Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Dikshant Malla
1AC

Part 1 is the topic

The topic is a red herring – US imperialism necessitates a multiplicity of justifications to create the illusion of democratic consensus – as long as Latin American diplomacy remains a tool used to defend the empire, any benevolent intent becomes whitewashed as colonial violence becomes more destructive and ubiquitous
Petras 12 (James, is a retired Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University adjunct professor at Saint Maryand#39;s University “The Empire’s Ideology: Imperialism and “Anti-Imperialism of the Fools”,” http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-empire-s-ideology-imperialism-and-anti-imperialism-of-the-fools/28456)
The imperialist use … “moral critiques” lost resonance

THE U.S. SOCIETY REMAINS A RACIST SYSTEM, and though the ideals that give it legitimacy can be used by antiracist struggles to bring about its demise, no large-scale action has been taken to re-build this system of racism from the foundation up.  This white supremacist framework has successfully incorporated “other Americans” of color.
Feagin 2k President of the American Sociological Association
Joe-Prof of Sociology, Univ. of Fla. Gainesville; “RACIST AMERICA:  Roots, Current Realities and Future Reparations”; 235-236.

The liberal wing of … for large-scale protest.

CIVIL SOCIETY MAPS ITSELF BY THE RECONFIGURATION OF RIGHTS THROUGH FREEDOM – maintaining its position of ANTI-BLACKNESS. This constructs America’s benevolent hegemony of coherence. What is needed is the radical injection of society’s incoherence, the ‘wretched of the earth’ the politics of the black body with a gesture towards the disconfiguration of civil society.
Wilderson ‘3
professor of African American Studies at University of California, Irvine, 2003 (Frank, A. B. Dartmouth College (Government/Philosophy); MFA Columbia University (Fiction Writing); Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley (Rhetoric/Film Studies), “The Prison Slave as Hegemonyand#39;s (Silent) Scandal”, Social Justice, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p18-27) blh

Without the textual .. nonetheless, be pursued to the death. 

DISSENT AND DEBATE DEPEND ON SOCIAL CRITICISM. SHAMING MEASURES REGULATE THE VIABLE SPEAKING SUBJECT. WE MUST BRAVE THE STIGMA ASSOCIATED WITH DISIDENTIFICATION.  
Debate and dissent DEPEND upon those who are critical of STATE POLICY and civic CULTURE.
They must BRAVE THE STIGMA that SEIZES up from the PUBLIC domain. QUELLING DISSENT and limiting the reach of critical debate happens not only through a series of shaming tactics, producing what will and will not count as a viable speaking subject and a reasonable opinion within the public domain. People do not want to lose their statuses as viable speakers so they do not say what they think. The forclosure of critique empties the public domain of debate and democratic contestation itself, so that debate becomes the exchange of views among the like minded, and criticism becomes a fugitive and suspect activity. Without disposing populations in such a way, no war can claim popular consent. To produce what will constitute the public sphere, it is necessary to CONTROL and CONSTRAIN discourse. What will count as REALITY: a way of establishing whose lives can be marked as lives, whose DEATHS will count as DEATHS. LIVES depend on our ability to CHALLENGE the STATE and CIVIL SOCIETY.
Butler ‘4 2004, Judith Butler is a Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at U.C. Berkeley, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence”, pg. xix-xxi
Dissent and debate … about the effects of war.

Part 2 is Antagonism

The resolutional question is the initiation of discussion of THE NATION, THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, how we affirm that discussion is a replication of how we AFFIRM the nation, what we choose to discuss how we choose to affirm constructs a path, a social reality of what the United States Federal Government means.  

Simon and I distance away from America. 

We affirm the resolution as a fanatical performative agitation substantially increasing our intellectual investment in the narratives of economic engagement towards Latin America 

Debate has become an intellectual forum that reifies the maintenance and purity of white civil society. Whiteness within the debate relegates the black body as invisible by focusing on the mind over the body. Blackness becomes a stain upon academic discourse.
Reid-Brinkley 2k8 Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley, and#34;THE HARSH REALITIES OF “ACTING BLACK”: HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLEand#34;page 15  

Particularly, I am interested …about those spaces.

OUR PERSONAL AGENCY SHOULD NOT BE USED AS A VEHICLE OF FAITH FOR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SOLVENCY.
Rodriguez ‘8
Dylan Rodriguez 2008 Assistant Professor at University of California Riverside, Abolition Now! p.93-100

We are collectively witnessing… aborted or drowned in blood.”

Our ethics of refusal to blindly pledge allegiance to the flag is the first and most critical step towards liberation. We must create an alternate political structure that must refuse to grant credence to the current structure of governance and must be rooted in the ethics of refusal
Martinot ‘5
Steve, adjunct professor at San Francisco State University, “Pro-Democracy and the Ethics of Refusal,” Socialism and Democracy, Vol. 19, No. 2
In a system in which … nowhere else to turn.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 5 | Opponent: River Hill SS | Judge: Priten Shah
1AC Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should provide technical assistance to the United Mexican States for the implementation of domestic intellectual property protections modeled after the United States federal government’s implementation of intellectual property law, including but not limited to, the Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act of 1980

1AC IP Leadership
Contention one is IP Leadership

Current USTR IP promotion relies on coercive “301 reports”—this prompts international backlash and delegitimizes US efforts
Sutton, ’12 May 2nd, 2012, Maria Sutton writes for the Electronic Frontier Federation, “Special 301 Report 2012: The USTR’s Bogus List of Countries That "Don't Enforce" Copyrights,” https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/05/special-301-report-2012-ustrs-absurd-list-international-disappointments
The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) released its annual Special
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with Public Knowledge to the USTR this year. It said pdf:

IP enforcement with China is key to maintain and prevent the collapse of relations and war over Taiwan—our internal link is reverse causal
Thomson, ‘6 September 15th, 2006, Tom Thompson is the Executive Director at the Coalition for Intellectual Property Rights, “U.S. Policy Roadmap: Moving China from a Haven for Pirates to a Country of IPR Stakeholders,” http://www.tthomsonassociates.com/2006/09/u-s-policy-roadmap-moving-china-from-a-haven-for-pirates-to-a-country-of-ipr-stakeholders/
What are the Consequences to U.S. Policy of not Realizing Improved IPR
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relationship is truly generational and demands a long-term strategic economic engagement.”

Bayh Dole is the crucial model—fundamentally changes the perception of our IP programs and restores IP credibility—specifically with China
Espinel, ‘7 October 18th, 2007, Victoria A. Espinel is an Assistant US Representitive for Intellectual Property and Innovation at the Office of the US Trade Representative, “INTERNATIONAL PIRACY: THE CHALLENGES OF PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE 21ST CENTURY”, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg38337/html/CHRG-110hhrg38337.htm
So I would direct this to Ms. Espinel and to Mr. Smith.
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having a greater stake in the international system for protecting intellectual property.

Only the plan solves—cooperative efforts and an extensive use of “carrots” result in effective adoption by the Chinese Government
Thomson, ‘6 September 15th, 2006, Tom Thompson is the Executive Director at the Coalition for Intellectual Property Rights, “U.S. Policy Roadmap: Moving China from a Haven for Pirates to a Country of IPR Stakeholders,” http://www.tthomsonassociates.com/2006/09/u-s-policy-roadmap-moving-china-from-a-haven-for-pirates-to-a-country-of-ipr-stakeholders/
Unlike Russia, the PRC’s actions have appeared to be more forthright than the Russians
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enforcement practices to protect patents, trademarks and copyrights must be in place.

US Mexican IP cooperation gets modeled
Zagaris, ‘94 1994, Bruce Zagaris, George Washington University, B.A., J.D., LL.M.; adjunct professor, Washington College of Law, American University, and Fordham University School of Law; chair, Committee on International Criminal Law, Section of Criminal Law, American Bar Association, “Enforcement of Intellectual Property Protection Between Mexico and the United States: A Precursor of Criminal Enforcement for Western Hemispheric Integration?,” Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal, http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1098andcontext=iplj
The increase in trade liberalization and the negotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement
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model for future Western hemispheric, as well as global, economic integration.

Relations solve US-China conflict and arms race
Roy 12 November 2012, J. Stapleton Roy is a senior US diplomat specializing in Asian affairs, “DEALING WITH A RISING CHINA,” The Wilson Center, November 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/policy_brief_dealing_with_a_rising_china.pdf
The Policy Context:  Sustainable U.S. Engagement with East Asia The United
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. This challenge will be the critical test of  leaders in both countries.

Taiwain war goes nuclear
Hunkovic, ‘9 2009, Lee Hunkovic is a Professor of Military Studies at the American Military University, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict – Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan, and the United States of America” www.lampmethod.com
A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
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outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

1AC Biotech
Contention two is biotech

The plan is key to US and Mexican biotech development—revolutionizes the manufacturing industry
Surpin, ‘7 October 2007, Beni Surpin is the CEO of Biocom with a Master of Public Health from the University of Pittsburgh, “Moving Technology Across the Border: The Future of Biotech for the U.S. and Mexico,”, http://www.latinolawblog.com/2007/10/articles/crossborder-insolvency/moving-technology-across-the-border-the-future-of-biotech-for-the-us-and-mexico/
With so many research institutions, universities, and biotechnology companies located in the U
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the two countries, as well as the region as a whole.

IP modeling is the vital internal link to cooperation and innovation in the life sciences
Surpin, ‘7 October 2007, Beni Surpin is the CEO of Biocom with a Master of Public Health from the University of Pittsburgh, “Moving Technology Across the Border: The Future of Biotech for the U.S. and Mexico,”, http://www.latinolawblog.com/2007/10/articles/crossborder-insolvency/moving-technology-across-the-border-the-future-of-biotech-for-the-us-and-mexico/
Historically, the collaborative efforts between the U.S. and Mexico in the
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regional biotech partners and collectively push the biotechnology industry to new levels.

Crossborder cooperation catalyzes biotech innovation—that spillsover internationally and establishes an international model for life sciences
SDD, ‘7 June 2007, The San Diego Dialogue is a division of the a division of University of California San Diego Extension which contributes to the advancement of research, “Borderless Biotech and Mexico’s Emerging Life Sciences Industry,” http://www.sandiegodialogue.org/pdfs/Borderless_Biotech.pdf
This document is yet another part of a continuing effort to describe Mexico’s evolution in
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job growth, new discoveries, and a world of borderless biotech.

Mexico is key—has expertise and a strong base that is necessary to spur innovation
SDD, ‘7 June 2007, The San Diego Dialogue is a division of the a division of University of California San Diego Extension which contributes to the advancement of research, “Borderless Biotech and Mexico’s Emerging Life Sciences Industry,” http://www.sandiegodialogue.org/pdfs/Borderless_Biotech.pdf
In most discussions about the global life sciences industry, Mexico is not usually considered
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and microbial genomes of potential use for agricultural, medical and industrial applications. 

Expansion of the life sciences solve multiple scenarios for extinction
NAS, ‘8 December 3rd, 2008, National Academy of Sciences, “The Role of the Life Sciences in Transforming America's Future Summary of a Workshop”, Board on Life Sciences Division on Earth and Life Studies
A Critical Time for the Life Sciences Speaker after speaker at the Summit agreed:
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biological processes at work in the oceans can humans live sustainably on earth.

Biotech solves extinction
Trewavas, ‘2k June 5th, 2000, Anthony Trewavas is from the Institute of cell and molecular biology at the University of Edinburgh,  “GM Is the Best Option We Have,” www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html
In 535A.D. a volcano near the present Krakatoa exploded with the force
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principle in recent years; my version of it is "be prepared".

