Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Baltimore City College WS | Judge: Washington, Melvin

1AC Solvency

====First, there are large reserves waiting to be drilled in Cuba====
Sadowski 11 Richard Sadowski is a Class of 2012 J.D. candidate, at Hofstra University¶ School of Law, NY. Mr. Sadowski is also the Managing Editor of Production of¶ the Journal of International Business and Law Vol. XI. "Cuban Offshore Drilling: Preparation and¶ Prevention within the Framework of the United¶ States’ Embargo" – ¶ Sustainable Development Law 26 Policy¶ Volume 12; Issue 1 Fall 2011: Natural Resource Conflicts Article 10 – http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=149726context=sdlp
A U.S. Geological Survey estimates that Cuba’s offshore¶ oil fields hold
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cries that the embargo is largely a failure¶ and harms human rights.

Cuban government would say yes

Franks 8 Jeff Franks – Havana correspondent for Reuter’s – New York Times – 6/12/2008¶ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/12/business/worldbusiness/12iht-cubaoil.4.13670441.html?_r=0
Representative Jeff Flake, an Arizona Republican who has introduced bills in Congress to lift
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Mobil and the top independent U.S. refiner, Valero Energy.

US oil companies will say yes

Benjamin-Alvarado 10 Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, "Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation," a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 17
There has been no lack of interest on the part of American international oil firms
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a growing list of foreign partners is a positive indicator of that potential.

1AC Plan

The Plan: As they pertain to crude oil reservoirs, the United States federal government should lift its restrictions that preclude firms from exploring, extracting, refining, importing, or coordinating engineering and safety protocols with the Republic of Cuba.

1AC Spills

Drilling is inevitable—Russia coming within the next six months

Tamayo 5/31—Juan Tamayo, writer for the Miami Herald ("Russian oil company suspends exploration in Cuba", 5/31/13, http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/31/3424471/russian-oil-company-suspends.html-http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/31/3424471/russian-oil-company-suspends.html, zs)
A Russian state oil company drilling off Cuba’s northern shores has reportedly confirmed that it
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about 20 percent to that island’s exploration costs, according to Cuban officials.

====Cuba drilling inevitable—new rigs outside of Mariel being explored====
Gonzalez 3/4—Ivet Gonzalez, correspondent for IPS Cuba ("Cuba Diversifies – But Energy Focus Still on Oil", 3/4/13, http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/03/cuba-diversifies-but-energy-focus-still-on-oil/-http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/03/cuba-diversifies-but-energy-focus-still-on-oil/, zs)
In January 2012, the Scarabeo 9 drilling rig was brought to Cuba from Asia
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supply is increasingly seen as a priority in Cuba’s current economic reform process.

====Cuban safety is insufficient—absent the plan spills reach Florida in 6 days====
Bert and Clayton 12—Melissa Bert and Blake Clayton, Military fellow and fellow for energy and national security CFR ("Addressing the Risk of a Cuban Oil Spill", 3/12, http://www.cfr.org/cuba/addressing-risk-cuban-oil-spill/p27515-http://www.cfr.org/cuba/addressing-risk-cuban-oil-spill/p27515, zs)
Washington cannot count on the technical know-how of Cuba’s unseasoned oil industry to
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or skimmed, which would render standard response technologies like containment booms ineffective.

====Absent experts accidents are inevitable—embargo blocks use====
Bolstad 12—Erika Bolstad, writer for McClatchy newspaper ("Cuba embargo could threaten oil-drilling safety, expert says", 5/10/12, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/10/148433/cuba-embargo-could-threaten-oil.html~~23.Ug0gFGTwKkZ-http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/10/148433/cuba-embargo-could-threaten-oil.html, zs)
The 50-year-old U.S. embargo of Cuba is getting
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in advance the kind of technologies that would be required," Reilly said.

====Independently hurricanes cause spills and spread oil====
Stephens et al 11—Sarah Stephens, Executive director for Democracies of the Americas ("As Cuba plans to drill in the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. policy poses needless risks to our national interest", 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/Cuba_Drilling_and_US_Policy.pdf-http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/Cuba_Drilling_and_US_Policy.pdf, zs)
The BP disaster highlights the needs for a timely response to spills, the¶
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needs to be done—and can be done—under current law.

====Aff boosts reaction time—US experts solve best====
Zakaria 11—Fareed Zakaria, Host and journalist on CNN about US foreign policy ("Why our Cuba embargo could lead to another Gulf oil disaster", 9/19/11, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/19/why-our-cuba-policy-could-lead-to-another-gulf-oil-spill/-http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/19/why-our-cuba-policy-could-lead-to-another-gulf-oil-spill/, zs)
Can you remember what explosive crisis America and the world was fixated on last summer
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Cuban people, keep them impoverished and cut them off from the world.

====Oil spills spread and kills biodiversity ecosystems====
Almeida 12—Robert Almeida, former Naval Officer and partner at gCaptain ("Drilling Off Cuba, and How the Embargo Could be Very Costly for the US", 5/18/12, http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/-http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/, zs)
In short however, Cuba’s access to containment systems, offshore technology, and spill
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oil spill could inflict unprecedented environmental devastation if not planned for in advance.

Biodiversity in specific hotspots checks extinction— key to ag, medicine

Mittermeier 11 (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)
Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible
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than 30 of original vegetation remaining" criterion to a genuine hotspot.

Caribbean is one such hotspot

CEPF ’10 (quoting Mittermeier — the same author that establishes the "hotspot" thesis and writes our impact ev. , Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, "Ecosystem Profile: THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT"  Jan 15^th – http://www.cepf.net/Documents/Final_Caribbean_EP.pdf)
The Caribbean Islands Hotspot is one of the  world’s greatest centers of biodiversity and¶
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species amounting to at least 2 percent of the world’s total¶ species. 

====Another major spill would crush the economy—this assumes BP====
National Commission 11—National Commission, chaired by William Reilly former president of WWF and administrator of the EPA ("The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling", 2011, http://www.oilspillcommission.gov/sites/default/files/documents/DEEPWATER_ReporttothePresident_FINAL.pdf-http://www.oilspillcommission.gov/sites/default/files/documents/DEEPWATER_ReporttothePresident_FINAL.pdf, zs)
Chapters 4 through 7 lay out the results of our investigation in detail, highlighting
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, our¶ workers safer, and our cherished natural resources better protected.

Econ decline causes global conflict - studies

Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises", Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

1AC Russia

Cuba-Russia relations are increasing and will cause war—-boosting US-Cuba relations solves

Inter-American Dialogue 12 (U.S. based think tank for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs, "Are External Tensions Entangling Latin American Countries?" http://www.cepr.net/documents/CEPR_News/LAA120810.pdf)
A Stephen Johnson, senior fellow and director of the Americas Program at the Center
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Latin America. There is no reason for the Russians to do so."

Increased Cuba-Russia relations causes war

Richter 08 (Paul, Staff Writer for New York Times, "Moscow-Havana ties worry U.S." http://articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/01/world/fg-usrussia1)
But at a time when Russia has intervened forcefully in Georgia and is extending the
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that sending the bombers would cross a "red line in the sand."

The plan establishes a long-term framework for normalizing relations

Lanier 13—Adam Lanier, UNC School of Law ("In Deepwater: Cuba, Offshore Drilling, and Political Brinkmanship", 2013, Lexis Nexis)
IV. Recommendations¶ The development of Cuba’s offshore oil resources has sparked the interest
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long-term framework for the normalization of relations on mutually acceptable terms. 

Normalizing relations with Cuba crowds out Russia

Blank 09 (Stephen, Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, "Russia in Latin America: Geopolitical Games in the US’s Neighborhood," pdf)
The only way in which Russian policy truly threatens the US and Latin America is
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reverse those outcomes and demonstrate what liberal democracy in action can truly accomplish.

Russian expansion spurs a new Cold War and proxy conflicts

Walle 12 (Walter, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "Russia Turns to the South for Military and Economic Alliances," http://www.coha.org/russia-turns-to-the-south-for-military-and-economic-alliances/-http://www.coha.org/russia-turns-to-the-south-for-military-and-economic-alliances/)
Quite clearly, Russia’s interest in Latin America is escalating. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey
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alone among Latin American countries in recognizing the independence of the new republics.

That causes miscalculation

Orozco 08 (Jose, Correspondent for Christian Science Monitor, "Cold war echo: Russian military maneuvers with Venezuela," http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2008/0912/p01s05-woam.html)
The last time a Russian Navy ship plied the azure waters of the Caribbean for
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as long-range patrol planes for the upcoming joint exercises with Venezuela.

Extinction

Helfand and Pastore 9 ~Ira Helfand, M.D., and John O. Pastore, M.D., are past presidents of Physicians for Social Responsibility. March 31, 2009, "U.S.-Russia nuclear war still a threat", http://www.projo.com/opinion/contributors/content/CT_pastoreline_03-31-09_EODSCAO_v15.bbdf23.html~~
President Obama and Russian President Dimitri Medvedev are scheduled to Wednesday in London during the
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alert status of nuclear weapons that existed  in 1995 remains in place today.

1AC Hegemony

Hegemony is sustainable – but the US must walk carefully – policy choices that endorse multilateral leadership are key

Beckley 2012, Michael Beckley, PHD Columbia, assistant professor of political science at Tufts University specializing in U.S. and Chinese foreign policy, 2012, "The Unipolar Era: Why American Power Persists and China’s Rise Is Limited", PDF, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=226ved=0CDkQFjAB26url=http3A2F2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu2Fcatalog2Fac3A14639926ei=I1mZUaOnMMLk0gH9iICoCw26usg=AFQjCNGKp8jw7t-cvRknlrP0qcv6Z7M41w26sig2=EcwCKI0jGPs3NkMrxYYY5g26bvm=bv.46751780,d.dmQ-https://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=226ved=0CDkQFjAB26url=http3A2F2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu2Fcatalog2Fac3A14639926ei=I1mZUaOnMMLk0gH9iICoCw26usg=AFQjCNGKp8jw7t-cvRknlrP0qcv6Z7M41w26sig2=EcwCKI0jGPs3NkMrxYYY5g26bvm=bv.46751780,d.dmQ
The growing consensus in U.S. academic and policymaking circles is that unipolarity
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with the world economy and sustain a significant diplomatic and military presence abroad. 

Plan solves 2 internal links

A. International Credibility through Latin America engagement

Benjamin-Alvadaro 6 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, "The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special," http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf-http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)
Given that there are no formal diplomatic of economic relations between the governments of the
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circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved. 

Specifically US engagement is critical to prevent global war spurring from Latin America

Rochlin 94 James Francis "Discovering the Americas" (Professor of Political Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan p. 130-1)
While there were economic motivations for Canadian policy in Central America, security concerns were
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, such as Contradora, as will be seen in the next chapter. 

B. Chinese influence

Dowd 12 (Alan, Senior Fellow with the American Security Council Foundation, "Crisis in the America’s," http://www.ascfusa.org/content_pages/view/crisisinamericas-http://www.ascfusa.org/content_pages/view/crisisinamericas)
Focused on military operations in the Middle East, nuclear threats in Iran and North
AND

There is room for only one great power in the Western Hemisphere.

Increased influence makes a Chinese invasion of Taiwan inevitable

Ferguson 12 (Robbie, Researcher at Royal Society for the Arts, Featured Contributor at International Business Times, Former Conference 26 Research Assistant at Security Watch, Former Researcher at University College London, Master of Science, China in the International Arena, The University of Glasgow, "The Chinese Challenge to the Monroe Doctrine," http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/23/does-chinese-growth-in-latin-america-threaten-american-interests/-http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/23/does-chinese-growth-in-latin-america-threaten-american-interests/)
Taiwan – domestic, or foreign policy?¶ China’s goals in the region amount to
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allow the PRC to conclude a settlement on Taiwan, perhaps by force.

Draws in the US and causes extinction – impact defense is out dated

Lowther 3/16 William, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/16/13, "Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report," http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211-http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211
Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
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arsenals, such a conflict would be tremendously dangerous and quite possibly devastating."

That collapses the biggest internal link to relations – absent the plan Sino-Taiwan war is inevitable

Mazza 1/3 Michael, research fellow in foreign and defense policy at the American Enterprise Institute, 1/3/13, "Four Surprises That Could Rock Asia in 2013," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/01/03/four_surprises_that_could_rock_asia_in_2012?page=full
Since President Ma Ying-jeou came to power in 2008, Taipei and Beijing
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ally — could throw U.S.-China relations into a tailspin.

Multilateral hegemony solves great power wars – the alternative is apolarity

Kempe 2012, Frederick Kempe, president and chief executive officer of the Atlantic Council, a foreign policy think tank and public policy group, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Atlantic Council since December 1, 2006, and is a Visiting Fellow at Oxford University’s Saïd Business School, April 18, 2012, "Does America still want to lead the world?", http://blogs.reuters.com/thinking-global/2012/04/18/does-america-still-want-to-lead-the-world/-http://blogs.reuters.com/thinking-global/2012/04/18/does-america-still-want-to-lead-the-world/,)
For all their bitter differences, President Obama and Governor Romney share one overwhelming challenge
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no one over the next two decades is willing or capable of filling.

AND – American involvement is inevitable – decline causes lash out and great power wars

Brzezinski 12 Zbigniew, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, PHD, JAN/FEB, "After America", http://www.foreignpolicy.com.ezproxy.baylor.edu/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com.ezproxy.baylor.edu/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full,)
Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese official, who obviously had
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and ubiquity of American power creates order where there would normally be conflict.

Heg prevents Indo-Pak War – goes nuclear

Brzezinski ’04 ~Zbigniew, (Former Sect. Of State) The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership, Perseus, New York~
For the time being. the key US. interest is to prevent a nuclear
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concern rapidly fading once the threat recedes ~P. 76-77~

ALSO key to European stability

Kagan ’7 – Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Senior Transatlantic Fellow at the German Marshall Fund (Robert, "End of Dreams, Return of History," Hoover Institution, No. 144, August/September, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6136-http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6136)
Such order as exists in the world rests not merely on the goodwill of peoples
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, that would not be possible without renewing the danger of world war.

Goes nuclear

Glaser ’93 (Charles L Glaser (Professor of Public Policy at University of Chicago) 1993 International Security, Summer, p. 8-9)
However, although the lack of an imminent Soviet threat eliminates the most obvious danger
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. Thus, the United States should not be unconcerned about Europe’s future.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Reservoir SS | Judge: McClay, Laila

1AC

1AC – BioD

====Cuban drilling inevitable====
Gonzalez 3/4—Ivet Gonzalez, correspondent for IPS Cuba ("Cuba Diversifies – But Energy Focus Still on Oil", 3/4/13, http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/03/cuba-diversifies-but-energy-focus-still-on-oil/, zs)
In January 2012, the Scarabeo 9 drilling rig was brought to Cuba from Asia
AND
supply is increasingly seen as a priority in Cuba’s current economic reform process.

====Absent experts accidents are inevitable—embargo blocks use====
Bolstad 12—Erika Bolstad, writer for McClatchy newspaper ("Cuba embargo could threaten oil-drilling safety, expert says", 5/10/12, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/10/148433/cuba-embargo-could-threaten-oil.html~~23.Ug0gFGTwKkZ, zs)
The 50-year-old U.S. embargo of Cuba is getting
AND
in advance the kind of technologies that would be required," Reilly said.

====Aff boosts reaction time—US experts solve best====
Zakaria 11—Fareed Zakaria, Host and journalist on CNN about US foreign policy ("Why our Cuba embargo could lead to another Gulf oil disaster", 9/19/11, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/19/why-our-cuba-policy-could-lead-to-another-gulf-oil-spill/, zs)
Can you remember what explosive crisis America and the world was fixated on last summer
AND
Cuban people, keep them impoverished and cut them off from the world.

====Oil spills spread and kills biodiversity ecosystems====
Almeida 12—Robert Almeida, former Naval Officer and partner at gCaptain ("Drilling Off Cuba, and How the Embargo Could be Very Costly for the US", 5/18/12, http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/, zs)
In short however, Cuba’s access to containment systems, offshore technology, and spill
AND
oil spill could inflict unprecedented environmental devastation if not planned for in advance.

Biodiversity in specific hotspots checks extinction— key to ag, medicine

Mittermeier 11 (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)
Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible
AND
than 30 of original vegetation remaining" criterion to a genuine hotspot.

Caribbean is one such hotspot

CEPF ’10 (quoting Mittermeier — the same author that establishes the "hotspot" thesis and writes our impact ev. , Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, "Ecosystem Profile: THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT"  Jan 15^th – http://www.cepf.net/Documents/Final_Caribbean_EP.pdf)
The Caribbean Islands Hotspot is one of the  world’s greatest centers of biodiversity and¶
AND
species amounting to at least 2 percent of the world’s total¶ species. 

1AC – Warming

Cuba is key to US-Latin American Relations-specifically spills-over to global coop on warming- overcomes alt causes

Shifter ’12 
(Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council’s journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter-American Dialogue. "Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America," April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf)

Cuba, too, poses a significant challenge for relations between the United States and
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consultation and collaboration on a new, more effective approach to the problem.

Now a key time for US-Latin American ties. Permanent collapse coming.

Shifter ’12 
(Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council’s journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter-American Dialogue. "Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America," April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf)

If the United States and Latin America do not make the effort now, the
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wellbeing. It is time to seize the moment and overhaul hemispheric relations.

Improving the effectiveness of global coop key to solve warming

Slaughter’11
(Anne-Marie, Bert G. Kerstetter ’66 university professor of politics and international affairs at Princeton University, "Problems Will Be Global — And Solutions Will Be, Too", Foreign Policy, Sept/Oct, Issue 188, Ebsco)
A more multilateral world is just the beginning Before considering the world in 2025,
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states and the societies they represent will have no choice but to adapt.

Global warming is anthropogenic and will cause extinction

James Hansen, PHD, director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, May 9, 2012, "Game Over for the Climate", http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/10/opinion/game-over-for-the-climate.html?_r=126partner=rssnyt26emc=rss, KENTUCKY

GLOBAL warming isn’t a prediction. It is happening. That is why I was
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any longer to avoid the worst and be judged immoral by coming generations.

Plan

Plan: As they pertain to crude oil reservoirs, the United States federal government should coordinate engineering and safety protocols with the Republic of Cuba.

1AC – Solvency

Allowing warming to continue perpetuates racist inequalities

Hoerner 8—Former director of Research at the Center for a Sustainable Economy, Director of Tax Policy at the Center for Global Change at the University of Maryland College Park, and editor of Natural Resources Tax Review. He has done research on environmental economics and policy on behalf of the governments of Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Andrew received his B.A. in Economics from Cornell University and a J.D. from Case Western Reserve School of Law—AND—Nia Robins—former inaugural Climate Justice Corps Fellow in 2003, director of Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative (J. Andrew, "A Climate of Change African Americans, Global Warming, and a Just Climate Policy for the U.S." July 2008, http://www.ejcc.org/climateofchange.pdf)
Everywhere we turn, the issues and impacts of climate change confront us. One
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points and raising the average African American income by 3 to 4 percent. 

The state is key to solving environmental threats
Taylor in 2k 
(Bron, Univ. of Wisc. Oshkosh, Beneath the Surface, eds. Katz, Light, and Rothenberg, 200 pp 282-4)
A more trenchant problem is how bioregionalists (and the anarchists who influenced their most
AND
, the most beautiful bioregional experiments and models will be overwhelmed and futile.

The immediacy of environmental degradation makes state action essential
Eckersley ’04  (Robyn, Department of Political Science, University of Melbourne, THE GREEN STATE: RETHINKING DEMOCRACY AND SOVEREIGNTY, p. 90-93)
It might be tempting to conclude from this general critique that states are part of
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rather how this power can be made more accountable and hence more legitimate. 

Deliberation through policy debate is key to solving climate change through citizen involvement and subsumes their critiques of traditional forms of decision-making

Isham 10 (Jon, Associate Professor of Economics, Middlebury College, "The Promise of Deliberative Democracy", Volume 1 | Issue 5 | Page 25-27 | Oct 2010, http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/775)
BLUE
Getting to 350 parts per million CO2 in the atmosphere will require massive investments in
AND
, policymakers should seek out deliberative polls in their decision-making process.

Public advocacy of climate solutions key to change governmental policy—-individual change insufficient

CAG 10—Climate Change Communication Advisory Group. Dr Adam Corner School of Psychology, Cardiff University - Dr Tom Crompton Change Strategist, WWF-UK - Scott Davidson Programme Manager,  Global Action Plan - Richard Hawkins Senior Researcher,  Public Interest Research Centre - Professor Tim Kasser, Psychology department, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, USA.  - Dr Renee Lertzman, Center for Sustainable Processes 26  Practices, Portland State University, US. - Peter Lipman, Policy Director, Sustrans. - Dr Irene Lorenzoni, Centre for Environmental Risk,  University of East Anglia. - George Marshall, Founding Director, Climate Outreach , Information Network - Dr Ciaran Mundy, Director, Transition Bristol - Dr Saffron O’Neil, Department of Resource Management and Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia.  - Professor Nick Pidgeon, Director, Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University. - Dr Anna Rabinovich, School of Psychology, University of Exeter - Rosemary Randall, Founder and director of Cambridge Carbon Footprint - Dr Lorraine Whitmarsh, School of Psychology, Cardiff University 26 Visiting Fellow at the, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. (Communicating climate change to mass public audience, http://pirc.info/downloads/communicating_climate_mass_audiences.pdf)
This short advisory paper collates a set of recommendations about how best to shape mass
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they would like structural barriers to behavioural/societal change to be removed.

Simulation and institutional deliberation are valuable and motivate effective responses to climate risks

Marx et al 7 (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, "Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information", 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx_GEC_2007.pdf)
Based on the observation that experiential and analytic processing systems compete and that personal experience
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engage both systems in the process of individual and group decision-making.

Taking action against warming represents an opportunity to rebuild progressive politics for a more just society, but only if we set aside traditional differences founded around identity in favor of a broad-based coalition

Smith 10 Brendan, co-founder of Labor Network for Sustainability, 11-23, "Fighting Doom: The New Politics of Climate Change," Common Dreams, http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/11/23-1
I admit I have arrived late to the party. Only recently have I begun
AND
said to me, "God help us, I hope you’re right."

The state is inevitable and an indispensable part of the solution to warming

Eckersley 4 Robyn, Reader/Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne, "The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty", MIT Press, 2004, Google Books, pp. 3-8
While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward the nation- state, and the
AND
at least as a potentially more significant ally in the green cause.17

Pragmatic warming policy is effective and key to prevent extinction

Simpson 10 (Francis, College of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, "Environmental Pragmatism and its Application to Climate Change The Moral Obligations of Developed and Developing Nations to Avert Climate Change as viewed through Technological Pragmatism", Spring 2010 | Volume 6 | Number 1)
Pragmatism and Footprinting¶ Environmental pragmatism is a relatively new field of environmental ethics that
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have a moral obligation to protect the future of humanity and the biosphere.

The inclusion of hypothetical impact scenarios supercharges the deliberative process by providing a normative means of assessing consequences

Larsen et al 9
    a KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Philosophy and History of Technology, Division of History of Science and Technology, Teknikringen 76, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
    b KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, Division of Environmental Strategies Research, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
 Habitat International
Volume 33, Issue 3, July 2009, Pages 260–266
Climate Change and Human Settlements
Climatechange scenarios and citizen-participation: Mitigation and adaptation perspectives in constructing sustainable futures 

 In constructing normative scenarios a set of images are generated illustrating future ways of
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result, both the content sustainability and the capacity to act might increase. 

Our heuristic overcomes disbelief and mobilizes public responses

Romm 12 (Joe Romm is a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 "Best Blogs of 2010.? In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm ~2388 on its list of 100 "people who are reinventing America." Time named him a "Hero of the Environment? and "The Web’s most influential climate-change blogger." Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw 241 billion in R26D, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT., 2/26/2012, "Apocalypse Not: The Oscars, The Media And The Myth of ’Constant Repetition of Doomsday Messages’ on Climate", http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/02/26/432546/apocalypse-not-oscars-media-myth-of-repetition-of-doomsday-messages-on-climate/~~23more-432546)

The two greatest myths about global warming communications are 1) constant repetition of doomsday
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by most of the rest of the media, intelligentsia and popular culture.

Our deployment of risk is enabling – we need to visualize climate change to shake up political apathy

Ulrich Beck 10, sociology prof at Munich, "Climate for Change, or How to Create a Green Modernity?", Theory Culture Society 2010 27: 254

Sixth thesis: The political explosiveness of global risks is largely a function of their
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powerful as this hunger for modernization or it is condemned to repeated failure.

Tournament: Minnesota State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayzata HL | Judge: Courtney Schauer
Later

Tournament: Minnesota State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Drew James
Later

Tournament: WOOD AND WARD | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Westminster DH | Judge: Semi-Smaller Panel
1AC Plan
The United States federal government should substantially increase funding to facilitate improved efficiency and reduced congestion at ports of entry along the U.S.-Mexico border.
1AC Innovation
Scenario 1 is manufacturing

The manufacturing sector is growing but it’s a question of sustainability
Curtin 12 Staff Writer for CNBC News and the Daily Ticker (Stacy, 10/17/12, “Manufacturing 'Recovery' Not All It's Cracked Up to Be?,” http://www.cnbc.com/id/49448048)
While proposals by both candidates aim to build a more robust manufacturing sector, those
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needs to be involved in more sophisticated manufacturing that other countries cannot do.

Border congestion makes the relationship unsustainable — the plan boosts U.S. manufacturing and overall competitiveness
Wilson and Lee 11 (Christopher E. Wilson, is an Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. He develops the Institute’s research and programming on regional economic integration and U.S.-Mexico border affairs. He is the author of Working Together: Economic Ties between the United States and Mexico (Christopher E. Wilson, Erik Lee, Site Selection, July 2012, “Whole Nations Waiting,” http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm, Accessed 09-09-2013)
Commerce between the United States and Mexico is one of the great — yet underappreciated
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customs harmonization, and public-private partnerships — that have enormous potential.

Modernizing border infrastructure solves — safeguards competitiveness, bolsters manufacturing, and supports 6 million U.S. jobs
NAFTA Works 13 (a monthly newsletter on NAFTA and related issues (NAFTA Works, Volume 18, Issue 4, April 2013, “Border Infrastructure's Key Role in Expanding U.S.-Mexico Trade”, http://www.naftamexico.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/apr13.pdf, Accessed 07-21-2013)
Very few countries in the world have the potential to shape the United States’ manufacturing
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built in over a decade, during which bilateral trade grew by 76.

