a moment to produce knowledge about ourselves. This view from nowhere precludes ethical relationship to Latin America—instead of truly "engaging," the telos of our research is only to map and control the Other.

George Yancy, 2005 (Associate Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University and Coordinator of the Critical Race Theory Speaker Series, "Whiteness and the Return of the Black Body", The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 19.4 (2005) 215-241, Muse

I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source
AND
sees" "my body" and it becomes something alien to me?

This view from nowhere sustains and is sustained by Western economic policies towards Latin America that seek to advance the goals of white heterosexual able-bodied males and exterminate all those who don’t fit the mold. Even the most radical thought turns into empire-management doctrine when disconnected from ourselves.

Edgardo Lander, 2k (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority. 

This is not a process that we can distance ourselves from. This whole year, Allan and I advocated the pluralistic resistance tactics of the Mexican Zapatista movement without taking the time to understand the social context in which we’ve been speaking. We have mapped out their resistance tactics and naively tried to apply them to debate without questioning where we debate from and why we debate for. And it’s embarrassing because debating this topic has caused Allan and I to learn so much about ourselves, and yet we haven’t spoken a word of it until now.

Our debates about the forced labor of Koreans and Guyanese in Mexico have caused both of us to become more conscious of how our bodies are marked as "model minority" and so often are turned into collateral damage during racialized violence. Our debates about Guantanamo have made me more conscientious of how I, coming from a family that originated in Pakistan, am marked as a threat to the social order and am treated as such—from the insults of the bypasser who can call me a "sand negro" to the inevitable pat-downs and "random" searches at the airports that occur on the way to every debate tournament (including this one). But more than anything else, it was our research on the Zapatista National Front of Liberation that taught me the most about who I am.

I learned about the revolutionary indigenous communities of the Chiapas, who, in the face of the oppressive policies of NAFTA, were told to shut up and suppress their savagery. I learned about how they took up arms, refused to back down and have fought for indigenous rights to this very day. I learned about a group of subversive intellectuals who protected their cultures from fragmentation, refused to accept their fates and be the "good Indians" that America wanted them to be—and it’s through this process that I started to investigate my own relationship to "Indian-ness" and the ways in which my identity has been fractured.

After all, what does it mean to be "Indian" when practicing your sexuality in your country is a capital offense? What does it mean to be "Indian" when you can’t understand the language from the place where you were born because it’s more important to speak the language of Whites? And, what does it mean to be when, as someone from a school like Edgemont, I benefit from the labor of others—"my people"—hundreds of miles away—both in the slums of Asia, and the indigenous people of Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela that Western discourse interpellates to the position of "docile Indians"? Just like the Zapatistas, my identity is multiple—I cannot reconcile my queerness with my Indian-ness with my gender, I can only exist in the in-between. And before I can even CLAIM to understand the people of the Chiapas, I first need to understand myself.

Allan and I aren’t going to keep our identities outside the room anymore, and we’re not going to continue to dodge these issues because they must be reconciled before we can move forward. We put our arguments and our identities on the line because it is only through this process that we can come to understand how we relate to ourselves and others—because, like the Zapatistas say, we are both "agents of history."

El Kilombo Intergaláctico, 07 "BEYOND RESISTANCE: EVERYTHING," http://libcom.org/files/beyondresistance.pdf

The Fourth World War continues unabated and the result has been a near total devastation
AND
as these same movements struggle with the necessity of moving "beyond resistance."

Thus, the judge should endorse the 1AC as a performance of kuaer transnationalism—we must reinvent the ways in which people understand their lives and their conceptions of Latin America. This entails and solves for a couple of things—

First—our speech act is a revealing of counter-histories which delegitimizes monopolizing knowledge-producing practices as they relate to Latin America and insurrects subjugated voices and perspectives.

Jose Medina, Professor at Vanderbilt University, 2011 "Toward Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance," http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/philosophy/_people/faculty_files/_medinafoucaultstudies.pdf

Official histories are produced by monopolizing knowledge-producing prac-tices with respect to
AND
and exaction when it is seen from the viewpoint of the new discourse.

Second—our use of personal experience performs and informs a politics of multidimensional transnational Asian Kuaer consciousness which enables identity politics to operate at the level of specific localities. Kuaer theory fosters a multi-racial, multi-sexual, multi-gendered, multi-class-based and multi-embodied critical consciousness and opens up debate as a contact zone to engage with others in the search for subjectivity. This reverses the problematic research practices of the view from nowhere.

Wenshu Lee, Associate Vice President for Faculty Affairs at California State University, February 24^th 2004 "Kuaering Queer Theory: My Autocritography and a Race-Conscious, Womanist, Transnational Turn," from "Queer Theory and Communication: From Disciplining Queers to Queering the Discipline(S)"

THIRD AWAKENING: KUAER A NEW NAME FOR "TRANSNATIONAL WOMANISTQUARE" Queer theory and
AND
each other’s awakening, our crossing is, through and through, kuaer. 

Third—our analysis of how we relate to the Zapatista model of resistance offers us lessons for subversive and counter-hegemonic intellectualism within spaces like debate. Spaces of knowledge production are flawed and corrupted but they’re the only chance we have—Zapatista intellectual politics enables the marginalized to steal from these spaces as a strategy for survival.