Robust IP protection for University scientists is necessary to spur genomic medicine in Mexico
March et al, ‘8 August 18th, 2013, Gerardo Jimenez-Sanchez, Irma Silva-Zolezzi, Alfredo Hidalgo, and  Santiago March from the National Institute of Genomic Medicine, “Genomic medicine in Mexico: Initial steps and the road ahead,” http://genome.cshlp.org/content/18/8/1191.full
Developing genomic medicine in Mexico and taking it to a leadership level where medical applications
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and public research institutions for specific projects, including those in genomic medicine.

Mexico is a KEY knowledge center for industrial enzymes and genomics—eliminating IPR issues creates opportunities for U.S. Cooperation and development of alternative energy and pharmaceutical products on a large scale—that solves diseases
Quezada, ‘6 April 2006, Fernando Quezada is Executive Director of the Biotechnology Center of Excellence Corporation, a Massachusetts-based organisation advising international public and private sector agencies in biotechnology development programmes, Commercial biotechnology in Latin America: Current opportunities and challenges
Mexico Mexico represents the tenth biggest economy in the world today and is a destination
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leadership among the countries of the region and among the industrial sectors themselves.

H5N1 and other deadly pathogens will escape from BSL-4 labs—the impact is extinction
Wilson, ’13 April 15th, 2013, Grant Wilson is a Professional Associate at the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and J.D. from Lewis and Clark Law School, "Minimizing Global Catastrophic and Existential Risks from Emerging Technologies through International Law," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2179094
NOTE: GCR/ER = Global Catastrophic and Existential Risk
An accidental release of a bioengineered microorganism during legitimate research poses a GCR/ER
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with unknown but potentially catastrophic consequences, thus establishing a GCR/ER. 

There are no vaccines for H5N1
Begley 12 February 16th, 2012, Sharon Begley, "How secure are labs handling world’s deadliest pathogens?," http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/16/us-health-biosecurity-idUSTRE81E0R420120216
Last year, labs at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Erasmus MC
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, at a symposium at the New York Academy of Sciences this month.

Drug-resistant TB strains are developing in Mexico—spreads quickly and is airborne
Wall Street Journal 13 March 8th, 2013, Wall Street Journal is a new source, “Risk of Deadly TB Exposure Grows Along U.S.-Mexico Border,” https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/tb-roundtable/N3ec0AnfzZA
The Tijuana General Hospital TB Clinic in Mexico is working to treat drug-resistant
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, then spearheaded India's TB-fighting program for the World Health Organization.

And, XDR TB spread risks becoming a pandemic—puts the global population at risk
Bio-Medicine, ‘7 2007, one of the Internet’s leading online Organizations devoted to biology and medicine (s/o to erin), “The Dreaded Disease Tuberculosis Raises Its Ugly Head”, http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/The-Dreaded-Disease-Tuberculosis-Raises-Its-Ugly-Head-20674-1/
When Mr. Andrew Speaker and his wife returned to United States from Europe they
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more difficult and expensive to treat, the highly lethal XDR-TB.

Reject your cognitive bias—we have been extremely lucky in the past
Klotz, ’12 August 7th, 2012, Lynn C. Klotz is a
Senior Science Fellow at the Center for Arms Control and Non Proliferation and a long-time member of the Scientists’ Working Group on Chemical and Biological Weapons, "The unacceptable risks of a man-made pandemic," http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/the-unacceptable-risks-of-man-made-pandemic
What is the likelihood that the virus's escape could lead to a pandemic? Too
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an average of two to three others, the key measure of contagiousness.
 ?
Breakthroughs are crucial—their defense doesn’t assume mutation, population size, bio-engineering, or globalization
Darling, ’12 March 18th, 2012, David Darling is a British Astronomer,
 “9 Strange Ways the World Really Might End,” http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/03/18/9-strange-ways-the-world-really-might-end/?fb_xd_fragment
Catastrophometer Scale 7.5: The enemy within (Pandemics) Our body is
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marsupial in Australia) the very survival of our species could be threatened.

Burnout theory is a fallacy
Casadevall 12 March 21st, 2012, Arturo Casaveall is a professor of Microbiology and Immunology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Arturo, “The future of biological warfare,” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00340.x/full
In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile
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acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington DQ | Judge: Eleanor Buse
A white male with brown eyes he looks like the rest
White boy’s lucky but he’s got a hole in his chest
Is this ok? Can I feel this way?
Can I speak up if I’ve got something to say?
From a position of privilege and authority
Do I know what it means to be a minority?
Jewish boy, get outta here you’ve got it good
Whites always complain of course it’s the rich lawyer who would
But is that me? White supremacy
What if that’s not who I want to be
Woah lets slow down, take a second to think
Hold on, nuclear war, gotta act quick
Forget that let’s talk about what matters
As my family was torn apart and tattered it suddenly shatters
The Holocaust pogroms ethnic cleansing a body marked for destruction
Caged like an animal, tamed, targeted for reduction
Fast forward and here I am lucky
But the stories and memories are painful—trust me
Most people don’t seem to understand between me and you
Stop that, cut it out, why you actin like “such a jew”
But Capitol debate accepted me for who I am
A predominantly Asian team included me in their fam
Daryl, Simon, Michael, Gabe opened up to me and me to them
“Don’t believe the stereotype I suck at AP chem”
Accepted me, took me in as their friend
It affects who I am, who I’ll become and will do so until the end
Simon’s dad is in Korea to provide for his family
His culture, his language changes what it means to be me

This year we are introduced to a new topic yet after year and year and debate after debate, the focus of the debate community lives in a fantasy world of hollow education involving the craving for large nuclear war and extinction scenarios usually resulting from advantages like Hegemony

Along with these obsessions with impacts, we have a strategic lack of discussion about “real” topics, like racism every year—this year’s seemingly policy related resolution is, in fact, steeped in a violent history of domination and categorization

Korean immigration has been kept a secret in Mexican history. Forced labor on haciendas caused the immigrants to suffer as foreigners in a foreign country.  
Sevilla ’07 1/3/07, Elsa Sevilla is a staffwriter for the KPBS, “Descendants of Korean Immigrants to Mexico Remember the Past”, http://www.kpbs.org/news/2007/jan/03/descendants-of-korean-immigrants-to-mexico/
It is part of Mexico’s history which has been kept a secret from the rest
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There is no such last name.” So we all changed our names.

The myth of the model minority continues in Mexico through the “???” (Henequen). Korean immigrants used as slaves to cultivate the plant. They were recognized as the best workers but were treated worse than brutes
?(Gin) ’05 9/9/05, ?? correspondent for the Korean Times, “`Henequen' Recall 100 Years of Sorrow”, http://byeways.net/webreadings/readingcontent/1WORLD_web/2402.htm
MEXICO CITY _ When they left their homeland for a strange country across the Pacific
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they were given the nickname _ Henequen, pronounced ``aenikkaeng’’ by Koreans.

The plight of Asian Americans is not something to be ignored – the experiences of ? Robert have demonstrated oppression that Asians must become conscience to
? (Jang) ’93 1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space”, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241
I am a second generation Korean American without any achievements in life and I have
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I am tired of silence. And so, I raise my voice.

This manifestation of the model minority – portraying Asian Americans solely as hardworking others – without exposure of plight makes people resent and become unsympathetic to Asian Americans.
This has 3 implications. 

1. The oppression of Asian Americans continues.
   2. The Asian body is used to justify oppression of other minorities.
   3. Asians are viewed as privileged by other minorities when in reality that is not true.
   ? ’93 1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space”, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241
   B. The Model Minority Myth This history of discrimination and violence, as well
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   recent conference of the Association of American Law Schools, Judge Posner asked two 

Thus: Simon and I advocate an interrogation of the myth of model minority through a process of Conscientization and present the history of The United States Federal Government’s economic engagement toward Mexico.

We often competitively participate in debate without ever considering the possibility for how debate can CHANGE the world – how the critical thinking and research skills we develop can provide MEANING and advance methodologies to liberate oppressed people often within our social location. – Our speech act focuses on the EPISTEMOLOGICAL GROWTH occurring from the activity and the development of critical consciousness –Debate becomes more than a game but a process of life leading to CONSCIENTIZATION
Osajima ‘7 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64
The fact that these young Asian Americans, from widely varying class, geographic,
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and conditions that contribute to the development of an Asian American critical consciousness.

Debate is disconnected from the actual academy and production of knowledge that limits its emancipatory potential.  True interrogation of power through performance debate is the needed intellectualism to achieve the epistemological growth necessary to return to the academy, to foster VOICE in debate as a true production of scholarship
Dr. Shanara Reid Brinkley ’12 March 2nd, 2012, Dr. Shanara Reid Brinkley, BA, Emory University, MA, University of Alabama , “Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley on Scholars in Debate and More”, http://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2012/04/dr-shanara-reid-brinkley-on-scholars-in.html
Odekirk: ok, really 4 general questions… the first one is just,
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smart cool good debater, and I was ‘oh, she is our 

US Economic engagement as well as the way we choose to discuss economic engagement policies neglects the presence of the Asian identity. Our critical examination of this year’s policy questions raises our consciousness of how we as Asians exist and see the world – this can create real change
Osajima ‘7 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64
Conscientization for these respondents meant being able to “name their world.” That is
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world.  Naming the world was an important step toward actively changing it.

And our performance is key – debate has critical elements that contribute to conscientization that must be embraced for effective change
Osajima ‘7 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p.. 74-76
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
Given the profound change that conscientization had effected in the lives of respondents, it
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American experience. Connections to key mentors and peers provided a safe environment in
which to think and question further. Third, respondents described important affective aspects of
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along with greater coordination of influences, is an important dimension of conscientization.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: Centennial DL | Judge: Flynn Makuch
This year we are introduced to a new topic each year but the debate community continues to stay in a world of hollow education, having a strategic lack of discussion about real topics, every year — For example; Korean immigration has been kept a secret in Mexico. Forced labor on haciendas caused the immigrants to suffer as foreigners in a foreign country.  
Sevilla ’07 1/3/07, Elsa Sevilla is a staffwriter for the KPBS, “Descendants of Korean Immigrants to Mexico Remember the Past”, http://www.kpbs.org/news/2007/jan/03/descendants-of-korean-immigrants-to-mexico/
It is part of Mexico’s history which has been kept a secret from the rest
AND
There is no such last name.” So we all changed our names.

The myth of the model minority continues in Mexico through the “???” Korean immigrants used as slaves to cultivate the plant. They were recognized as the best workers but were treated worse than brutes
?’05 9/9/05, ?? correspondent for the Korean Times, “`Henequen' Recall 100 Years of Sorrow”, http://byeways.net/webreadings/readingcontent/1WORLD_web/2402.htm
MEXICO CITY _ When they left their homeland for a strange country across the Pacific
AND
they were given the nickname _ Henequen, pronounced ``aenikkaeng’’ by Koreans.

This manifestation of the model minority – portraying Asian Americans solely as hardworking others – without exposure of plight makes people resent them which has 3 implications. 

1. The oppression of Asian Americans continues.
   2. The Asian body is used to justify oppression of other minorities.
   3. Asians are viewed as privileged by other minorities when in reality that is not true.
   ? ’93 1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space”, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241
   B. The Model Minority Myth This history of discrimination and violence, as well
   AND
   recent conference of the Association of American Law Schools, Judge Posner asked two
   rhetorical questions: "Are Asians an oppressed group in the United States today?
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   Americans while simultaneously legitimizing the oppression of other racial minorities and poor whites.