Border manufacturing is key to the defense industry and deterrence
Guidi 11 (Was the Fronteras reporter at KPBS, covering immigration, border issues and culture. She’s a journalist and producer with experience working in radio, print, and multimedia, and has reported from the Caribbean, South and Central America, as well as the U.S.-Mexico border region, “Border Business: Aerospace As A Binational Industry,” http://www.fronterasdesk.org/news/2011/sep/28/business-mexico-aerospace-industry-maquiladora)
With its high-profile speakers and 3D simulation stations, the second annual Baja
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then back again to the U.S. as a final product.

Deterrent capabilities control conflict escalation – unchecked Russian and Chinese modernization ensures war
David 3/8, Jack David, Senior Fellow and Board Member of the Hudson Institute, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, 3/08/14, (“Address: If You Want Peace, Prepare for War—U.S. Military Pre-Eminence and Why it Matters”, http://www.hudson.org/research/10155-address-if-you-want-peace-prepare-for-war-u-s-military-pre-eminence-and-why-it-matters, AW)
The U.S. has derived additional benefits from its military preeminence and the
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If the U.S. does not, no one else will.

Our heuristic is empirically verifiable — deterrence and incentive theory provide an accurate explanation of international relations
Moore 4 — Director at the Center for Security Law at the University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential Appointee and Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law (John Norton Moore, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, pp. 27-31)
As so broadly conceived, there is strong evidence that deterrence, that is,
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totality of external factors, that is, deterrence, that become crucial.

North Korea’s threatening war – only credible threats solve
Tom Rogan 13, BA in War Studies and MSc in Middle East Politics, "North Korea nuclear test", 2/11, www.tomroganthinks.com/2013/02/north-korea-nuclear-test.html
North Korea is threatening a further nuclear test and evidence suggests that this threat is
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suicide. With American resolve and strength, North Korea can be deterred.

Korean war goes nuclear – miscalculation ensures escalation
Steven Metz 13, Chairman of the Regional Strategy and Planning Department and Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute, 3/13/13, “Strategic Horizons: Thinking the Unthinkable on a Second Korean War,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12786/strategic-horizons-thinking-the-unthinkable-on-a-second-korean-war
Today, North Korea is the most dangerous country on earth and the greatest threat
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two continued mutual trade and investment. Stranger things have happened in statecraft.

North Korea is deterrable – only credibility of threats prevents conflict
David S. Maxwell 12, the Associate Director of the Center for Peace and Security Studies and the Security Studies Program in the School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University, “IS THE KIM FAMILY REGIME RATIONAL AND WHY DON’T THE NORTH KOREAN PEOPLE REBEL?”, January, Foreign Policy Research Institute, http://www.fpri.org/enotes/2012/201201.maxwell.nkorea.html
With the death of Kim Jong-il and the ensuing temporary focus on North
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it has acted in a very predictable way over the past 60 years.

Scenario 2 is the economy

Current efforts are entirely insufficient – massive investments in POE infrastructure is key to boosting both economies
O’Neil 13, Shannon K. senior fellow of Latin America studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, “TWO NATIONS INDIVISIBLE: MEXICO, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE ROAD AHEAD,” book, April 4, 2013
Th e importance of Mexico for America’s economic health is most visible at the border
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demonstration programs, and the urgent need for more ambitious efforts remains ignored.

We control 2 internal links

First, a strong manufacturing base is key to economic growth – 6 reasons
Rynn 11 (Jon Rynn, author of the book Manufacturing Green Prosperity: The power to rebuild the American middle class, he holds a Ph.D. in political science and is a Visiting Scholar at the CUNY Institute for Urban Systems, “Six Reasons Manufacturing is Central to the Economy”, http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/new-roosevelt/six-reasons-manufacturing-central-economy, ZS) 

1. Manufacturing has been the path to development It has been the strategic achievement
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   and rebuild the foundation of a strong, prosperous, middle class economy.

Second, it’s reverse causal – investing in POEs key to prevent economic decline
Heinrich 13 (Heinrich, Martin. "Heinrich, Udall Aim To Increase Bilateral Trade And Improve U.S. Ports Of Entry." Martin Heinrich- Senator. N.p., 20 June 2013. http://www.heinrich.senate.gov/record.cfm?id=344132.Senator Martin Heinrich is the junior United States Senator for New Mexico. Elected in 2012, Heinrich serves on the Senate Energy and Natural Resources, Intelligence, and Joint Economic Committees)
"Investing in the Santa Teresa Port of Entry is key to creating jobs and
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El Paso and the strain on Customs and Border Protection in the region.

Economic decline leads to miscalculation – that escalates
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis”http:www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics
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rather than defense, potentially leading to escalating crises.

Broad studies prove our argument
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

1AC Relations
Relations are on the brink now – plan is key to sustainability
O’Neil 13 Shannon O'Neil is Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), “U.S. Exports Depend on Mexico ” Latin America’s Moment January 11 http://blogs.cfr.org/oneil/2013/01/11/u-s-exports-depend-on-mexico/
Hidden behind the troubling headlines, however, is another, more hopeful Mexico —
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States needs to start seeing Mexico as a partner instead of a problem.

Infrastructure investment rebalances the relationship — overcomes alternate causalities
Selee and Wilson 12 — Andrew Selee, former Visiting Professor at El Colegio de Mexico, holds a Ph.D. in Policy Studies from the University of Maryland Vice President for Programs and Senior Adviser for the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Adjunct Professor of Government at Johns Hopkins University and of International Affairs at George Washington University, an M.A. in Latin American Studies from the University of California-San Diego, and a B.A. in Latin American Studies from Washington University in St. Louis, and Christopher E. Wilson, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, previously served as a Mexico Analyst for the U.S. Military and as a researcher at American University’s Center for North American Studies, holds an M.A. in International Affairs from American University, 2012 (“Getting ready for a new era in U.S.-Mexico ties,” Global Public Square—Fareed Zakaria’s CNN blog, December 3rd, Available Online at http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/12/03/Getting-Ready-for-a-New-Era-in-U-S-Mexico-Ties/)
U.S.-Mexico relations have been dominated for the past six years by
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such a change in perception occurs, the results will speak for themselves.

Plan is reverse-causal – flashpoints of border disagreement make future collapse inevitable
Baker Institute 9 — The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University—a nonpartisan public policy think tank, 2009 (“Developing the U.S.-Mexico Border Region for a Prosperous and Secure Relationship,” Baker Institute Policy Report, Number 38, April, Available Online at http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/LAI-pub-BorderSecPREnglish-041509.pdf)
The relationship between the United States and Mexico has historically been a strong one,
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that are more likely to hinder, rather than promote, common goals.

Two internal links to terrorism

1. Method cooperation — response and communication
   Rosales et al 11 MD has worked in the health arena for more than 20 years and in public health over 15 years, after serving five years as Director, Office of Border Health for the Arizona Department of Health Services. Dr. Rosales has expertise in program development and implementation, public health administration, policy and health disparities research in the Southwest, (Cecilia, “U.S.Mexico cross-border workforce training needs:survey implementation”, January 2011, Journal of Injury and Violence Research at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3134923/,)
   Abinational border-wide, online assessment on preparedness/emergency response and workforce training
   AND
   both successful in securing the resources to survey the preparedness and response workforce.

2. LPOE protection prevents infiltration – it’s a hotspot of cooperation
Mariclaire Acosta et al 12 – Project Director, Freedom House – Mexico Bill Bratton Chairman, Kroll Advisory Solutions, former Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department and former New York City Police Commissioner Geoffrey Cowan President, The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands John Engler President, Business Roundtable, former Governor of Michigan Rafael Fernández de Castro Chair, Department of International Studies, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, former Foreign Policy Advisor to President Calderón Michael Govan CEO and Wallis Annenberg Director, Los Angeles County Museum of Art Jane Harman Director, President, and CEO, Wilson Center, former Member of Congress Carlos Heredia Director of International Studies, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, CIDE, former Member of Congress Phil Heymann James Barr Ames Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, former Deputy Attorney General Barry Jackson Chief of Staff to the Speaker of the House John Boehner Enrique Krauze Historian and Essayist, Founder and Editor-in-Chief of Letras Libres Isaac Lee President, News, Univision Communications Inc. Emilio Lozoya Chairman, JFH Lozoya Investments Mel Martinez Chairman, Florida, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean for JPMorgan Chase and Co., Chairman, JPMorgan Chase Foundation Doris Meissner Senior Fellow, Migration Policy Institute, former Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization Service, (“Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations”, http://sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf, AW)
At the same time, the United States faces a major challenge in ensuring the
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of this fact by working closely with Mexico on issues of common interest. 

Terror threat on the border is real and true – Hezbollah and Hamas
Allen 12 (Sylvia Allen, Senator, Head of Border Security, Federalism and States Sovereignty Committee, Arizona, “Hezbollah terror threat on U.S.-Mexico border is real”, ZS)
Braun testified that the terrorist group, Hezbollah, has developed strong, sophisticated relationships
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they will investigate more thoroughly and make sure they have all the facts.

High risk – no tech barriers
Brill 12 Kenneth C, is a former U.S. ambassador to the I.A.E.A. Kenneth N. Luongo is president of the Partnership for Global Security. Both are members of the Fissile Material Working Group, a nonpartisan nongovernmental organization. Nuclear Terrorism: A Clear Danger, www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/opinion/nuclear-terrorism-a-clear-danger.html?_r=0
Terrorists exploit gaps in security. The current global regime for protecting the nuclear materials
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member is thought to remain at large with a kilogram of this material.

Biological terrorist attack causes extinction
Kellman 8 Barry, Director of the International Weapons Control Center at the DePaul University College of Law and author of Bioviolence—Preventing Biological Terror and Crime; “Bioviolence: A Growing Threat,” The Futurist, May-June 2008, http://www.wfs.org/March-April09/MJ2008_Kellman.pdf
What Might Bioviolence Accomplish? Envision a series of attacks against capitals of developing states
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The notion that no one will ever commit catastrophic bioviolence is simply untenable.

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction
Hellman 8 (Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf)
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat
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assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.

Tournament: Minnesota RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Como Park AT | Judge: Natalie Woodward
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with The Republic of Cuba.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Detroit Country Day YH | Judge: Wayne Tang

1AC – THA

1AC – Plan

The United States Federal Government should implement the Outer Continental Shelf Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement.

1AC – Relations

====Energy and economic ties key to broader relations – plan solves ====
Farnsworth 13 ~Eric, May 8, "Obama’s Mexico Trip Yielded Progress, Missed Opportunities" http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12934/obama-s-mexico-trip-yielded-progress-missed-opportunities 6/29/13~

President Barack Obama traveled to Mexico City on May 2 to meet with new Mexican
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order to assure the global competitiveness of both Mexico and the United States.
 

Plan is reverse causal - Failure to pass THA kills relations- Mexico would perceive it as a violation of trust

CFR 12 – United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Super Qualified Authors, 12/21/12, ("OIL, MEXICO, AND THE TRANSBOUNDARY AGREEMENT", http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77567/html/CPRT-112SPRT77567.htm, AW)
Finally, passage of the TBA would boost U.S.-Mexico relations on
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administration formally submitting the TBA for Congressional approval and commencement of Congressional hearings.

That’s key to solve bioterror- method cooperation

Rosales et al 11- MD has worked in the health arena for more than 20 years and in public health over 15 years, after serving five years as Director, Office of Border Health for the Arizona Department of Health Services. Dr. Rosales has expertise in program development and implementation, public health administration, policy and health disparities research in the Southwest, (Cecilia, "U.S.Mexico cross-border workforce training needs:survey implementation", January 2011, Journal of Injury and Violence Research at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3134923/,)
Abinational border-wide, online assessment on preparedness/emergency response and workforce training
AND
both successful in securing the resources to survey the preparedness and response workforce.

Also solves conventional terrorism

Mariclaire Acosta 12 – Project Director, Freedom House – Mexico Bill Bratton Chairman, Kroll Advisory Solutions, former Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department and former New York City Police Commissioner Geoffrey Cowan President, The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands John Engler President, Business Roundtable, former Governor of Michigan Rafael Fernández de Castro Chair, Department of International Studies, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, former Foreign Policy Advisor to President Calderón Michael Govan CEO and Wallis Annenberg Director, Los Angeles County Museum of Art Jane Harman Director, President, and CEO, Wilson Center, former Member of Congress Carlos Heredia Director of International Studies, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, CIDE, former Member of Congress Phil Heymann James Barr Ames Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, former Deputy Attorney General Barry Jackson Chief of Staff to the Speaker of the House John Boehner Enrique Krauze Historian and Essayist, Founder and Editor-in-Chief of Letras Libres Isaac Lee President, News, Univision Communications Inc. Emilio Lozoya Chairman, JFH Lozoya Investments Mel Martinez Chairman, Florida, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean for JPMorgan Chase 26 Co., Chairman, JPMorgan Chase Foundation Doris Meissner Senior Fellow, Migration Policy Institute, former Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization Service, ("Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations", http://sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf, AW)
At the same time, the United States faces a major challenge in ensuring the
AND
of this fact by working closely with Mexico on issues of common interest. 

Biological terrorist attack would cause extinction

Kellman ’08 ~Barry, Director of the International Weapons Control Center at the DePaul University College of Law and author of Bioviolence—Preventing Biological Terror and Crime; "Bioviolence: A Growing Threat," The Futurist, May-June 2008, http://www.wfs.org/March-April09/MJ2008_Kellman.pdf~~
What Might Bioviolence Accomplish? Envision a series of attacks against capitals of developing states
AND
The notion that no one will ever commit catastrophic bioviolence is simply untenable.

====Now is key – bioterror threats increasing====
Garrett, 1/5/12 ~Laurie, Senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations, recipient of the 1996 Pulitzer Prize for her coverage of the Ebola epidemic in what was then Zaire, and author of I Hear the Sirens Scream: How American Responded to the 9/11 and Anthrax Attacks; "Flu Season," Foreign Policy, January 5, 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/05/flu_season~~
Meanwhile, bird flu is back, causing human and bird infections and deaths in
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. The naturally occurring recombinant flu had infected a dozen Americans by Christmas.

High risk of nuclear terrorism – acquisition and ideological motivation

Graham T. Allison 7 – Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, 4/20/07, ("How Likely is a Nuclear Terrorist Attack on the United States?", http://www.cfr.org/weapons-of-mass-destruction/likely-nuclear-terrorist-attack-united-states/p13097, AW)
A final comment on the likelihood of a nuclear terrorist attack before turning more specifically
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and I both agree would be the single greatest catastrophe: nuclear terrorism.

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction –escalates to Russia and China

Ayson 10 – Robert Ayson 10, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

1AC – Dodd-Frank

Now is crunch time to pass the agreement – no da’s

Fox News, 3/10 – (Associated Press Staff Writer for Fox News.  October 3, 2010.  "Joint U.S.-Mexico Gulf Oil Drilling Deal Held Up Over Disagreements In Congress," http://www.reefrelieffounders.com/drilling/2013/10/04/fox-news-joint-u-s-mexico-gulf-oil-drilling-deal-held-up-over-disagreements-in-congress/)//SDL
¶ Along with the budget and immigration, one more thing that the Senate and
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expire and it is unlikely that either country will drill in the region.

Our aff is inherent and avoids the link to politics

Boman, 13 – (Karen Boman, Associated Press Staff Writer for RigZone.  October 14, 2013.  "Senate Passes US-Mexico Drilling Pact," http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/129582/Senate_Passes_USMexico_Drilling_Pact)//SDL
The U.S. Senate passed a bill Saturday that would implement the U
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while the Senate version does not offer such waivers, The Hill reported. 

Dodd Frank is key to transparency rules in the oil industry – EU modeling proves - exemption in the TBHA would undermine the US model
Gary, 13 – (Ian Gary, Senior Policy Manager for Extractive Industries at Oxfam America.  May 9, 2013.  "A back door attack on oil payment transparency," http://politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org/2013/05/09/a-back-door-attack-on-oil-payment-transparency/)//SDL
Oxfam has no problem with the approval of the US-Mexico TBA which simply
AND
and reducing corruption, particularly in the oil, gas and mineral sectors."

Dodd-Frank solves corruption in Afghanistan - the impact is stability

Clough, 10 - (Christine, coordinator of the Task Force on Financial Integrity 26 Economic Development.  August 3, 2010.  Using Transparency to Avoid the Resource Curse in Afghanistan, Financial Transparency Coalition, p. http://www.financialtransparency.org/2010/08/03/using-transparency-to-avoid-the-resource-curse-in-afghanistan/)
¶ Additionally, the disclosure of corporate profits on a country-by-country
AND
-country basis, that we’ll achieve full transparency in this crucial sector.

Afghanistan collapse escalates to global nuclear war

Morgan, 7 (Stephen J., Political Writer and Former Member of the British Labour Party Executive Committee, "Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan21?", 9-23, http://www.freearticlesarchive .com/article/_Better_another_Taliban_Afghanistanthan_a_Taliban_NUCLEAR_Pakistan_/99961/0/)
However events may prove him sorely wrong. Indeed, his policy could completely backfire
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in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.

Specifically, Indo-Pak war goes nuclear
Caldicottu 2 (Helen, Founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility and Nominee for the Nobel Peace Prize, "The New Nuclear Danger: George W. Bush’s Military-Industrial Complex", p. xiii)
The use of Pakistani nuclear weapons could trigger a chain reaction. Nuclear-armed India, an ancient enemy could respond in kind. China, India’s hated foe, could react if India used her nuclear weapons, triggering a nuclear holocaust on the subcontinent. If any of either Russia or America’s 2,250 strategic weapons on hair-trigger alert were launched either accidentally or purposefully in response, nuclear winter would ensue, meaning the end of most life on earth.

Dodd Frank is key to transparency to set a global norm against corruption in Africa
Geman, 13 – (Ben Geman, Associated Press Staff Writer for The Hill.  April 26, 2013.  "Senate bill on US-Mexico drilling lacks Dodd-Frank exemption" http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/296451-senate-bill-on-us-mexico-drilling-lacks-dodd-frank-exemption-)//SDL
"API is hopeful that Congress and the administration will address the problematic 1504 rules
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elsewhere are plagued by corruption and conflict alongside their energy and mineral wealth.

Exemptions undermine transparency laws – they create a race to the bottom of non-disclosure – our evidence is Africa Specific
Geman, 11 – (Ben Geman, Associated Press Staff Writer for The Hill.  March 1, 2011. "It’s George Soros versus Exxon in fight over oil payment disclosures," http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/146749-its-george-soros-against-exxon-on-oil-payments-disclosure)//SDL====
¶ "I believe it is not an exaggeration to say that in promulgating the
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statute to provide information to investors and promote international transparency," Soros writes.

Corruption in Africa causes wars and instability – transparency key

Diamond, 98   (Larry Diamond, Senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution.  January 1998.  "Restoring Democracy in Africa," http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-20301225/restoring-democracy-in-africa )SDL
¶ The common root cause of economic decay, state collapse, ethnic violence,
AND
all major ethnic groups, parties, and interest organizations to a constitution.

African instability goes nuclear.

Deutsch, 02 (Jeffrey, Founder of the Rabid Tigers Project, Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol. II, No. 9, "The Nuclear Family Has Become Over-Extended," November 18, http://list.webengr.com/pipermail/picoipo/2002-November/000208.html)
The Rabid Tiger Project believes that a nuclear war is most likely to start in
AND
an ocean of troubled waters, and some people love to go fishing. 

1AC – Hegemony

Hegemony is sustainable – but the US must walk carefully – policy choices that endorse multilateral leadership are key

Beckley 2012, Michael Beckley, PHD Columbia, assistant professor of political science at Tufts University specializing in U.S. and Chinese foreign policy, 2012, "The Unipolar Era: Why American Power Persists and China’s Rise Is Limited", PDF, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=226ved=0CDkQFjAB26url=http3A2F2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu2Fcatalog2Fac3A14639926ei=I1mZUaOnMMLk0gH9iICoCw26usg=AFQjCNGKp8jw7t-cvRknlrP0qcv6Z7M41w26sig2=EcwCKI0jGPs3NkMrxYYY5g26bvm=bv.46751780,d.dmQ
The growing consensus in U.S. academic and policymaking circles is that unipolarity
AND
with the world economy and sustain a significant diplomatic and military presence abroad. 

The plan solves 2 internal links

1) Growing a strong US-Mexican relationship

Pastor 2012 Robert A. Pastor is professor and director of the Center for North American Studies at American University. Pastor served as National Security Advisor on Latin America during the Carter Administration.  "Beyond the Continental Divide" From the July/August 2012 issue of The American Interest http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1269
Most Americans think that the largest markets for U.S. exports are China
AND
be vastly beneficial. We don’t seem ready to recognize that truth either. 

That’s a key pillar for U.S. hegemony

Smith 13 Simon Bolivar Professor of Latin American Studies at University of California in San Diego.~1~ He has been president of the Latin American Studies Association since 1989, Ph.D. in Comparative Politics, Latin America from Columbia University "Global Scenarios and Bilateral Priorities" Mexico and the United States : the politics of partnership I Peter H. Smith and Andrew Selee, editors. P. 19-20
A more nuanced interpretation of unipolarity emerges from the recent work of Zbigniew Brzezinski,
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significant pillar for US power and it therefore deserves concomitant attention from policymakers.

2) Energy power

Gjelten 12 (Tom, Diplomatic Correspondent – NPR, "The Dash for Gas: The Golden Age of an Energy Game-Changer," World Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/dash-gas-golden-age-energy-game-changer)
For a fresh perspective on geopolitical trends, look at the world through the lens
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and determine whether it imposes any risks to drinking water or human health.

Energy power solves nuclear conflict

Hagel 12 ~Chuck Hagel, Professor at Georgetown University, "The Challenge of Change", 5/15/12, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change~~
A new world order is being built today by seven billion global citizens. America’s
AND
or region. Instability and violence disrupt supply and distribution and increase prices. 

Also creates free trade which disincentivizes conflict – studies prove

Griswold, 11 Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. "Free Trade and the Global Middle Class," Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf Accessed 6/30/12 

Our more globalized world has also yielded a "peace dividend." It may not
AND
and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.

Multilateral hegemony solves great power wars – the alternative is apolarity

Kempe 2012, Frederick Kempe, president and chief executive officer of the Atlantic Council, a foreign policy think tank and public policy group, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Atlantic Council since December 1, 2006, and is a Visiting Fellow at Oxford University’s Saïd Business School, April 18, 2012, "Does America still want to lead the world?", http://blogs.reuters.com/thinking-global/2012/04/18/does-america-still-want-to-lead-the-world/,)
For all their bitter differences, President Obama and Governor Romney share one overwhelming challenge
AND
no one over the next two decades is willing or capable of filling.

AND – American involvement is inevitable – decline causes lash out and great power wars

Brzezinski 12 Zbigniew, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, PHD, JAN/FEB, "After America", http://www.foreignpolicy.com.ezproxy.baylor.edu/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full,)
Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese official, who obviously had
AND
swaggering, nationalistic Beijing would unintentionally mobilize a powerful regional coalition against itself.

 None of China’s key neighbors — India, Japan, and Russia — is
AND
and ubiquity of American power creates order where there would normally be conflict.

US power is the most peaceful

Busby, 12 ~Get Real Chicago IR guys out in force, Josh, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html~~
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years
AND
that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Glenbrook North AR | Judge: Nikolai, Pete

1AC

1AC – Plan

The United States Federal Government should implement the Outer Continental Shelf Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement

1AC – Solvency

Now is the time to lock in bilateral framework for energy cooperation

Wood 13 ~Duncan, Mexico Institute director "Growing Potential for U.S.-Mexico Energy Cooperation", http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wood_energy.pdf, p. 44~

The potential for effective collaboration between the two countries on questions on energy and climate
AND
sense to adopt a more regional approach, incorporating Canada into the process.
As Mexico undertakes a new energy reform process, the landscape for hydrocarbons and electricity
AND
talks on bilateral cooperation is therefore a priority that should not be underestimated.

Mexico has already said yes and ratified the bill—they are just waiting for the US

Velarde 12 – (Rogelio Lopez Velarde, attorney and counselor-at-law, held various positions at Pemex during 1988-1993, including that of Financial Advisor to the Finance Department, In-House Counsel in Houston, Texas, In-House Counsel in New York, and Head of the International Legal Department of Pemex. He was honored with the "Most Distinguished Attorney Award" of Pemex for the period 1990-1991, former Chairman of the Energy Committee of the Mexican Bar Association, and currently he is the President for the Latin America Chapter of the Association of the International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN), as Visiting Professor of Judicial Process on the Mexican Legal Studies Program at the University of Houston Law Center, and he is currently the director of the Energy Law Seminar organized between the Universidad Iberoamericana and the Mexican Bar Association. "US-Mexican treaty on Gulf of Mexico transboundary reservoirs", International Law Office, 3-19-2012, http://www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/Detail.aspx?g=b9326bf8-f27f-43ff-b45a-1b2b70ccb217andredir=1)
The treaty will become effective 60 days after the last notification of approval has been made by Mexico or the United States. In this regard, the Mexican Senate ratified the treaty in April 2012; therefore, the treaty’s effectiveness is subject to approval and publication by the United States, which to date has neither ratified nor published the treaty.

1AC – Relations

Relations high – energy co-op key to sustainability

Brown and Meacham 12
(Neil, and Carl, ¶ current program director at CSIS, served at the Department of Commerce as special assistant to the deputy secretary, at the Cuban Affairs Bureau of the Department of State, and at the U.S. embassy in Madrid, US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, "Oil, Mexico, And The Transboundary Agreement," http://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=226ved=0CDgQFjAB26url=http3A2F2Fwww.foreign.senate.gov2Fpublications2Fdownload2Foil-mexico-and-the-transboundary-agreement26ei=qtPQUfzNJsisiALYloHwCw26usg=AFQjCNEZsmcfgXzQ0omtPqf8HklAkTjfxA26sig2=PORZ6WJw6OEYk7MPmfWKbw26bvm=bv.48572450,d.cGE, P. 13, Accessed: 6/30/13)

U.S.-Mexico bilateral cooperation has improved dramatically in¶ the last 5
AND
cooperation can move forward without significant political¶ obstacles from the Mexican side). 