Stevphen Shukaitis, Lecturer in Work 26 Organization @ Essex University, 2009, "Infrapolitics 26 the Nomadic Educational Machine," http://beneaththeu.org/infrapolitics_and_the_nomadic.pdf
Anarchism has an ambivalent relationship to the academy.(1) This is, when
AND
becoming that constitutes the people to come and the new earth.?(26)

Finally—tying questions of engagement towards Latin America to personal knowledge production is an act of engaging within the borders of and boundaries between the university and society—this is necessary to foster an ethic of care towards people subjugated by imperialist economic engagement policies and invert the status quo geopolitics of knowledge which makes death inevitable.

Catherine Walsh, 2012 (Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, "The Politics of Naming" Cultural Studies 26:1 p. 117-122

To think with knowledges produced in Latin America and the Caribbean (as well as
AND
build our work on the borders of and the boundaries between university and society

. It is to seriously reflect on whom we read and with whom we want
AND
only one of our options, and part of the politics of naming.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: Quarters | Opponent: BCC GM | Judge: Anna Pinchuk, Jonathan Zaikowski, Someone Else

Zapatismo—Changes

1AC Quarters—Changes

Removed Walsh—added this

Zapatista intellectual politics enables a politics of fugitivity which enables the marginalized to steal from the academy as a strategy for survival. This is the best method for creating revolutionary politics—vote aff to bring debate into the undercommons.

Stevphen Shukaitis, Lecturer in Work 26 Organization @ Essex University, 2009, "Infrapolitics 26 the Nomadic Educational Machine," http://beneaththeu.org/infrapolitics_and_the_nomadic.pdf
Anarchism has an ambivalent relationship to the academy.(1) This is, when
AND
becoming that constitutes the people to come and the new earth.?(26)

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek DX | Judge: Andrew Arsht, Alex Fields-Lefkovic

1AC—Zapatismo

1AC—Zapatismo—Pine Crest

Western economic policies towards Latin America cannot be separated from a never-ending history and ongoing implementation of mass violence—the annihilation of indigenous cultures and the institutionalization of black slavery laid the foundation for present-day economic engagement, and their operational logics continue to fester. This must be the starting point. Ethical affirmation of the topic must first come to terms with this legacy—Eurocentric forms of knowledge production and the projection of Western values throughout the globe underlie the present-day instrumentalization of the topic countries for the gain of the US.

James Petras, Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York, 12-30-11, "Imperialism and the "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools,"
http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1886
There is a long history of imperialist "anti-imperialism", officially sponsored condemnation
AND
democracy movements and those promoted by Washington, NATO and the mass media.

This colonial matrix of domination has manifested itself in current US "engagement" towards the topic countries—the American nation-building project enforces neocolonialist policies which facilitate the expansion of empire. Communities like those in the Chiapas region of Mexico go ignored without access to running water or basic human needs while white heterosexual able-bodied males in America reap the benefits. The globalization of domination has led to an ongoing war waged against those deemed unworthy—the end goal is the extermination of the barbarian, primitive, black, native, savage racialized other who "has nothing to contribute to society."

Edgardo Lander, 2000 (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority. 

These communities will not sit quietly and die; for the past twenty years there has been a war raging against the globalization of domination. Chiapas destitution gave rise to the Zapatista Front of National Liberation, sparking global rebellion against the dominant power structures of the status quo. The pluralistic politics of the Zapatistas will not be kept silent in the Chiapas, will not be kept silent in Mexico, and will not be kept silent in the US. Their demands are simple—

"In the world of the powerful there is no space for anyone but themselves and their servants. We want a world in which many worlds fit, where all steps may walk, where all may have laughter, where all may live the dawn."

And while we obviously aren’t Zapatistas, we can’t help but ask why debate shouldn’t be the same.

The forgotten people of the Chiapas are those both left out of and most affected by our community’s discussions of economic engagement between Mexico and the United States. The resolution’s call to endorse imperialist violence towards Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela is part and parcel of the drive to exclude racialized and sexualized others from the conversations we have in these spaces. The purpose of this year’s resolution is clear, and it’s to teach us to be better imperialists. This understanding of Latin America, the topic and the debate space destroys education and turns us into the agents of Empire.

Shanara Reid-Brinkley, 2008 (Shanara Rose Reid-Brinkley, Assistant Professor of African American Studies and Communications, Director of Debate @ University of Pittsburgh, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE", http://www.comm.pitt.edu/faculty/documents/reid-brinkley_shanara_r_200805_phd.pdf

Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a "sense
AND
of the "policymaker" and require their opponents to  do the same.

The academy has been colonized – we go from round to round, pretending like the topic we’ve been given is value-neutral while ignoring its drive to Westernize. Allan is Chinese and I am Indian, and this both comes with a degree of privilege and causes our bodies to be impacted by the violent way the community organizes itself. Our affirmation of Zapatismo politics re-ignites the revolutionary potential of the debate space by allowing us to link up with other movements in order to move beyond the oppositional politics of the status quo—as people with the privilege to speak in these spaces, this is a necessary step.

El Kilombo Intergaláctico, 07 "BEYOND RESISTANCE: EVERYTHING," http://libcom.org/files/beyondresistance.pdf

The Fourth World War continues unabated and the result has been a near total devastation
AND
as these same movements struggle with the necessity of moving "beyond resistance.

Modes of knowledge production needs to be questioned. The politics of "economic engagement" relies on a matrix of domination which valorizes and values the white heterosexual male at the expense of indigenous and black bodies. Pluralistic politics is necessary to decolonize debate and invert the status quo geopolitics of knowledge which makes death inevitable.