The myth of the model minority is the process by which the right points to the success of certain Asians to use as ammunitions against other groups; that their poverty must be explained by their own values – this strategically ignores the policing of SOUTHEAST Asian immigrants
Thrupkaew ‘2 Prospect Senior Correspondent 2k2 Noy-; The Myth of the Model Minority; THE AMERICAN PROSPECT; April 7; http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority
The model-minority myth has persisted in large part because political conservatives are so
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, so people don't know the specific needs and contributions of our communities."  

That causes a collateral damage – the failure to expose the racism against SouthEast Asians makes it invisible to society and perpetuates their suffering
Tang 2k TANG Assistant Professor in the Department of African American Studies and the Asian American Studies Program at the University of Illinois at Chicago 2000 Eric-; COLLATERAL DAMAGE: Southeast Asian Poverty in the United States; SOCIAL TEXT 62; Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring; p.58-59.
Following my discussion of the formation of an immigrant culture of poverty, I discuss
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fully exposed-reveals that there is no such thing as the unintended.

Nativistic racism has OUTCASTED Asian-Americans from the nation, relying on SEVERAL ideologies and stereotypes that has led to exclusion over time.  The ALARMIST, yellow peril ideology, couched as American Patriotism has been an ESPECIALLY EGREGIOUS form of nativistic racism.  The general Asian population CONTINUES to suffer INTIMIDATION, VIOLENCE and other hate crimes
Kim ‘8 KIM Asst Prof of Sociology @ Loyola Marymount Univ. 2k8 Nadia-; IMPERIAL CITIZENS: Koreans and Race from Seoul To LA.; p. 14-15
“Nativistic racism” is the mechanism through which Asian Americans have been outcast from
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this “geography of hunger and exploitation” are Iraq and New Orleans.

Simon and I advocate an interrogation of the myth of model minority through a process of Conscientization and presentation of past United States Federal Government economic engagement policies toward Mexico.

Our speech act focuses on the EPISTEMOLOGICAL GROWTH occurring from the activity and the development of critical consciousness — debate becomes more than a game but a process of life leading to CONSCIENTIZATION
Osajima ‘7 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64
The fact that these young Asian Americans, from widely varying class, geographic,
AND
and conditions that contribute to the development of an Asian American critical consciousness.

US Economic engagement as well as the way we choose to discuss economic engagement policies neglects the presence of the Asian identity. Our critical examination of this year’s policy questions raises our consciousness of how we as Asians exist and perceive the world — this can create real change
Osajima ‘7 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64
Conscientization for these respondents meant being able to “name their world.” That is
AND
world.  Naming the world was an important step toward actively changing it.

And our performance is key – debate has critical elements that contribute to conscientization that must be embraced for effective change
Osajima ‘7 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p.. 74-76
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
Given the profound change that conscientization had effected in the lives of respondents, it
AND
along with greater coordination of influences, is an important dimension of conscientization.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lakeland AR | Judge: Leandra Lopez
1AC Relations
Contention 1—Relations

US Mexico relations are at a pivotal point—failure to ratify the Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement erodes trusts and collapses relations
Kerry et al. 12 (JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts, Chairman ¶ BARBARA BOXER, California RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana¶ ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey BOB CORKER, Tennessee¶ BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho¶ ROBERT P. CASEY, Jr., Pennsylvania MARCO RUBIO, Florida¶ JIM WEBB, Virginia JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma¶ JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire JIM DeMINT, South Carolina¶ CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia¶ RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming¶ TOM UDALL, New Mexico MIKE LEE, Utah¶ William C. Danvers, Staff Director ¶ Kenneth A. Myers, Jr., Republican Staff Director, “OIL, MEXICO, AND THE AGREEMENT”, December 2012, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77567/html/CPRT-112SPRT77567.htm)
Perhaps the most important U.S.-specific benefits of the TBA are three
AND
companies could be shut out of certain opportunities until the TBA is ratified. 

Now is the time—investment in oil is the only thing that solves
Rubenstein 3-14
David Rubenstein, Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment, March 14, 2013, “U.S. Energy Security: Enhancing Partnerships with Mexico and Canada”
The agreement also comes at a critical time for reform in the Mexican oil industry
AND
will be noticed, with potentially negative consequences for the broader bilateral relationship.

Effective cooperation is the only way to resolve the drug war
Brzezinski 12 2012, Zbigniew Brzezinski is a former National Security Adviser, “Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power”, pp. 198-199
Defeating the narcotics pandemic would become exponentially more difficult if the United States declined,
AND
a state would stimulate further anti-Mexican tendencies in the United States.

Failure to stop the drug war causes broader Latin American instability
Shirk 11 (David A., Associate Professor, Political Science, and Director, Trans-Border Institute, University of San Diego, “The Drug War in Mexico Confronting a Shared Threat”, March 2011, pg. 26-27)
The opportunity for effective U.S.-Mexico cooperation to address these shared concerns
AND
, and a more sensible policy for managing the harms associated with drugs.

Latin America instability causes extinction
Manwaring 5 (Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, venezuela’s hugo chávez, bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)
President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most dangerous
AND
and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

Relations are key to Mexico’s economy and stability—Mexico collapse would destroy the US economy and cause isolationism
O’Neal ’13 2013, Shannon K. O’Neil is a senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization, “Two Nations Indivisible”, it’s a book
Mexicoand#39;s Crossroads. After nearly three transformative decades, Mexico is still in the midst
AND
misguided poli¬cies have and will have real consequences as Mexico faces its future.

A strong Mexico would boost multilateral cooperation – a collapse would cause international fallout. Relations are critical
O’Neal ’13 2013, Shannon K. O’Neil is a senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization, “Two Nations Indivisible”, it’s a book
Mexicoand#39;s Crossroads. After nearly three transformative decades, Mexico is still in the midst
AND
misguided poli¬cies have and will have real consequences as Mexico faces its future.

Multilat leads to global coop and power sharing—it creates shared framework of interaction changes the way states interpret global politics   
Pouliot ’11 2011, Vincent, Professor of Political Science at McGill University, “Multilateralism as an End in Itself,” International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26
Because it rests on open, nondiscriminatory debate, and the routine exchange of viewpoints
AND
that further strengthen the impetus for multilateral dialog.  Pg. 21-23 

That cooperation is key to planetary survival—weak regulations risk extinction.
Masciulli ’11 February 2011, Joseph, Professor of Political Science at St Thomas University, “The Governance Challenge for Global Political and Technoscientific Leaders in an Era of Globalization and Globalizing Technologies,” Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society vol. 31 no. 1 pg. 3-5
What is most to be feared is enhanced global disorder resulting from the combination of
AND
survival and security to their longer term agendas. Pg. 4-5
1AC Oil Spills
Contention 2—Oil Spills

Absent the plan, oil spills are inevitable
Shields 12 – David is an independent energy analyst based in Mexico City, quoted by the Inter-American Dialogue. (“Q and A: Is Mexico Prepared for Deepwater Drilling in the Gulf?” Inter-American Dialogue, February 20-24, http://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/20477/Is20Mexico20Prepared20for20Deepwater20Drilling20in20the20Gulf.pdf?sequence=1)
and#34;They say that if a country does not defend its borders, then others
AND
has come and gone. The next disaster is just waiting to happen.and#34;

The plan is key—joint inspections and US expertise are unique
Broder and Krauss 12 – John M. Broder reported from Washington, and Clifford Krauss from Houston, both for the New York Times. (“U.S. in Accord With Mexico on Drilling”, February 20, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/world/americas/mexico-and-us-agree-on-oil-and-gas-development-in-gulf.html?_r=1andref=americas)
WASHINGTON — The United States and Mexico reached agreement on Monday on regulating oil and
AND
to argue that his policies have led to a surge in domestic production.

Regardless of regulations, joint inspections solve
Baker 12 – George is the publisher of Mexico Energy Intelligence. (“Q and A: Is Mexico Prepared for Deepwater Drilling in the Gulf?” Inter-American Dialogue, February 20-24, http://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/20477/Is20Mexico20Prepared20for20Deepwater20Drilling20in20the20Gulf.pdf?sequence=1)
and#34;The serious issues of corporate governance and regulation in the shadow of the Macondo
AND
safety and occupational safety to be carried out separately, by different teams.and#34;

The plan spills over the environmental protection in the entire Gulf of Mexico
Velarde 12 – Attorney and Counselor-at-Law, admitted in Mexico in 1988, and in the State of New York in 1991. Mr. López-Velarde held various positions at Pemex during 1988-1993, including that of Financial Advisor to the Finance Department, In-House Counsel in Houston, Texas, In-House Counsel in New York, and Head of the International Legal Department of Pemex. He was honored with the “Most Distinguished Attorney Award” of Pemex for the period 1990-1991. (“US-Mexican treaty on Gulf of Mexico transboundary reservoirs”, International Law Office, March 19, 2012, http://www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/detail.aspx?g=b9326bf8-f27f-43ff-b45a-1b2b70ccb217)
Pemex has indicated that it has no information to confirm the existence of a transboundary
AND
) would agree to harmonise applicable standards only in respect of transboundary reservoirs.

Resiliency does not apply to Gulf Coast ecosystems—another spill will destroy marine biodiversity
Craig 11 (Robin Kundis Craig, Attorneys’ Title Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs, Florida State University College of Law, Tallahassee, Florida, 12/20/11 “Legal Remedies for Deep Marine Oil Spills and Long-Term Ecological Resilience: A Match Made in Hell” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1906839)
Importantly, however, the second aspect of resilience theory acknowledges that ecosystems can exist
AND
tourism and the environment on which they depend for future generations.”16

The Gulf is a key ocean biodiversity hotspot
Brenner 8 – Jorge Brenner, March 14th, 2008, and#34;Guarding the Gulf of Mexicoand#39;s valuable resourcesand#34; www.scidev.net/en/opinions/guarding-the-gulf-of-mexico-s-valuable-resources.html
Rich in biodiversity and habitats¶ The Gulf of Mexico is rich in biodiversity and
AND
in the North Atlantic that helps to regulate the climate of western Europe.

Extinction
Clark and Downes 6 Dana Clark, Center for International Environmental Law, and David Downes, US Interior Dept. Policy Analysis Senior Trade Advisor, 2006, What price biodiversity?, http://www.ciel.org/Publications/summary.html
Biodiversity is the diversity of life on earth, on which we depend for our
AND
we lose the opportunity for mental or spiritual rejuvenation through contact with nature.
1AC Plan

Plan—The United States Federal Government should implement the agreement between the United States and United Mexican States concerning Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico
1AC PEMEX
Contention 3—Pemex

Pemex is dying due to decreased production—reforms to spur deep water drilling and private investment is needed to revitalize Pemex
Kerry et al. 12 (JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts, Chairman ¶ BARBARA BOXER, California RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana¶ ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey BOB CORKER, Tennessee¶ BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho¶ ROBERT P. CASEY, Jr., Pennsylvania MARCO RUBIO, Florida¶ JIM WEBB, Virginia JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma¶ JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire JIM DeMINT, South Carolina¶ CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia¶ RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming¶ TOM UDALL, New Mexico MIKE LEE, Utah¶ William C. Danvers, Staff Director ¶ Kenneth A. Myers, Jr., Republican Staff Director, “OIL, MEXICO, AND THE AGREEMENT”, December 2012, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77567/html/CPRT-112SPRT77567.htm)
Progress, but can it last? A snapshot of Mexico’s oil sector Mexico has
AND
poverty alleviation to the rule of law, let alone broader economic growth.