====Energy and economic ties key to broader relations – plan solves ====
Farnsworth 13 ~Eric, May 8, "Obama’s Mexico Trip Yielded Progress, Missed Opportunities" http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12934/obama-s-mexico-trip-yielded-progress-missed-opportunities 6/29/13~

President Barack Obama traveled to Mexico City on May 2 to meet with new Mexican
AND
order to assure the global competitiveness of both Mexico and the United States.
Mexico is the United States’ third-largest trading partner, after Canada and China, and its second-biggest export market, after Canada. Some 241.4 billion worth of goods crosses the U.S.-Mexico border every day, and an estimated 6 million U.S. jobs depend directly on trade with Mexico. These are big numbers, and they are only going to increase, particularly as Mexico’s economy grows and its middle class expands, increasing its purchasing power.
At the same time, a number of obstacles to growth must be addressed if
AND
is coming to an end, and the most difficult issues remain unresolved. 

Plan is reverse causal - Failure to pass THA kills relations- Mexico would perceive it as a violation of trust

CFR 12 – United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Super Qualified Authors, 12/21/12, ("OIL, MEXICO, AND THE TRANSBOUNDARY AGREEMENT", http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77567/html/CPRT-112SPRT77567.htm, AW)
Finally, passage of the TBA would boost U.S.-Mexico relations on
AND
administration formally submitting the TBA for Congressional approval and commencement of Congressional hearings.

That’s key to prevent terrorism – method cooperation

Mariclaire Acosta 12 – Project Director, Freedom House – Mexico Bill Bratton Chairman, Kroll Advisory Solutions, former Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department and former New York City Police Commissioner Geoffrey Cowan President, The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands John Engler President, Business Roundtable, former Governor of Michigan Rafael Fernández de Castro Chair, Department of International Studies, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, former Foreign Policy Advisor to President Calderón Michael Govan CEO and Wallis Annenberg Director, Los Angeles County Museum of Art Jane Harman Director, President, and CEO, Wilson Center, former Member of Congress Carlos Heredia Director of International Studies, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, CIDE, former Member of Congress Phil Heymann James Barr Ames Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, former Deputy Attorney General Barry Jackson Chief of Staff to the Speaker of the House John Boehner Enrique Krauze Historian and Essayist, Founder and Editor-in-Chief of Letras Libres Isaac Lee President, News, Univision Communications Inc. Emilio Lozoya Chairman, JFH Lozoya Investments Mel Martinez Chairman, Florida, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean for JPMorgan Chase 26 Co., Chairman, JPMorgan Chase Foundation Doris Meissner Senior Fellow, Migration Policy Institute, former Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization Service, ("Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations", http://sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf, AW)
At the same time, the United States faces a major challenge in ensuring the
AND
of this fact by working closely with Mexico on issues of common interest. 

High risk of nuclear terrorism – acquisition and ideological motivation

Graham T. Allison 7 – Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, 4/20/07, ("How Likely is a Nuclear Terrorist Attack on the United States?", http://www.cfr.org/weapons-of-mass-destruction/likely-nuclear-terrorist-attack-united-states/p13097, AW)
A final comment on the likelihood of a nuclear terrorist attack before turning more specifically
AND
and I both agree would be the single greatest catastrophe: nuclear terrorism.

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction –escalates to Russia and China

Ayson 10 – Robert Ayson 10, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

1AC – Trade

====The trade deficit is expanding====
Reuters 9-4 (Reuters, September 04, 2013 "U.S. Trade Deficit Widens in July," http://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/2013/09/04/us-trade-deficit-widens-in-july/, zs)
The U.S. trade deficit widened slightly more than expected in July as
AND
. trade deficit with China to a record 2430.1 billion.

Offshore drilling solves trade deficit – reduces necessity for oil imports

Priest, 13 – (Tyler, "Should the U.S. Expand Offshore Oil Drilling?" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324020504578398610851042612.html)
The U.S. will be the world’s largest per-capita consumer of
AND
consumption that isn’t imported helps ease the U.S. trade deficit.

Free trade on the brink – perception of US leadership key

Suominen 12 – resident fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States in Washington, 7-6-12
(Kati, "America the Absent," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/06/america_the_absent?page=full)
In the 20th century, beginning with the creation of the Bretton Woods system in
AND
Global economic integration forged ahead. Today, American leadership is again essential. 

Data proves resolving the deficit solves protectionism

Hufbauer 10 (Gary, Senior Chair at Council of Relations, "US Protectionist Impulses in the Wake of the Great Recession", http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/hufbauer201003.pdf)
The U.S. unemployment rate more than doubled between the onset of the
AND
an easy pass on future new instances of U.S.¶ protectionism. 

Protectionism causes extinction

Panzer 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)
The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

Trade deficit destroys economy

Sherter 5/10/13 – (Alain, "How the U.S. trade gaps hurts the economy", CBS, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505123_162-57431723/how-the-u.s-trade-gaps-hurts-the-economy/)
The global U.S. trade deficit rose in March at its fastest clip
AND
spending drives hiring, which continues the virtuous circle by pushing up spending.)

Econ decline causes global conflict - studies

Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises", Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Free trade creates multiple disincentives for conflict, but it’s declining globally

Carafano, 12 James Jay Carafano, Ph.D. senior research fellow for national security at the Heritage Foundation. "More Free Markets Will Mean Fewer Wars," http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2012/01/more-free-markets-will-mean-fewer-wars Accessed 6/30/12
Sir Ralph Norman Angell had all the answers. In 1909, he published "
AND
"peace through strength" a reality, rather than a bumper sticker. 

US trade leadership solves nuclear conflict

Panitchpakdi 4 (DG Supachai, Former Director-General – World Trade Organization, "American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?", National Press Club, 2-26, http://www.wto.org/french/ news_f/spsp_f/spsp22_f.htm)
I can sum up my message today in three sentences: The United States,
AND
important to fail. The world depends on it. So does America.

Free trade creates disincentives for war – studies prove

Griswold, 11 Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. "Free Trade and the Global Middle Class," Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf Accessed 6/30/12 

Our more globalized world has also yielded a "peace dividend." It may not
AND
and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.

Free trade is key to solve disease

Indur M. Goklany, an independent scholar and the author of The Precautionary Principle: A Critical Appraisal of Environmental Risk Assessment August 22, 2002, http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa447.pdf
Are the trends in the various measures of human well-being improving as globalization
AND
education, and human capital, which also helps turn the health wealth.

The impact is extinction

Darling 12 ~Astrobiologist Dirk Schulze-Makuch and British astronomer David Darling Seattle’s Big Blog, http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/03/18/9-strange-ways-the-world-really-might-end/?fb_xd_fragment, Washington State University~
Catastrophometer Scale 7.5: The enemy within (Pandemics) Our body is
AND
marsupial in Australia) the very survival of our species could be threatened. 

1AC – Hegemony

Hegemony is sustainable – but the US must walk carefully – policy choices that endorse multilateral leadership are key

Beckley 2012, Michael Beckley, PHD Columbia, assistant professor of political science at Tufts University specializing in U.S. and Chinese foreign policy, 2012, "The Unipolar Era: Why American Power Persists and China’s Rise Is Limited", PDF, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=226ved=0CDkQFjAB26url=http3A2F2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu2Fcatalog2Fac3A14639926ei=I1mZUaOnMMLk0gH9iICoCw26usg=AFQjCNGKp8jw7t-cvRknlrP0qcv6Z7M41w26sig2=EcwCKI0jGPs3NkMrxYYY5g26bvm=bv.46751780,d.dmQ
The growing consensus in U.S. academic and policymaking circles is that unipolarity
AND
with the world economy and sustain a significant diplomatic and military presence abroad. 

The plan solves 2 internal links

1) Growing a strong US-Mexican relationship

Pastor 2012 Robert A. Pastor is professor and director of the Center for North American Studies at American University. Pastor served as National Security Advisor on Latin America during the Carter Administration.  "Beyond the Continental Divide" From the July/August 2012 issue of The American Interest http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1269
Most Americans think that the largest markets for U.S. exports are China
AND
be vastly beneficial. We don’t seem ready to recognize that truth either. 

Mexico relations – it’s a key pillar for U.S. hegemony

Smith 13 Simon Bolivar Professor of Latin American Studies at University of California in San Diego.~1~ He has been president of the Latin American Studies Association since 1989, Ph.D. in Comparative Politics, Latin America from Columbia University "Global Scenarios and Bilateral Priorities" Mexico and the United States : the politics of partnership I Peter H. Smith and Andrew Selee, editors. P. 19-20
A more nuanced interpretation of unipolarity emerges from the recent work of Zbigniew Brzezinski,
AND
significant pillar for US power and it therefore deserves concomitant attention from policymakers.

2) Energy power

Gjelten 12 (Tom, Diplomatic Correspondent – NPR, "The Dash for Gas: The Golden Age of an Energy Game-Changer," World Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/dash-gas-golden-age-energy-game-changer)
For a fresh perspective on geopolitical trends, look at the world through the lens
AND
and determine whether it imposes any risks to drinking water or human health.

Energy power solves nuclear conflict

Hagel 12 ~Chuck Hagel, Professor at Georgetown University, "The Challenge of Change", 5/15/12, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change~~
A new world order is being built today by seven billion global citizens. America’s
AND
or region. Instability and violence disrupt supply and distribution and increase prices. 

Multilateral hegemony solves great power wars – the alternative is apolarity

Kempe 2012, Frederick Kempe, president and chief executive officer of the Atlantic Council, a foreign policy think tank and public policy group, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Atlantic Council since December 1, 2006, and is a Visiting Fellow at Oxford University’s Saïd Business School, April 18, 2012, "Does America still want to lead the world?", http://blogs.reuters.com/thinking-global/2012/04/18/does-america-still-want-to-lead-the-world/,)
For all their bitter differences, President Obama and Governor Romney share one overwhelming challenge
AND
no one over the next two decades is willing or capable of filling.

AND – American involvement is inevitable – decline causes lash out and great power wars

Brzezinski 12 Zbigniew, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, PHD, JAN/FEB, "After America", http://www.foreignpolicy.com.ezproxy.baylor.edu/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?print=yes26hidecomments=yes26page=full,)
Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese official, who obviously had
AND
and ubiquity of American power creates order where there would normally be conflict.

US power is the most peaceful

Busby, 12 ~Get Real Chicago IR guys out in force, Josh, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html~~
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years
AND
that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Abla Belhachmi
1AC Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should provide technical assistance to the United Mexican States for implementation of commercial domestic intellectual property protections.
1AC Disease
Status quo fails despite US cooperation – further push needed
USCS 12 (United States Commercial Service – Guides to International Commercial dealings for US companies, “2013 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies”, http://export.gov/mexico/static/CCG2013_Latest_eg_mx_064086.pdf, ZS)
Mexico continues to
AND
cross Mexico’s borders. 

Robust IP protection for University scientists is necessary to spur genomic medicine in Mexico
March et al 13 (Gerardo Jimenez, Irma Silva –Zolezzi, Alfredo Hidalgo, Santiago March, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, “Genomic medicine in Mexico: Initial steps and the road ahead,” http://genome.cshlp.org/content/18/8/1191.full, ZS)
Developing genomic medicine
AND
in genomic medicine.

IP protection in Mexico is the vital internal link to disease and pharmaceutical breakouts
Bacalski 6 (Juan Bacalski, University of Arizona College of Law, Neuroscience, “Mexico's Pharmaceutical Patent Dilemma And The Lesson Of India,” http://ajicl.org/AJICL2006/vol233/BacalskiNote.pdf, ZS)
Technology thrives when
AND
in the world market. 

H5N1 and other deadly pathogens will escape from BSL-4 labs—the impact is extinction
Wilson 13 (Grant Wilson, Professional Associate at the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, 2013, "Minimizing Global Catastrophic and Existential Risks from Emerging Technologies through International Law," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2179094, ZS)
An accidental release
AND
engaging in bioengineering.

There are no vaccines for H5N1
Begley 12 February 16th, 2012, Sharon Begley, "How secure are labs handling world’s deadliest pathogens?," http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/16/us-health-biosecurity-idUSTRE81E0R420120216
Last year, labs
AND
of Sciences this month.

Drug-resistant TB strains are developing in Mexico—spreads quickly and is airborne
WSJ 13 (Wall Street Journal, International News Source, “Risk of Deadly TB Exposure Grows Along U.S.-Mexico Border,” https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/tb-roundtable/N3ec0AnfzZA, ZS)
The Tijuana General
AND
World Health Organization

And, XDR TB spread risks becoming a pandemic—puts the global population at risk
Bio Medicine 7 (Internet’s Leading online organization devoted to biology and medicine, “The Dreaded Disease Tuberculosis Raises Its Ugly Head”, http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/The-Dreaded-Disease-Tuberculosis-Raises-Its-Ugly-Head-20674-1/, ZS)
When Mr. Andrew Speaker
AND
highly lethal XDR-TB.

Disease causes extinction—their defense doesn’t assume mutation, population size, bio-engineering, or globalization
Darling 12 March 18th, 2012, David Darling is a British Astronomer,
 “9 Strange Ways the World Really Might End,” http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/03/18/9-strange-ways-the-world-really-might-end/?fb_xd_fragment
Catastrophometer Scale 7.5:
AND
could be threatened. 

Burnout theory is false
Casadevall 12 March 21st, 2012, Arturo Casaveall is a professor of Microbiology and Immunology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Arturo, “The future of biological warfare,”http:onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00340.x/full
In considering the importance
AND
evolution or bioengineering.
1AC China
Status quo 301 reports undermine US Policy – heavy handed approach like the plan are key to allow International actors to latch onto IP protection
Rangnath 11 (Rashmi Rangnath, Attorney and Director of PK’s Global Knowledge Initiative, “PK tells USTR: Adopt a More Rational Trade Policy”, http://publicknowledge.org/blog/pk-tells-ustr-adopt-more-rational-trade-polic, ZS)
Today, we filed
AND
and inclusive approach.

China is working on IP in the status quo but they needed an added push – lack of protection is a flash point of contention
Taylor 1/14 (Phil Taylor, Staff writer for Securing Industry, IT protection based news source, “China's enforcement of IPR "remains weak", says USTR”, 2014, http://www.securingindustry.com/security-documents-and-it/china-s-enforcement-of-ipr-remains-weak-says-ustr/s110/a1940/, ZS)
China has revised
AND
the ensuing years."

IP enforcement with China is key to maintain and prevent the collapse of relations and war over Taiwan — our internal link is reverse causal
Thomson, ‘6 (September 15th, 2006, Tom Thompson is the Executive Director at the Coalition for Intellectual Property Rights, “U.S. Policy Roadmap: Moving China from a Haven for Pirates to a Country of IPR Stakeholders,” http://www.tthomsonassociates.com/2006/09/u-s-policy-roadmap-moving-china-from-a-haven-for-pirates-to-a-country-of-ipr-stakeholders/)
What are the Consequences
AND
strategic economic engagement.”

The plan is the crucial model – fundamentally changes the perception of our IP programs and restores IP credibility – specifically with China
Espinel, ‘7 (October 18th, 2007, Victoria A. Espinel is an Assistant US Representitive for Intellectual Property and Innovation at the Office of the US Trade Representative, “INTERNATIONAL PIRACY: THE CHALLENGES OF PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE 21ST CENTURY”, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg38337/html/CHRG-110hhrg38337.htm)
So I would direct
AND
protecting intellectual property.

Chinese IP violations spill over to the entire relationship
Global Trade 13 (Global Trade Magazines, “NEW US IP THEFT REPORT TARGETS CHINA, OTHER COUNTRIES”, 9/14/13, http://globaltrademag.com/new-us-ip-theft-report-targets-china-other-countries/, ZS)
The US Trade Representative’s
AND
with their victims.”

IP theft is the flashpoint of disagreement – the plan establishes a framework for cooperation
NYT Editorial Board 13, New York Times Editorial Board – 19 members: Andrew Rosenthal, University of Denver with a B.A. degree in American History, Terry Tang, B.A. in economics from Yale University, J.D (“Preventing a U.S.-China Cyberwar”, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/opinion/sunday/preventing-a-us-china-cyberwar.html, AW)
When President Obama
AND
Obama and President Xi.

US retaliation is likely – continued cyber disputes ensures war
Reuters 13, Reuters News, 6/7/13, (“With Troops and Techies, US Prepares for Cyber Warfare”, http://www.cnbc.com/id/100797546, AW)
On the site of a
AND
Iran's Natanz facility.

Chinese cyber-war escalates to extinction
Gompert and Saunders 11 (David C. Gompert, bachelor's degree in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy, where he once served on the faculty, and a master of public affairs degree from Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Gompert most recently worked as a senior fellow at the RAND Corp, and Phillip C. Saunders, phD in IR from Princeton, Distinguished Research Fellow Director of Studies, Center for Strategic Research Director, Center for Study of Chinese Military Affairs, “The Paradox of Power Sino-American Strategic Restraint in an Age of Vulnerability”, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/Paradox20of20Power.pdf)
Cyber war capabilities
AND
would be hard.

Lack of cooperation makes a Chinese invasion of Taiwan inevitable
Austin and Gady 12 (Greg Austin – phD in International Relations, Vice President for the Worldwide Security Initiative, including a leadership role in the institute's work on cybersecurity, is now a Professorial Fellow. Greg has a 30-year career in international affairs, including senior posts in academia and government., Franz Stefan Gady -- M.A. in Strategic Studies/International Economics from the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University., “CYBER DETENTE BETWEEN THE U.S. AND CHINA: Shaping the Agenda, http://www.ewi.info/system/files/detente.pdf)
In sum, China
AND
conventional force deterrence.

Crisis management doesn’t check – Taiwan war escalates and causes extinction
Lowther 3/16 William, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/16/13, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,” http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211
Taiwan is the most
AND
quite possibly devastating.”
1AC Mexican Economy
Brain drain hurts Mexico’s economic outlook
Arenas 12 (Gabriel Arenas, Journalist, “Flip Side of Mexican Immigration: Brain Drain,” http://cojmc.unl.edu/mosaic/2012/04/20/1642/, ZS)
“The problem is very
AND
risks its future.”

It’s not getting better—current Mexican economic forecasts are bleak
Rindebro 13 (Ulric Rindebro, Writer at BN Americas, “Market may be overly optimistic on Mexico's economic recovery potential”, http://www.bnamericas.com/news/banking/market-may-be-overly-optimistic-on-mexicos-economic-recovery, ZS)
The market may be
AND
ING pointed out.

Only the plan Solves – 5 warrants
Schiappacasse 4 (Mikhaelle Schiappacasse, Investment Funds Director, Manager on General Corporate, “INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN CHINA: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT”, http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/biplj/biplj224.pdf, ZS)
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN
AND
high risk of infringement. 29

IP protection is the vital internal link in a knowledge driven economy
Henning 1/21 (Steven Henning, Head Writer and Analyst at Metro Corp Counsel, News on Technological Innovation and Emerging Markets, “Managing Intellectual Property In A Knowledge Economy”, http://www.metrocorpcounsel.com/articles/27078/managing-intellectual-property-knowledge-economy, ZS)
Securing protection and
AND
success through IP.

Weak IPR smothers Mexican competitiveness – perception discourages investment
Aho 9 (Matthew Aho, Staff Writer for the Council of Americas, “Attracting Investment through Intellectual Property Rights”, Saracho is the Executive Director of Foundation IDEA, 2009, http://www.as-coa.org/articles/attracting-investment-through-intellectual-property-rights, ZS)
According to Alberto Saracho
AND
businesses don’t invest in it.”

Mexico’s economy is critical to the US – collapse causes decline of US economy and competitiveness
O’Neil 13 (Shannon O’Neil, Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies, Council of Foreign Relations, CFR, “Two Nations Indivisible” Book, ZS)
The Binational Road Forward.
AND
showroom down south.

Economic decline causes global conflict – studies prove
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods
AND
and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Bishop Guertin ID | Judge: Schirmer, Arsht, Weil
1AC Mexico
Mexico’s rising middle class have revolutionized the role of the state by demanding economic and political reforms that will allow for increased equality and prosperity, but current insecurity and uncertain legal institutions risk combining to reverse that progress – establishing a firmer rule of law is key
Shannon K. O’Neil, senior fellow of Latin America studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 13 “TWO NATIONS INDIVISIBLE: MEXICO, THE UNITED STATES,
AND THE ROAD AHEAD,” Chapter 1: “MEXICO AT THE CROSSROAD,” Oxford University Press, http://www.cfr.org/mexico/two-nations-indivisible/p29765?excerpt=1
Overlooked, underreported, and
AND
repercussions for the United States.

Strong legal institutions ensure long-term economic growth and stability in Mexico—empirics and history prove the squo in insufficient
Rios 13 (Viridiana Rios is an Independent Academic and Policy Adviser to the Wilson Center. Viridiana has functioned as senior security adviser to Mexico's current Minister of Finance and former Mexican President's Security Spokesman. She has also worked and researched at the Center for US-Mexico Studies (UCSD), the Trans-border Institute, the Counter-terrorism Committee at the United Nations, USAID, The World Bank, Mexico's Security Council, and Mexico's Ministry of Social Development. Viridiana is currently a collaborator of Stanford University's Program in Poverty and Governance. She was awarded Harvard's Merit Fellowship for Outstanding Research.“Four Rule of Law Policies to Make Mexico Grow.” Woodrow Wilson Mexico Institute International Center for Scholars. http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/rios_rule_law_mexico_growth.pdf. September 26, 2013. EJW. 1/4/2014)
In the public’s eyes,
AND
grow this time.

US-Mexico Cooperative engagement is key to prevent democratic backsliding – reverses current incentives to maintain a legal system of opacity and corruption
Shannon K. O’Neil, senior fellow of Latin America studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 13 “TWO NATIONS INDIVISIBLE: MEXICO, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE ROAD AHEAD,” book, April 4, 2013
The challenge for
AND
economy for our own.

Rhetoric is cheap, action now is key - US and Mexican engagement is inevitable, it’s a question of whether we change our partnership to jointly focus on democratic consolidation on a local level or maintain our current policy of bigger walls and more boots on the ground
Shannon K. O’Neil, senior fellow of Latin America studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 13 “TWO NATIONS INDIVISIBLE: MEXICO, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE ROAD AHEAD,” book, April 4, 2013
Even as the United States
AND
oft -forgott en neighbor.

Institutional collapse recreate a wave of violence – US and Mexican cooperative engagement is key to solve
Shannon K. O’Neil, senior fellow of Latin America studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 13 “TWO NATIONS INDIVISIBLE: MEXICO, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE ROAD AHEAD,” book, April 4, 2013
Along with the economy
AND
current bloody tide.

That spills over to all of Latin America
ROBERT C. BONNER is Senior Principal of the Sentinel HS Group, 10 “The New Cocaine Cowboys,” Foreign Affairs, (Jul/Aug 2010): 35-47
THE RECENT headlines
AND
and South America.

That Instability generates conflict and war, leads to spirals of governance failure that exacerbates violence of all types
Manwaring ‘5, (General Douglas MacArthur Chair and Prof of Military Strategy @ U.S. Army War College, Ret U.S. Army Colonel, Adjunct Professor of International Politics @ Dickinson College (Max G, October, Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare”, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf)
At the same time,
AND
peace, and prosperity.

Rigorous methodological support for the thesis of our impact
Jedidiah Royal 10, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signalling And The Problem Of Economic Crises”, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Second, on a dyadic
AND
use of force.

Mexican institutionalism sets a model for all of Latin America – that’s the key factor in strengthening security in the region
ICG 13 “Peña Nieto’s Challenge: Criminal Cartels and Rule of Law in Mexico,” International Crisis Group, Latin American Report 48, March 19, pdf
Mexico faces a Herculean
AND
by crime and violence.

Democratic rule of law protects poor, foreigners, women, minorities, and indigenous peoples from being exploited
O’Donnell 04 Guillermo O’Donnell is Helen Kellogg Professor of Government and International Studies at the University of Notre Dame. This essay com- bines new material with a reorganized version of some of the author’s other writings on this subject, especially The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications (2004) and “Polyarchies and the (Un)Rule of Law in Latin America” http://home.comcast.net/~lionelingram/odonnell_WhyRuleOfLawMatters.pdf.
In relation to the legal
AND
and protects it.
1AC Plan
Thus the plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its financial assistance to Mexico for state and local judicial and police reform.
1AC Solvency
US aid is key to implementing police and judicial reform—the time is now
O’Neil ’12 (Shannon K. O'Neil, Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies. “Refocusing U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation Policy Innovation Memorandum No. 27.” Council On Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/mexico/refocusing-us-mexico-security-cooperation/p29595. December 2012)
U.S.-Mexico security
AND
crime and violence.

US funding, expertise, and support are vital internal link to Mexican solvency
US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations ’12 (“SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE REPORT ON MEXICO, REDUCING EXTREME VIOLENCE Calls for Increased Support for Institutional Reforms.” US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. July 12, 2012. http://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/chair/release/senate-foreign-relations-committee-report-on-mexico-reducing-extreme-violence)
Washington, DC – Senate
AND
human rights issues.

Not all efforts to address weak states and institutions are part of a neo-imperialist strategy – the US can effectively produce stability and growth through cooperative economic assistance tailored to local needs
Michael j. Mazarr is Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War
College, 14 “The Rise and Fall of the Failed-State Paradigm,” Foreign Affairs, Vol 93, no 1, Jan/Feb, pp. 120-1
AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL
AND
decade of distraction.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Bolman, Duner, Langr

Waiver Cplan won’t solve US-Cuban relations – signal still matters.

White ’10
(Jonathan P. White; J.D. 2010, University of Colorado
AND
. J. INT’L ENVTL. L. 26 POL’Y 557 – lexis)
Drilling off the coast of Cuba necessarily raises political issues surrounding the tumultuous relationship between
AND
day, the complicated relationship between Cuba and the United States languishes. n200

MEXUS arrangements can’t solve – embargo blocks info sharing

Hatcher ’10
Monica Hatcher, Energy Reporter for the Houston Chronicle, "Cuba Drilling Poses Spill Issue: Group Says Trade¶ Embargo Could Hinder a Response by the U.S.", Houston Chronicle; Sept. 6, 2010 – www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Group-warns-Cuba-trade-embargo-could-hurt-a-spill-1695883.php
The trade embargo against Cuba could undermine efforts to prevent or respond to an oil
AND
nearby U.S.-made or U.S.-owned equipment.

Even revised licenses can’t solve – Aff is necessary.

Stephens ’11
et al, Sarah Stephens – Executive Director of the Center for Democracy in the Americas – "As Cuba plans to drill in the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. policy poses needless risks to our national interest," http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/Cuba_Drilling_and_US_Policy.pdf
Existing policy is inadequate and responses would come too late.¶ Administration officials have said
AND
a license for a specific product and or service from a specific company.