Catherine Walsh, 2012 (Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, "The Politics of Naming" Cultural Studies 26:1 p. 117-122
To think with knowledges produced in Latin America and the Caribbean (as well as
AND
only one of our options, and part of the politics of naming.

Therefore—we understand the topic, not through violent instrumental affirmation of "economic engagement," but through the lens of Zapatismo. Our demands are simple—debate should be a world in which many worlds are possible. This methodological pluralism is necessary for multi-faceted approaches to craft counter-hegemonic strategies in debate.

David Solnit, writer and activist organizer who helped take a part in the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, 2003, "Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World"

Throughout the struggle, the Zapatistas have punctuated their statements, especially those circulated through
AND
be reaped if one fights, if, that is, one dreams.

The current strategies of oppositional politics fail because they rest on a fixed identity or solidarity activism – Zapatismo ruptures the fixed dialectic between sovereignty and rebellion, allowing resistance to take on new meaning and potential. Attempts to contain our politics deprive it of its revolutionary potential and make the debate space static and meaningless.

Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri, 2011 (Michael Hardt is a Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. Antonio Negri is an independent researcher and writer. He has been a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua., "common wealth", The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

The Zapatista campaigns for indigenous rights in Mexico provide a clear political example of this
AND
but also rupture with any fixed dialectic between modern sovereignty and antimodern resistance.

 In the passage from antimodernity to altermodernity, just as tradition and identity are
AND
presenting a direct relation to the common to develop the paths of altermodernity.

The monocultural and hegemonic understanding of debate, the topic and Latin America imposed by the resolution makes the debate space socially useless.

Cynthia Valdivia-Sutherland, Professor and Director of Forensics at Buttle Community College, 1998, "Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs," http://www.phirhopi.org/phi-rho-pi/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm

Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of
AND
, and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin21

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 5 | Opponent: Johns Creek RV | Judge: Dana Randall

1AC

1AC—Cuba Alternative Energy

1AC – Hemispheric Energy Advantage

ADVANTAGE ONE—HEMISPHERIC ENERGY—engagement with Latin America is low now – puts US energy security at risk.

Dr. Nancy E. Brune, 7-26-2010, works on energy security and national security issues at Sandia National Laboratories, a Truman National Security Fellow, as well as a member of Women in International Security and the Pacific Council on International Policy, "Latin America: A Blind Spot in US Energy Security Policy," http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365

For more than a decade, America’s relationship with Latin America could most accurately be
AND
, thus having no impact on reversing the downward trend in production output.

Specifically – other countries are forming energy relationships with Latin America now – inaction disrupts US energy supply lines.

Dr. Nancy E. Brune, 7-26-2010, works on energy security and national security issues at Sandia National Laboratories, a Truman National Security Fellow, as well as a member of Women in International Security and the Pacific Council on International Policy, "Latin America: A Blind Spot in US Energy Security Policy," http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365
Domestic political and economic turmoil—violence, falling production and nationalization—in Latin
AND
combined 24850 million) in the Colombian oil firm Omimex de Colombia. 

The plan is key to Latin American alternative energy development – only engagement with Cuba removes negative perceptions of the US in the region and provides the technological expertise to diversify.

Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, 9-3-2010, Professor at UNO, Past Director, Intelligence Community Scholars Program at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Senior Research Associate at University of Georgia, freelancer at Santa Barbara Independent, Education @ The University of Georgia, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Fisher Graduate School of International Business, "Evaluating the Prospects for U.S.-Cuban Energy Policy Cooperation," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf

At present Cuba possesses an estimated 4.6 million barrels of oil and   9
AND
if either state were unable to deliver its exports to the  American market. 

Engaging Cuba opens the door for hemispheric cooperation on alternative energy development – strengthens US energy links in the region.

Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, 9-3-2010, Professor at UNO, Past Director, Intelligence Community Scholars Program at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Senior Research Associate at University of Georgia, freelancer at Santa Barbara Independent, Education @ The University of Georgia, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Fisher Graduate School of International Business, "Evaluating the Prospects for U.S.-Cuban Energy Policy Cooperation," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf

Because of recent developments in Cuba and the growing investments being made there made by
AND
energy for economic development and revitalization in the post–cold war milieu. 

Hemispheric energy engagement solidifies US regional ties – secures American access to energy

Eric Farnsworth, 4-11-13, Vice president of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society, "ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN," http://www.as-coa.org/articles/energy-security-opportunities-latin-america-and-caribbean

Mr. Chairman, if I may give you the bottom line first: energy
AND
which will be less receptive to meaningful energy partnership with the United States.

Now is the time – renewed US energy linkages with Latin America are key to energy security – alternative energy’s key.

Dr. Nancy E. Brune, 7-26-2010, works on energy security and national security issues at Sandia National Laboratories, a Truman National Security Fellow, as well as a member of Women in International Security and the Pacific Council on International Policy, "Latin America: A Blind Spot in US Energy Security Policy," http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365

In many ways, the fate of Latin America and the US are strongly linked
AND
of the border are critical to their energy security interests. Will America?

Independently, US-Cuba energy cooperation is key to US energy security.

Juan A. B. Belt, 5-06-2009, Director of the Office of Infrastructure and Engineering at the U.S. Agency for International Development, "The Electric Power Sector in Cuba: Potential Ways to Increase Efficiency and Sustainability," http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO407.pdf

Investments in alternative energy Energy security has vaulted to the top of both the U
AND
U.S. interests in energy security and efficiency in the region. 