Current reforms are insufficient—International oil companies are deterred and privatization is not happening
Otillar 5-1 Steven Otillar, has been representing clients in the development, finance, acquisition and divestiture of domestic and international energy projects for over 15 years, with a particular emphasis on upstream projects in emerging markets, May 1, 2013, “Outlook for Mexicoand#39;s Oil Industry -- Opportunities and Obstacles”, http://cdn.akingump.com/images/content/2/3/v2/23206/Akin-Otillar.pdf.
The Need for Reform Production from Mexico’s shallow offshore fields, including Cantarell, continues
AND
the number, type and complexity of projects being pursued in the aggregate.

TBA solves—it allows cooperation that leads to private investment in Mexico, increased production, and broader reforms
Brown and Meacham 6-5
Neil Brown and Carl Meacham, Brown is non-resident fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. Meacham is director of the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 6, 2013, “Time for US-Mexico Transboundary Agreement”, http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/303739-time-for-us-mexico-transboundary-agreement.
The United States-Mexico Transboundary Agreement (TBA) would enable cooperation between our
AND
partners. That is good for Mexico and for the U.S.

And ONLY the TBA can lead to sustained Mexican oil production—solves growth
Kerry et al. 12
(JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts, Chairman ¶ BARBARA BOXER, California RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana¶ ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey BOB CORKER, Tennessee¶ BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho¶ ROBERT P. CASEY, Jr., Pennsylvania MARCO RUBIO, Florida¶ JIM WEBB, Virginia JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma¶ JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire JIM DeMINT, South Carolina¶ CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia¶ RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming¶ TOM UDALL, New Mexico MIKE LEE, Utah¶ William C. Danvers, Staff Director ¶ Kenneth A. Myers, Jr., Republican Staff Director, “OIL, MEXICO, AND THE AGREEMENT”, December 2012, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77567/html/CPRT-112SPRT77567.htm)
The centerpiece of the TBA is the mandate to establish so-called ‘‘unitization’’
AND
and friendly neighbor, Mexican oil imports support U.S. energy security

And the warrant is reverse casual—oil decline causes Mexican economic collapse
Krauss and Malkin 10 Clifford Kraus and Elisabeth Malkin, Krauss is a national business correspondent based in Houston covering energy for the NYT, Malkin covers environmental and energy news especially for Mexico for the NYT, March 8, 2010, “Mexico Oil Politics Keeps Riches Just Out of Reach”, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/09/business/global/09pemex.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0.
VENUSTIANO CARRANZA, Mexico — To the Mexican people, one of the great achievements
AND
, Pemex is in a key moment in its history,” he said.

Mexico’s economy is critical to the US—collapse causes decline of US economy
O’Neal ’13 2013, Shannon K. O’Neil is a senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization, “Two Nations Indivisible”, it’s a book
The Binational Road Forward. Mexico has come a long way in the last three
AND
already seen both sides of the border before hitting the showroom down south.

Broad studies prove economic decline causes war
Royal 10 Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense
 Jedediah Royal, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Economic growth solves war—strengthens institutions and solves escalation
Strauss-Kahn 2009 (Dominique, Former Professor of Economics at the Paris Institute for Political Studies, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund, “Economic Stability, Economic Cooperation, and Peace—The Role of the IMF”, http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2009/092309.htm)

As I noted, the crisis is not over. Indeed, its human and
AND
50 percent chance of returning to violence, partly because of weakened institutions. 

Alternatives to growth kill hundreds of millions and cause global conflict—we can’t “turn off” the economy.
Barnhizer 6 — David R. Barnhizer, Emeritus Professor at Cleveland State University’s Cleveland-Marshall College of Law, 2006 (“Waking from Sustainabilityand#39;s and#34;Impossible Dreamand#34;: The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government,” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review (18 Geo. Intand#39;l Envtl. L. Rev. 595), Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
The scale of social needs, including the need for expanded productive activity, has
AND
social justice while avoiding and mitigating the most destructive consequences of our behavior.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Eastside RW | Judge: Matt Challes, Dave Arnett, Miles Owens
A. Spectacular Blackness DA – The alt uses black suffering as a tool of the ballot, conflating that with empathetic identification of the other - this makes blackness a commodity
Hartman ’97 Associate Professor of English @ UC BERKLEY 1997 Saidiya V.- “SCENCES OF SUBJECTION:  Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America”; pp. 20-21
As well, we need ask why the site of suffering so readily lends itself
AND
the effacement of sentience integral to the wanton use of the captive body.  

This dooms alt solvency – spills these harms over the debate space
Hartman ‘97 Associate Professor of English @ UC BERKLEY 1997 Saidiya V.- “SCENCES OF SUBJECTION:  Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America”; pp. 21-23
By slipping into the black body and figuratively occupying the position of the enslaved,
AND
way, enjoyment disclosed the sentiments and expectations of the “peculiar institution.

B. Ontological Blackness DA –their discourse is an essentialzed categorical representation of Identity that should be rejected
 

C. Black White Binary DA – the alt operates within that framework– this causes racial scapegoating that undermines anti-racism coalitions
Hutchinson ‘4 Prof of Law, Washington College of Law, American U,’04 Darren Lenard, Aug 2004 (“Critical Race Theory: History, Evolution, and New Frontiers,” American University Law Review, LN)
Ultimately, however, the exclusive deployment of a binary black/white paradigm artificially
AND
that disparages blacks' assertions of racial injustice by deploying model minority constructs. n111

D. Social Death DA—Their use of the concept of social death swings the pendulum of academia toward despair, overgeneralizes the experience of the slave, and provides a mask to cover the underlying problems
Brown, 09 (Vincent Brown, Professor of History and African and African-American Studies at Harvard University, “Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery”, American Historical Review, December 2009 http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/documents/brown-socialdeath.pdf kdh)
Slavery and Social Death was widely reviewed and lavishly praised for its erudition and conceptual
AND
is any indication, the pendulum seems to have swung decidedly toward despair.

The logic of social death ignores the history of the slave and ignores the struggles that actual slaves endured
Brown, 09 (Vincent Brown, Professor of History and African and African-American Studies at Harvard University, “Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery”, American Historical Review, December 2009 http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/documents/brown-socialdeath.pdf kdh)
But this was not the emphasis of Patterson’s argument. As a result, those
AND
continuous struggles to remake it. Those struggles are slavery’s bequest to us. 

E. Collateral Damage DA—The failure to focus on South East Asians in racial discourse independently turns SouthEast Asians into discursive “collateral damage”
Tang, ’2k 2000, Eric Tang is an Assistant Professor in the Department of African American Studies and the Asian American Studies Program at the University of Illinois at Chicago; COLLATERAL DAMAGE: Southeast Asian Poverty in the United States; SOCIAL TEXT 62; Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring; p.58-59
Following my discussion of the formation of an immigrant culture of poverty, I discuss
AND
fully exposed-reveals that there is no such thing as the unintended.

F. Myth of Model Minority DA—Countering against the Asian American is a pre-requisite to any solvency – without embracing the silent policing of yellow bodies, the right co-opts reforms and uses the myth of the model minority as ammunition
Thrupkaew, ’2 April 7th 2002, Noy Thrupkaew is a Prospect Senior Correspondent; The Myth of the Model Minority; THE AMERICAN PROSPECT; April 7; http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority
The model-minority myth has persisted in large part because political conservatives are so
AND
, so people don't know the specific needs and contributions of our communities."  

Alt fails
MATY BÂ 11 SAËR, teaches film at Portsmouth University, September 2011 "The US Decentred: From Black Social Death to Cultural Transformation" book review of Red, Black and White: Cinema and the Structure of US Antagonisms and Mama Africa: Reinventing Blackness in Bahia, Cultural Studies Review volume 17 number 2 http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/csrj/index pp. 381–91
Red, White and Black is particularly undermined by Wilderson’s propensity for exaggeration and blinkeredness
AND
? The coffle approaches with its answers in tow.’ (340)

The affirmative’s use of colorblindness represents ableist language – vote negative to fulfill your obligation an educator and reject it
Ben-Moshe, ’06 Liat Ben-Moshe, Spring 2006, Volume 26, No. 2, Disability Studies Quarterly, “Infusing Disability in the Curriculum: The Case of Saramago's Blindness”, http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/688/865
Using blindness as metaphor in novels reinforces a precarious duality: 1) the perception
AND
what are we missing when we use disability merely as a rhetorical tool?

Their argument elevates white supremacy to an all-pervasive force—this conceptual expansion hides the actual practice of racism and makes breaking it down more difficult
Andersen 3 – Margaret L. Andersen, Professor of Sociology and Women's Studies and Vice Provost for Academic Affairs at the University of Delaware, 2003, (“Whitewashing Race: A Critical Perspective on Whiteness,” in White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, ed Doane and Bonilla-Silva, p. 28)
Conceptually, one of the major problems in the whiteness literature is the reification of
AND
come to mean just about everything, it ends up meaning hardly anything.

Whiteness isn’t a monolithic root cause-~--they shut off productive debate over solutions – means the alt fails
Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity
Others might challenge the distinction between ideological and structural causes of black disadvantage, on
AND
recent social developments (such as immigration policy or reduced federal funding for higher

Afro-pessimism is inaccurate and is used to justify white supremacy
Patterson 98
The Ordeal Of Integration:
Progress And Resentment In America's "Racial" Crisis
Orlando Patterson is a Jamaican-born American historical and cultural sociologist known for his work regarding issues of race in the United States, as well as the sociology of development
In the attempt to understand and come to terms with the problems of Afro-
AND
we still have some way to go before approaching anything like a resolution.

Their ontological framing of blackness dooms the alternative. Placing Blackness as oppositional denies it any existence independent of white supremacy and makes identity reliant on oppression
Pinn 4 – Macalester College Professor of Religious Studies (Anthony, Dialog: A Journal of Theology, Volume 43, Number 1, Spring 2004, '‘‘Black Is, Black Ain’t’’: Victor Anderson, African American Theological Thought, and Identity', pg.57-58, Wiley online Library)
This connection between ontological blackness and religion is natural because: ‘‘ontological blackness signifies
AND
longer needing to surrender personal interests for the sake of monolithic collective status.

SILENCE IS NOT THE ANSWER – white debaters must find ways to SPEAK ABOUT RACE or else they REPRODUCE OPPRESSION.
Dr. Crenshaw ‘97 Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278.
Another difficulty related to talking about race is what Alcoff has called "the problem
AND
and political work of resisting racism is left solely to people of color. 

Make them defend silence as an alternative speech act. We have a responsibility to make whiteness visible.
Crenshaw, ’97  1997, Carrie, PhD, Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278
This essay explores the rhetorical dimensions of whiteness in public political discourse from an ideological
AND
not, and investigate how these racialized constructions intersect with gender and class.

Abolishing social death via complete transformation is impossible -~-- small reforms are the only way to actualize change
Heiner, 3 (Brady, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, California State Univeristy at Fullerton, “Social Death and the Relationship Between Abolition and Reform,” Social Justice, Volume 30, Issue 2, pg. 98-101, jstor, Tashma)
The element that ultimately distinguishes a radical (abolitionist) agenda from a liberal (
AND
social and physical death of the incarcerated, we are not truly free.
No reformation of the current system will lead to this total transformation. Reformist movements
AND
political fantasy" ? our local successes will be doomed to mere reform.
However, we must acknowledge that the line between reformist practices and abolitionist practices is
AND
the prison, and, more generally, between the local and the global

Tournament: Capitol Classic | Round: 5 | Opponent: BCC MG | Judge: Caleb Bridwell
Asian Americans are subjected to a new form of oppression nativistic racism. Perceptions of the foreigners “taking over” justifies the racist policies of today
? ’93 1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space”, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241
2. Nativistic Racism The words accompanying the violent deeds of the present also grow
AND
foreignness" that distinguishes the particular type of racism aimed at Asian Americans.