Domestic drilling doesn’t solve Russia—the plan is key to relations

Benjamin-Alvarado ’10
Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, "Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation," a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 121
The United States possesses few options when it comes to balancing the various risks to
AND
Cuba is consistent with, and may be central to, that objective.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Johns Creek ST | Judge: Saenz, Richardo

Too unique – Pink Tide can’t be revived. Chile, Honduras, and Chavez’s death have all crushed the movement

Paul 13 (not Jonathan Paul – but SUDEEP PAUL, who is an assistant editor with the Opinion Pages of The Indian Express – "Chavez and the oil curse" – Indian Express – March 9^th, 2013,
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chavez-and-the-oil-curse/1085285/~~23sthash.LquL047o.dpuf)
By 2008, the Pink Tide had overwhelmed nearly half of the 20-odd
AND
and you can rest assured that the Bolivarian revolution will end with Chavez.

Cuban financial support not key to pink tide – Elites will crush Left-movements unless they’re more extreme

Robinson 11 William I. Robinson a professor of sociology and global studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. "Latin America’s left at the crossroads" – 14 Sep 2011 – Aljazeera –  http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/09/2011913141540508756.html
The US and the right wing in Latin America have launched a counteroffensive to reverse
AND
way to assure that support is by advancing a more fundamentally transformative project.

Turn – pink tide at the crossroads. Softening embargo to Cuba boosts the US cause in the region

Tisdall 13 Simon Tisdall is assistant editor and foreign affairs columnist of the Guardian. He was previously foreign editor of the Guardian and the Observer and served as White House correspondent and U.S. editor in Washington D.C. – "Time for U.S. and Cuba to kiss and make up" – CNN – April 8^th – http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/08/opinion/opinion-simon-tisdall-cuba
There are other reasons for believing the time is right for Obama to end the
AND
at sharp odds with its major allies, including Britain and the EU.

Pink tide thesis is too sweeping— Neg impact claims are inaccurate

Nazemroaya ’13 An award-winning author and geopolitical analyst, Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya is a Sociologist and Research Associate at the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), a contributor at the Strategic Culture Foundation (SCF), Moscow, and a member of the Scientific Committee of Geopolitica, Italy. "The Pink Tide in Latin America: an Alliance between Local Capital and Socialism ?" – May 03, 2013 – http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/sociopol_globalelite_la15.htm
Many questions have arisen about what direction Latin America and the so-called "
AND
the most workable way to conceptualize the "left" in Latin America.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Johns Creek ST | Judge: Saenz, Richardo

No link—the plan doesn’t require congressional approval

Snow 12 (Nick Snow, OGJ Washington Editor, "Cuba drilling continues as US groups press spill response need", 5/11/12, http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/05/cuba-drilling-continues-as-us-groups-press-spill-response-need.html, zs)
"Historically, it’s been appropriate to talk about Cuba only after the next election," Reilly observed, adding that the White House was not happy when he led a delegation to that country after the presidential commission on the Macondo well spill completed its investigation. US President Barack Obama does not need congressional approval to modify sanctions against Cuba so US companies could respond if there was a spill, he said.

Oil lobby loves the plan and push for it—this sways Congressional votes

Sadowski 11 (Richard Sadowski 11, J.D., Hofstra University School of Law, Fall 2011, "In This Issue: Natural Resource Conflict: Cuban Offshore Drilling: Preparation And Prevention Within The Framework Of The United States’ Embargo,")
A U.S. Geological Survey estimates that Cuba’s offshore oil fields hold at
AND
to develop new oil resources on the doorstep of the United States." n42

Winners win

Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, "For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made", National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)
Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle will do for a president’s spirit
AND
can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them. 

PC is an empty concept—no empirical basis

Edwards 9 (Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Texas A26M University, holds the George and Julia Blucher Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies and has served as the Olin Professor of American Government at Oxford George, "The Strategic President", Printed by the Princeton University Press, pg. 149-150)
Even presidents who appeared to dominate Congress were actually facilitators rather than directors of change
AND
to issue, it will almost always be a minority in each chamber.

Congress hates removing the whole embargo—that’s what all of your link evidence is about—only removing the embargo for oil is popular in congress

Moise 06 (Hilary, Research associate for the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "U.S. Embargo against Cuba under Growing Siege," http://www.coha.org/cuba-embargo-under-growing-siege/)
The reportedly steadfast intention of the president to veto any legislation containing language weakening the
AND
S. government away from its automatic condemnation of the Cuban government’s actions.

Tournament: Sectionals | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Paul Central BN | Judge: Christopher Stinson
Upload later

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Baltimore City College WS | Judge: Washington, Melvin

Biodiversity is key to value to life – without out it we lose our well being

GreenFacts 08, (GreenFacts Foundation international non-profit-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit organization that produces short scientific summaries. http://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-2/2-biodiversity-synthesis-report.htm~~231-http://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-2/2-biodiversity-synthesis-report.htm )
http://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-2/2-biodiversity-synthesis-report.htm~~231-http://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-2/2-biodiversity-synthesis-report.htm
Freedom of choice and action within the MA context refers to individuals having control over
AND
future generations, some of which can be very different from today’s aspirations.

Preventing extinction is the first ethical priority—this evidence is comparative to their impacts

Ochs 2 (Richard DC Black Panther, president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and a member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group. After completing a course in Atomic and Nuclear Physics at Muhlenberg College, he transferred to the University of Maryland, where he had a split major in history and political science. He was a founding member of the Students for a Democratic Society at College Park, June 9^th, "BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY", http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html-http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html,)
Potentially worse than that, bio-engineered agents by the hundreds with no known
AND
patriotism would extinguish humanity, then patriotism is the highest of all crimes.

Perm do both – alt cedes politics

Walt 11 (Stephen M, Professor at the University of Chicago, October 19, "Lessons for the social sciences" , http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/19/lessons_for_the_social_sciences-http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/19/lessons_for_the_social_sciences)
Needless to say, I like this argument because I believe it is important for
AND
policy, and not from the increasingly arcane worlds of traditional disciplinary departments.

No impact to biopower

Dickinson 4 (Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ’Modernity’", Central European History, 37, p. 18-19)
In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas
AND
not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies. 

Reparations politics proves that focus on the state is a productive and emancipatory individual performance, especially when connected with human rights

Balfour 5 (Reparations after Identity Politics Author(s): Lawrie Balfour University of Virginia Reviewed work(s): Source: Political Theory, Vol. 33, No. 6 (Dec., 2005), pp. 786-811)
First, the demand for reparations provides a reminder that the dismissal of the use
AND
making structure that would give authority over any compensation to ordinary citizens.63 

Value to life is inevitable—the only thing that ends value to life is death

Schwartz 2 (Chair at the Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis,  
"Medical Ethic: A Case Based Approach" Chapter 6, www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf)
The second assertion made by supporters of the quality of life as a criterion for
AND
imperative that we must treat persons as rational and as ends in themselves. 

In practice their alternative will further tyrannical control and genocide
Richard Barbrook, coordinator of the Hypermedia Research Centre at the University of Westminster, 8/27/1998, http://amsterdam.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9808/msg00091.html, accessed 3/3/03
Deleuze and Guattari enthusiastically joined this attack against the concept of historical progress. For
AND
genocide. The ’line of flight’ from Stalin had led to Pol Pot.

Representations of the state are key to prevent impacts

Martin 2 (Brian Professor of Social Sciences in the School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication-http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/ssmac/index.html at the University of Wollongong, September 3, "Activism After Nuclear War?," http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/02tff.html.)
If worst comes to worst and nuclear weapons cause physical effects close to home,
AND
to be prepared for the aftermath. That means preparing organisationally and psychologically. 

Quality of life is skyrocketing worldwide by all measures

Ridley 10 (visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)
If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps you prefer statistics.
AND
was reduced more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500. 

The alternatives specificity links it back to itself – multiple lines of flight solves best

Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Frenchie Philosophizers, A THOUSAND PLATEAUS, p. 227-228, 1987,
The second danger, Clarity, seems less obvious. Clarity, in effect,
AND
, and mission even more disturbing than the certitudes of the first line.

The Cuban embargo devastates human rights in Cuba—the alternatives rejection of the affirmative dooms millions to the problems they are trying to prevent—moral obligation to vote aff to end tyranny

Hernandez-Truyol 9 — Berta Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol, Professor of Law at the University of Florida, 2009 ("Embargo or Blockade? The Legal and Moral Dimensions of the U.S. Economic Sanctions on Cuba," Intercultural Human Rights Law Review (4 Intercultural Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 53), Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
IV. A Critique - The Effects of the Embargo from a Social Justice Perspective n110
It is common knowledge that trade sanctions hurt workers and industries, not the officials who authored the policies that are the target of the sanctions. The countries most likely to face sanctions are those run by undemocratic governments least likely to let the pain of their population sway them. These observations 

Perm solves best your authors

Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Frenchie Philosophizers, A THOUSAND PLATEAUS, p. 227-228, 1987, 
The second danger, Clarity, seems less obvious. Clarity, in effect,
AND
the microscope. We think we have understood everything, and draw conclusions.

Vague alts – causes shifting prevents attack – no education – voter – turns K

Galles 9 (Gary, Professor of Economics at Pepperdine, "Vagueness as a Political Strategy," March 2, http://blog.mises.org/archives/author/gary_galles/-http://blog.mises.org/archives/author/gary_galles/)
 The problem with such vagueness is that any informed public policy decision has to
AND
, it virtually ensures bad policy, if Americans’ welfare is the criterion.

Tournament: Sectionals | Round: 5 | Opponent: Como Park AT | Judge: Adrienne Brown
After/ i will do it later

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Reservoir SS | Judge: McClay, Laila

The role of the ballot is to consider the consequences of the enactment of the plan against the kritik—simulating enactment key to decision making and fairness

The term "White Supremacy" Homogenizes all white people as elites – the impact is political purity—this subjugates all whites into one elitist group—that turns the kritik and as in independent reason to vote aff

Mike Cole, research professor in education and equality at Bishop Grosseteste University College Lincoln, Times Higher Education, November 23 2007, http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=31122226sectioncode=26
One of the main tenets of critical race theory is that "white supremacy"
AND
Statistics such as these are indicative of racialised capitalism rather than white supremacy.

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness

Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ’92
(Carol J., "Democratizing Technology: Citizen 26 State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990" Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)
During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

Political association is necessary to give life meaning beyond mere survival

Saurette 96 (Paul Saurette, PhD in Political Theory at Johns Hopkins University and Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Ottawa, 3/1/1996, "’I Mistrust all Systematizers and Avoid Them’: Nietzsche, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory," Millennium Journal of International Studies, Volume 25, Number 1)
The Human Condition and Political Action While Nietzsche traces the historical influence of the dominant
AND
, in such a way that nobody is ever the same as anyone else 

who ever lived, lives or will live’.` While action is only possible because
AND
unmediated human interaction as the realisation of the human condition through political action.

Pure rejection fails – we need to make demands on the state

Peter Hallward, lecturer in the French department at King’s College, 2002, online: http://culturemachine.tees.ac.uk/Cmach/Backissues/j004/Articles/hallward.htm, accessed July 14, 2005

We know that Badiou’s early and unequivocally hostile attitude to the state has considerably evolved
AND
the choice of ’state or revolution’ still figured as a genuine alternative.  

Arguing that a current government policy is bad is not roleplaying – it’s engaging the question of political purpose

Scott Harris, Director of Debate, Kansas University, 2013, This Ballot, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.0

While this ballot has meandered off on a tangent I’ll take this opportunity to comment
AND
debate that is foreign to what I think happens in a debate round.

Critique must be tied to positive political purpose – the aff radically engages with the public sphere

Bronner, professor of political science at Rutgers University, 2006
(Stephen Eric, The Logos Reader, "Introduction," Kindle Edition, Locations 103-132)
Logos was founded in the shadow of September 11, 2001, when the new
AND
on terror. Radical voices, even now, can barely be heard.
Logos was launched to intervene in this state of affairs. lts express purpose is
AND
political reconstruction on a global scale, bringing fresh ideas to pertinent issues.
Logos fosters what we like to call a rational radicalism, an interdisciplinary perspective, and a commitment to critique with a positive political purpose. No less than the language of the vernacular or the attempt to move outside narrow disciplinary boundaries, such an enterprise has always been associated with the ethical imperative of confronting asymmetrical relations of power.
Our journal is therefore engaged in a distinctly public enterprise. It is intent on
AND
or cosmopolitanism, therefore, an unfashionable socialist impulse also informs our enterprise.
And so, if Logos is primarily the offspring of a reaction against narrow intellectualism
AND
free of any narrow ideological agenda and demands no particular form of analysis.
Too many liberal and left-wing journals and magazines have allowed ideology to trump
AND
than realizing an ethics of human dignity and the moral precepts of universalism.

Making specific demands of government accountability is politically productive – latin America proves

Sheila Coronel, PhD, Columbia, 94 ~THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN DEEPENING DEMOCRACY," http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan010194.pdf~~

IV. GOOD PRACTICES: HOW THE MEDIA HAVE PROMOTED DEMOCRACY AND GOOD¶ GOVERNANCE
AND
, particularly of corruption in high places, has helped bring down governments.

Policy discussion is requisite to effective public dialogue

Julia Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, and Shannon O’Neil Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies, 13 ~"Latin America Studies Program," 2013, http://www.cfr.org/projects/south-africa/latin-america-studies-program/pr1039~~

The first decade of the 21st century gave Latin America much to celebrate. Open
AND
projects focus on Brazil, Mexico, Globalization and Democracy, and Cuba.

Institutionalized, participatory debate over a plan is the best model for debate on Cuban politics - key to agency and effective decision making

Marce Cameron, political scholar; activist with the Australia-Cuba Friendship Society (ACFS), 09 ~"Cuba’s socialist renewal: forging a culture of debate," Direct Action, Issue 18, December, http://directaction.org.au/issue18/cuban_socialist_renewal_forging_a_culture_of_debate~~

This implies an evolution towards a more institutionalised participatory political culture with more public criticism
AND
and debating each other and columnists such as Luis Sexto in Juventud Rebelde.

The alt’s all-or-nothing choice fails —- small reforms like the plan are key to institutional change and getting others to sign on to the alt

Erik Olin Wright 7, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, "Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias", Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/Published20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf
5. Waystations¶ The final guideline for discussions of envisioning real utopias concerns the
AND
empowering people in ways which enlarge their scope of action in the future.

Our epistemology is accurate and shouldn’t be prioritized

Wendt 98 (professor of international security – Ohio State University, Alexander, "On Constitution and Causation in International Relations," British International Studies Association) 

As a community, we in the academic study of international politics spend too much
AND
debate’ between Realists and Idealists, not second-order issues of method.
Unfortunately, it is no longer a simple matter for IR scholars to ’just
AND
sparring over epistemology is often one-sided, intolerant caricatures of science.

.

Quality of life is skyrocketing worldwide by all measures

Matt Ridley, visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, 10 ~The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15~
If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps you prefer statistics.
AND
was reduced more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500.  

Preventing death is the first ethical priority – it’s the only impact you can’t recover from.

Bauman 95 Zygmunt Bauman, University of Leeds Professor Emeritus of Sociology, 1995, Life In Fragments: Essays In Postmodern Morality, p. 66-71
The being for is like living towards the future: a being
AND
acting morally, and sometimes even of being good, in the present.

Perm do both

No link – perm solves – extinction outweighs

Richard Ochs, DC Black Panther, president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and a member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group. After completing a course in Atomic and Nuclear Physics at Muhlenberg College, he transferred to  the University of Maryland, where he had a split major in history and political science. He was a founding member of the Students for a Democratic Society at College Park, June 9th 2002, "BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY", http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html, KENTUCKY

Potentially worse than that, bio-engineered agents by the hundreds with no known
AND
patriotism would extinguish humanity, then patriotism is the highest of all crimes.

No extinction - democracy

No social death – history proves

Vincent Brown, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., December 2009, "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, p. 1231-1249

THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR WORK, that enslaved Africans were natally alienated and
AND
social personhood, or identity, and of resistance to slavery itself. 35
Scholars of slave resistance have never had much use for the concept of social death
AND
had arrived in the Americas bearing much more than their "tropical temperament."
The cultural continuity and resistance schools of thought come together pow- erfully in an
AND
of becoming ’African American’ in culture, orientation, and identity."40

Binary

Afro-pessimism is inaccurate and is used to justify white supremacism

Patterson 98
The Ordeal Of Integration:
Progress And Resentment In America’s "Racial" Crisis
Orlando Patterson is a Jamaican-born American historical and cultural sociologist known for his work regarding issues of race in the United States, as well as the sociology of development

In the attempt to understand and come to terms with the problems of Afro-
AND
we still have some way to go before approaching anything like a resolution.

Perm do alt

Their demand of a win ensures problematic identity conflict

Jones 10 (Appropriating the One-Drop Rule: Family Guy on Reparations Jason Jones, University of Washington Enculturation 7 (2010): http://enculturation.gmu.edu/appropriating-the-one-drop-rule)

If, as Farrell and McPhail claimed, the reparations debate is a matter of
AND
beyond identification’s denial of difference, Ratcliffe posits four strategies of rhetorical listening: 

Our advancement of democracy combats anti-blackness – it’s not all-pervasive

Winant 97 – Howard Winant, Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for New racial Studies at UC Santa Barbara, September-October 1997, "Behind Blue Eyes: Contemporary White Racial Politics," online: http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/winant/whitness.html
So, monolithic white supremacy is over, yet in a more concealed way,
AND
is this situation which can be described as white racial dualism.~1~

Empathy Solves the case and extinction

Rifkin 10 – Jeremy Rifkin, President of the Foundation on Economic Trends, January 11, 2010, "’The Empathic Civilization’: Rethinking Human Nature in the Biosphere Era," online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-rifkin/the-empathic-civilization_b_416589.html , KENTUCKY 

The pivotal turning points in human consciousness occur when new energy regimes converge with new
AND
same time interconnected via smart grids to other regions across countries and continents.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Johns Creek ST | Judge: Saenz, Richardo
====Removing the embargo is the thesis of economic engagement ====
Ribas 7 (Joseph Ribas, Rollins College, "The Cuban Embargo: Why US Sanctions Fail and What to do about it", 4/1/7, http://scholarship.rollins.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100426context=rurj-http://scholarship.rollins.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100426context=rurj, zs)
Simply ending the embargo in favor of engagement would be a leap in policy action
AND
make sense without first trying to fine-tune the policies that exist.

Counter Interpretation—The aff removes an economic sanction on Cuba—that broadly affects economic life

Askari 3 (Hossein, et al, Professor of International Business at George Washington University, Case Studies of U.S. Economic Sanctions: The Chinese, Cuban, and Iranian Experience, p. 1)
Sanctions are policy tools used by governments to influence other governments and/or firms
AND
nonfinancial assets between nations (as in the case of technology transfer regulations).

Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Glenbrook North AR | Judge: Nikolai, Pete

Not long enough productive season—low temperatures—limited sunlight—habitat disruption—tundras—and an oil spill—these are all reasons why the counterplan can’t solve

Babenko 12 (Michelle Babenko, Oil and Gas Officer, Global Arctic Programme, "Arctic oil and gas", 2012, http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/arctic/what_we_do/oil_gas/, zs)
The Arctic is characterised by a short productive season, low temperatures, and limited
AND
to sea floor habitats from subsea infrastructure, like pipelines from offshore installations.

Ice forms the size of Manhattan make this land unworkable—and this is an independent environment disad to the counterplan

Gosden 12 (Emily Gosden, Head writer for the Telegraph, "Overcoming challenges of Arctic oil drilling", 9/3/12, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/9577117/Overcoming-challenges-of-Arctic-oil-drilling.html, zs)
Drilling for oil and gas has always been a risky business. The world’s precious
AND
freezing conditions and remote location present unprecedented challenges for dealing with a spill."

Tournament: Minnesota RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Mike Baxter-Kauf
Later.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Ogbuli, Anthony
====c) Abiding with Mexico is key to multilat hegemony ====
APSA 09 – American Political Science Organization, September 2009, ("US Standing in the World: ¶ Causes, Consequences, ¶ and the Future", http://www.apsanet.org/media/pdfs/apsa_tf_usstanding_long_report.pdf)
But two additional factors have come into play that reflect on America itself: first
AND
United States’ unchecked dominance ¶ ¶ would be used for jointly agreed ends.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westwood LM | Judge: Maria Liu

TBA is the key factor to overall cooperation

CFR, 12 (Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 12/21/12, " OIL, MEXICO, AND THE TRANSBOUNDARY AGREEMENT" http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77567/html/CPRT-112SPRT77567.htm)
The TBA further contains requirements of data sharing and notification of likely reserves between the
AND
Gulf of Mexico or in case of significant disruptions to global oil supplies.

====Only the TBA can resolve energy security====
Kerry 12 (John Kerry, Secretary of state in the United States, "OIL, MEXICO, AND THE AGREEMENT", December 2012, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77567/html/CPRT-112SPRT77567.htm, ZS)
The centerpiece of the TBA is the mandate to establish so- called "unitization’’
AND
should be viewed as a benefit for U.S. energy security.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Grapevine SU | Judge: Hines, John
====No impact to the environment ====
Sagoff 97 Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, "Institute Of Bill Of Rights Law Symposium Defining Takings: Private Property And The Future Of Government Regulation: Muddle Or Muddle Through? Takings Jurisprudence Meets The Endangered Species Act", 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N
Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands
AND
sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.

Species adapt – gene diversity

Ian Thompson et al., Canadian Forest Service,  Brendan Mackey, The Australian National University, The Fenner School of Environment and Society, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment,  Steven McNulty, USDA Forest Service,  Alex Mosseler, Canadian Forest Service, 2009, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity "Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change" Convention on Biological Diversity

Tournament: The Acclaimed Minnesota JV State Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Roseville LR | Judge: Steve Appelget

Arguing that a current government policy is bad is not roleplaying – it’s engaging the question of political purpose – that’s a disad because they don’t roleplay

Harris ’13
Scott Harris, Director of Debate, Kansas University, 2013, This Ballot, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.0
While this ballot has meandered off on a tangent I’ll take this opportunity to comment
AND
debate that is foreign to what I think happens in a debate round.

Critique must be tied to positive political purpose – the aff radically engages with the public sphere

Bronner ’06
Bronner, professor of political science at Rutgers University, 2006
(Stephen Eric, The Logos Reader, "Introduction," Kindle Edition, Locations 103-132)
Logos was founded in the shadow of September 11, 2001, when the new
AND
than realizing an ethics of human dignity and the moral precepts of universalism.

The ends justify the means

Isaac 2 – (Jeffrey, Professor of PoliSci @ Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD Yale, "Ends, Means, and Politics," Dissent Magazine Vol 49 Issue 2)
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lexington LS | Judge: Anastasia Kazteridis
I will do this later.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lane Tech KW | Judge: David Gobberdiel

Non-unique – Relations are low and collaboration is impossible

Hakim 12 President emeritus and senior fellow of the Inter-American Dialogue (Peter, Inter-American Dialogue,"Inter-American Discord: Brazil and the United States,"
http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=3226pubID=3115
The US and Brazil have not had an easy time with each other in recent
AND
for its production. But they have made little progress on either front.

Structural economic issues preclude Brazil relations

Brands 10 Assistant Professor of Public Policy at Duke University and former de¬fense analyst (Hal "DILEMMAS OF BRAZILIAN GRAND STRATEGY" Strategic Studies Institute Monograph
August 2010 http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB1017.pdf
Brazil’s slower-than-desired growth is often attributed to high interest rates,
AND
or skills that will allow them to become more productive than their parents.

Relations are irrelevant – Brazil-US collaboration is impossible

Hakim 12 President emeritus and senior fellow of the Inter-American Dialogue (Peter, Inter-American Dialogue,"Inter-American Discord: Brazil and the United States,"
http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=3226pubID=3115
Brazil and the US have largely pursued their own independent foreign policy courses. Only
AND
in opposition. Brazil rarely hesitates to voice its differences with the US.

====No risk of prolif, it wouldn’t cause a chain reaction, and it would be slow at worst - your evidence is alarmism====
Gavin 10 (Francis, Tom Slick Professor of International Affairs and Director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law @ the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs @ the University of Texas at Austin, "Sam As It Ever Was; Nuclear Alarmism, Proliferation, and the Cold War," Lexis)

Fears of a tipping point were especially acute in the aftermath of China’s 1964 detonation
AND
. 47 Ironically, by focusing on the threat of rogue states, policymakers

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: Gannon, Andres

No CCP collapse—the government represses instability

Pei 9 (Minxin, Senior Associate in the China Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 3/12. "Will the Chinese Communist Party Survive the Crisis?" Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64862/minxin-pei/will-the-chinese-communist-party-survive-the-crisis)
It might seem reasonable to expect that challenges from the disaffected urban middle class,
AND
and-true practices to ward off any organized movement against the regime.

====And even if American influence is declining—it is inevitable====
Valencia 6/24 (Robert Valencia, writer for World Policy, "US and China: The Fight for Latin America", 6/24/13, http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2013/06/24/us-and-china-fight-latin-america, zs)
The United States hasn’t lost Latin America, and is unlikely to lose it completely
AND
heavily on the war on terror, often ignoring issues in Latin America.

TPP makes US engagement with Latin America inevitable

Sarukhan 12 (Arturo Sarukhan, Mexican Ambassador to the U.S. since February 2007, "Viewpoints: What Should the Top Priority Be for U.S. – Mexican Relations?" American Society/Council of the Americas, 12/3/12, www.as-coa.org/articles/viewpoints-what-should-top-priority-be-us-mexican-relations)
Over the past two decades, NAFTA has dramatically altered the way Mexico and the
AND
they are true co-stakeholders in our bilateral efforts toward economic progress.

US-China influence isn’t zero-sum

Xiaoxia 5/6 (Wang, Staff Writer for the Economic Observer. "In America’s Backyard: China’s Rising Influence In Latin America" 5/6/13 http://worldcrunch.com/china-2.0/in-america-039-s-backyard-china-039-s-rising-influence-in-latin-america/foreign-policy-trade-economy-investments-energy/c9s11647/)**
For South America, China and the United States, this is not a zero-sum game, but a multiple choice of mutual benefits and synergies. Even if China has become the Latin American economy’s new upstart, it is still not in a position to challenge the strong and diverse influence that the United States has accumulated over two centuries in the region.