US energy insecurity causes global conflict and instability – alternative energy provides a key cushion.

Nader Elhefnawy, Ph.D in Literature from the University of Miami, as well as a B.A. in International Relations from Florida International University, and has published widely on both literature and international affairs, 03-05-2006, "US: Army War College on energy security" http://www.resilience.org/stories/2006-03-05/us-army-war-college-energy-security

Toward a Long-Range Energy Security Policy Events in recent decades have produced a
AND
establish self-contained economic empires, as happened during the Great Depression.

Energy shocks spark US lash-out and national outrage – causes global wars.

King 2008 (Neil, Wall Street Journal analyst regarded as being in the "economic mainstream," whose involvement as an analyst has enhanced greatly the credibility of peak oil concerns, "Peak Oil: A Survey of Security Concerns," Center for a New American Security Working Paper, September 08, http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISN26fileid=7D4B6FDF-1951-EBEC-FA16-8A86D1F7408726lng=en)

In the United States, the prospect of diminished oil supplies and skyrocketing prices raises
AND
Mr. Russell said. "And when it does, look out."

Those conflicts go nuclear.

Islam Yasin Qasem 2007, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia, July 9, 2007, "The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage," online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm

Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate
AND
the chances of using nuclear weapons in pursues of national interests are high.

1AC – Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its joint alternative energy development with Cuba.

1AC – Diversification Advantage

ADVANTAGE TWO – DIVERSIFICATION – Cuban alternative energy development fails now – increased investment is key.

Andrea Rodriguez, 7-05-2012, Correspondent for the Associated Press in La Habana, Cuba, "Cuba’s Renewable Energy: Gov. Missing Out On Solar, Wind Power Opportunities, Experts Say," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/05/cuba-renewable-energy-alternative-solar-wind_n_1651216.html

Cuba is proud of its success in using alternative energy to bring electricity to isolated
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Scientists say the country lacks the investment and expertise for such a move. 

Diversification of the Cuban energy supply is key to economic growth – but oil dependence is high now.

Ivet González, 3-04-2013, reporter for Inter Press Service, international communication institution with a global news agency at its core, raising the voices of the South and civil society on issues of development, globalisation, human rights and the environment, "Cuba Diversifies – But Energy Focus Still on Oil," http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/03/cuba-diversifies-but-energy-focus-still-on-oil/

But the need to diversify the energy supply is increasingly seen as a priority in
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8 percent of the electric power generated in Cuba came from renewable sources.

That makes Cuban growth impossible – renewables are key to solve blackouts which hurt the economy.

Ivet González, 10-03-2012, reporter for Inter Press Service, international communication institution with a global news agency at its core, raising the voices of the South and civil society on issues of development, globalisation, human rights and the environment, "Cuba’s Fragile Power Grid Needs Renewable Energy," http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/10/cubas-fragile-power-grid-needs-renewable-energy/

Only 3.8 percent of the electric power generated in 2011 in Cuba came
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in the use of solar, wind and hydraulic energy, among others.

The plan is key to diversify Cuban energy sources and ensure self-sustainability – spurs growth and builds economic independence.

Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, 9-3-2010, Professor at UNO, Past Director, Intelligence Community Scholars Program at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Senior Research Associate at University of Georgia, freelancer at Santa Barbara Independent, Education @ The University of Georgia, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Fisher Graduate School of International Business, "Evaluating the Prospects for U.S.-Cuban Energy Policy Cooperation," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf

Because of recent developments in Cuba and the growing investments being made there made by
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relationships could bring with them the possibility of corrupt and unsavory business practices.  

Diversification through renewable energy is key to the Cuban economy – energy independence leads to political reforms that create stability – US engagement is key.

Jorge R. Piñón, 5-24-2011, a visiting research fellow at the Latin American and Caribbean Center’s Cuban Research Institute at FIU, "Why the United States and Cuba Collaborate (and What Could Happen If They Don’t)," http://casgroup.fiu.edu/pages/docs/2157/1306356964_Hemisphere_Vol._20.pdf

Only when Cuba diversifies suppliers and develops its offshore hydrocarbon resources, estimated by the
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from the guidance of a variety of partners, including the United States.

Cuban growth is on the brink – oil dependence causes economic collapse which ensures state failure and regional instability.

Dr. Timothy Ashby, 3-29-2013, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "PRESERVING STABILITY IN CUBA AFTER NORMALIZING RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES – THE IMPORTANCE OF TRADING WITH STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES," http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/

The twilight of the Castro era presents challenges and opportunities for U.S.
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national security threats are directly related to economic and social conditions within Cuba.

That spills over and destabilizes the Caribbean – creates safe havens for terrorists and causes democratic backsliding throughout the region.

Gorrell, 2005 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
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an opportunity for a new approach to U.S.-Cuban relations.

Caribbean stability is key to solve bioterror and LNG attacks.

Anthony T. Bryan₁ and Stephen E. Flynn₂, 10-21-2001, director of the Caribbean program @ the North/South Center₁, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations₂, "Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation," http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and _homeland_ security.html

Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the
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else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.

LNG facilities will be targeted – current security measures solve but growing corruption makes breaches more likely.