The black white binary ignores the tensions that exist between Koreans and African Americans. Omissions allow nativistic racism to continue
? ’93 1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space”, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241
2. Critical Race Scholarship Critical race scholarship presents only a problem of coverage for
AND
way, a space must be created for its use in legal discourse.

The Narratives of Asian Americans are unique and different. Dominant groups concede that blacks are oppressed while the plights of Asians go under the radar
? ’93 1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space”, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241
B. Resistance to Narrative Although more scholars are beginning to use personal narrative,
AND
of knowledge largely determines what counts as knowledge and what counts as evidence.

Tournament: Scranton RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Eastside MW | Judge: Judy Butler
Ontological Blackness DA—their discourse is an essentialzed categorical representation of Identity that should be rejected

Black White Binary DA—the alt operates within that framework– this causes racial scapegoating that undermines anti-racism coalitions
Hutchinson ‘4 Prof of Law, Washington College of Law, American U,’04 Darren Lenard, Aug 2004 (“Critical Race Theory: History, Evolution, and New Frontiers,” American University Law Review, LN)
Ultimately, however, the exclusive deployment of a binary black/white paradigm artificially
AND
that disparages blacks' assertions of racial injustice by deploying model minority constructs. n111

The black/white binary begins to reinforce white supremacy in new forms
Alcoff 3 2003, Linda Alcoff, professor of philosophy at CUNY, “LATINO/AS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND THE BLACK-WHITE BINARY”, The Journal of Ethics 7: 5–27
1) The black/white paradigm has disempowered various racial and ethnic groups from
AND
more readily recognize the diverse ways in which alliances and differences can occur).

Myth of Model Minority DA—Countering against the Asian American is a pre-requisite to any solvency – without embracing the silent policing of yellow bodies, the right co-opts reforms and uses the myth of the model minority as ammunition—this strategically ignores the policing of SOUTHEAST Asian immigrants
Thrupkaew ‘2 Prospect Senior Correspondent 2k2 Noy-; The Myth of the Model Minority; THE AMERICAN PROSPECT; April 7; http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority
The model-minority myth has persisted in large part because political conservatives are so
AND
, so people don't know the specific needs and contributions of our communities."  

The impact is collateral damage – the failure to expose the racism against SouthEast Asians makes it invisible to society and perpetuates their suffering
Tang 2k TANG Assistant Professor in the Department of African American Studies and the Asian American Studies Program at the University of Illinois at Chicago 2000 Eric-; COLLATERAL DAMAGE: Southeast Asian Poverty in the United States; SOCIAL TEXT 62; Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring; p.58-59.
Following my discussion of the formation of an immigrant culture of poverty, I discuss
AND
fully exposed-reveals that there is no such thing as the unintended.

The Narratives of Asian Americans are unique and different. Dominant groups concede that blacks are oppressed while the plights of Asians go under the radar
? ’93 1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space”, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241
B. Resistance to Narrative Although more scholars are beginning to use personal narrative,
AND
of knowledge largely determines what counts as knowledge and what counts as evidence.

Exclusive focus on blackness fails  
Perea 97 (Juan F. Perea – Professor of Law at Loyola University Chicago, 10/31/97, “The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The Normal Science of American Racial Thought”, http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1605andcontext=californialawreview)
One might object that I am distorting history by suggesting that slavery and the experience
AND
is so frequently missing from the texts that structure our thinking about race.

Alt fails
MATY BA? 11 SAE?R, teaches film at Portsmouth University, September 2011 "The US Decentred: From Black Social Death to Cultural Transformation" book review of Red, Black and White: Cinema and the Structure of US Antagonisms and Mama Africa: Reinventing Blackness in Bahia, Cultural Studies Review volume 17 number 2 http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/csrj/index pp. 381–91
Red, White and Black is particularly undermined by Wilderson’s propensity for exaggeration and blinkeredness
AND
? The coffle approaches with its answers in tow.’ (340)

Wilderson’s scholarship isn’t intended to preclude goal-oriented political change
Wilderson 10 2010, Frank b. Wilderson III, Prof at UC Irvine, speaking on a panel on literary activism at the National Black Writers Conference, March 26, "Panel on Literary Activism", transcribed from the video available at http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/id/222448, begins at roughly 49:10
Typically what I mean when I ask myself whether or not people will like or
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the movement can't always accommodate, if its to maintain its organizational capacity.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Madhu Vijay, David Herman, Shree Aswere
Ignoring images of suffering degrades ethics and legitimizes the worst violence
Sontag ‘3 2003, Susan, Peace Prize Recipient, Human Rights Activist And Internationally Renowned Author, Regarding the Pain of Others, p. 114-116
To designate a hell is not, of course, to tell us anything about
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more general understanding that human beings everywhere do terrible things to one another.

Images of suffering are key to compassion
Porter ‘6 2006, Elisabeth, Prof and head of the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia, Hypatia 21.4, project muse
I have explained what constitutes suffering and that attentiveness affirms dignity. I clarify further
AND
, 126). Attentive ethics in international relations is about priorities and choices.

Permutation do both – we do create change through the ballot
Polson ’12 2012, Dana Roe Polson is a Co-Director, teacher, and founder of ConneXions Community Leadership Academy, ““Longing for Theory:” Performance Debate in Action”, http://gradworks.umi.com/3516242.pdf
I think that the talented tenth is actually the wrong metaphor for leadership in the
AND
and meetings not only to help out but as a form of leadership training

these unicultural debate practices lead to the extinction of debate and forensics.
Valdivia-Sutherland, ’98 November 22nd 1998, Butte Community College Cynthia; “Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs” National Communication Association’s 84th Annual meeting; http://www.phirhopi.org/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm
Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of
AND
, and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin!

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin SZ | Judge: Corinne Sugino
The idea that our argument cannot and should not change—uncertainty and adapting your arguments is PART OF BEING UNCOMFORTABLE
Sholock 12 – Chatham University
(Adale, “Methodology of the Privileged: White Anti-racist Feminism, Systematic Ignorance, and Epistemic Uncertainty”, Hypatia Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 701–714, November 2012, dml)
However, something profound happens in The Color of Fear that troubles the epistemological arrogance
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(Collins 1986; Narayan 1989; Anzaldúa, 1987; Sandoval 2000).

Don’t be fooled—their authenticity tests are just as strategically motivated and self-serving as ours because we’re both trying to WIN A debate
Subotnik 1998 – professor of law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center (7 Cornell J. L. and Pub. Pol'y 681)
Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to
AND
- but that the minority scholar himself or herself hurts and hurts badly.
An important problem that concerns the very definition of the scholarly enterprise now comes into
AND
precarious connection as a part of our lives is... ultimately obliterating." n74
"Precarious." "Obliterating." These words will clearly invite responses only from fools
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themselves from their pain in order to gain perspective on their condition. n77
 *696  Last, as we have seen, it precludes the possibility of open and structured conversation with others. n78
 *697  It is because of this conversation-stopping effect of what
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material, but to subject that experience to the same level of scrutiny.
If through the foregoing rhetorical strategies CRATs succeeded in limiting academic debate, why do
AND
public to the right and ensures that anything CRT offers is reflexively rejected.
In the absence of scholarly work by white males in the area of race,
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to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.

Declarative statements of white privilege reify the problem
Ahmed ‘4 2004, Sara, Visiting Professor at the University of Cambridge Centre for Gender Studies and Associate Editor of International Journal of Cultural Studies, “Declarations of Whiteness: The Non-Performativity of Anti-Racism,” Borderlands, Vol. 3, No. 2, 50 

1. 1. My commentary on the risks of whiteness studies will involve an analysis of
      AND
      of the utterance is the performing of an action’ (1975, 6).
      12. I will suggest that declaring whiteness, or even ‘admitting’ to one’s
      AND
      color labeled a white problem in the late 1970s’ (1997, 10).

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont RH | Judge: Aubrey Semple
Fairness is bad
Delgado, ‘92 (Richard, Law Prof at U. of Colorado, 1992 Richard, “Shadowboxing: An Essay On Power,” In Cornell Law Review, May)
We have cleverly built power's view of the appropriate standard of conduct into the very
AND
acts. 59 A nice trick if you can get away with it.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont RH | Judge: Aubrey Semple
C/I—we should have a discussion of the topic—one that allows us to examine the history of how nations are made and unmade, one that invites an active and critical examination of the world.
Trofanenko 5 Research Chair in Education, Culture and Community @ Acadia University 2k5 Brenda-; On Defense of the Nation; THE SOCIAL STUDIES, 96.5 (2005): 193+; http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.binghamton.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE7CA139957613andv=2.1andu=bingulandit=randp=AONEandsw=w Toward a More Global Sense of the Nation
Knowing how history is a site of political struggle, how we engage with social
AND
but rather an opportunity for genuine productive study, discussion, and learning.
categories in which history was written and the purposes it was to serve" (2000, 296).

Roleplaying as policymakers upholds a spectator mentality that distances debaters from their content. Debaters are taught to be objective and rational which reifies the contemporary practices of power that maintain oppression.
Reid-Brinkley 2k8 Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF “ACTING BLACK”: HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE"page 15  
Genre Violation Four: Policymaker as Impersonal and the Rhetoric of Personal Experience. Debate
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of the “policymaker” and require their opponents to do the same.

The search for papers and a policy is the same white supremacy that is imposed on immigrants. These assumptions underpin the system.
Conquergood ’02 2002, Dwight Conquergood has a Ph.D. in Performance Studies from Northwestern University he then became an Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and Communication at the State University of New York “Cultural Struggles: Performance, Ethnography, Praxis”, http://books.google.com/books?id=C51d9inFh3kCandpg=PA35andlpg=PA35anddq=22For+many+people+throughout+the+world,+however,+particularly+subaltern+groups,+texts+are+often+inaccessible,+or+threatening,+charged+with+the+regulatory+powers+of+the+state22andsource=blandots=-mN-Xj7vlQandsig=YHpSSxah6VgTf-rYMkw-ZUZHy6Mandhl=enandsa=Xandei=flRfUu6GL64APKgYG4CAandved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepageandq=22For20many20people20throughout20the20world2C20however2C20particularly20subaltern20groups2C20texts20are20often20inaccessible2C20or20threatening2C20charged20with20the20regulatory20powers20of20the20state22andf=false
Only middle-class academics could blithely assume that all the world is a text
AND
to do so” (1997:48; see also Scott 1990)?

Research education DA – White supremacy is the unnamed political system – exposing it leads to the best form of knowledge production.
Mills ’97 Charles Mills, Associate Professor of philosophy at the University of Illinois, Chicago. He is author of blackness visible: Essays on philosophy and race, also from Cornell. Cornell University Press, “The Racial Contract”, 1997, Page(s) 1-2
White supremacy is the unnamed political system that has made the modern world what it
AND
which other systems, which we are to see as political are highlighted.