The relationship is trilateral and turn US engagement helps China

Shaiken et al 13 (Harley, Prof in the Center for Latin American Studies at UC-Berkeley. And Enrique Peters – Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. China and the New Triangular Relationships in the Americas: China and the Future of US-Mexico Relations Pg 32-33)
If one simply looks at China’s trade surplus with the United States and Mexico,
AND
). For China, the United States is its most important economic partner,
 a status which is supported by the fact that the U.S.
AND
to one based on innovation - in order to sustain its economic growth.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: Gannon, Andres
====Extinction outweighs – it’s the most horrible impact imaginable and precedes rights====
Schell 82 (Jonathan, Professor at Wesleyan University, The Fate of the Earth, pages 136-137)
Implicit in everything that I have said so far about the nuclear predicament there has
AND
think about, coloring our thoughts and moods  with its presence throughout our lives

Tournament: Minnesota RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Mike Baxter-Kauf
Later

Tournament: Minnesota RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Mike Baxter-Kauf
I will upload this later

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lane Tech KW | Judge: David Gobberdiel

No impact

Rasmussen, senior economist at the IMF, and Roitman, economist at the IMF, 2/22/2012
~Tobias and Agustin, "Oil Shocks Around the World: Are They Really That Bad?," http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8944~~

Conventional wisdom has it that oil shocks are bad for oil-importing countries.
AND
of less than half of 1, spread over 2 to 3 years.

Bill already passed in Mexico—this isn’t a disad

Rampton 4/29 (Roberta, writes for Reuters, "UPDATE 1-U.S.-Mexico deal on expanded Gulf oil drilling still in limbo," Reuters, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/04/29/usa-mexico-oil-idUKL2N0DG1MR20130429)
WASHINGTON, April 29 (Reuters) - More than a year after the United
AND
simply worded, one-page law to put the agreement into force.

Nieto’s PC isn’t key to the agenda

The Economist 7/13 ("Why are opposition parties going along with a pact that benefits their arch-enemy?," July 13, 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21581743-why-are-opposition-parties-going-along-pact-benefits-their-arch-enemy-political)
FEW political parties are as cunning at forging alliances of convenience as Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary
AND
its principal beneficiary, as so often before, is the wily PRI.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Glenbrook North AR | Judge: Nikolai, Pete

Sea power solves nothing

Goure 10—Vice President, Lexington Institute, PhD (Daniel, 2 July 2010, Can The Case Be Made For Naval Power?, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/can-the-case-be-made-for-naval-power-?a=126c=1171)
This is no longer the case. The U.S. faces no great
AND
commerce of other states in jeopardy, seem relatively unimportant in today’s world.

No challengers – pirates are a bigger threat than peer competitors

Tillman 9 (Barrett Tillman, Historian specializing in naval and aviation topics, 2009.  U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings Magazine, "Fear and Loathing in the Post-Naval Era," http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/story.asp?STORY_ID=1896)
In attempting to justify a Cold War force structure, many military pundits cling to
AND
, subs, or aircraft, but of mines-and pirates.11

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Ogbuli, Anthony

US is increasing engagement with Mexico all the time—takes out the disad

Stras 1/15 (Marcy Stras, JD Supra Law News Reporter, "The U.S. Mission in Mexico Increases Corporate Eligibility to Participate in its Business Facilitation Program", http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/the-us-mission-in-mexico-increases-cor-13097/, January 15, 2013)
The United States Embassy in Mexico City announced the expansion of its Business Facilitation Program
AND
.S. Embassy’s or Consulates’ Consular Section. According to the announcement:

GOP love the plan—house advancement proves

Kasperowicz 6/26 (Pete, staff writer at the Hill, "House advances offshore energy bills", 6/26/13, http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/307959-house-advances-offshore-energy-bills)
The House voted Wednesday in favor of a rule that will allow it to vote
AND
House Natural Resources Committee Chairman Doc Hastings (R-Wash.) said.

====THA House vote won on broad bipartisan support====
Hastings 6/27 (Doc Hastings, House Committee on Natural Resources, "House Votes to Approve Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement with Mexico", 6/27/13, http://naturalresources.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=340794, zs)
Today, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 1613, the Outer Continential Shelf Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreements Authorization Act, with a bipartisan vote of 256-171.  This legislation, sponsored by Rep. Jeff Duncan (SC-03), would approve and implement the terms of the U.S. - Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement, signed by the Obama Administration in 2012, that governs the development of shared oil and natural gas resources along the U.S. – Mexico maritime border in the Gulf of Mexico.

No link – plan doesn’t require congressional approval

Janofsky 6 (Michael, Veteran Journalist, "Offshore Drilling Plan Widens Rifts Over Energy
Policy," New York Times, 4-9, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/washington/09drill.html)
A Bush administration proposal to open an energy-rich tract of the Gulf of
AND
the administration’s final plan would lead to bidding on new leases in 2007.

PC isn’t real

Edwards 9 – Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Texas A26M University, holds the George and Julia Blucher Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies and has served as the Olin Professor of American Government at Oxford ~George, "The Strategic President", Printed by the Princeton University Press, pg. 149-150~
Even presidents who appeared to dominate Congress were actually facilitators rather than directors of change
AND
to issue, it will almost always be a minority in each chamber.

No controversy – plan is politically popular

Martin 13 (Jeremy, Duncan, University of California-San Diego Institute of the Americas Energy Program Director 26 Wood, Mexico Institute Director 3/3/2013 "U.S. Should Act Quickly on Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement With Mexico" http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12923/u-s-should-act-quickly-on-transboundary-hydrocarbon-agreement-with-mexico)
These are all positive steps, and their progress will be monitored closely by U.S. and international observers, especially Mexico. But it bears underscoring that further delay in U.S. adoption of the agreement makes little sense. The agreement is not an overly polarizing issue domestically: in fact, quite the opposite. Several lawmakers have described it as a win-win for both Mexico and the U.S.
As the U.S. Congress debates the deal, it is worth revisiting
AND
and cooperation—on binational issues unrelated to immigration or crime and drugs. 

Expanding Gulf oil coop has political support – House proves

Graeber 13 (Daniel J. Graeber, 4-22-13, Christian Science Monitor "House aims to expand oil drilling in Gulf of Mexico", April 22, 2013 http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2013/0422/House-aims-to-expand-oil-drilling-in-Gulf-of-Mexico,)
British energy company BP announced that its mega Mad Dog project in the Gulf of
AND
interest there is to return so quickly back to the Gulf of Mexico.
BP announced it was reviewing a decision to move ahead with its multibillion-dollar
AND
a cylinder or two still not firing," said chief economist John Felmy.

Backlash already – plan key

Clark 12 (Aaron, "Obama Stance on Fossil Fuel Angers Industry," Bloomberg, 1-24, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/obama-claiming-credit-for-fossil-fuel-gains-angers-industry.html)
President Barack Obama is taking credit for higher U.S. oil and gas
AND
million barrels of oil and triggering a temporary administration ban on offshore exploration.

Winners win

Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, "For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made", National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)
Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle will do for a president’s spirit
AND
can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Tyler Thur

US isn’t key

Satanovsky 12 (E. , "Small, but very dangerous. Qatar could oust Russia from the global gas market", 9/4, http://therearenosunglasses.wordpress.com/2012/04/09/small-but-very-dangerous-qatar-could-oust-russia-from-the-global-gas-market/**, originally from  http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1333724880)**
Ironically, the tiny but ambitious and dynamic, Qatar is the main competitor of
AND
, to supply the last 2.4 million tons of LNG annually.

Russian economy is collapsing now

MarketWatch 10/8 ("World Bank says Russian economy to slow", 2012, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/world-bank-says-russian-economy-to-slow-2012-10-08)
 MOSCOW—Russia’s economy will slow over the next year, the World Bank
AND
trajectory, even though oil prices have stayed high," the bank said. 

No impact to Russia Econ collapse

Goodrich and Zeihan 9 ~Lauren Goodrich, Stratfor’s Director of Analysis and Senior Eurasia analyst, and Peter Zeihan, Vice President of Analysis at Stratfor, "The Financial Crisis and the Six Pillars of Russian Strength," March 3 2009, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090302_financial_crisis_and_six_pillars_russian_strength~~
Politics: It is no secret that the Kremlin uses an iron fist to maintain
AND
stability and authority, regardless of whether this benefits the recipient of Moscow’s attention

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: Gannon, Andres

US-Saudi ties unbreakable – oil not key.

Smith ’13
James B. Smith is the United States Ambassador to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Prior to his appointment, Ambassador Smith had served in a variety of executive positions with Raytheon Company involving corporate strategic planning, aircraft manufacturing, and international business development. Smith was a distinguished graduate of the United States Air Force Academy’s Class of 1974 and received the Richard I. Bong award as the Outstanding Cadet in Military History. He received his Masters in History from Indiana University in 1975, and is also a distinguished graduate from the Naval War College, the Air Command and Staff College and the National War College. Smith spent a 28 year career in the United States Air Force – "US-Saudi relations: Eighty years as partners" – Arab News – 20 March 2013 – http://www.arabnews.com/news/445436
FOR over 80 years the United States and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have enjoyed
AND
Last year over 150 companies entered the Saudi market for the first time.

Mid-East war especially unlikely

Fettweis ’7
(Christopher Fettweis, Asst Prof Poli Sci – Tulane, Asst Prof National Security Affairs – US Naval War College, "On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq," Survival, Vol. 49, Iss. 4, December, p. 83 – 98)
Without the US presence, a second argument goes, nothing would prevent Sunni-
AND
. Vicious civil wars that once engulfed Lebanon and Algeria have gone quiet,

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: Gannon, Andres

U.S. human rights violations undermines its credibility to push for rights internationally

Halperin 7 (Morton H., Testimony to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs’ Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight, "Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy," 7-12-2007, www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/07/halperin_testimony.html)
The United States should also actively work with the United Nations and especially the Human
AND
human rights activists in Cuba, Egypt, and Azerbaijan share this view. 

Other obligations come before shunning—your author

Beversluis 89 (Eric H. April 1989. "On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions." Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2)
What kinds of obligations can override the duty to shun? A clear example is
AND
attack on the moral order but not shunning another for an equally serious attack

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: SVDP DG | Judge: Christian Palacios

US trade leadership solves nuclear conflict

Panitchpakdi 4 (DG Supachai, Former Director-General – World Trade Organization, "American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?", National Press Club, 2-26, http://www.wto.org/french/ news_f/spsp_f/spsp22_f.htm)
I can sum up my message today in three sentences: The United States,
AND
important to fail. The world depends on it. So does America.

AND – Studies prove

Griswold, director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute in Washington, 2005 ~Daniel. "Peace on Earth? Try Free Trade Among Men." December 29. http://www.freetrade.org/node/282.~~
Buried beneath the daily stories about car bombs and insurgents is an underappreciated but comforting
AND
acquire them peacefully by trading away what they can produce best at home.  

No resource wars – opening up new hydrocarbon resources disincentives conflict

Tetrais 12—Senior Research Fellow at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratgique (FRS). Past positions include: Director, Civilian Affairs Committee, NATO Assembly (1990-1993); European affairs desk officer, Ministry of Defense (1993-1995); Visiting Fellow, the Rand Corporation (1995-1996); Special Assistant to the Director of Strategic Affairs, Ministry of Defense (1996-2001).(Bruno, The Demise of Ares, csis.org/files/publication/twq12SummerTertrais.pdf)

The Unconvincing Case for ’’New Wars’’ ¶ Is the demise of war reversible?
AND
will be driven by nationalist passions, not the desperate hunger for hydrocarbons.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 7 | Opponent: UC Lab BN | Judge: Nathan Bennett
====Representations of war are the only way to conceptualize its impacts. ====
Martin, 2. Brian (Professor of Social Sciences in the School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication at the University of Wollongong), September 3, "Activism After Nuclear War?," http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/02tff.html.
If worst comes to worst and nuclear weapons cause physical effects close to home,
AND
to be prepared for the aftermath. That means preparing organisationally and psychologically. 

Imaging catastrophic outcomes creates a safe space to craft hypothetical solutions – they’re paralyzed by their fear of fear

Kathryn Yusoff and, researcher at the Environment Center of the University of Lancaster, Jennifer Gabrys 11, professor of design at the University of London, "Climate change and the imagination", http://www.marymattingly.com/images/press/WIREs_ClimateChange.pdf

Buell suggests that this framing reveals that the greatest threat is perceived not as the
AND
and nonhumans,79 what can be referred to as the environmental imagination.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 7 | Opponent: UC Lab BN | Judge: Nathan Bennett

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness

Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ’92
(Carol J., "Democratizing Technology: Citizen 26 State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990" Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

The system’s sustainable

Ann F. Wolfgram 5, junior fellow at Massey College – Phd in history from Toronto, "Population, Resources 26 Environment: A Survey of the Debate", January 1, http://www.voxfux.com/features/malthusian_theory/malthusian_theory.htm

The resource category of minerals is, by nature, varied and broad, encompassing
AND
scarcity will eventually arise, thus spurring invention and development of new technologies.

Liberalization in Mexico is inevitable

Hogenboom and Jilberto 12 – associate professor of Political Science at the Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation in Amsterdam, and senior lecturer in International Relations at the University of Amsterdam (Barbara Hogenboom Alex E. Fernández Jilberto, "Neo-liberalism, big business and the evolution of interest group activity in Latin America" Journal of Public Affairs, May 21 2012, Wiley Online Library)
Three major consequences of neo-liberal policies and the move to privatization for big
AND
from developing countries. Mexico’s cement giant Cemex is one of the largest.

Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved

Boulding 77 (Kenneth E. Boulding Reviewed work Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1977), pp. 75- Economist, educator, peace activist, He graduated from Oxford University, and was granted United States citizenship in 1948. During the years 1949 to 1967, he was a faculty member of the University of Michigan)
Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of ’structural violence’ ’and ’positive peace’
AND
it may have d’one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer. 

War causes structural violence—not the other way around

Bulloch 8 (Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies)
But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities are
AND
problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

Cap is ethical and solves extinction

Rockwell Jr., president of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, 5/19/2008
(Llewellyn, "Everything You Love You Owe to Capitalism," http://mises.org/story/2982)
And yet, sitting on the other side of the table are well-educated
AND
said for malaria and typhoid and dropping atom bombs on millions of innocents.

The system is sustainable

Seabra 12 (Leo, has a background in Communication and Broadcasting and a broad experience which includes activities in Marketing, Advertising, Sales and Public Relations, 2/27, "Capitalism can drive Sustainability and also innovation," http://seabraaffairs.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/capitalism-can-drive-sustainability-and-also-innovation/)
There are those who say that if the world does not change their habits,
AND
work without distortion. The rest he does himself. It regulates itself.

Consequentialism is best – extinction outweighs – epistemology doesn’t matter

Cowen 4 (Tyler Cowen 4, Department of Economics George Mason University, November 2, 2004 , "The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism")
As the above arguments suggest, the epistemic critique increases the plausibility of what I
AND
, and cannot be replicated by a mere accumulation of many small benefits.

Transition will fail and create chaos, preventing social transformation

Ted Trainer, lecturer in the School of Social Work, University of New South Wales, March 2000, Democracy and Nature, Vol. 6, No. 1, "Where are we, where do we want to be, how do we get there?" http://www.democracynature.org/dn/vol6/trainer_where.htm
If there is a boom we in the Eco-village Movement should welcome it
AND
, and the most effective way to do that is by developing examples.

Neoliberalism solves inequality and poverty in Latin America

Haslam 12 – School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa (Paul Alexander Haslam, "Globalization in Latin America and Its Critics" International Studies Association, Volume 14, Issue 2, June 19 2012, Wiley Online Library)
After 30 years of liberal economic reforms and deeper integration into the world economy,
AND
being better targeted on the poor, and the education gap has diminished.

Tournament: Minnesota RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Saint Paul Central BF | Judge: Robert Ciborowski
See other cites - it has already been uploaded

Tournament: The Acclaimed Minnesota JV State Debate Tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Minneapolis South GS | Judge: Gail Sarff

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness

Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ’92
(Carol J., "Democratizing Technology: Citizen 26 State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990" Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)
During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61
.

Gov’t engagement is key – without policy the knowledge created by the alt can never solve

McClean 01 (David, "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope" www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)

Leftist American culture critics might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Cap inevitable – reformism is best

Adam Przeworski, Carroll and Milton Petrie Professor of European Studies; Professor of Politics, Economics Postdoctoral (sociology), Polish Academy of Sciences; Ph.D. (political science), Northwestern; M.A. (philosophy and sociology), February 24, 2003, Interview with Adam Przeworski conducted and edited by Gerardo L. Munck, "ADAM PRZEWORSKI: CAPITALISM, DEMOCRACY AND SCIENCE", PDF, ONLINE, KENTUCKY

A: I was a Marxist, and I was trying to make political sense
AND
elected officers, in turn, could be used to transform capitalist societies. 

Neoliberalism is pervasive worldwide

Sacchetti 13 (Clara Sacchetti, "Introduction: The Economy as Cultural System: Theory, Capitalism, Crisis" Bloomsbury Academic, 2013, Google Books)
Sherry Ortner (2011) claims that neoliberalism emerged from the vilification of Keynesian economic
AND
police, and legal apparatuses for the express purpose of protecting such measures.

Capitalism is ethical and solves extinction

Rockwell Jr., president of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, 5/19/2008
(Llewellyn, "Everything You Love You Owe to Capitalism," http://mises.org/story/2982)
And yet, sitting on the other side of the table are well-educated
AND
said for malaria and typhoid and dropping atom bombs on millions of innocents.

The system is sustainable

Seabra 12 (Leo, has a background in Communication and Broadcasting and a broad experience which includes activities in Marketing, Advertising, Sales and Public Relations, 2/27, "Capitalism can drive Sustainability and also innovation," http://seabraaffairs.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/capitalism-can-drive-sustainability-and-also-innovation/)
There are those who say that if the world does not change their habits,
AND
work without distortion. The rest he does himself. It regulates itself.

Growth empirically shields the environment – multiple reasons –wealth, democracy, tech development, trade

Norberg 3 Johan Norberg, MA in History Fellow at Timbro, MA with a focus in economics and philosophy, In Defense of Global Capitalism, p. 225-237
All over the world, economic progress and growth are moving hand in hand with
AND
to better use and for garbage to be turned into new raw materials.   

Transition fails and results in massive power wars

Aligica 03(Paul Aligica, Fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and Adjunct Fellow at the Hudson Institute, "The Great Transition and the Social Limits to Growth: Herman Kahn on Social Change and Global Economic Development", April 21, http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details26id=2827)
Stopping things would mean if not to engage in an experiment to change the human
AND
the minimum, "it would probably require the creation of extraordinarily repressive governments

 or movements-and probably a repressive international system" (Kahn, 1976
AND
are trying to avoid" (Kahn, 1976, 210; 1984).

Tournament: Minnesota RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Mike Baxter-Kauf
See 'A2 - Kritik - Eurocentrism'

They were the exact same.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 3 | Opponent: Brooklyn Technical DW | Judge: Nakisa Sadeghi
I will do this later

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lane Tech KW | Judge: David Gobberdiel

Perm do both – alt cedes politics

Walt 11 (Stephen M, Professor at the University of Chicago, October 19, "Lessons for the social sciences" , http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/19/lessons_for_the_social_sciences)
Needless to say, I like this argument because I believe it is important for
AND
policy, and not from the increasingly arcane worlds of traditional disciplinary departments.

The only moral obligation is to prevent extinction – case outweighs

Bauman 95 Zygmunt Bauman, University of Leeds Professor Emeritus of Sociology, 1995, Life In Fragments: Essays In Postmodern Morality, p. 66-71
The being for is like living towards the future: a being
AND
acting morally, and sometimes even of being good, in the present.

No root cause – prefer specifics

Moore, 04 ~John Norton, Professor of Law at the University of Virginia He formerly served as the first Chairman of the Board of the United States Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on International Law to the Department of State, Winter, "Beyond the Democratic Peace: Solving the War Puzzle", 44 Va. J. Int’l L. 341, Lexis Law~
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
dependent on their solution may doom us to war for generations to come.

Our epistemology is accurate and shouldn’t be prioritized

Wendt 98 (professor of international security – Ohio State University, Alexander, "On Constitution and Causation in International Relations," British International Studies Association)
As a community, we in the academic study of international politics spend too much
AND
debate’ between Realists and Idealists, not second-order issues of method.
Unfortunately, it is no longer a simple matter for IR scholars to ’just
AND
sparring over epistemology is often one-sided, intolerant caricatures of science.

No impact and no alternative solvency

Grossberg 10 (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 264)
However, there are ambivalences within the project. First, the M/C
AND
all modernity is euro-modernity, and therefore inescapably involved in coloniality.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Reservoir SS | Judge: Jeremy Hammond

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness

Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ’92
(Carol J., "Democratizing Technology: Citizen 26 State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990" Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)
During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

Critique must be tied to positive political purpose – the aff radically engages with the public sphere

Bronner, professor of political science at Rutgers University, 2006
(Stephen Eric, The Logos Reader, "Introduction," Kindle Edition, Locations 103-132)
Logos was founded in the shadow of September 11, 2001, when the new
AND
on terror. Radical voices, even now, can barely be heard.
Logos was launched to intervene in this state of affairs. lts express purpose is
AND
political reconstruction on a global scale, bringing fresh ideas to pertinent issues.
Logos fosters what we like to call a rational radicalism, an interdisciplinary perspective, and a commitment to critique with a positive political purpose. No less than the language of the vernacular or the attempt to move outside narrow disciplinary boundaries, such an enterprise has always been associated with the ethical imperative of confronting asymmetrical relations of power.
Our journal is therefore engaged in a distinctly public enterprise. It is intent on
AND
or cosmopolitanism, therefore, an unfashionable socialist impulse also informs our enterprise.
And so, if Logos is primarily the offspring of a reaction against narrow intellectualism
AND
free of any narrow ideological agenda and demands no particular form of analysis.
Too many liberal and left-wing journals and magazines have allowed ideology to trump
AND
than realizing an ethics of human dignity and the moral precepts of universalism.

Gov’t engagement is key – without policy the knowledge created by the alt can never solve

McClean 01 (David, "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope" www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)

Leftist American culture critics might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Reparations politics proves that focus on the state is a productive and emancipatory individual performance, especially when connected with human rights

Balfour 5 (Reparations after Identity Politics Author(s): Lawrie Balfour University of Virginia Reviewed work(s): Source: Political Theory, Vol. 33, No. 6 (Dec., 2005), pp. 786-811)

First, the demand for reparations provides a reminder that the dismissal of the use
AND
making structure that would give authority over any compensation to ordinary citizens.63 

We should recognize that the state has some level of positive potential—limiting the discussion to the personal has no tangible effect of the structures of supremacy that allow for the maintenance of whiteness

Jensen 05 
Robert Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87
I’m all for diversity and its institutional manifestation, multiculturalism. But we should be
AND
, people were saying, "I have to learn more about Islam." 

The ends justify the means

Isaac 2 – (Jeffrey, Professor of PoliSci @ Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD Yale, "Ends, Means, and Politics," Dissent Magazine Vol 49 Issue 2)
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

In the face of extinction you have to weigh consequences - outweighs all else

Bok 88 (Sissela Bok, Professor of Philosophy @ Brandeis University, 1988, Applied Ethical Theory, ed. Rosenthal and Shehadi, pg. 203)
The same argument can be made for Kant’s other formulations of the Categorical Imperative:
AND
to go against even the strictest moral duty precisely because of the consequences. 

Preventing death is the first ethical priority – it’s the only impact you can’t recover from.

Bauman 95 Zygmunt Bauman, University of Leeds Professor Emeritus of Sociology, 1995, Life In Fragments: Essays In Postmodern Morality, p. 66-71
The being for is like living towards the future: a being
AND
acting morally, and sometimes even of being good, in the present.

Comparative evidence

Richard Ochs, DC Black Panther, president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and a member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group. After completing a course in Atomic and Nuclear Physics at Muhlenberg College, he transferred to  the University of Maryland, where he had a split major in history and political science. He was a founding member of the Students for a Democratic Society at College Park, June 9th 2002, "BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY", http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html, KENTUCKY

Potentially worse than that, bio-engineered agents by the hundreds with no known
AND
patriotism would extinguish humanity, then patriotism is the highest of all crimes.

They make the ballot a commodity that makes social transformation impossible

Bryant 13—philosophy prof at Collin College (Levi, The Paradox of Emancipatory Political Theory, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2013/05/31/the-paradox-of-emancipatory-political-theory/)
There’s a sort of Hegelian contradiction at the heart of all academic political theory that
AND
a particularly effective rhetorical strategy for the autopoiesis of academia in the humanities).
Were the aim political change, then the discourse would have to find a way
AND
academia.  Both options are foreclosed by the sociological conditions of their discourse.
The paradox of emancipatory academic political discourse is thus that it is formally and functionally
AND
important and like their the best thing since sliced bread, I guess.

The world is improving on all levels

Pinker 11 Steven Pinker is Professor of psychology at Harvard University "Violence Vanquished" Sept 24 online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576583203589408180.html
On the day this article appears, you will read about a shocking act of
AND
that the Long Peace and rights revolutions coincided with the electronic global village.

Our epistemology is accurate and shouldn’t be prioritized

Wendt 98 (professor of international security – Ohio State University, Alexander, "On Constitution and Causation in International Relations," British International Studies Association) 

As a community, we in the academic study of international politics spend too much
AND
debate’ between Realists and Idealists, not second-order issues of method.
Unfortunately, it is no longer a simple matter for IR scholars to ’just
AND
sparring over epistemology is often one-sided, intolerant caricatures of science.

Ontology is inevitable and not first

Gathman 9 http://limitedinc.blogspot.com/2009/10/dialectics-of-diddling.html Professional editor, translator, publishes pieces in salon.com and Austin Chronicle

IT – and I will interrupt the continuity of this post in the very first
AND
a privileged metaphor for the other. There’s nothing more political than this.

Neoliberalism is key to maintain the free market, the value of an individual, and free trade

Olssen 5 — Professor of Political Theory and Education (May 2005, Mark Olssen, Professor of Political Theory and Education, PhD Political Studies,  and Michael A. Peters, Ph.D. Philosophy of Education, M.A., Philosophy,  Professor Educational Policy Studies,  Adjunct Professor School of Foriegn Studies,  Journal of Education Policy,  Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 313–345, "Neoliberalism, higher education and the knowledge economy: from the free market to knowledge capitalism," ebscohost)
  Within higher education neoliberalism has introduced a new mode of regulation or form of
AND
as well as the maintenance of floating exchange rates and ’open’ economies.

Growth empirically shields the environment – multiple reasons –wealth, democracy, tech development, trade

Norberg 3 Johan Norberg, MA in History Fellow at Timbro, MA with a focus in economics and philosophy, In Defense of Global Capitalism, p. 225-237
All over the world, economic progress and growth are moving hand in hand with
AND
to better use and for garbage to be turned into new raw materials.   