Mark Tempest, 7-06-2007, retired attorney, retired Navy Reserve Captain (Surface Warfare), writer of the blog EagleSpeak, "Caribbean basin terrorism concerns?" http://www.eaglespeak.us/2007/07/caribbean-basin-terrorism-concerns.html

A new report by the investigative arm of Congress describes the "growing influence"
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and the growing influence of Islamic radical groups and other foreign terrorist organizations. 

LNG explosions outweigh nuclear war.

Tom Bender, 1-15-2005, architect, author, economist, one of the founders of the "green architecture" and "sustainability" movements, his "Factor 10" economic principles have been endorsed by the European Union, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and the United Nations Environmental Program, cites a research study from the Sandia National Laboratories, a Federally Funded Research and Development Center and a part of the DOE, "LNG Imports: Neither Safe nor Wise," http://www.tombender.org/societyworthlivingforarticles/lng.pdf

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is considered by transportation officials to be a "
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before detonation has the potential for the same action on vastly larger scale.

Bioterror is the biggest existential risk.

Matheny 07 – Research associate with the Future of Humanity Institute @ Oxford University ~Jason G. Matheny (PhD candidate in Applied Economics and Master’s in Public Health at Johns Hopkins University), "Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction," Risk Analysis. Volume 27, Number 5, 2007, pg.http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/resources/publications/2007_orig-articles/2007-10-15-reducingrisk.html~~ 

Of current extinction risks, the most severe may be bioterrorism. The knowledge needed to engineer a virus is modest compared to that needed to build a nuclear weapon; the necessary equipment and materials are increasingly accessible and because biological agents are self-replicating, a weapon can have an exponential effect on a population (Warrick, 2006; Williams, 2006).5 Current U.S. biodefense efforts are funded at 245 billion per year to develop and stockpile new drugs and vaccines, monitor biological agents and emerging diseases, and strengthen the capacities of local health systems to respond to pandemics (Lam, Franco, 26 Shuler, 2006).

Cuban alt energy spills over to Venezuela.

Laurie Guevara-Stone, 4-09-2009, International Program manager at Solar Energy International, based in Colorado, "La Revolucion Energetica: Cuba’s Energy Revolution," http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/la-revolucion-energetica-cubas-energy-revolution

Cuba is also making progress on liquid biofuels such as ethanol. Usually involving the
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education, energy solidarity, and the gradual solarization of the country.’ 

Direct engagement can’t solve – failure to engage with Cuba terminally dooms US-Venezuela cooperation.

Jesse Jackson, 3-11-2013, Founder and President of the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, one of America’s foremost civil rights, religious and political figures, founded Operation PUSH and the National Rainbow Coalition, a national social justice organization, author of several books, "Time to restart U.S.-Venezuela relations," http://www.suntimes.com/news/jackson/18781426-452/time-to-restart-us-venezuela-relations.html

Venezuela has surpassed Saudi Arabia for the country with the largest oil reserves in the
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be wise to join in that search, rather than to split apart. 

Venezuela’s losing oil power now – resurgent US production, destroyed refineries and new tech.

Laurent Belsie, 3-07-2013, Economics Editor at The Christian Science Monitor, BSJ in Journalism @ Northwestern University, "What will Venezuela do with its oil? Top five energy challenges after Chàvez." http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2013/0307/What-will-Venezuela-do-with-its-oil-Top-five-energy-challenges-after-Chavez/Relationship-with-the-US

Chávez made no secret of his disdain for the United States, especially after a
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.   Still, the balance of power in the energy sector has changed.

 When Chávez came to power, Venezuela was a pivotal player in OPEC and
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year, a fire at the nation’s largest refinery resulted in 42 fatalities.   

Oil dependence collapses the Venezuelan economy.

Benedict Mander, 7-15-2012, ~Qualifications needed~, Financial Times, "Venezuela more prone to oil price jitters," www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/415985c2-7a88-11e1-8ae6-00144feab49a.html~23axzz24lgnWrjK

With fewer than 100 days to go until the October 7 presidential election, the
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economy, which relies on oil for 95 per cent of export earnings. 

Venezuelan state failure causes a litany of impacts.

Max G. Manwaring, 10-xx-2005, holds the General Douglas MacArthur Chair and is Professor of Military Strategy at the U.S. Army War College. He is a retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College. He has served in various civilian and military positions, including the U.S. Army War College, the U.S. Southern Command, and the Defense Intelligence Agency. Dr. Manwaring is the author and co-author of several articles, chapters, and reports dealing with political-military affairs, democratization and global ungovernability, and Latin American security affairs. He is also the editor or co-editor of El Salvador at War; Beyond Declaring Victory and Coming Home: The Challenges of Peace and Stability Operations; Deterrence in the 21st Century; and The Search for Security: A U.S. Grand Strategy for the Twenty-First Century. Dr. Manwaring holds a B.S. in Economics, a B.S. in Political Science, an M.A. in Political Science, and a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Illinois. He is also a graduate of the U.S. Army War College. "Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare," http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf

Chávez understands all this. He understands that war is no longer limited to using
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and spill over into regional syndromes of poverty, destabilization, and conflict.