Decision making first – Current policy making reflects the assumptions and worldview of the white male power base, ignoring and disadvantaging minority voices.
Shaw ‘4 Associate Professor of Urban Studies at Ohio State ‘4
Katharine, Associate Professor of Urban Studies at Ohio State Using Feminist Critical Policy Analysis in the Realm of Higher Education: The Case of Welfare Reform as Gendered Educational Policy Source: The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 75, No. 1, Special Issue: Questions of Research and Methodology, (Jan. - Feb., 2004), pp. 56-79
The methods and theoretical frameworks that dominate current policy analysis have been developed and implemented
AND
tied to prevailing relations of power" (1997a, p. 3)

Multiculralism DA—these unicultural debate practices lead to the extinction of debate and forensics.
Valdivia-Sutherland, ’98 November 22nd 1998, Butte Community College Cynthia; “Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs” National Communication Association’s 84th Annual meeting; http://www.phirhopi.org/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm
It has been argued that forensics is (or should be) primarily an educational
AND
national concerns. d. Expository speeches geared to inform about other cultures. 

Neoconservatism DA—White practices within debate leads to serial policy failure, ignorance of oppression and the destruction of alternative perspectives
Spanos, ’6 William V. Spanos is a Prof of Comparative Literature at SUNY Binghamton, quoted by Joe Miller in Cross-x, and posted on edebate and cross-x.com, http://www.cross-x.com/vb/showthread.php?t=945110
Dear Joe Miller, Yes, the statement about the American debate circuit you refer
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which the blind arrogance of Bush Administration and his neocon policy makers is leading

You do not need to be part of the KKK in order to know about it. We can still make political change just like the Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle
Polson ’12 2012, Dana Roe Polson is a Co-Director, teacher, and founder of ConneXions Community Leadership Academy, ““Longing for Theory:” Performance Debate in Action”, http://gradworks.umi.com/3516242.pdf
I think that the talented tenth is actually the wrong metaphor for leadership in the
AND
and meetings not only to help out but as a form of leadership training

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: BCC ID | Judge: Jake Shaner
Their framework is the perfection of slavery
Farley 5 Boston College (Anthony, “Perfecting Slavery”, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp)
Slavery is with us still. We are haunted by slavery. We are animated
AND
beyond the veil, beyond death; hence, the end of forever.  

Working within the system only reproduces the same harms as before – causes an inferiority complex and specifically fails for Asians
Woan ’11 3/15/11, Tansy Woan has degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy, Politics, and Law in the Graduate School of Binghamton University State University of New York , “THE VALUE OF RESISTANCE IN A PERMANENTLY WHITE, CIVIL
SOCIETY”
Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, in their influential Black Power, describe
AND
replicate themselves or shift elsewhere and target racial minorities in different ways.14

The political system cannot resolve racial equality, we must recognize the limits of traditional forms of political participation
Woan ’11 3/15/11, Tansy Woan has degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy, Politics, and Law in the Graduate School of Binghamton University State University of New York , “THE VALUE OF RESISTANCE IN A PERMANENTLY WHITE, CIVIL
SOCIETY”
The American political system has long prided itself on its promotion of democratic ideals and
AND
with the government is the best, and only, venue for change.

Performance debate translates into political action – LBS proves
Polson ’12 2012, Dana Roe Polson is a Co-Director, teacher, and founder of ConneXions Community Leadership Academy, ““Longing for Theory:” Performance Debate in Action”, http://gradworks.umi.com/3516242.pdf
I think that the talented tenth is actually the wrong metaphor for leadership in the
AND
and meetings not only to help out but as a form of leadership training

Counter-Interpretation — we should have a discussion of the topic — one that allows us to examine the past of how nations are made and unmade, one that invites an active and critical examination of the world.
Trofanenko 5 2005, Brenada Trofanenko is a Research Chair in Education, Culture and Community @ Acadia University, On Defense of the Nation; THE SOCIAL STUDIES, 96.5 (2005): 193+; http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.binghamton.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE7CA139957613andv=2.1andu=bingulandit=randp=AONEandsw=w Toward a More Global Sense of the Nation
Knowing how history is a site of political struggle, how we engage with social
AND
but rather an opportunity for genuine productive study, discussion, and learning.

Fairness is not neutral—it is shot for the power for the people of color
Delgado, ‘92 1992, Richard Delgado, Law Prof at U. of Colorado, “Shadowboxing: An Essay On Power,” In Cornell Law Review, May
We have cleverly built power's view of the appropriate standard of conduct into the very
AND
acts. 59 A nice trick if you can get away with it.

our pedagogical performance is productive
Giroux ‘13 September 4, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; “Hope in a Time of Permanent War”; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war
War has become not simply a strategy but a way of life in the United
AND
which the struggle for a new democratic global social order can be constructed. 

Rhetorical imperialism – Limits justifies certain knowledge to exist or not. Linguistic constraints perpetuate past violence
Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in
AND
Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012
In the hands of skilled legislators and educational leaders, House Bill 2281, with
AND
serious implications for promoting the experience of historical trauma for Indigenous peoples. 67

Multiculralism DA—these unicultural debate practices lead to the extinction of debate and forensics.
Valdivia-Sutherland, ’98 November 22nd 1998, Butte Community College Cynthia; “Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs” National Communication Association’s 84th Annual meeting; http://www.phirhopi.org/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm
Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of
AND
, and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin!

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: Centennial DL | Judge: Flynn Makuch
USFG = the people
Howard, 5 2005, Adam Howard, “Jeffersonian Democracy: Of the People, By the People, For the People,” http://www.byzantinecommunications.com/adamhoward/homework/highschool/jeffersonian.html, 5/27
Ideally, then, under Jeffersonian Democracy, the government is the people, and people is the government. Therefore, if a particular government ceases to work for the good of the people, the people may and ought to change that government or replace it. Governments are established to protect the people's rights using the power they get from the people.

Resolved includes debaters as agents
OED, 1989
“Of persons: determined” 

The colon proves
Peck, 96 Frances Peck, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Grammar Guide, http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/punct.html
The colon focuses the reader's attention on what is to follow, and as a
AND

to avoid wasting time and energy worrying about things I cannot change.

Counter-Interpretation — we should have a discussion of the topic — one that allows us to examine the past of how nations are made and unmade, one that invites an active and critical examination of the world.
Trofanenko 5 2005, Brenada Trofanenko is a Research Chair in Education, Culture and Community @ Acadia University, On Defense of the Nation; THE SOCIAL STUDIES, 96.5 (2005): 193+; http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.binghamton.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE7CA139957613andv=2.1andu=bingulandit=randp=AONEandsw=w Toward a More Global Sense of the Nation
Knowing how history is a site of political struggle, how we engage with social
AND
but rather an opportunity for genuine productive study, discussion, and learning.

Plan focus promotes scriptocentrism — textualism discourages active politics and promotes Western knowledge by erasing the experiences of those unable to comply – such as immigrants
Conquergood ’02 2002, Dwight Conquergood has a Ph.D. in Performance Studies from Northwestern University he then became an Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and Communication at the State University of New York “Cultural Struggles: Performance, Ethnography, Praxis”, http://books.google.com/books?id=C51d9inFh3kCandpg=PA35andlpg=PA35anddq=22For+many+people+throughout+the+world,+however,+particularly+subaltern+groups,+texts+are+often+inaccessible,+or+threatening,+charged+with+the+regulatory+powers+of+the+state22andsource=blandots=-mN-Xj7vlQandsig=YHpSSxah6VgTf-rYMkw-ZUZHy6Mandhl=enandsa=Xandei=flRfUu6GL64APKgYG4CAandved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepageandq=22For20many20people20throughout20the20world2C20however2C20particularly20subaltern20groups2C20texts20are20often20inaccessible2C20or20threatening2C20charged20with20the20regulatory20powers20of20the20state22andf=false
Only middle-class academics could blithely assume that all the world is a text
AND
to do so” (1997:48; see also Scott 1990)?

Reject framework – traditional policy making is controlled by white elites
Shaw ‘4 2004, Katherine Shaw is an Associate Professor of Urban Studies at Ohio State, The Case of Welfare Reform as Gendered Educational Policy Source: The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 75, No. 1, Special Issue: Questions of Research and Methodology, pp. 56-79
The methods and theoretical frameworks that dominate current policy analysis have been developed and implemented
AND
tied to prevailing relations of power" (1997a, p. 3)

Multiculralism DA—these unicultural debate practices lead to the extinction of debate and forensics.
Valdivia-Sutherland, ’98 November 22nd 1998, Butte Community College Cynthia; “Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs” National Communication Association’s 84th Annual meeting; http://www.phirhopi.org/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm
Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of
AND
, and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin!

Subject formation is what we are trying to accomplish in debate on an everyday level, we form better subjects by attuning our ethical sensibilities to the violence of the myth of the model minority – comparatively more effective than a hubristic fantasy that we can change the world
Chandler ’13 2013, Professor of IR at Westminster, “The World of Attachment? The Post-humanist Challenge to Freedom and Necessity”, Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 41(3), 516– 534
The world of becoming thereby is an ontologically flat world without the traditional hierarchies of
AND
be remade with a new self and a ‘new self-interest’.

Working within the system only reproduces the same harms as before – causes an inferiority complex and specifically fails for Asians
Woan ’11 3/15/11, Tansy Woan has degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy, Politics, and Law in the Graduate School of Binghamton University State University of New York , “THE VALUE OF RESISTANCE IN A PERMANENTLY WHITE, CIVIL
SOCIETY”
Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, in their influential Black Power, describe
AND
replicate themselves or shift elsewhere and target racial minorities in different ways.14

The political system cannot resolve racial equality, we must recognize the limits of traditional forms of political participation
Woan ’11 3/15/11, Tansy Woan has degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy, Politics, and Law in the Graduate School of Binghamton University State University of New York , “THE VALUE OF RESISTANCE IN A PERMANENTLY WHITE, CIVIL
SOCIETY”
The American political system has long prided itself on its promotion of democratic ideals and
AND
with the government is the best, and only, venue for change.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont RH | Judge: Aubrey Semple
Groupthink theory is wrong
Anthony Hempell 4, User Experience Consulting Senior Information Architect, “Groupthink:  An introduction to Janis' theory of concurrence-seeking tendencies in group work., http://www.anthonyhempell.com/papers/groupthink/, March 3
In the thirty years since Janis first proposed the groupthink model, there is still
AND
1986, p. 399; cited by Choi and Kim, 1999).

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrolton DT | Judge: Abla Bellachami
Their kritik is based off of misunderstanding of Friere
Au ’07 November 2007, Wayne Au is an assistant professor for the Department of Secondary Education at the University of California Fullerton and holds a Ph.D in Curriculum and Instruction, “Epistemology of the Oppressed: The Dialectics of Paulo Freire's Theory of Knowledge”, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies Volume 5, Number 2
Freire himself was well aware of how partial understandings of his pedagogy can lead some
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that Freire's pedagogy as oppressive (Au and Apple, 2007).vi 

Voices of the oppressed are silenced by white supremacy in the real world and the debate community. We have a responsibility to make them heard
Alcoff 92
Alcoff, Linda Martin. Professor of Philosophy @ Hunter College and CUNY Graduate Center, named the Distinguished Woman in Philosophy for 2005 by the Society for Women in Philosophy, named one of Syracuse University's first Meredith Professors for Teaching Excellence, served on the Executive Committee and the Nominating Committee of the American Philosophical Association, currently on the APA (American Philosophical Association) Eastern Division Program Committee, named one of the 100 Most Influential Hispanics in the United States by Hispanic Business magazine. The Problem of Speaking for Others. Syracuse University.  http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html Ana
Adopting the position that one should only speak for oneself raises similarly difficult questions.
AND
however multi-layered, fictional, and constrained it in fact is.