Transition fails and results in massive power wars

Aligica 03(Paul Aligica, Fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and Adjunct Fellow at the Hudson Institute, "The Great Transition and the Social Limits to Growth: Herman Kahn on Social Change and Global Economic Development", April 21, http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details26id=2827)
Stopping things would mean if not to engage in an experiment to change the human
AND
are trying to avoid" (Kahn, 1976, 210; 1984).

Tournament: The Acclaimed Minnesota JV State Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Washington Technical DB | Judge: Imanol Avedano

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness

Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ’92
(Carol J., "Democratizing Technology: Citizen 26 State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990" Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)
During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

Gov’t engagement is key – without policy the knowledge created by the alt can never solve

McClean 01 (David, "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope" www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)

Leftist American culture critics might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Globalization is entrenched and accelerating in Latin America

Hogenboom and Jilberto 12 – associate professor of Political Science at the Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation in Amsterdam, and senior lecturer in International Relations at the University of Amsterdam (Barbara Hogenboom Alex E. Fernández Jilberto, "Neo-liberalism, big business and the evolution of interest group activity in Latin America" Journal of Public Affairs, May 21 2012, Wiley Online Library)
Consequently, neo-liberal policies put an end—at least for a long
AND
, was able to turn these crises and new policies to its advantage.

Neoliberalism is inevitable and sustainable

Peck 2—Canada Research Chair in Urban 26 Regional Political Economy and Professor of Geography, University of British Columbia. Former Honorary Professorial Fellow, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester. PhD in Geography. AND—Adam Tickell—Professor of Geography, University of Bristol. PhD (Jamie, Neoliberalizing space,  Antipode 34 (3): 380-404)
In many respects, it would be tempting to conclude with a Ideological reading of
AND
the resistance movement may have the capacity to hold a mirror to the process

Means the alternative can’t solve

Hudson 99 ~Mark, Progressive Librarian, Fall, "Understanding Information Media in the Age of Neoliberalism: The Contributions of Herbert Schiller"~

Neoliberal ideas are as old as capitalism itself, but in recent decades they have
AND
the adverse consequences of that hegemony for our politics, economy and culture. 

Neoliberalism isn’t the root cause of war

Roberts and Sparke 3 (Susan, Professor of Geography – University of Kentucky, and Matthew, Professor of Geography – University of Washington, "Neoliberal Geopolitics," Antipode, 35(5), p. 886-897)

Barnett’s work is our main example in this paper of a more widespread form of
AND
obvious departure from the "end of the nation-state" storyline.
~Continues~As we said at the start, we do not want to
AND
the US, it seems vital to reflect on the inter-articulations.

Neoliberalism is key to maintain the free market, the value of an individual, and free trade

Olssen 5 — Professor of Political Theory and Education (May 2005, Mark Olssen, Professor of Political Theory and Education, PhD Political Studies,  and Michael A. Peters, Ph.D. Philosophy of Education, M.A., Philosophy,  Professor Educational Policy Studies,  Adjunct Professor School of Foriegn Studies,  Journal of Education Policy,  Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 313–345, "Neoliberalism, higher education and the knowledge economy: from the free market to knowledge capitalism," ebscohost)
  Within higher education neoliberalism has introduced a new mode of regulation or form of
AND
as well as the maintenance of floating exchange rates and ’open’ economies.

Liberalization in mexico is inevitable

Hogenboom and Jilberto 12 – associate professor of Political Science at the Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation in Amsterdam, and senior lecturer in International Relations at the University of Amsterdam (Barbara Hogenboom Alex E. Fernández Jilberto, "Neo-liberalism, big business and the evolution of interest group activity in Latin America" Journal of Public Affairs, May 21 2012, Wiley Online Library)
Three major consequences of neo-liberal policies and the move to privatization for big
AND
from developing countries. Mexico’s cement giant Cemex is one of the largest.

Neoliberalism is ethical and solves extinction

Rockwell Jr., president of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, 5/19/2008
(Llewellyn, "Everything You Love You Owe to Capitalism," http://mises.org/story/2982)
And yet, sitting on the other side of the table are well-educated
AND
said for malaria and typhoid and dropping atom bombs on millions of innocents.

Growth empirically shields the environment – multiple reasons –wealth, democracy, tech development, trade – solves all your impact

Norberg 3 Johan Norberg, MA in History Fellow at Timbro, MA with a focus in economics and philosophy, In Defense of Global Capitalism, p. 225-237
All over the world, economic progress and growth are moving hand in hand with
AND
to better use and for garbage to be turned into new raw materials.   

Transition fails and results in massive power wars

Aligica 03(Paul Aligica, Fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and Adjunct Fellow at the Hudson Institute, "The Great Transition and the Social Limits to Growth: Herman Kahn on Social Change and Global Economic Development", April 21, http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details26id=2827)
Stopping things would mean if not to engage in an experiment to change the human
AND
are trying to avoid" (Kahn, 1976, 210; 1984).

Quality of life is skyrocketing worldwide by all measures – proves extinction not inevitable ?

Ridley 10 (visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)
If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps you prefer statistics.
AND
was reduced more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500. 

Preventing death is the first ethical priority – it’s the only impact you can’t recover from.

Bauman 95 Zygmunt Bauman, University of Leeds Professor Emeritus of Sociology, 1995, Life In Fragments: Essays In Postmodern Morality, p. 66-71
The being for is like living towards the future: a being
AND
acting morally, and sometimes even of being good, in the present.

Alt fails in more cooperate further exacerbating neoliberalism

Legrain 00 (Phillipe Legrain, special adviser to the WTO director general Mike Moore, 2000, The WTO: Boon or Bane for the Developing World, p. http://www.focusweb.org/publications/2000/The20WTOThe20WTO-Boon20or20Bane20for20the20Developing20World.htm)
A convincing case for the WTO’s abolition must show two things. First, that
AND
poorest South Koreans today are much richer than their counterparts 30 years ago. 

Neoliberalism solves inequality and poverty in Latin America

Haslam 12 – School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa (Paul Alexander Haslam, "Globalization in Latin America and Its Critics" International Studies Association, Volume 14, Issue 2, June 19 2012, Wiley Online Library)
After 30 years of liberal economic reforms and deeper integration into the world economy,
AND
being better targeted on the poor, and the education gap has diminished.

Consumption inevitable

Riis 11—Carlsberg Research Fellow and Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Science Studies at Roskilde University, Ph.D. from Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (Søren, 8 February 2011, "Towards the origin of modern technology: reconfiguring Martin Heidegger’s thinking," RBatra)

• • Gestell (or sometimes Ge-stell) is a German word used by twentieth century German philosopher Martin Heidegger to describe what lies behind or beneath modern technology.~1~
    Moreover, Heidegger maintains: ’’Readiness-to-hand is the way in
    AND
    revolutionizing our technology, instead, we must revise our very human existence.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: Gannon, Andres

Perm do both – alt cedes politics

Walt 11 (Stephen M, Professor at the University of Chicago, October 19, "Lessons for the social sciences" , http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/19/lessons_for_the_social_sciences)
Needless to say, I like this argument because I believe it is important for
AND
policy, and not from the increasingly arcane worlds of traditional disciplinary departments.

No impact – plan solves the environment and wars

Dickinson 4 (Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ’Modernity’", Central European History, 37, p. 18-19)
In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas
AND
not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies. 

Neoliberalism is inevitable and sustainable

Peck 2—Canada Research Chair in Urban 26 Regional Political Economy and Professor of Geography, University of British Columbia. Former Honourary Professorial Fellow, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester. PhD in Geography. AND—Adam Tickell—Professor of Geography, University of Bristol. PhD (Jamie, Neoliberalizing space,  Antipode 34 (3): 380-404, AMiles)

In many respects, it would be tempting to conclude with a Ideological reading of
AND
apolitical) neoliberalization, revealing its real character, scope, and consequences.

Lack of a concrete advocacy destroys the alt’s potential

McClean 1 SOCIETY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY – GRADUATE AND PHILOSOPHER – NYU ~DAVID E., "THE CULTURAL LEFT AND THE LIMITS OF SOCIAL HOPE", http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm~~

Leftist American culture critics might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury
AND
one member in a community of nations under a "law of peoples?"
The new public philosopher might seek to understand labor law and military and trade theory
AND
and culture critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Tyler Thur

Perm do both – alt cedes politics

Walt 11 (Stephen M, Professor at the University of Chicago, October 19, "Lessons for the social sciences" , http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/19/lessons_for_the_social_sciences)
Needless to say, I like this argument because I believe it is important for
AND
policy, and not from the increasingly arcane worlds of traditional disciplinary departments.

No impact – plan solves the environment and wars

Dickinson 4 (Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ’Modernity’", Central European History, 37, p. 18-19)
In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas
AND
not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies. 

Judges choice—there are multiple reasons to vote for the plan—just because you prove one is wrong doesn’t disprove the thesis of the 1AC is a good idea

Consequentialism is best – extinction outweighs – epistemology doesn’t matter

Cowen 4 (Tyler Cowen 4, Department of Economics George Mason University, November 2, 2004 , "The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism")
As the above arguments suggest, the epistemic critique increases the plausibility of what I
AND
. Second, not all small benefits sum into equivalence with larger benefits. 

Sometimes one value has a lexical relationship to (all or some) other values
AND
, and cannot be replicated by a mere accumulation of many small benefits.

Transition will fail and create chaos, preventing social transformation

Ted Trainer, lecturer in the School of Social Work, University of New South Wales, March 2000, Democracy and Nature, Vol. 6, No. 1, "Where are we, where do we want to be, how do we get there?" http://www.democracynature.org/dn/vol6/trainer_where.htm
If there is a boom we in the Eco-village Movement should welcome it
AND
, and the most effective way to do that is by developing examples.

Neoliberalism solves inequality and poverty in Latin America

Haslam 12 – School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa (Paul Alexander Haslam, "Globalization in Latin America and Its Critics" International Studies Association, Volume 14, Issue 2, June 19 2012, Wiley Online Library)
After 30 years of liberal economic reforms and deeper integration into the world economy,
AND
being better targeted on the poor, and the education gap has diminished.

Neoliberalism inevitable and sustainable

Hudson 99 ~Mark, Progressive Librarian, Fall, "Understanding Information Media in the Age of Neoliberalism: The Contributions of Herbert Schiller"~
Neoliberal ideas are as old as capitalism itself, but in recent decades they have
AND
the adverse consequences of that hegemony for our politics, economy and culture. 

Alt fails in more cooperate further exacerbating neoliberalism

Legrain 00 (Phillipe Legrain, special adviser to the WTO director general Mike Moore, 2000, The WTO: Boon or Bane for the Developing World, p. http://www.focusweb.org/publications/2000/The20WTOThe20WTO-Boon20or20Bane20for20the20Developing20World.htm)
A convincing case for the WTO’s abolition must show two things. First, that
AND
poorest South Koreans today are much richer than their counterparts 30 years ago.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 2 | Opponent: Centennial KK | Judge: Monica He

Perm do both – alt cedes politics

Walt 11 (Stephen M, Professor at the University of Chicago, October 19, "Lessons for the social sciences" , http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/19/lessons_for_the_social_sciences)
Needless to say, I like this argument because I believe it is important for
AND
policy, and not from the increasingly arcane worlds of traditional disciplinary departments.

No link the plan isn’t neoliberal

No impact – plan solves the environment and wars

Dickinson 4 (Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ’Modernity’", Central European History, 37, p. 18-19)
In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas
AND
not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies. 

Consequentialism is best – extinction outweighs – epistemology doesn’t matter

Cowen 4 (Tyler Cowen 4, Department of Economics George Mason University, November 2, 2004 , "The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism")
As the above arguments suggest, the epistemic critique increases the plausibility of what I
AND
, and cannot be replicated by a mere accumulation of many small benefits.

Quality of life is skyrocketing worldwide by all measures

Ridley 10 (visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)
If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps you prefer statistics.
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was reduced more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500. 

Racism not the root cause of all violence

Mertus 99 (Professor Julie Mertus is the co-director of Ethics, Peace and Global Affairs. She has written widely on human rights and gender, conflict, the Balkans, U.S. foreign policy and U.N. institutions. She is the author or editor of ten books, including Bait and Switch: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy, named "human rights book of the year" by the American Political Science Association) and, most recently Human Rights Matters: Local Politics and National Human Rights Institutions and The United Nations and Human Rights. Before entering academia, she worked as a researcher, writer and lawyer for several human rights and humanitarian organizations., J.D., Yale Law School; B.S. Cornell University,  International Council on Human Rights Policy, "THE ROLE OF RACISM AS A CAUSE OF OR FACTOR IN WARS AND CIVIL CONFLICT", http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/167/112_-_The_Role_of_Racism_as_a_Cause_of_or_Factor_in_Wars_and_Civil_Conflict_Mertus__Julie__1999.pdf)

This paper examines the role of racism as a cause of or factor in wars
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as a method of gaining power and, when necessary, waging war.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 7 | Opponent: UC Lab BN | Judge: Nathan Bennett

The ends justify the means

Isaac 2 – (Jeffrey, Professor of PoliSci @ Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD Yale, "Ends, Means, and Politics," Dissent Magazine Vol 49 Issue 2)
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

In the face of extinction you have to weigh consequences - outweighs all else

Bok 88 (Sissela Bok, Professor of Philosophy @ Brandeis University, 1988, Applied Ethical Theory, ed. Rosenthal and Shehadi, pg. 203)
The same argument can be made for Kant’s other formulations of the Categorical Imperative:
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to go against even the strictest moral duty precisely because of the consequences. 

This is particularly true for policymakers

Ignatieff 4 (Michael, Carr Professor of Human Rights @ Harvard, Lesser Evils, p. 18-19)
As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
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, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

Empathy is innate – humans are inherently good and will continue to evolve –your K destroys hope for a new consciousness – turns the K

Rifkin, Author, ’The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis, 10 ~Jeremy, "The Earthquake That Triggered A Global Empathic Response: What The Haitian Crisis Tells Us About Human Nature", Huffingtton Post, January 15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-rifkin~~
Frantic tweets and videos have been seeping out of Haiti, pleading for help from
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who can live together in relative peace and harmony in a biosphere world. 

====The political spectrum and the power spectrum are separate. Power is no longer a reflection of societal constructions and mobilizes independently from formal frameworks of political accountability. ====
Chandler, 10 - Professor of International Relations at the Centre for the Study of Democracy -(David, 4/7/10, Globalising Foucault: Turning Critique into Apologia, pg 137)
Although, for Foucault, power does not reside solely in the sovereign nor operate
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defence of a certain critical position with regard to power and the global. 

====Perm do the plan and the alt in resistance to the power of the plan – Alts necessitate Power to create resistance – ====

Julie Levin Russo, PhD in Modern Culture 26 Media at Brown University and currently
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Sexuality Vol. 1 and subsequent smaller works", PDF, Online, KENTUCKY

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Paul Central SS | Judge: Ewald, Mike

The Judge is a policymaker tasked with evaluating cost benefit policy analysis - prevents unpredictable frameworks that divert topic focus and moot 1AC time

Making specific demands of government accountability is politically productive – Latin America proves

Sheila Coronel, PhD, Columbia, 94 ~THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN DEEPENING DEMOCRACY," http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan010194.pdf~~

IV. GOOD PRACTICES: HOW THE MEDIA HAVE PROMOTED DEMOCRACY AND GOOD¶ GOVERNANCE
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, particularly of corruption in high places, has helped bring down governments.

Judges choice—just because you have read a kritik to one  of our advantages doesn’t wholesale disprove that our aff is a good idea—the judge still votes aff for reasons independent of the kritik

Perm do both – alt cedes politics

Walt 11 (Stephen M, Professor at the University of Chicago, October 19, "Lessons for the social sciences" , http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/19/lessons_for_the_social_sciences)
Needless to say, I like this argument because I believe it is important for
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policy, and not from the increasingly arcane worlds of traditional disciplinary departments.

Nuclear war is bad– turns all of their impacts and is comparative on timeframe probability and magnitude

Harrell 9 (Eben Harrell, writer for the Time Magazine, text taken from article titled "The Nuclear Risk: How Long Will Our Luck Hold?" published February 20^th, 2009. Text found at ~http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1880702,00.html~) In the 1980s, climate scientists in Russia and the U.S. theorized that all-out nuclear war between the superpowers would result in a "nuclear winter," as smoke from the 

No impact – plan solves the environment and wars

Dickinson 4 (Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ’Modernity’", Central European History, 37, p. 18-19)
In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas
AND
not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies. 

Consequentialism is best – extinction outweighs – epistemology doesn’t matter

Cowen 4 (Tyler Cowen 4, Department of Economics George Mason University, November 2, 2004 , "The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism")
As the above arguments suggest, the epistemic critique increases the plausibility of what I
AND
, and cannot be replicated by a mere accumulation of many small benefits.

Economic decline turns the kritik
Friedman 6 (Benjamin, William Joseph Maier Professor of Political Economy at Harvard University, "THE MORAL CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH," February 6, http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/friedman/files/The20Moral20Consequences20of20Economic20Growth.pdf)
I believe this thinking is seriously, in some circum- stances dangerously, incomplete
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which their demo- cratic values have strengthened or weakened accord- ingly.

Preventing extinction is the first ethical priority—this evidence is comparative to their impacts

Ochs 2 (Richard DC Black Panther, president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and a member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group. After completing a course in Atomic and Nuclear Physics at Muhlenberg College, he transferred to the University of Maryland, where he had a split major in history and political science. He was a founding member of the Students for a Democratic Society at College Park, June 9^th, "BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY", http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html,)
Potentially worse than that, bio-engineered agents by the hundreds with no known
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patriotism would extinguish humanity, then patriotism is the highest of all crimes.

Lack of a concrete advocacy means the alternative will never solve

McClean 1 (Society For The Advancement Of American Philosophy – Graduate And Philosopher – Nyu David E., "The Cultural Left And The Limits Of Social Hope", http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)
Leftist American culture critics might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury
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one member in a community of nations under a "law of peoples?"
The new public philosopher might seek to understand labor law and military and trade theory
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and culture critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial

Quality of life is skyrocketing worldwide by all measures

Ridley 10 (visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)
If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps you prefer statistics.
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was reduced more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500. 

Vague alts – causes shifting prevents attack – no education – voter – turns K

Galles 9 (Gary, Professor of Economics at Pepperdine, "Vagueness as a Political Strategy," March 2, http://blog.mises.org/archives/author/gary_galles/) KENTUCKY

The problem with such vagueness is that any informed public policy decision has to be
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, it virtually ensures bad policy, if Americans’ welfare is the criterion.

Vague alternatives justify perm do the alt—solve all your offense

US power is the most peaceful

Busby, 12 ~Get Real Chicago IR guys out in force, Josh, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html~~
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years
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that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.

====No root cause of conflicts—prefer specificity ====
Moore 4 (John Norton, Professor of Law at the University of Virginia He formerly served as the first Chairman of the Board of the United States Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on International Law to the Department of State, Winter, "Beyond the Democratic Peace: Solving the War Puzzle", 44 Va. J. Int’l L. 341, Lexis Law)
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
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dependent on their solution may doom us to war for generations to come.

Alt fails results in worse securitization

Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 137-138)

In chapter 7 I engaged with the human security framework and some of the problematic
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Values must be joined with engagement with the material circumstances of the time.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Octas | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Brian Manuel, Jackie Chen, Greg Porter
See A2 - Kritik - Race

Tournament: Minnesota RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Como Park AT | Judge: Natalie Woodward
See 'A2 - Kritik - Race'

Tournament: The Acclaimed Minnesota JV State Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Roseville LR | Judge: Steve Appelget

It’s all 3 branches – CX checks – not conditional

Black’s Law Dictionary 90 (6th Edition, p. 695)
In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition to administrative agencies.  In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments.

Key to education and preventing unfair agent counterplans that are infinitly regressive

AASHTO 6, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2006, "Handbook on Integrating Land Use Considerations into Transportation Projects to Address Induced Growth", PDF, KENTUCKY

Many effective solutions are broad-based, requiring cooperation among agencies, and between
AND
are likely to be both more and less local than the transportation agency.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Paul Central SS | Judge: Ewald, Mike

We meet – Economic engagement includes energy

Sullivan 8 (Daniel, Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Economic, Energy, and Business Affairs, 8-4-8, Scoop World News, "Addressing Energy Issues in the Western Hemisphere", http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0808/S00038.htm, accessed 7-1-13)
Our two countries have also benefited from a candid exchange of views on biofuels through
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of Energy departs for Brazil shortly to continue this broad and deep engagement.

Counter interpretation – economic engagement with Mexico pertains to energy

U.S. Chamber of Commerce 12 (U.S. Chamber of Commerce "Enhancing the U.S.-Mexico Economic Partnership" http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/1204EnhancingtheUS-MexicoEconomicPartnership.pdf, p. 3, accessed 6/26/13)
The U.S.-Mexico Leadership Initiative (USMLI) was launched in May
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all within a framework  that fully respects and supports national sovereignty and interests.

We are core of the topic—topic paper proves

Bauschard 13 (Stefan, Director of Debate at Lakeland School district and Assistant debate coach at the Harvard Debate Council Assistant Debate Coach, Harvard Debate Council, "Defining ’Economic Engagement,’" http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/, Accessed: 7/1/13)
What issues can be covered by economic engagement? The core question here is how
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development -Providing technical cooperation on energy environment -Facilitating the development of regulation

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 2 | Opponent: Centennial KK | Judge: Monica He
====Counter-interpretation—both conditional and unconditional engagement are topical====
Haass 2K (Richard Haass, Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, "Engaging Problem Countries", June 2000, http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/18245/1/Engaging20Problem20Countries.pdf, zs)
Engagement as a policy is not merely the antithesis of isolation. Rather, it
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promoting civil society in hopes of creating an environment more conducive to reform.

We are core of the topic—topic paper proves

Bauschard 13 (Stefan, Director of Debate at Lakeland School district and Assistant debate coach at the Harvard Debate Council Assistant Debate Coach, Harvard Debate Council, "Defining ’Economic Engagement,’" http://bauscharddebate.com/2013/03/defining-economic-engagement/, Accessed: 7/1/13)
What issues can be covered by economic engagement? The core question here is how
AND
development -Providing technical cooperation on energy environment -Facilitating the development of regulation

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Detroit Country Day YH | Judge: Wayne Tang

The Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement is key foster engagement

DoS 12 (6-20-12, U.S. Department of State, "U.S. - Mexico Intention to Negotiate Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Agreement" http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/06/143573.htm, accessed: 6-26-13)
Further Growth in the Bilateral Energy Relationship
This Agreement has been a catalyst for increased engagement between our respective safety regulators for the oil and gas sector. That engagement is expected to deepen in the years ahead as we work together to exercise responsible stewardship of the Gulf of Mexico.

Counter interpretation – economic engagement with Mexico pertains to energy

U.S. Chamber of Commerce 12 (U.S. Chamber of Commerce "Enhancing the U.S.-Mexico Economic Partnership" http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/1204EnhancingtheUS-MexicoEconomicPartnership.pdf, p. 3, accessed 6/26/13)
The U.S.-Mexico Leadership Initiative (USMLI) was launched in May
AND
all within a framework  that fully respects and supports national sovereignty and interests.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Tyler Thur

TBA passage is uncertain

Offshore 10. 22 (2013, http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2013/10/dot-2013-noia-s-luthi-offers-view-from-washington.html) rss
Speaking at the plenary session of the Deep Offshore Technology conference, National Ocean Industries
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conference in Congress and will ultimately need to be signed by the president.

====Different bills prevent passage====
OGJ 10/7 (Oil and Gas Journal, "Transboundary Treaty Glitch", http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-111/issue-10/regular-features/watching-government/transboundary-treaty-glitch.html, zs)
The federal government’s partial shutdown didn’t keep the US Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee
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SC) introduced a week earlier and the House passed on June 27.

TBA bill headed to conference committee

Musarra 10. 15   (Sarah Parker, 2013,  http://oedigital.com/engineering/vessels/item/4208-us-senate-approves-historic-transboundary-agreement-with-mexico) rss
The US Senate bill ratifying the US-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement, S. 812, is reportedly on its way to a conference committee.¶ The Senate’s version of the bill, passed October 12, differed from that of the US House of Representative’s version. The House ratified the agreement but exempted US companies engaged in joint exploration agreements with Pemex from complying with Dodd-Frank disclosures. Senate’s version also ratifies the deal, but without the financial disclosure exemption.

US Must ratify by Feb 2014

Energy Solutions Forum 10. 23  (2013, http://breakingenergy.com/2013/10/23/senate-approves-transboundary-hydrocarbons-agreement-bill/) rss
On October 12, 2013, the Senate unanimously approved S. 812 to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to implement the 2012 U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement. The agreement establishes a legal framework for offshore drilling at the Gulf of Mexico maritime border. The Mexican Senate ratified the agreement two months after it was signed by the U.S. and Mexico in February 2012. The agreement requires U.S. ratification before the February 2014 expiration date.

4. Their interpretation is flawed - Substantial definitions are arbitrary - there’s no consistency in U.S. Code.

Colon 97 ~Jeffrey M., Associate Professor of Law, Fordham University School of Law, Winter 1997, San Diego Law Review, 34 San Diego L. Rev. 1, Lexis Academic~
n138. I.R.C. 877(e). Neither the statute
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26 Supp. 1996) ("substantial diminution" of risk of loss).

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Coppell BJ | Judge: Cat Duffy

The lens for your ballot should be pragmatic efforts at preventing future repetitions of violence like Hiroshima—-this doesn’t "instrumentalize" memory—-it localizes nuclear issues which solves their globe DA and animates our actions with the spirit of memory

Perlman 88—-Michael Perlman, counselor at Maclean Hospital, 1988, Imaginal Memory and the Place of Hiroshima, p. 6-7
This book’s exploration of "places" of memory and imagination is in accordance with
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of what has been. In these images we can hear a song.
Imaginal memory as explored and elaborated in this book becomes a primary value of the
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such a practice, it will have served one of its main purposes.
The nuclear threat is approached here in indirect as well as direct ways. By valuing imaginal memory in its own right, prior to exploring its potential to address this threat, we become more immediately aware of precisely this potential. The development of a deepened psychological sensitivity to the power of remembered images points toward a deepening sensitivity to the nuclear threat and other global dilemmas that often appear remote, abstract and removed from daily concerns.
Some further initial reflections on traditional ways of imagining memory against the backdrop of nuclear threat will suggest the broader relevance of imaginal memory for present history. More possibilities of memory are revealed through a consideration of the relation of memory and prudence, forgetfulness, and the imagination of the archaic.
Da Signa’s insistence upon remembering Paradise and Hell, reflecting the virtue of prudence,
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forgetfulness, will best be able to remember the real world of Being.
The connection between memory and prudence is made more explicit by Cicero, who observes that knowledge of the past and prudent concern for the present and future are closely linked. Da Signa’s prudential exhortation expresses the religious concerns of the Scholastics, who stressed the moral and ethical aspects of memory (its connection with Prudence, now a cardinal virtue, having been given by the authority of Cicero).