62 Peru’s Sendero Luminoso calls violent and destructive activities that facilitate the processes of state
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and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pace BR | Judge: James Durkee
Cuba Exchanges – 1AC
1AC – Cuba Exchanges
1AC – Plan Text

The United States federal government should substantially increase its academic exchanges with Cuba.
1AC – Marine Science Adv

ADVANTAGE ONE – MARINE SCIENCE – Global coral reef erosion is happening now.
Paul Robinson, 3-19-2013, a news, blog and encyclopedia editor at The Earth Times, and#34;Reef Destruction is Ecological,and#34; http://www.earthtimes.org/pollution/reef-destruction-ecological/2297/

One of those reefs in the Red or the South China Sea to die for
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Pulido, David Kline, Ove-Hoegh-Guldbeg and Sophie Dove. 

That collapses marine biodiversity.
Anup Shah, 3-03-2013, degree in computer science, writer of the website Global Issues and has written articles for other publications, and multiple radio interviews, and#34;Coral Reefs: Ecosystems of Environmental and Human Value,and#34; http://www.globalissues.org/article/173/coral-reefs 

Coral reefs cover an area of over 280,000 km2 and support thousands of
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of doing, and you’ll eliminate everything that depends on it for survival. 

Cuban reef protection is key to prevent global reef destruction.
Ishaira Nieto-Rosas, 3-02-2012, writer of Cuban Transitions, researcher of coral symbiosis @ Vassar, and#34;Cuba’s Coral Reef System an Anomaly in World Trends,and#34; http://pages.vassar.edu/cubantransitions/cubas-coral-reef-system-an-anomaly-in-world-trends/

Coral reefs are fragile, slow growing but complex communities containing great biodiversity and serve
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that Cuban corals hold the key to saving the rest of the corals. 

US-Cuba cooperative reef research provides a key model for creation of international policy.
Dr. David E. Guggenheim, 7-13-2008, is a marine scientist, conservation policy specialist, submarine pilot and ocean explorer. He is president of 1planet1ocean, a project of The Ocean Foundation where he is a Senior Fellow and director of its Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Program. He is currently leading a major project to elevate collaboration in marine science and conservation among Cuba, Mexico and the U.S. to a new level and leading the first-ever comprehensive research and conservation program in Cuba’s Gulf of Mexico region, a joint effort with the University of Havana.  Also known as the and#34;Ocean Doctorand#34; and host of the ExpeditionCasts podcast series, Dr. Guggenheim is currently engaged in a special and#34;expeditionand#34; to all fifty U.S. states visiting schools and bringing special programs about ocean exploration and conservation to young students. So far he has traveled more than 35,000 miles, visited 13 states, made 39 speeches and reached more than 10,000 students in schools ranging from the northernmost community in North America, Barrow, Alaska, to Macksville, Kansas, close to the geographic center of the lower 48 states, to the southern tip of Florida. In 2007 he served as a scientific advisor to Greenpeace for its expedition to map deepwater corals in the Bering Sea where he piloted the first-ever manned submersible dives into the Bering Sea’s largest underwater canyons. Guggenheim played a lead role in building the recently-formed Gulf of Mexico Alliance, a partnership among the U.S. Gulf states and 13 federal agencies and Mexico. Guggenheim is also working to introduce cutting-edge technologies for sustainable aquaculture practices to the Americas to reduce pressure on overfished wild fish stocks. Guggenheim previously served as Vice President at The Ocean Conservancy, President and CEO of The Conservancy of Southwest Florida, co-chair of the Everglades Coalition and president of the Friends of Channel Islands National Park. Guggenheim holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and Public Policy from George Mason University in Virginia, a Master’s in Aquatic and Population Biology from University of California, Santa Barbara, and a Master’s in Regional Science and Bachelor’s in Environmental Studies from the University of Pennsylvania. and#34;Can Cuba’s Mysteries Help Save the World’s Coral Reefs?and#34; http://oceandoctor.org/cuba-mysteries-save-coral-reefs/

It is often said that those 90 miles of open water south of the Florida
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still remember in the Florida Keys, just 90 miles to the north. 

However, US-Cuba cooperative coral reef research is low now.
Nick Miroff, 12-08-2009, correspondent for the Washington Post, National Public Radio, and#34;Scientists Work To Protect Cuba’s Unspoiled Reefs,and#34; http://www.scpr.org/news/2009/12/08/8828/scientists-work-to-protect-cubas-unspoiled-reefs/

When Christopher Columbus arrived in Cuba, he named the island’s south-central coastal area Los Jardines de la Reina, or The Queen’s Gardens. Five centuries later, the extensive and pristine coral reefs are still here. Rare cooperation between U.S. and Cuban research scientists is seeking to save them.  Cuba has some the most extensive coral reefs in the hemisphere, but political strains between Washington and Havana largely have kept American scientists away.  

That prevents Cuban reef protection and research – Cuba can’t solve alone.
Pedro M. Alcolado et al1, Rodolfo Claro-Madruga2 and Reynaldo Estrada3, 8-05-2002, from the Instituto de Oceanología, Ave. 1ra, No. 18406, Reparto Flores, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana1, also from the Instituto de Oceanología, Ave. 1ra, No. 18406, Reparto Flores, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana2, Centro Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Calle 18ª, No. 4114, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba3, and#34;Status and Prospective of Coral Reef Management in Cuba,and#34; http://www.denix.osd.mil/nr/crid/Coral_Reef_Iniative_Database/Cuba_files/Alcolado20et20al.,202000.pdf

STATUS AND PROSPECTIVE OF CORAL REEF MANAGEMENT IN CUBA  Diving tourism in Cuba, in
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Environment Agency of CITMA) located at Cayo Coco, north of Cuba.