The alt either essentializes the oppressed or offers a flawed reflection
Alcoff 92
Alcoff, Linda Martin. Professor of Philosophy @ Hunter College and CUNY Graduate Center, named the Distinguished Woman in Philosophy for 2005 by the Society for Women in Philosophy, named one of Syracuse University's first Meredith Professors for Teaching Excellence, served on the Executive Committee and the Nominating Committee of the American Philosophical Association, currently on the APA (American Philosophical Association) Eastern Division Program Committee, named one of the 100 Most Influential Hispanics in the United States by Hispanic Business magazine. The Problem of Speaking for Others. Syracuse University.  http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html Ana
The final response to the problem of speaking for others that I will consider occurs
AND
and subverting the hierarchical rituals of speaking will always have some liberatory effects.

Multiculralism DA—these unicultural debate practices lead to the extinction of debate and forensics.
Valdivia-Sutherland, ’98 November 22nd 1998, Butte Community College Cynthia; “Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs” National Communication Association’s 84th Annual meeting; http://www.phirhopi.org/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm
Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of
AND
, and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin!

Silence is not the answer
Dr. Crenshaw Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala.  1997
Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION
This analysis of Helms’ opening argument illustrates how the ideology of white privilege operates through
AND
, silent rhetorical constructions of whiteness like Helms’ protect material white privilege because they

Their kritik recreates Western ideals
Au and Apple ’07 6/4/07, Wayne W. Au is an assistant professor for the Department of Secondary Education at the University of California Fullerton and holds a Ph.D in Curriculum and Instruction, Michael W. Apple is the Professor of Educational Policy Studies at te University of Wisconsin Madison School of Education and holds a Ed.D, “Reviewing Policy: Freire, Critical Education, and the Environmental Crisis”, Educational Policy vol. 21 no. 3
Fundamentally, these misunderstandings of Freire's ideas flow from a lack of understanding of what
AND
. They saw "either—or" when Freire was saying 'both." 

Permutation solves for economic and environmental crisis, poverty, and neoliberalism– Alt fails and leads to misunderstanding, essentialism, western rationalism
Au and Apple ’07 6/4/07, Wayne W. Au is an assistant professor for the Department of Secondary Education at the University of California Fullerton and holds a Ph.D in Curriculum and Instruction, Michael W. Apple is the Professor of Educational Policy Studies at te University of Wisconsin Madison School of Education and holds a Ed.D, “Reviewing Policy: Freire, Critical Education, and the Environmental Crisis”, Educational Policy vol. 21 no. 3
Rethinking Freire does raise the important problem of interpreting and using Freire's work and ideas
AND
the complex set of traditions that has been largely stimulated by his work. 

Elitism is the exact opposite of Freire’s pedagogy – conscientization utilizes student knowledge
Au ’07 November 2007, Wayne Au is an assistant professor for the Department of Secondary Education at the University of California Fullerton and holds a Ph.D in Curriculum and Instruction, “Epistemology of the Oppressed: The Dialectics of Paulo Freire's Theory of Knowledge”, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies Volume 5, Number 2
Another way in which Rethinking Freire (Bowers and Apffel-Marglin, 2005)
AND
lies in direct opposition to Freire's pedagogy (Au and Apple, 2007).

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Madhu Vijay, David Herman, Shree Aswere
You have no evidence on the Asian identity because we are continuously ignored

1. Asian American doesn’t essientializes experiences
   2. Asian American can be used as a strategic identity because it unifies the diversity
   3. Nonunique – the Identity Asian American was chosen already, might as well take advantage
   ? ’93 1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space”, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241
   I realize that this may raise the (obligatory) essentialist question. I do
   AND
   use identity politics and the "desire to deconstruct the imprisoning category itself").

This silence actively perpetuates white supremacy within our discourse
Dr. Crenshaw Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala.  1997
Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION
This analysis of Helms’ opening argument illustrates how the ideology of white privilege operates through
AND
, silent rhetorical constructions of whiteness like Helms’ protect material white privilege because they

Rejection of identity politics does not solve for reactionary deployment of racial categories
Cook 2K
Anthony E.—Professor of Law @ Georgetown, George Washington Law Review, July/September, Lexis
The individualist discourse of classical Liberalism discussed above has declared any analysis of group power
AND
in this reactionary social climate by demanding reparations? I think very little.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin SZ | Judge: Corinne Sugino
Our arguments represents an attempt to forge a world that we want to live in—making the debate about us as persons or forcing us to confess our privilege diverts attention from structural inequalities by misidentifying the conditions of their removal
Smith ’13 August 14th, 2013, Andrea,  intellectual, feminist, and anti-violence activist. Smith's work focuses on issues of violence against women and their communities, specifically Native American women. A co-founder of  the Boarding School Healing Project, and the Chicago chapter of Women of All Red Nations, Smith centers the experiences of women of color in both her activism and her scholarship. Formerly an assistant professor of American Culture and Women's Studies at the University of Michiganin Ann Arbor, Michigan, Smith is currently an associate professor in the Department of Media and Cultural Studies at the University of California, Riverside, The Problem with “Privilege”,  http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/
This kind of politics then challenges the notions of “safe space” often prevalent
AND
with safe space is the presumption that a safe space is even possible.
By contrast, instead of thinking of safe spaces as a refuge from colonialism,
AND
became one that was based on principles of loving rather than punitive accountability.
Conclusion
The politics of privilege have made the important contribution of signaling how the structures of
AND
open ourselves to new possibilities that we cannot imagine now for the future.

Starting politics with a focus on confession calcifies white-masculinist-subjectivity---it presumes a self-reflexive subject which ultimately is a defense-mechanism against otherness---politics in their model becomes an endless ritual of temporarily cathartic expressions of privilege or oppression
Smith ’13 August 14th, 2013, Andrea,  intellectual, feminist, and anti-violence activist. Smith's work focuses on issues of violence against women and their communities, specifically Native American women. A co-founder of  the Boarding School Healing Project, and the Chicago chapter of Women of All Red Nations, Smith centers the experiences of women of color in both her activism and her scholarship. Formerly an assistant professor of American Culture and Women's Studies at the University of Michiganin Ann Arbor, Michigan, Smith is currently an associate professor in the Department of Media and Cultural Studies at the University of California, Riverside, The Problem with “Privilege”,  http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/
In my experience working with a multitude of anti-racist organizing projects over the
AND
and the colonized/racialized subject as the occasion for self-reflexivity.
These rituals around self-reflexivity in the academy and in activist circles are not
AND
within which we live so that we become different peoples in the process.
This essay will explore the structuring logics of the politics of privilege.  In particular
AND
nature of the subject that claims to have privilege in the first place.

Permutation do both – A combination of perspectives is key — we should include those with privilege and those without
Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley ’12 June 23rd, 2012.  University of Pittsburgh Department of Communications, Assistant Professor and Director of Debate. “Privilege, Personal Experience and the Research Burden: Avoiding the Race Debate”, http://resistanceanddebate.wordpress.com/2012/06/
More broadly, I think we as debate educators have a responsibility to teach our
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to see you in the outrounds at national high school and college tournaments.

Instrumental knowledge production doesn’t cause violence and discursive criticism could never solve it anyway
Hirschkop 7 July 25, 2007, Ken HIrschkop, Professor of English and Rhetoric at the University of Waterloo, “On Being Difficult,” http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/criticalecologies/transitive
This defect - not being art - is one that theory should prolong and celebrate
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to more Sisyphean frustration. In fact, there are several good reasons.

Tournament: Capitol Classic | Round: Octas | Opponent: River Hill SS | Judge: Aubrey Semple, Sean Hammond, Sean Lowry
Limits are impossible
De Cock 1 2001, Christian De Cock, Professor of Organizational behaviour, change management, creative problem solving, “Of Philip K. Dick, reflexivity and shifting realities Organizing (writing) in our post-industrial society” in the book “Science Fiction and Organization”
'As Marx might have said more generally, 'all that is built or all that
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some hell to break loose' (McCloskey, 1994, p. 166). 

Their move is not benign – the rhetoric of limits creates a necessarily exclusionary and authoritarian politics
Kulynych 97 (Kulynych, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Winthrop University, 1997 Jessica, “Performing Politics," Polity, Winter, v.XXX, n.2, p. 315-330)
II. Disciplining Habermas Political scientists have traditionally understood political participation as an activity that
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problem is convincingly thematized is not just a matter of utilizing correct procedure.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: Centennial DL | Judge: Flynn Makuch
Rhetorical imperialism – Limits justifies certain knowledge to exist or not. Linguistic constraints perpetuate past violence
Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in
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Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012
In the hands of skilled legislators and educational leaders, House Bill 2281, with
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serious implications for promoting the experience of historical trauma for Indigenous peoples. 67

That fuels the expansion of the empire
Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in
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Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012
Protecting the Status Quo: Legislative and Social Control of Indigenous Peoples Exploring the introduction
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power and the preservation of economic, political, and social interests. 80

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Madhu Vijay, David Herman, Shree Aswere
Dissent and debate depend on social criticism. Shaming measures regulate the viable speaking subject. We must brave the stigma associated with disidentification.  
Butler ‘4 2004, Judith Butler is a Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at U.C. Berkeley, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence”, pg. xix-xxi
Dissent and debate depend upon the inclusion of those who maintain critical views of state
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as the ability to think critically and publicly about the effects of war.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington DQ | Judge: Eleanor Buse
Our framework – Debate is a cultural performance – only testing our policies with the intention of cultural reflection and broader audience engagement can train us for the future – the ballot serves as the judge’s approval that our education and advocacy are good and that this form of debate would be beneficial on a larger scale.
MITCHELL and SUZUKI ‘4 August, Gordon R. Univ of Pitt and Takeshi- ; Tsuda College in Tokyo  “Beyond the Daily Me:  Argumentation In an Age of Enclave Deliberation” ; Paper presented at the 2nd Tokyo Conference on Argumentation August 2-5; http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/MitchellSuzuki3.rtf
However, the political efficacy of competitive debating as a remedy for group polarization is
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their ability to use argumentation skills to impact wider spheres of public deliberation.

The perm’s effective-~--no cooption
Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
We suggest that alternative models of identity and community are required from those put forward
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” since they are produced by very real actions, practices and projects.  

Their disconnected objective narration is DANGEROUS
Stone-Mediatore ’10 2010, Shari, “Epistemologies of Discomfort: What Military-Family Anti-War Activists Can Teach Us About Knowledge of Violence”; Studies in Social Justice Volume 4, Issue 1, 25-45, http://phaenex.uwindsor.ca/ojs/leddy/index.php/SSJ/article/view/2851/2371/
For several decades now, feminist theorists have criticized modern epistemic norms, revealing male
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my proposal, commenting that such people are “not academically-oriented.” 

Acknowledgement of my position as a white male and the UNEARNED privilege that comes with it is productive and a NECESSITY in the debate space
Dr. Shanara Reid Brinkley, Amber Kelsie, Nicholas Brady and Ignacio Evans write on October 6th October 6th, 2013, Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy Director of Debate, William Pitt Debating Union Department of Communication University of Pittsburgh, Amber Kelsie, M.A. Doctoral Student, Department of Communication University of Pittsburgh Nicholas Brady Doctoral Student, Department of Culture and Theory University of California, Irvine Ignacio Evans, B.A. History, Towson University, “We Be Fresh As Hell Wit’ Da Feds Watchin’: A Bad Black Debate Family Responds”, http://resistanceanddebate.wordpress.com/2013/10/06/we-be-fresh-as-hell-wit-da-feds-watchin-a-bad-black-debate-family-responds/
There is no racism without bodies coded and trained through practice.  There are subjectivities
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that makes the body as part of the rhetorical situation no less significant.