The memory of Hiroshima requires that we not confine our understanding solely to the past—-an authentic understanding requires the call to avert nuclear war in the future

Perlman 88—-Michael Perlman, counselor at Maclean Hospital, 1988, Imaginal Memory and the Place of Hiroshima, p. 85-86
Hiroshima is also a first place of the nuclear end-of-the-
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the world’s present pain, dying, disfigurement. Hiroshima reveals what is. 

Fear of extinction is a legitimate and productive response to the modern condition—-working through it by validating our representations is the only way to create an authentic relationship to the world and death

Macy 2K – Joanna Macy, adjunct professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies, 2000, Environmental Discourse and Practice: A Reader, p. 243
The move to a wider ecological sense of self is in large part a function
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as a species – be immune to what we do to other beings. 

Nuclear war can’t be contained - it will escalate

Carl Sagan, B.A., B.S., and PhD University of Chicago, former professor of biology and genetics at Stanford and professor of astronomy and astro-physics at Harvard, former Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell, two-time winner of the NASA medal for scientific achievement, Peabody award recipient, and Pulitzer prize winning author, 1984 (Foreign Affairs, "Nuclear War and Climatic Catastrophe" p. Lexis)

No one knows, of course, how many warheads with what aggregate yield would
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effects described below, however, can be triggered by much smaller wars. 

AND - The immediate aftermath of a nuclear war is months of sub-zero temperatures from which humanity cannot survive

Carl Sagan, B.A., B.S., and PhD University of Chicago, former professor of biology and genetics at Stanford and professor of astronomy and astro-physics at Harvard, former Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell, two-time winner of the NASA medal for scientific achievement, Peabody award recipient, and Pulitzer prize winning author 1983 http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/sagan_nuclear_winter.html

The U.S. Mariner 9 spacecraft, the first vehicle to orbit another
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uncultivated or domesticated food supplies. Most of the human survivors would starve.

AND - Most recent studies prove our argument - Any nuclear war causes global cooling, devastates the planet

Starr 10 (Steven Starr, writing for The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, nationally renowned scientific journal, text taken from article titled "The Climactic Consequences of Nuclear War" published March 12^th, 2010. Text taken from ~http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/the-climatic-consequences-of-nuclear-war~~)
Although the ongoing Nuclear Posture Review is supposed to include all aspects of the strategy
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world—including all of its territory—uninhabitable, is long overdue.   

AND - Even a small nuclear war creates nuclear winter – turns all of their impacts and is comparative on timeframe probability and magnitude.

Harrell 9 (Eben Harrell, writer for the Time Magazine, text taken from article titled "The Nuclear Risk: How Long Will Our Luck Hold?" published February 20^th, 2009. Text found at ~http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1880702,00.html~)
In the 1980s, climate scientists in Russia and the U.S. theorized
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all these weapons before we have the luxury of worrying about global warming.

Tournament: Minnesota State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Washburn DJ | Judge: Sheila Peterson
Later

Tournament: Minnesota State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Washburn DJ | Judge: Sheila Peterson
Later

Tournament: Minnesota State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayzata HL | Judge: Courtney Schauer
Later

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Juan Diego FW | Judge: Kirk Evans
They say yes –
A) We always cooperate
B) They want economic relations – this assumes NSA and NAFTA
Seelke 14 Clare Ribando Seelke, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, January 30, 2014, (“Mexico: Background and U.S. Relations”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42917.pdf, AW)
As Mexico is experiencing a major domestic shift in power from PAN to PRI rule
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governments have emphasized that cooperation has continued, particularly in the economic realm.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Brian Manuel
TI key to solve
Wilson and Lee 12 (Christopher E. Wilson is an Associate at the Wilson Center's Mexico Institute. Erik Lee serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University, July, http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm) rss
Moderate investments to update infrastructure and to fully staff the ports of entry are certainly
AND
vetted, low-risk individuals and shipments expedited passage across the border.

Transportation infrastructure on the border key to trade competition
Wilson and Lee 12 (Christopher E. Wilson is an Associate at the Wilson Center's Mexico Institute. Erik Lee serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University, July, http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm)
This trade relationship requires major infrastructure to function effectively. The largest trade corridor,
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are needed that strengthen both border security and efficiency at the same time.

That controls all conflicts
Griswold 5 Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute in Washington, 5 Daniel. “Peace on Earth? Try Free Trade Among Men.” December 29. http://www.freetrade.org/node/282.
Buried beneath the daily stories about car bombs and insurgents is an underappreciated but comforting
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acquire them peacefully by trading away what they can produce best at home. 

Resilient – empirics prove
Easterbrook ‘95 (Distinguished Fellow, Fullbright Foundation (Gregg, A Moment on Earth pg 25)
IN THE AFTERMATH OF EVENTS SUCH AS LOVE CANAL OR THE Exxon Valdez oil spill
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are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Caddo Magnet CM | Judge: David Herman
Federal engagement is key to effective border management
Woodrow Wilson Center 09, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Mexico Institute, “THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO: Towards a Strategic Partnership,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf
The Obama administration and the incoming Congress have the opportunity to raise the level of
AND
engagement: security cooperation, economic integration, immigration, and border management.

Counterplan kills relations – it causes inconsistency
DeLisle 2K Jacques DeLisle is Professor of Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and Senior Fellow at FPRI. “Foreign Affairs, Federalism, and Well-Meaning Mischief: A Constitutional Close Shave on Massachusetts’s Burma Law,” July 15, 2000 The Chinese Puzzle of Taiwan’s Status,” appeared in the Winter 2000 issue of Orbis, FPRI’s quarterly journal of world affairs. http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20000715.law.delisle.massburmalaw.html,
As this litany of problems suggests, the kind of incoherence that the progeny of
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of domestic democracy, but they can be a Frankenstein’s laboratory for foreign relations

States can’t manage without federal coordination
Corless 12 Campaign Director, Transportation for America, former California director and national campaign manager for the Surface Transportation Policy Project (James, May 23, “Local Voters Need a Partner,” http://transportation.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/not-waiting-for-the-feds.php#2211941)
Absent strong federal leadership, states, cities and local communities are indeed stepping out
AND
aren’t pressing for “devolution,” they’re simply looking for a dance partner.
Doesn’t solve the aff — Trade – states don’t have the power to solve the entirety of the aff – not enough buying or selling power – requires national lcooperation – states can’t do this on a large scale – Manufacturing – our aff relies on border congestion, states can’t solve – 

Fed key to delegate funding – California proves – it’s a jurisdiction matter
CAL 13 (California Legislature, 5/1/13, “Assembly Joint Resolution No. 4—Relative to the United States-Mexico border.”,http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ajr_4_bill_20130501_chaptered.htm, AW)
AJR 4, Hueso. The United States-Mexico border. This measure would
AND
each Senator and Representative from California in the Congress of the United States.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Glenbrook North CH | Judge: Mike Shackleford
It’s a question of jurisdictional funding – cx proves the cp can’t do that
CAL 13 (California Legislature, 5/1/13, “Assembly Joint Resolution No. 4—Relative to the United States-Mexico border.”,http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ajr_4_bill_20130501_chaptered.htm, AW)
AJR 4, Hueso. The United States-Mexico border. This measure would
AND
each Senator and Representative from California in the Congress of the United States.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 5 | Opponent: Juan Diego AC | Judge: Matt Jallits
Plan is the vital internal link to terror – the counterplan has no chance of solving
Olson and Lee 2012 Eric L Olson serves as Associate Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. Erik Lee serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University. “The State of Security in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region” Working Paper Series on the State of the U.S.-Mexico Border August 2012 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/State_of_Border_Security_Olson_Lee.pdf
Lasting progress in U.S.-Mexico
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American commercial network. 

OFAC is ineffective—empirics prove that opening one part of sanction fails—the plan is key to the spills advantage
John McAuliff 10/24/2012 (Director of the Fund for Reconciliation and Development, "People to people travel rescued but not safe",cubapeopletopeople.blogspot.com/2012/10/peopleto-people-travel-rescued-but-not.html)
In January of 2011
AND
completely qualified renewals. 

CP causes overstretch—narrow exemptions divert resources—means they can’t solve the China war scenario
John McAuliff, Founder and Executive Director, Fund for Reconciliation and Development, 4-25-2011 “New OFAC Guidelines Shape Cuba Travel” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-mcauliff/new-guidelines-shape-cuba_b_853387.html
Finally on April 19th
AND
skills are outlawed.

Bureaucracy undermines solvency—chilling effect blocks applications and links to politics
Ellen Creager Detroit Free Press travel writer Michigan State University¶ BA, Journalism 8-24-2012 “Cuba US People to People Partnership” http://cubapeopletopeople.blogspot.com/2012/08/people-to-people-in-bureaucratic-danger.html
Why it is happening,
AND
in their government.

OFAC links to politics and doesn’t solve—Congressional backlash causes delays and bureaucracy
John McAuliff 1/22/2012 (Director of the Fund for Reconciliation and Development, "One Year On: the Semi-opening of Cuba Travel" thehavananote.com/2012/01/one_year_semi_opening_cuba_travel)
A major error by
AND
is to be "denied

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Doubles | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: Arsht, Weil, Randall
Total federal engagement is key – private sector sends a signal of uncertainty
Woodrow Wilson Center 09, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Mexico Institute, “THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO: Towards a Strategic Partnership,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf
The Obama administration and the incoming Congress have the opportunity to raise the level of
AND
engagement: security cooperation, economic integration, immigration, and border management.

Monopolies disad – lack of experience kills solvency
Glaeser 10 Economics professor at Harvard (Edward, “Right-Turn Signal: Privatizing Our Way out of Traffic,” 9/28/10, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/right-turn-signal-privatizing-our-way-out-of-traffic/)
But markets are not perfect and private provision has its own pitfalls. In transportation
AND
incremental process of trying things out will provide information and build public support.

The counterplan makes no sense because there are no interested private companies – proves they can’t solve
Chamber of Commerce 11 (“Steps to a 21st Century U.S.-Mexico Border”
http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/2011_us_mexico_report.pdf )
Businesses rely on just-in-time inventory management and depend on predictability and
AND
face regulators in reforming policy; however, more needs to be done.

Not cost effective – only the case solves
Engel et al 6 Professor of economics at Yale University (Eduardo, “Privatizing Highways in the United States”, Review of Industrial Organization, 2006, ProQuest)
A major problem with highway concessions throughout the world has been that contract renegotiations,
AND
be efficient and to be cautious in assessing the profitability of the project.

Federal government is key – private sector can’t fund it
CAL 13 (California Legislature, 5/1/13, “Assembly Joint Resolution No. 4—Relative to the United States-Mexico border.”,http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ajr_4_bill_20130501_chaptered.htm, AW)
AJR 4, Hueso. The United States-Mexico border. This measure would
AND
each Senator and Representative from California in the Congress of the United States.

Can’t solve coordination – guts solvency
DiNapoli 11 New York State Comptroller Thomas, “Controlling Risk Without Gimmicks: New York’s Infrastructure Crisis and Public-Private Partnerships,” http://www.osc.state.ny.us/reports/infrastructure/pppjan61202.pdf
Risk of Uncoordinated Infrastructure Planning – The nation’s transportation system is a diverse network of
AND
in some P3 agreements that prevent government entities from offering alternatives at all.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Shunta Jordan
Certainty key – without it, border delays and investment decline are inevitable
Chamber of Commerce 11 (“Steps to a 21st Century U.S.-Mexico Border”
http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/2011_us_mexico_report.pdf )
Businesses rely on just-in-time inventory management and depend on predictability and
AND
face regulators in reforming policy; however, more needs to be done.

Conditions fail – perceived as bullying
Barnes 11 Joe Barnes, the Bonner Means Baker Fellow at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, written extensively on international economics, with a focus on the geopolitics of energy, April 29, 2011, “The Future of Oil in Mexico”, http://bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-BarnesBilateral-04292011.pdf.
Nonetheless, the ability of the United States to encourage reform is severely limited.
AND
spluttering about the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.37

Renewables can’t solve warming – they supplement, not replace, dirty energy
Angus 12 – ecosocialist advocate, citing an extensive study by Richard York, professor at the University of Oregon with an MS in Environmental Studies from Bemidji State University (Iran, “Green energy won’t save the earth without social change”, 3/21/12;  http://climateandcapitalism.com/2012/03/21/green-energy-alone-wont-save-the-earth/)
The most popular techno-fix for global warming is green energy. If energy
AND
ignore the inherent destructiveness of the current system of unsustainable development – capitalism.”

No impact---mitigation and adaptation will solve---no tipping point or “1 risk” args
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
AND
economic growth and well?being may be at risk (Stern 2006).
These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
AND
range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster KC | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Private funding is inefficient
Woodrow Wilson Center 09, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Mexico Institute, “THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO: Towards a Strategic Partnership,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf
The Obama administration and the incoming Congress have the opportunity to raise the level of
AND
engagement: security cooperation, economic integration, immigration, and border management.

Monopolies disad – lack of experience kills solvency
Glaeser 10 Economics professor at Harvard (Edward, “Right-Turn Signal: Privatizing Our Way out of Traffic,” 9/28/10, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/right-turn-signal-privatizing-our-way-out-of-traffic/)
But markets are not perfect and private provision has its own pitfalls. In transportation
AND
incremental process of trying things out will provide information and build public support.

Not cost effective – only the case solves
Engel et al 6 Professor of economics at Yale University (Eduardo, “Privatizing Highways in the United States”, Review of Industrial Organization, 2006, ProQuest)
A major problem with highway concessions throughout the world has been that contract renegotiations,
AND
be efficient and to be cautious in assessing the profitability of the project.

Tournament: Minnesota State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Drew James
Federal engagement is key to effective border management
Woodrow Wilson Center 09, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Mexico Institute, “THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO: Towards a Strategic Partnership,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/The20U.S.20and20Mexico.20Towards20a20Strategic20Partnership.pdf
The Obama administration
AND
and border management.

Collapses relations with all nations
DeLisle 2k—Jacques deLisle is Professor of Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and Senior Fellow at FPRI.
“Foreign Affairs, Federalism, and Well-Meaning Mischief: A Constitutional Close Shave on Massachusetts’s Burma Law,” July 15, 2000 The Chinese Puzzle of Taiwan’s Status,” appeared in the Winter 2000 issue of Orbis, FPRI’s quarterly journal of world affairs. http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20000715.law.delisle.massburmalaw.html,
As this litany
AND
for foreign relations.

States can’t manage without federal coordination
Corless 12 Campaign Director, Transportation for America, former California director and national campaign manager for the Surface Transportation Policy Project (James, May 23, “Local Voters Need a Partner,” http://transportation.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/not-waiting-for-the-feds.php#2211941)
Absent strong federal leadership
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states can’t solve – 

State planning is ineffective and interstate cooperation fails
The Economist 11 (“Life in the slow lane,” The Economist, 4/28/11, http://www.economist.com/node/18620944)
States can make bad
AND
problems like this.

Obama gets blamed for state decisions – empirics
Kiely 12 (Eugene Kiely, Washington assignment editor USA today, February 17, 2012 Factcheck.org “Did Obama ‘Approve’ Bridge Work for Chinese Firms?” http://www.factcheck.org/2012/02/did-obama-approve-bridge-work-for-chinese-firms/)
Who’s to blame,
AND
firms to build U.S. bridges.

Only a strong federal action solves the aff – the states can’t coordinate with Mexico and the perms solves any reason why state involvement is good
Wilson and Lee 2013 Erik Lee, Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University, Christopher E. Wilson, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars “THE STATE OF TRADE, COMPETITIVENESS AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING INTHE U.S.-MEXICO BORDER REGION” The State of The Border report: A Comprehensive Analysis of the U.S.-Mexico Border Border Research Partnership May 2013 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/mexico_state_of_border.pdf
There is no simple
AND
need regional coordination.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster KC | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Cplan fails – too many priorities
NOII 06, No One is Illegal - Vancouver, 2006, http://noii-van.resist.ca/?page_id=102
The aim of the SPP is to harmonize over 300 common areas of legislation and
AND
metres corridor ncluding rail lines and pipelines from Mexico to the Canadian border.

Manufacturing is key to the pharmaceutical industry
Swezey 11 (Project Director for Breakthrough Institute where he works as an energy and climate policy analyst Devon, 2011, “Manufacturing Growth Advanced Manufacturing and the Future of the American Economy,” http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/BTI_Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Manufacturing_Growth_. pdf)
New manufacturing thrives on and drives innovation. Manufacturing is a core component of the
AND
and manufacturing. This opens new possibilities for product development and manufacturing. 12

Pharmaceutical advancements solve disease
Farber 2 Since its founding in 1947, Dana-Farber has been committed to providing cancer patients with the best treatment available today while developing tomorrow's cures through cutting-edge research. Research into rare disease leads to discovery of six new breast cancer-susceptibility genes, June 13, http://www.dana-farber.org/abo/news/press/061302b.asp
A decade of research into one of the world's least-known diseases has resulted
AND
diagnosis and treatment for people with far more common diseases," D'Andrea explains. 

Pandemic disease causes extinction
Yu 9 (Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science Victoria, Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate, 22 May 2009, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)
A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed
AND
could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

Tournament: WOOD AND WARD | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Westminster DH | Judge: Semi-Smaller Panel
Complexity doesn’t cause collapse, only diminishing returns
Tainter, professor of environment and society – Utah State University, 11/3/’9
(Joseph A, “Interview with Joseph Tainter on Collapse,” http://varnelis.net/blog/interview_with_joseph_tainter_on_collapse)
KV: So as civilizations develop, you conclude, they differentiate—for
AND
be worrying about.

Growth is sustainable
Tierney 9 John Tierney, NYTimes, 4/20/2009, Use Energy, Get Rich and Save the Planet, www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/science/earth/21tier.html
2. The richer everyone gets,
AND
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.

Past the tipping point and dedev doesn’t solve
Savory 8 Allan Savory, Savory Center for Holistic Management Founder, received the Australian  International Banksia Award for the person or organization doing the most for the environment on a global scale, 2008, A Global Strategy for Addressing Global Climate Change, holisticmanagement.org.au/PDF/A+Global+Strategy+for+Addressing+Climate+Change+25B15D.pdf
Simplistic and counter intuitive as it may be the fate of civilization today hangs on
AND
had destroyed  many civilizations before coal and oil were discovered or widely used.   
Essential as it is, stopping carbon emissions entirely will not alone solve the potential  
AND
unable to store either carbon or water and the climate continued to change.   

No impact and tech solves
Ann F. Wolfgram 5, junior fellow at Massey College – Phd in history from Toronto, “Population, Resources and Environment: A Survey of the Debate”, January 1, http://www.voxfux.com/features/malthusian_theory/malthusian_theory.htm
This mystery has confounded many scientists, who expected global warming to accelerate toward the
AND
made emissions will be reduced and the impact upon natural climate processes diminished.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Brian Manuel
No impact to dependence
Jaffe 8 Amy Myers Jaffe is the Wallace S. Wilson Fellow for Energy Studies at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, “ Opportunity, not War,” Survival | vol. 50 no. 4 | August–September 2008 | pp. 61–82
We’ve heard the argument before: scarcity of future oil supplies is a danger to
AND
in ‘The Impending Oil Shock’ is whether this time will be different.

No chance of success – overwhelming opposition – also no risk Nieto’s key
Booton 4/11
Jennifer Booton FOX Business, April 11, 2014, (“Challenges Loom Despite 'Vast Opportunities' for Mexican Oil”, http://www.foxbusiness.com/industries/2014/04/11/despite-vast-opportunities-for-oil-in-mexico-challenges-loom/, AW)
As Mexico works to denationalize its oil and gas market after seven decades, billions
AND
detailed framework for the reform is expected to be announced later this month. 

Secondary reform fails – no bidding
Boman 14 (Karen, Staff Writer for Rigzone “Passing Mexican Energy Reform 'Easy Part' of Process”, http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/131313/Passing_Mexican_Energy_Reform_Easy_Part_of_Process/?all=HG2)
Mexico will likely get it right in terms of forming secondary
AND
strong regulators and regulations in place,” said Wood. 

Increasing cooperation popular among most Mexican voters
Taylor 12 (Guy Taylor, the Washington Times State Department correspondent, whose work was supported by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting and the Fund For Investigative Journalism, Charismatic front-runner in Mexican presidential race vows shift on drugs, trade, 4/17/12, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/17/trade-top-priority-for-mexican-front-runner/)
The front-runner in Mexico’s presidential race has attracted throngs of supporters among elite
AND
States and Canada, but especially with the United States,” he said.

Declining economy kills Nieto’s credibility – plan’s key to solve
AP 12/9 (Associated Press via Huffington Post International News Service, “Enrique Pena Nieto's Approval Ratings Drop In His First Year”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/10/enrique-pena-nieto-approval-ratings_n_4421276.html, ZS)
MEXICO CITY (AP) — A poll in Mexico says approval for President Enrique
AND
been governing. The error margin was plus or minus three percentage points.

No risk of a link – Nieto is already commited to rebalancing the relationship
Wilson 13 (Christopher Wilson, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center, Scholars, “A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region”, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf, ZS)
As President Obama begins his second term he is met by a new president and
AND
framework of shared responsibility that characterized the relationship for the past six years.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Glenbrook North CH | Judge: Mike Shackleford
LNG boom solves oil dependence
Meghan Foley, 8/25/13, USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/08/25/natural-gas-boom-overkill/2692767/
Natural gas was first a boon for domestic energy producers and then an albatross.
AND
natural gas than it can use.

No impact to dependence – countries cooperate
Jaffe 8 Amy Myers Jaffe is the Wallace S. Wilson Fellow for Energy Studies at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, “ Opportunity, not War,” Survival | vol. 50 no. 4 | August–September 2008 | pp. 61–82
We’ve heard the argument before: scarcity of future oil supplies is a danger to
AND
in ‘The Impending Oil Shock’ is whether this time will be different.

New requirements made means PEMEX won’t sign on – no risk it passes
MSN 14 (Microsoft Network Money, News Center, “Mexico energy reform won't force Pemex into contracts – lawmakers”, http://money.msn.com/business-news/article.aspx?feed=OBRanddate=20140219andid=17365619, ZS)
The keenly awaited fine print that will flesh out a landmark Mexican energy reform will
AND
private or foreign energy companies, will likely not be considered until September.

Won’t pass – tons of pounders
Reuters 4/26
Reuters, 4/26/14, (“Competition bill passes Mexico's Senate, easing legislative logjam”, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/04/26/mexico-reforms-idUKL2N0NI01F20140426, AW)
Lawmakers face a legislative logjam that includes
AND
before the oil sector overhaul can pass.

No chance of success – overwhelming opposition – also no risk Nieto’s key
Booton 4/11 Jennifer Booton FOX Business, April 11, 2014, (“Challenges Loom Despite 'Vast Opportunities' for Mexican Oil”, http://www.foxbusiness.com/industries/2014/04/11/despite-vast-opportunities-for-oil-in-mexico-challenges-loom/, AW)
As Mexico works to denationalize its oil and gas market after seven decades, billions
AND
detailed framework for the reform is expected to be announced later this month. 

Increasing cooperation popular among most Mexican voters
Taylor 12 (Guy Taylor, the Washington Times State Department correspondent, whose work was supported by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting and the Fund For Investigative Journalism, Charismatic front-runner in Mexican presidential race vows shift on drugs, trade, 4/17/12, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/17/trade-top-priority-for-mexican-front-runner/)
The front-runner in Mexico’s presidential race has attracted throngs of supporters among elite
AND
States and Canada, but especially with the United States,” he said.

No political capital left to push
Avalos 12 (Jorge Ramos Ávalos is a Mexican journalist, anchor for Noticiero Univision and host of the Sunday morning news talk show Al Punto, “A Credibility Crisis for Mexico’s New President,” November 21, 2012, http://jorgeramos.com/en/a-credibility-crisis-for-mexicos-new-president)
Enrique Pena Nieto is facing a credibility problem: Millions of Mexicans remain convinced that
AND
the evidence, that Mexico had held “a free and authentic election.”

Declining economy kills Nieto’s credibility – plan’s key to solve
AP 12/9 (Associated Press via Huffington Post International News Service, “Enrique Pena Nieto's Approval Ratings Drop In His First Year”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/10/enrique-pena-nieto-approval-ratings_n_4421276.html, ZS)
MEXICO CITY (AP) — A poll in Mexico says approval for President Enrique
AND
been governing. The error margin was plus or minus three percentage points.

Tournament: Minnesota State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Drew James
No impact
Weissmann 9 --- senior fellow at the Swedish School of Advanced Asia Pacific Studies (Mikael Weissmann, “Understanding the East Asian Peace: Some Findings on the Role of Informal Processes,” Nordic Asia Research Community, November 2, 2009, http://barha.asiaportal.info/blogs/in-focus/2009/november/understanding-east-asian-peace-some-findings-role-informal-processes-mi)
The findings concerning
AND
towards a stable peace. 

Asian instability inevitable—even a credible Asia pivot isn’t enough to assuage allies fears  
Karl 13 David, president of the Asia Strategy Initiative and director of studies at the Pacific Council on International Policy, “U.S. Strategic Credibility in Asia: An Update,” April-1, http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2013/04/01/u-s-strategic-credibility-in-asia-an-update/
In a post two weeks ago
AND
takes more concrete shape.

TPA is dead – Obama’s not pushing it because of dem opposition
Phil Levy is senior fellow on the global economy at The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 1/29 “Is Obama even Trying on Trade?” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2014/01/29/is_obama_even_trying_on_trade
The president faces
AND
not bode well.

CIR thumps the disad
AP 1/29 Marissa Cabrera, Maureen Cavanaugh, Peggy Pico, “President Obama Renews Push For Immigration Reform,” http://www.kpbs.org/news/2014/jan/29/president-obama-renews-push-immigration-reform/
In his fifth State
AND
illegally but not citizenship.

Winners win and PC isn’t key
Hirsh 13 (Michael, Chief correspondent for National Journal, Previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, Overseas Press Club award for best magazine reporting from abroad in 2001 and for Newsweek’s coverage of the war on terror which also won a National Magazine Award, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207)
But the abrupt emergence
AND
. It’s a bandwagon effect.”