Marine biodiversity collapse causes extinction – reefs are key.
Craig, 2003, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana U School Law, McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis

Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
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kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Oceans are necessary for all aspects of life.
Ted Danson 6-1-02 Journalist for Earth Team, http://www.earthteam.net/updates/2002/june1.html~~

Oceans generate much of the world’s oxygen, provide 95 percent of the living space for the earth’s animals and plants, and feed billions of people around the world. We need healthy oceans to survive.

Collapse of Coral reefs triggers a global extinction event – adaptation research is key – brink is now.
Ben Block, 12-12-2008, staff writer with the Worldwatch Institute, and#34;Coral Reef Loss Suggests Global Extinction Event,and#34; http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/38850-http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/38850

Coral Reef Loss Suggests Global Extinction Event Coral Photo courtesy Great Barrier Reef MPA A
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can survive warmer, more acidic ocean waters when others are less fortunate.

The Caribbean is a hotspot for marine biodiversity – current isolated management strategies fail.
Miloslavich and Klein, 2004 (Universidad Simo ?n Bol ??var, Departamento de Estudios Ambientales and INTECMAR, Cara- cas, Venezuela, and#34;Linking marine biodiversity research and conservation in the Caribbean,and#34; Caribbean Marine Biodiversity Workshop in Isla de Margarita, Venezuela, 15-17 June, 2004, http://cbm.usb.ve/CoMLCaribbean/pdf/I-01_introduction.pdf-http://cbm.usb.ve/CoMLCaribbean/pdf/I-01_introduction.pdf;)

The Caribbean Region extends over about 2,754,000 Km2 in which 36
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deep-shelf ecosystems and partially isolated deep basins and trenches 2.

Hotspot collapse causes extinction.
Sternlof, 2000, 2k (Kurt Sternlof, Executive Director, Earth System Initiative at MIT, and#34;Tropical Habitat Loss Threatens Mass Extinction Akin To Fall Of The Dinosaurs,and#34; Columbia University News, March 1, 2000, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/00/03/extinction.html-http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/00/03/extinction.html;)

The relationship between habitat loss and extinction is nonlinear. Initial destruction of a habitat
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will still be necessary to preserve long-term biodiversity, Pimm said. 

The problem is US policy – multiple barriers prevent US-Cuba scientific exchange.
Rex Dalton, 7-22-2009, writer for Nature International Weekly Journal of Science, San Diego-based journalist who has worked for the San Diego Union-Tribune and the journal Nature, and#34;Scientists strive to boost US–Cuban collaboration,and#34; http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090722/full/460447a.html

A drive to increase scientific exchange between the United States and Cuba is off to
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is the US24150 non-refundable fee for a visa application. 

Scientific exchange is the key internal link into marine science cooperation – solves coral reefs.
Edward W. Lempinen, 3-1-2012, Public Information Officer TWAS, the academy of sciences for the developing world, senior writer,  American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), National Association of Science Writers (US), Northern California Science Writers Association, University of Illinois Springfield M.A., public affairs reporting,  Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,  B.A., journalism, political science, economics, and#34;Oceans, Weather, Health—U.S. Researchers Explore Potential Collaboration with Cuban Colleagues,and#34; http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/0501cuba.shtml

At the same time, the U.S. embargo of Cuba makes it
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forward, you want to balance the applied portion with the basic research.  

Removing restrictions on scientific exchange solves reef protection and marine biodiversity – any delay kills solvency.
Environmental Defense Fund, 10-22-2009, leading national nonprofit organization, has linked science, economics, law and innovative private-sector partnerships to create breakthrough solutions to the most serious environmental problems, and#34;United States Scientists Visit Cuba to Discuss Overfishing, Coral Reefs, Ocean Energy and Ocean Issues,and#34; http://www.edf.org/news/united-states-scientists-visit-cuba-discuss-overfishing-coral-reefs-ocean-energy-and-ocean-issu

Environmental Defense Fund will send a team of experts to Havana, Cuba, on
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resources is critically important to the economies of coastal communities in both countries.

1AC – Hemispheric Energy Adv

ADVANTAGE TWO – HEMISPHERIC ENERGY – engagement with Latin America is low now – puts US energy security at risk.
Dr. Nancy E. Brune, 7-26-2010, works on energy security and national security issues at Sandia National Laboratories, a Truman National Security Fellow, as well as a member of Women in International Security and the Pacific Council on International Policy, and#34;Latin America: A Blind Spot in US Energy Security Policy,and#34; http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365

For more than a decade, America’s relationship with Latin America could most accurately be
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, thus having no impact on reversing the downward trend in production output.

Specifically – other countries are forming energy relationships with Latin America now – inaction disrupts US energy supply lines.
Dr. Nancy E. Brune, 7-26-2010, works on energy security and national security issues at Sandia National Laboratories, a Truman National Security Fellow, as well as a member of Women in International Security and the Pacific Council on International Policy, and#34;Latin America: A Blind Spot in US Energy Security Policy,and#34; http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365
Domestic political and economic turmoil—violence, falling production and nationalization—in Latin
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combined 24850 million) in the Colombian oil firm Omimex de Colombia. 

Scientific exchanges with Cuba lead to alternative energy cooperation.
Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, 9-3-2010, Professor at UNO, Past Director, Intelligence Community Scholars Program at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Senior Research Associate at University of Georgia, freelancer at Santa Barbara Independent, Education @ The University of Georgia, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Fisher Graduate School of International Business, and#34;Evaluating the Prospects for U.S.-Cuban Energy Policy Cooperation,and#34; http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf

In a special section on U.S.-Cuban relations, Rethinking U.
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energy for economic development and revitalization in the post–cold war milieu. 

That’s key to Latin American alternative energy development – only engagement with Cuba removes negative perceptions of the US in the region and provides the technological expertise to diversify.
Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, 9-3-2010, Professor at UNO, Past Director, Intelligence Community Scholars Program at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Senior Research Associate at University of Georgia, freelancer at Santa Barbara Independent, Education @ The University of Georgia, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Fisher Graduate School of International Business, and#34;Evaluating the Prospects for U.S.-Cuban Energy Policy Cooperation,and#34; http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf

At present Cuba possesses an estimated 4.6 million barrels of oil and   9
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if either state were unable to deliver its exports to the  American market. 

Engaging Cuba opens the door for hemispheric cooperation on alternative energy development – strengthens US energy links in the region.
Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, 9-3-2010, Professor at UNO, Past Director, Intelligence Community Scholars Program at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Senior Research Associate at University of Georgia, freelancer at Santa Barbara Independent, Education @ The University of Georgia, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Fisher Graduate School of International Business, and#34;Evaluating the Prospects for U.S.-Cuban Energy Policy Cooperation,and#34; http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf

Because of recent developments in Cuba and the growing investments being made there made by
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energy for economic development and revitalization in the post–cold war milieu. 

Hemispheric energy engagement solidifies US regional ties – secures American access to energy
Eric Farnsworth, 4-11-13, Vice president of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society, and#34;ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN,and#34; http://www.as-coa.org/articles/energy-security-opportunities-latin-america-and-caribbean-http://www.as-coa.org/articles/energy-security-opportunities-latin-america-and-caribbean

Mr. Chairman, if I may give you the bottom line first: energy
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which will be less receptive to meaningful energy partnership with the United States.

Now is the time – renewed US energy linkages with Latin America are key to energy security – alternative energy’s key.
Dr. Nancy E. Brune, 7-26-2010, works on energy security and national security issues at Sandia National Laboratories, a Truman National Security Fellow, as well as a member of Women in International Security and the Pacific Council on International Policy, and#34;Latin America: A Blind Spot in US Energy Security Policy,and#34; http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=250:south-of-the-border-americas-key-to-energy-security26catid=108:energysecuritycontent26Itemid=365

In many ways, the fate of Latin America and the US are strongly linked
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of the border are critical to their energy security interests. Will America?

Independently, US-Cuba energy cooperation is key to US energy security.
Juan A. B. Belt, 5-06-2009, Director of the Office of Infrastructure and Engineering at the U.S. Agency for International Development, and#34;The Electric Power Sector in Cuba: Potential Ways to Increase Efficiency and Sustainability,and#34; http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO407.pdf-http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO407.pdf

Investments in alternative energy Energy security has vaulted to the top of both the U
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U.S. interests in energy security and efficiency in the region. 

US energy insecurity causes global conflict and instability – alternative energy provides a key cushion.
Nader Elhefnawy, Ph.D in Literature from the University of Miami, as well as a B.A. in International Relations from Florida International University, and has published widely on both literature and international affairs, 03-05-2006, and#34;US: Army War College on energy securityand#34; http://www.resilience.org/stories/2006-03-05/us-army-war-college-energy-security-http://www.resilience.org/stories/2006-03-05/us-army-war-college-energy-security

Toward a Long-Range Energy Security Policy Events in recent decades have produced a
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establish self-contained economic empires, as happened during the Great Depression.

Energy shocks spark US lash-out and national outrage – causes global wars.
King 2008 (Neil, Wall Street Journal analyst regarded as being in the and#34;economic mainstream,and#34; whose involvement as an analyst has enhanced greatly the credibility of peak oil concerns, and#34;Peak Oil: A Survey of Security Concerns,and#34; Center for a New American Security Working Paper, September 08, http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISN26fileid=7D4B6FDF-1951-EBEC-FA16-8A86D1F7408726lng=en-http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISN26fileid=7D4B6FDF-1951-EBEC-FA16-8A86D1F7408726lng=en)

In the United States, the prospect of diminished oil supplies and skyrocketing prices raises
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Mr. Russell said. and#34;And when it does, look out.and#34;

Those conflicts go nuclear.
Islam Yasin Qasem 2007, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia, July 9, 2007, and#34;The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage,and#34; online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm-http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm

Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate
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the chances of using nuclear weapons in pursues of national interests are high.

Obama lifted restrictions on academic exchange this year – that non-uniques their offense but doesn’t solve the aff.
Douglas Fehlen1 and Arturo López-Levy2, 1-03-2013, Communications Specialist, Writer, Editor, and Content Developer with expertise in Print, Digital, and New Media1, Ph.D. candidate and research associate at the University of Denver’s Josef Korbel School of International Studies2, and#34;Scholar Advocates for Increased Academic Partnership Between 23U.S. and 23Cuba,and#34; http://cubamas.wordpress.com/2013/01/03/scholar-advocates-for-increased-academic-partnership-between-u-s-and-cuba/-http://cubamas.wordpress.com/2013/01/03/scholar-advocates-for-increased-academic-partnership-between-u-s-and-cuba/

In January, President Obama lifted restrictions on academic travel to Cuba, making it
AND
Cubans to participate or benefit from their academic and educational events or fellowships.