Improving POE’s has bipartisan agreement
Ramos 13 Kristian Ramos is New Democracy Network’s Policy Director of the 21st Century Border Initiative, “Realizing the Strategic National Value of our Trade, Tourism and Ports of Entry with Mexico” The New Policy Institute is the educational affiliate of the NDN, a think tank based in Washington, DC. May 2013 http://ndn.org/sites/default/files/blog_files/NPI20U20S20-Mexico20Trade20Tourism20POE20Report_0.pdf
Key policies and infrastructure
AND
jobs in both countries. 

Bipartisan groups support plan
Brownsville Herald 10 “Senators: U.S. Must Invest in Infrastructure, Personnel at International Bridges” http://www.cornyn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?p=InNewsandContentRecord_id=8fca6ad8-c12f-4b06-82fe-fad0ccbc76c4
The state’s members
AND
but that was a false assumption.”

There is growing bipartisan for improving US-Mexico POE’s
Ramos 13 Kristian, Arizona Daily Star, June 7, New Democracy Network’s Policy Director of the 21st Century Border Initiative, “Updating Ports of Entry Will Help Preserve Our Vital Trade with Mexico” http://kuldrahaks.net/NewMexicoTourism/jobs-in-mexico-tourism
The immigration legislation
AND
in the years ahead.

No links – GSA gots the aff
Combs 1 Window on State Government - Susan Combs, Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts 2001 State Functions at the Texas-Mexico Border and Cross-Border Transportation http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/border/sfatb2.html
II. Responsibilities of
AND
, cargo, and drivers.

PC isn’t real
Edwards 9 Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Texas AandM University, holds the George and Julia Blucher Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies and has served as the Olin Professor of American Government at Oxford George, “The Strategic President”, Printed by the Princeton University Press, pg. 149-150
Even presidents who
AND
in each chamber.

Tournament: WOOD AND WARD | Round: Semis | Opponent: Pace FQ | Judge: Super Duper Big Panel
ALLEN WANG CUTS ZERO CARDS FOR THE AFF - HES BAD

Decoupling now – no spillover
FP 7/2 First Post, (“Asian economies are ‘decoupling’, but here’s why it’s no good news”, http://www.firstpost.com/economy/asian-economies-are-decoupling-but-heres-why-its-no-good-news-921715.html)
When the latest set of data on manufacturing activity
AND
partly payback for the plunge in May, points out Neumann.

Collapse inevitable – experts
Li Shuang 10/22 Epoch Times, (“Fall of Chinese Regime Predicted by Well Known Financial Expert”, http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/325510-fall-of-chinese-regime-predicted-by-well-known-financial-expert/)
In a subsequent Oct. 8 article, which was deleted
AND
down, the disintegration of the country, or both.

Non-unique and empirics disprove causality
Reuters 10/1 (“US manufacturing growth picks up, Chinese factories struggle”, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/01/global-economy-idUSL4N0HR15S20131001)
NEW YORK/BEIJING, Oct 1 (Reuters) - U.S. manufacturing grew
AND
Manufacturing, too, appears to be gaining momentum after having contracted as recently as May.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Michael Kurtenbach
TPA is dead – Obama’s not pushing it because of dem opposition
Phil Levy is senior fellow on the global economy at The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 1/29 “Is Obama even Trying on Trade?” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2014/01/29/is_obama_even_trying_on_trade
The president faces
AND
not bode well.

CIR thumps the disad
AP 1/29 Marissa Cabrera, Maureen Cavanaugh, Peggy Pico, “President Obama Renews Push For Immigration Reform,” http://www.kpbs.org/news/2014/jan/29/president-obama-renews-push-immigration-reform/
In his fifth State
AND
illegally but not citizenship.

Tournament: WOOD AND WARD | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Westminster DH | Judge: Semi-Smaller Panel
And, strategic anthropomorphism – all creatures identify with similar beings – it’s inevitable, but we can make decisions for the benefit of other beings
Werner Scholtz 5, Associate Professor in Law – North-West University, “animal culling: a sustainable approach or anthropocentric atrocity?: issues of biodiversity and custodial sovereignty”, MqJICEL (2005) Vol 2

The CBD recognizes that the value of the biosphere is integrated with the importance of
AND
in non-human elements because of the linkage between man and environment.

Their ethics collapses down to the lowest common denominator – causes genocide
David R. Schmahmann and Lori J. Polacheck, a partner in the firm of Nutter, McLennan and Fish, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, SPRING, 95

In the end, however, it is the aggregate of these characteristics that does
AND
only took the place of the human being and the Colorado beetle. 26

Anthropocentrism is inevitable and good—the alternative links to the critique and makes it impossible to protect the biosphere.
Grey 93 — William Grey, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland, 1993 (“Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology,” Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Volume 71, Number 4, Available Online at http://www.uq.edu.au/~pdwgrey/pubs/anthropocentrism.html, Accessed 07-27-2011)
The attempt to provide a genuinely non-anthropocentric set of values, or preferences
AND
, and ourselves, going for a few more cosmic seconds 10.

Their alt authors would vote aff
Tarik Kochi and Noam Ordan 8, Queen’s University and Bar Ilan University, An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity, Borderlands VOLUME 7 NUMBER 3

While we are not interested in the discussion of the ‘method’ of the global
AND
no matter how hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 7 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: David Gobberdiel
The lens for your ballot should be pragmatic efforts at preventing future repetitions of violence like Hiroshima---this doesn’t instate a politics of fear, but rather a society of quiet acknowledgement
Perlman 88---Michael Perlman, counselor at Maclean Hospital, 1988, Imaginal Memory and the Place of Hiroshima, p. 6-7
This book's exploration of "places" of memory and imagination is in accordance with
AND
having been given by the authority of Cicero).

Nations will inevitably seek the deadliest weapons – ingrained in human nature – existence of nuclear weapons checks development of worse weapons in the future
J. A. H. Futterman, Ph.D. from UT-Austin and Physicist at the University of California's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “Obscenity and Peace: Meditations on the Bomb,” 1990-94, http://www.dogchurch.com/scriptorium/nuke.html,
Some people argue that the goal of civilization is to raise our children so that
AND
8 The problem is not nuclear weapons, the problem is war.

Tournament: WOOD AND WARD | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Westminster DH | Judge: Semi-Smaller Panel
Extinction outweighs and is the most unethical
Bostrom 12 (Nick, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)
Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
AND
eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.

Our aff may contain an element of fear, but that’s not really the point – it’s about embracing freedom – their search for an authentic relationship to mortality recreates the worst kind of solipsism
Dollimore, Sociology – U Sussex, ’98
(Jonathan, Death, Desire and Loss in Western Culture, pg. 221)
But freedom cannot embrace death. Despite taking so much from modern philosophers of death
AND
no place for it in my subjectivity' (pp. 547-8).

Anxiety is vital to avert extinction---the perm solves negative effects and simulation solves despair
Mark Shepard 7 (Anxiety - the ultimate survival tool!, Neuro Linguistic Programming Expert, http://www.scribd.com/doc/2050501/Anxiety-The-Ultimate-Survival-Skill)

Anxiety, The Ultimate Survival Skill ¶ As much pain and suffering that highly sensitive
AND
a snow storm imagine them arriving safely and sitting in front of the fire

The alt fails – it can’t confront reality
Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, Internationally renowned teacher and author of 19 books on spirituality, 2003
Tharpa Publications, http://www.tharpa.com/uk/background/dealing-with-fear.htm
According to Buddhism, there is unhealthy fear and healthy fear.  For example,
AND
our vulnerability through finding spiritual, inner refuge and gradually training the mind.

Tournament: Minnesota State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Drew James
I read 4 cards and they kicked it...

Gov’t engagement is key – without policy the knowledge created by the alt can never solve
McClean 01 (David, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope” www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)
Leftist American culture
AND
so-called "managerial class."

The ends justify the means
Isaac 2 – (Jeffrey, Professor of PoliSci @ Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD Yale, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol 49 Issue 2)
As a result,
AND
undermines political effectiveness.

Criticizing Western “colonialism” obscures more insidious practices by regional powers
Shaw 2 – Sussex IR Professor (Martin, The Problem of the Quasi-Imperial State, www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm)
Nor have many considered the
AND
dangerous enemies closer to.

US colonialism is key to solve conflict – the alternative is far more violent
Busby, 12 Get Real Chicago IR guys out in force, Josh, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html
Is Unipolarity Peaceful?
AND
can't balance against it.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Caddo Magnet CM | Judge: David Herman
Consequentialism first – moral absolutism reproduces evil
Isaac 2 – (Jeffrey, Professor of PoliSci @ Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD Yale, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol 49 Issue 2)
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

All environmental factors getting better
Lomberg 10—Ph.D in pol science (4/21, Bjorn Earth Day: Smile, don't shudder; Ignore doomsday environmentalists. Things aren't so bad. And if rich countries would worry about the right things, all the better, USA Today, LexisNexis)
Given all the talk of impending catastrophe, this may come as a surprise,
AND
data showed us that many key environmental measures were indeed getting better. ,

Ontology is inevitable and not first
Gathman 9 http://limitedinc.blogspot.com/2009/10/dialectics-of-diddling.html Professional editor, translator, publishes pieces in salon.com and Austin Chronicle
IT – and I will interrupt the continuity of this post in the very first
AND
a privileged metaphor for the other. There's nothing more political than this.

Alt can’t effect reality – it makes it impossible
Zimmerman, professor of philosophy – Tulane University, ‘90
(Michael E, Confrontation with Modernity p. 265-266)
As I mentioned above, much of deconstruction is in fact motivated by a (
AND
to which humans are incapable of resisting and developing alternatives to that disclosure.

Technological thought has been socialized, internalized, and can’t be eradicated
Leach 3, date page modified (Neil, Professor at the University of Southern California, “Forget Heidegger”, August 15, http://www.china-designer.com/magazine/leach/txt1.htm)
Adorno's further example of the car reveals how the technological has come to colonise our
AND
past. It is time, perhaps, to forget Heidegger.

Life is always good and even if its not you should stay alive because there is still value
Torbjörn Tännsjö 11, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, “Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing,” online: http://people.su.se/~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf
I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if
AND
suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Ian Dalton
Social sciences evaluate empirics – that’s good
Sil 2k—pol sci, U Penn (Rudra, Beyond Boundaries, ed Sil and Doherty, 148-9,)
The differences among
AND
aspects of social reality. 

Their kritik of not being perfectly falsifiable only strengthens our argument
Sokal 97 (Alan, professor of physics at New York University, “A Plea for Reason, Evidence and Logic”,
http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/nyu_forum.html)
This affair has brought
AND
will have served its purpose.

Empirics are TRUE and prevent extinction
Coyne 06 (Author and Writer for the Times (Jerry A., “A plea for empiricism”, FOLLIES OF THE WISE, Dissenting essays, 405pp. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker and Hoard, 1 59376 101 5)
Supernatural forces and
AND
heed Crews’s plea for empiricism.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Ian Dalton
Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)
During this phase,
AND
technological society.

Governmental engagement is key – without policy the alt can never solve
McClean 01 (David, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope” www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)
Leftist American culture
AND
so-called "managerial class."

Prioritization claims are counter-productive and illogical – you should evaluate the veracity of the 1ac’s claims about the world while embracing a plurality of (methods / ontologies / theories)
Andrew Bennett 13, government prof at Georgetown, The mother of all isms: Causal mechanisms and structured pluralism in International Relations theory, European Journal of International Relations 2013 19:459
The political science
AND
of IR's ingrown 'isms.'

The ends justify the means
Isaac 2 – (Jeffrey, Professor of PoliSci @ Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD Yale, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol 49 Issue 2)
As a result, the most
AND
undermines political effectiveness.

In the face of extinction you have to weigh consequences - outweighs all else
Bok 88 (Sissela Bok, Professor of Philosophy @ Brandeis University, 1988, Applied Ethical Theory, ed. Rosenthal and Shehadi, pg. 203)
The same argument can
AND
of the consequences. 

Pyschoanalysis is non-falsifiable hindsight thinking
Samuels 93—Training Analyst – Society of Analytical Psychology and Science Associate – American Academy of Psychoanalysis (Andrew, Free Associations, “The mirror and the hammer: depth psychology and political transformation”, Vol. 3D, Psychoanalytic Electronic Publishing)
The paper is about the
AND
'aha!' as one hoped.

No empirical basis for scaling up psychoanalysis
Epstein, senior lecturer in government and IR – University of Sydney, ‘10
(Charlotte, “Who speaks? Discourse, the subject and the study of identity in international politics,” European Journal of International Relations XX(X) 1–24)
One key advantage
AND
indeed an analogy.

Even if they win superior explanatory power, psychoanalytic imaginings are useless in advancing political change
Adam Rosen-Carole 10, Visiting Professor of Philosophy at Bard College, 2010, “Menu Cards in Time of Famine: On Psychoanalysis and Politics,” Psychoanalytic Quarterly, Vol. LXXIX, No. 1, p. 205-207
On the other hand,
AND
progressive political future?

The state of exception can be contained---no impact
Jennifer Mitzen 11, PhD, University of Chicago, Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University, Michael E. Newell, “Crisis Authority, the War on Terror and the Future of Constitutional Democracy,” PDF
But what Agamben
AND
popular sovereignty remained intact.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 5 | Opponent: Juan Diego AC | Judge: Matt Jallits
Governmental engagement is key – without policy the alt can never solve
McClean 01 (David, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope” www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)
Leftist American culture
AND
so-called "managerial class."

Globalization is entrenched and accelerating in Latin America
Hogenboom and Jilberto 12 – associate professor of Political Science at the Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation in Amsterdam, and senior lecturer in International Relations at the University of Amsterdam (Barbara Hogenboom Alex E. Fernández Jilberto, “Neo-liberalism, big business and the evolution of interest group activity in Latin America” Journal of Public Affairs, May 21 2012, Wiley Online Library)
Consequently, neo-liberal policies
AND
to its advantage.

Liberalization in Mexico is inevitable
Hogenboom and Jilberto 12 – associate professor of Political Science at the Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation in Amsterdam, and senior lecturer in International Relations at the University of Amsterdam (Barbara Hogenboom Alex E. Fernández Jilberto, “Neo-liberalism, big business and the evolution of interest group activity in Latin America” Journal of Public Affairs, May 21 2012, Wiley Online Library)
Three major consequences
AND
one of the largest.

Cap is ethical and solves extinction
Rockwell Jr., president of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, 5/19/8
(Llewellyn, “Everything You Love You Owe to Capitalism,” http://mises.org/story/2982)
And yet, sitting
AND
millions of innocents.

The ends justify the means
Isaac 2 – (Jeffrey, Professor of PoliSci @ Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD Yale, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol 49 Issue 2)
As a result,
AND
undermines political effectiveness.

Capitalism is inevitable and sustainable
Peck 2 (Canada Research Chair in Urban and Regional Political Economy and Professor of Geography, University of British Columbia. Former Honorary Professorial Fellow, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester. PhD in Geography. AND—Adam Tickell—Professor of Geography, University of Bristol. PhD (Jamie, Neoliberalizing space, Antipode 34 (3): 380-404)
In many respects,
AND
to the process

Means the alt fails
Seabra 12 (Leo, has a background in Communication and Broadcasting and a broad experience which includes activities in Marketing, Advertising, Sales and Public Relations, 2/27, “Capitalism can drive Sustainability and also innovation,” http://seabraaffairs.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/capitalism-can-drive-sustainability-and-also-innovation/)
There are those
AND
. It regulates itself.

Capitalism isn’t the root cause
Roberts and Sparke 3 (Susan, Professor of Geography – University of Kentucky, and Matthew, Professor of Geography – University of Washington, “Neoliberal Geopolitics,” Antipode, 35(5), p. 886-897)
Barnett’s work is
AND
the inter-articulations.

Capitalism is key to maintain the free market, the value of an individual, and free trade
Olssen 5 (Professor of Political Theory and Education (May 2005, Mark Olssen, Professor of Political Theory and Education, PhD Political Studies,  and Michael A. Peters, Ph.D. Philosophy of Education, M.A., Philosophy,  Professor Educational Policy Studies,  Adjunct Professor School of Foriegn Studies,  Journal of Education Policy,  Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 313–345, “Neoliberalism, higher education and the knowledge economy: from the free market to knowledge capitalism,” ebscohost)
Within higher education
AND
and ‘open’ economies.

Growth empirically shields the environment – multiple reasons
Norberg 3 (Johan Norberg, MA in History Fellow at Timbro, MA with a focus in economics and philosophy, In Defense of Global Capitalism, p. 225-237)
All over the world
AND
 period of globalization. 

Transition wars disad
Aligica 03(Paul Aligica, Fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and Adjunct Fellow at the Hudson Institute, “The Great Transition and the Social Limits to Growth: Herman Kahn on Social Change and Global Economic Development”, April 21, http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_detailsandid=2827)
Stopping things
AND
(Kahn, 1976, 210; 1984).

Alt fails in more cooperate further exacerbating capitalism
Legrain 2K (Phillipe Legrain, special adviser to the WTO director general Mike Moore, 2000, The WTO: Boon or Bane for the Developing World, p. http://www.focusweb.org/publications/2000/The20WTOThe20WTO-Boon20or20Bane20for20the20Developing20World.htm)
A convincing case
AND
counterparts 30 years ago.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Hines, Lucas-Bolin, Smiley
No impact to this
David Mathieson and, Associate Fellow at FRIDE. He holds a doctorate from the University of London, Richard Youngs 6, Co-ordinator of the Democratisation programme at FRIDE, and lecturer at the University of Warwick, “Democracy Promotion and the European Left: Ambivalence Confused?”, December, working paper 29 at FRIDE
Equally important, leftist
AND
during the 1990s. 

Securitized rhetoric of disease is good – only way to create an effective public response
Selgelid and Enemark 08 (Michael J, Christian. (Senior Research Fellow for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics. Enemark is Lecturer in International Security, U of Sydney, and Visiting Fellow at John Curtin School of Medical Research ) “Infectious Diseases, Security and Ethics: The Case of HIV/AIDS” Bioethics Volume 22, Number 9 pp 457-465)
The passage in 2000
AND
countries severely affected’.3

Deterrence is an impact turns all their arguments
Lupovici 8 (Amir Lupovici, a post-doctoral Fellow at the Munk Centre for International Studies at University of Toronto, text taken from paper titled, “Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse,” presented at the Canadian Political Science Association’s annual conference, held June 4th to 6th, 2008. Text found at http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf)
Introduction Recent years
AND
security and deterrence.

Deterrence creates effective peace
Moore 4—chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State (John, Beyond the Democratic Peace, 44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis)  
If major interstate war
AND
increased or decreased?

Historical data proves that hegemony solves conflict and the alternative is far more violent
Schweller, 11 After Unipolarity: China's Visions of International Order in an Era of U.S. Decline, Randall L. Schweller, ull Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, where he has taught since 1994. He earned his PhD from Columbia University in 1993 and was as an Olin Fellow at Harvard University in 1993-94, After Unipolarity Randall L. Schweller  and  China’s Visions of International Order in Xiaoyu Pu  an Era of U.S. Decline, p.  Project Muse
History tells us
AND
the international crisis

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)
During this phase
AND
 modern technological society.61

Governmental engagement is key – without policy the alt can never solve
McClean 01 (David, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope” www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)
Leftist American culture
AND
so-called "managerial class."

Prioritization claims are counter-productive and illogical – you should evaluate the veracity of the 1ac’s claims about the world while embracing a plurality of (methods / ontologies / theories)
Andrew Bennett 13, government prof at Georgetown, The mother of all isms: Causal mechanisms and structured pluralism in International Relations theory, European Journal of International Relations 2013 19:459
The political science
AND
of IR's ingrown 'isms.'

Util is the only moral framework
Murray 97 (Alastair, Professor of Politics at U. of Wales-Swansea, Reconstructing Realism, p. 110) THIS EVIDENE IS GENDER EDITED
Weber emphasised that
AND
ethical judgements altogether'.13 

Discursive othering doesn’t result in ‘uncontrollable violence’
Rodwell 5—PhD candidate, Manchester Met.  (Jonathan, Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson, http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm)
In this response
AND
a heuristic model. 

The alt can’t solve the case
Jean Bethke Elshtain, Laura Spelman Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics, Divinity School, The University of Chicago, with appointments in Political Science and the Committee on International Relations, 2003, Just War Against Terror, p. 22-3
Without in any way
AND
disarm radical Islamism.

Our evidence is epistemologically rigorous
Boyle 08 Michael J. Boyle, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, Critical Studies On Terrorism, April 2008, “A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies,” Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64, Taylor and Francis
Jackson (2007c) calls for
AND
its own work. 

They’ve overdetermined the role of epistemology – even if threats are socially constructed, that construction is still real.  Their critical authors are equally guilty of the same epistemological bias and you should reject the neg’s methodology for not being specific enough to 1ac claims
Lipshutz 2011 – Prof of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, speaking after hearing a policy debate in which the affirmative read a straight up policy aff and the negative read a security criticism (Ronnie, Speaking about the final round at the California Round Robin, Feb 18, Accessed here: http://nfltv.org/2011/02/24/cal-round-robin-policy/)
RONNIE LIPSCHUTZ: Well, many
AND
Bourdieu. I’m done. 

The plan gives security transformative potential --- alt alone fails and their impact is false
Nunes, 12 Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies, João Nunes, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345,Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK, p. sage publications
In the works of
AND
understandings of security.

Alt is woefully insufficient to achieve empancipation from security – also proves that the perm is key to institutional reform – we can sever certain representations – they have to prove the whole plan is a bad idea
McCormack 10 (Tara, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)
In chapter 7
AND
circumstances of the time.

Threats real and not constructed—rational risk assessment goes aff
Knudsen 1– PoliSci Professor at Sodertorn (Olav, Post-Copenhagen Security Studies, Security Dialogue 32:3)
Moreover, I have
AND
for dealing with them.

Apocalypticism is good---causes productive change
Bruce Tonn 6 – Department of Political Science, University of Tennessee, and Jenna Tonn, Department of the History of Science, Harvard University – Futures 41 (2009) 760–765 – obtained via Science Direct
This discussion
AND
state of the world.

Desecuritization is not emancipatory---it’s worse for every tangible impact they isolate
Nunes 7 – Joao Reis Nunes, Marie Curie Fellow and Ph. D. Candidate in International Politics at University of Wales, Aberystwyth, September 2007, “Politics, Security, Critical Theory: A Contribution to Current Debates on Security,” online: http://archive.sgir.eu/uploads/Nunes-joaonunes-politicssecuritycriticaltheory.pdf
Yet, not all of
AND
CSS=Critical Security Studies

The alt fails – destructive genealogy pre-configures the terms of debate and paralyzes politics
Lewandowski, political theory – Charles University, ‘94
(Joseph, Philosophy and Social Criticism 20:109, Review Essay)
While the attempt
AND
Heidegger and Criticism.

The alternative’s totalizing rejection won’t spillover – prefer specific impacts
Perkin, professor of English – Saint Mary’s University, ‘93
(J. Russell, “Review Essay: Theorizing the Culture Wars,” Postmodern Culture, Vol. 3, No. 3)
The genealogy Spanos
AND
perpetuates a myth

Tournament: Minnesota State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Drew James
We meet – Border infrastructure improvements are economic engagement
Gephardt 2 Richard A. Gephardt (D-Mo) was the House Democratic Leader. CENTER FOR Latin American Studies UC Berkeley “Progressive Economic Engagement with Mexico and the World” Winter http://clas.berkeley.edu/Publications/Review/pdf/newswinter02.pdf
Everybody agrees that as we
AND
be improved at the border.

C/I – Economic Engagement can be tactical or structural linkage of economic benefits
Mastanduno 8 (Michael – Nelson Rockefeller Professor of Government and Associate Dean for the Social Sciences at Dartmouth. “Economic Statecraft” in Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors and Cases ed Smith, Hadfield, Dunne. p. 182-3)
Positive economic statecraft
AND
changes in target behaviour.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Greenhill ML | Judge: Katie Gjerpen
We meet – the aff is economic engagement
Gephardt 2002 Richard A. Gephardt (D-Mo) was the House Democratic Leader. CENTER FOR Latin American Studies UC Berkeley “Progressive Economic Engagement with Mexico and the World” Winter http://clas.berkeley.edu/Publications/Review/pdf/newswinter02.pdf
Everybody agrees that
AND
be improved at the border.

C/I – economic engagement doesn’t require government interaction
Haass 00 – Richard N. Haass, Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, and Meghan L. O’Sullivan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, “Engaging Problem Countries”, Brookings Policy Brief, No. 61, June,
http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/18245/1/Engaging20Problem20Countries.pdf?1
Engagement as a policy
AND
conducive to reform.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Shunta Jordan
C/I – Increase requires pre-existence
Buckley 6 (Jeremiah, Attorney, Amicus Curiae Brief, Safeco Ins. Co. of America et al v. Charles Burr et al, http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/briefs/06-84/06-84.mer.ami.mica.pdf)
First, the court said that the ordinary meaning of the word “increase”
AND
a phrase gathers meaning from the words around it”) (citation omitted).

Tournament: Minnesota State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Drew James
This shits open source - plus it no longer applies!

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Abla Belhachmi
US is key – top IPR protection
Chamber of Commerce 1/29 (US Chamber of Commerce, 2014 IP Index, “U.S. Chamber's Global IP Center Unveils 2014 International Intellectual Property Index”, http://www.sacbee.com/2014/01/28/6110073/us-chambers-global-ip-center-unveils.html, ZS)
"A robust IP system
AND
and create," added Hirschmann.

Counterplan fails – EU soft power is irrelevant
Rettman 12 Andrew Rettman, “Ministers identify glitches in EU diplomatic service,” EU Observer, 6/1/2012, http://euobserver.com/foreign/114783
Twelve member states
AND
sufficiently in advance."

No impact to soft power
Bacevich 10 Andrew, Bacevich, Boston University IR and History Professor, March/April 2010, Let Europe Be Europe,"http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/02/22/let_europe_be_europe?page=full, 2/28
Europe, however, is
AND
out of mischief.

Tournament: WOOD AND WARD | Round: 5 | Opponent: Grady CH | Judge: Robbie Quinn
Federal government is key to implementation and enforcement of the plan
SF NO DATE (StopFAKES, Government Agency website responsible for news on IPR, “How can the U.S. Government assist me in obtaining and protecting my intellectual property rights?”, http://www.stopfakes.gov/faqs/how-can-us-government-assist-me-obtaining-and-protecting-my-intellectual-property-rights, ZS)
The Department of Commerce
AND
judicial protection for all parties