Argument Liability –The negative needs to be liable for the representations they bring into the debate. Contradictions sustain racism.
Nakayama and Krizek ‘95 Asst Prof, Dept of Communication @ Arizona State Univ. Asst Prof, Dept of Communication @ St. Louis Univ. 1995 Thomas K. -and Robert L.-; “WHITENESS: A Strategic Rhetoric”; QUATERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH 81, 291-309
Whether or not one discursively positions oneself as “white,” there is little room
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yet resilient as ever.  This also has significant implications for communication researchers.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington DQ | Judge: Eleanor Buse
This is especially true in policy debate
Mitchell, Ass’t. Prof. of Communications at Pittsburgh, 1998 Gordon, "Pedagogical Possibilities for Argumentative Agency in Academic Debate," Argumentation and Advocacy, Fall, ProQuest
The sense of detachment associated with the spectator posture is highlighted during episodes of alienation
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change, because the point of reference for experiencing the landscape shifts fundamentally.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont RH | Judge: Aubrey Semple
‘Resolved’ means contemplation – the resolution reveals itself to us through deconstruction.
Pezze ‘6 2006, Barbara Pezze – PhD philosophy at Hong Kong University, “Heidegger on Gelassenheit”, http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol10/Heidegger.html
Let us pause for a moment to consider a possible misunderstanding. It could appear
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releasement Verhaltenheit der Gelassenheit. (Heidegger 1966a, p. 81)

Tournament: Capitol Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: Lawerence Grandpre
2AC—Round 4—River Hill DD
2AC—River Hill DD
Our framework – Debate is a cultural performance – only testing our policies with the intention of cultural reflection and broader audience engagement can train us for the future – the ballot serves as the judge’s approval that our education and advocacy are good and that this form of debate would be beneficial on a larger scale.
MITCHELL and SUZUKI ‘4 August, Gordon R. Univ of Pitt and Takeshi- ; Tsuda College in Tokyo  “Beyond the Daily Me:  Argumentation In an Age of Enclave Deliberation” ; Paper presented at the 2nd Tokyo Conference on Argumentation August 2-5; http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/MitchellSuzuki3.rtf
However, the political efficacy of competitive debating as a remedy for group polarization is
AND
their ability to use argumentation skills to impact wider spheres of public deliberation.

Neolib is inevitable and movements are getting smothered out of existence -~-- there is no alternative economic system
Jones 11—Owen, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph's 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left' for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing", 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html
My first experience of police kettling was aged 16. It was May Day 2001
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of revolt, there remains no left to give it direction and purpose. 

The alt’s approach to economic relations recreates racism
Ward Univ. of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign ,’07  Robert Anthony-; Neoliberal Silences, Race, and The Hope of CRT; A paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association; April Draft; http://www.urban.illinois.edu/apa-pw/APA07/Neoliberal20Silences_Robert20Ward.pdf
Neoliberalism fosters an economic theory of democracy. The idea is that democracy is commodified
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for the conditions in which they exist (Anderson, 2005, 133).”

Acknowledgement of Daniel’s position as a white male and the UNEARNED privilege that comes with it is productive and a NECESSITY in the debate space
Dr. Shanara Reid Brinkley, Amber Kelsie, Nicholas Brady and Ignacio Evans write on October 6th October 6th, 2013, Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy Director of Debate, William Pitt Debating Union Department of Communication University of Pittsburgh, Amber Kelsie, M.A. Doctoral Student, Department of Communication University of Pittsburgh Nicholas Brady Doctoral Student, Department of Culture and Theory University of California, Irvine Ignacio Evans, B.A. History, Towson University, “We Be Fresh As Hell Wit’ Da Feds Watchin’: A Bad Black Debate Family Responds”, http://resistanceanddebate.wordpress.com/2013/10/06/we-be-fresh-as-hell-wit-da-feds-watchin-a-bad-black-debate-family-responds/
There is no racism without bodies coded and trained through practice.  There are subjectivities
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that makes the body as part of the rhetorical situation no less significant.

Alt fails to build coalitions and leads to racial suppression.
Ross Assc. Director of the Center for AfroAmerican and African Studies @ U Mich 2000
Marlon-Professor of English; Pleasuring Identity, or the Delicious Politics of Belonging; NEW LITERARY HISTORY, Vol. 31, No. 4, Is There Life after Identity Politics?; Autumn, 2000; pp.827-850.
Although in his contribution Eric Lott targets Professor Michaels's comments and his own recent feud
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working" and "unemployed" if not class-based identity formations? 

Case turns alt – racism predated and set the foundation for capitalism – a focus on capitalism alone obscures these institutional roots.
WEST Honorary chair of the Democratic Socialist of America 1988
Cornell-prof @Princeton University, DSA National Politicall Committee and a member of its African American Commission; “Toward a Socialist Theory of Racism”;  RACE and ETHNICITY ESERV;  http://race.eserver.org/toward-a-theory-of-racism.html
(year of publication found on Dr. West’s website:  http://www.pragmatism.org/library/west/)
This brief examination of past Marxist views leads to one conclusion. Marxist theory is
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ideological spheres), and yet it goes beyond by incorporating three key assumptions: 

The K alone fractures essential coalitions to solve anti racist struggles
WEST Honorary chair of the Democratic Socialist of America 1988
Cornell-prof @Princeton University, DSA National Politicall Committee and a member of its African American Commission; “Toward a Socialist Theory of Racism”; RACE and ETHNICITY ESERV;  http://race.eserver.org/toward-a-theory-of-racism.html (year of publication found on Dr. West’s website:  http://www.pragmatism.org/library/west/)
Socialism and Antiracism: Two Inseparable Yet Not Identical Goals  It should be apparent that
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antiimperialist struggle can help turn the tide. It depends on how well we  

Examining histories is good—it invites an active and critical examination of the world.
Trofanenko 5 Research Chair in Education, Culture and Community @ Acadia University 2k5 Brenda-; On Defense of the Nation; THE SOCIAL STUDIES, 96.5 (2005): 193+; http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.binghamton.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE7CA139957613andv=2.1andu=bingulandit=randp=AONEandsw=w Toward a More Global Sense of the Nation
Knowing how history is a site of political struggle, how we engage with social
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but rather an opportunity for genuine productive study, discussion, and learning.
categories in which history was written and the purposes it was to serve" (2000, 296).

Only a critical race theory can center the struggle against neo-liberalism.
Ward Univ. of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign ,’07
Robert Anthony-; Neoliberal Silences, Race, and The Hope of CRT; A paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association; April Draft;
http://www.urban.illinois.edu/apa-pw/APA07/Neoliberal20Silences_Robert20Ward.pdf
A critical race theory (CRT) framework places race as the central unit of
AND
a pretext to continue justifying those hierarchical racial divisions (2003, 150).
Given the critical race-based positions that were developed in other fields, its
AND
, implementation, and particularly outcomes by simply pretending that they don’t exist.

The idea that our argument cannot and should not change—uncertainty and adapting your arguments is PART OF BEING UNCOMFORTABLE—their criticism of new affs is an independent voter because it trades off with our ability to STEP OUTSIDE OUR COMFORT ZONE by reading something like this
Sholock 12 – Chatham University
(Adale, “Methodology of the Privileged: White Anti-racist Feminism, Systematic Ignorance, and Epistemic Uncertainty”, Hypatia Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 701–714, November 2012, dml)
However, something profound happens in The Color of Fear that troubles the epistemological arrogance
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(Collins 1986; Narayan 1989; Anzaldúa, 1987; Sandoval 2000).

Don’t be fooled—their authenticity tests are just as strategically motivated and self-serving as ours because we’re both trying to WIN A debate—however, we have offense against their application of this as a reason they don’t have to dispute the value of affirming ugliness
Subotnik 1998 – professor of law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center (7 Cornell J. L. and Pub. Pol'y 681)
Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to
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- but that the minority scholar himself or herself hurts and hurts badly.
An important problem that concerns the very definition of the scholarly enterprise now comes into
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precarious connection as a part of our lives is... ultimately obliterating." n74
"Precarious." "Obliterating." These words will clearly invite responses only from fools
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themselves from their pain in order to gain perspective on their condition. n77
 *696  Last, as we have seen, it precludes the possibility of open and structured conversation with others. n78
 *697  It is because of this conversation-stopping effect of what
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material, but to subject that experience to the same level of scrutiny.
If through the foregoing rhetorical strategies CRATs succeeded in limiting academic debate, why do
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public to the right and ensures that anything CRT offers is reflexively rejected.
In the absence of scholarly work by white males in the area of race,
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to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.

Our methodology can create real change
Osajima ‘7 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64
Conscientization for these respondents meant being able to “name their world.” That is
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world.  Naming the world was an important step toward actively changing it.

Tournament: Scranton RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: Matt Malia
Our framework – Debate is a cultural performance – only testing our policies with the intention of cultural reflection and broader audience engagement can train us for the future – the ballot serves as the judge’s approval that our education and advocacy are good and that this form of debate would be beneficial on a larger scale.
Mitchell and Suzuki ‘4 August, Gordon R. Univ of Pitt and Takeshi- ; Tsuda College in Tokyo  “Beyond the Daily Me:  Argumentation In an Age of Enclave Deliberation” ; Paper presented at the 2nd Tokyo Conference on Argumentation August 2-5; http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/MitchellSuzuki3.rtf
However, the political efficacy of competitive debating as a remedy for group polarization is
AND
their ability to use argumentation skills to impact wider spheres of public deliberation.

The only way to examine what “Economic Engagement” really means is through a discussion of the topic—it invites an active and critical examination of the world.
Trofanenko 5 2005, Brenda Trofanenko, Research Chair in Education, Culture and Community @ Acadia University, On Defense of the Nation; THE SOCIAL STUDIES, 96.5, 193+; http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.binghamton.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE7CA139957613andv=2.1andu=bingulandit=randp=AONEandsw=w Toward a More Global Sense of the Nation
Knowing how history is a site of political struggle, how we engage with social
AND
written and the purposes it was to serve" (2000, 296).

We have to consider the very language the 1ac has used—to define the ballot as currency locks them inside economic understandings of the world—we have to rethink those structures
Beatty ‘4 2004, Joy E., “Grades as Money and the Role of the Market Metaphor in Management Education” Academy of Management Learning and Education, Vol. 3.2
Averages. Inflation. Competition. Failure. These common terms of the business lexicon
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grantedness” may now be constraining our and our students’ views of learning.

The neg’s approach to economic relations recreates racism
Ward Univ. of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign ,’07  Robert Anthony-; Neoliberal Silences, Race, and The Hope of CRT; A paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association; April Draft; http://www.urban.illinois.edu/apa-pw/APA07/Neoliberal20Silences_Robert20Ward.pdf
Neoliberalism fosters an economic theory of democracy. The idea is that democracy is commodified
AND
for the conditions in which they exist (Anderson, 2005, 133).”

Only a critical race theory can center the struggle against neo-liberalism.
Ward Univ. of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign ,’07 Robert Anthony-; Neoliberal Silences, Race, and The Hope of CRT; A paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association; April Draft; http://www.urban.illinois.edu/apa-pw/APA07/Neoliberal20Silences_Robert20Ward.pdf
A critical race theory (CRT) framework places race as the central unit of
AND
a pretext to continue justifying those hierarchical racial divisions (2003, 150).
Given the critical race-based positions that were developed in other fields, its
AND
, implementation, and particularly outcomes by simply pretending that they don’t exist.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: Centennial DL | Judge: Flynn Makuch
Their politics leads to passivity
Antonio 95 1995, Robert J. Antonio is a Professor of Sociology at the University of Kansas , “Nietzsche's Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” The American Journal of Sociology, 101.1, p. 14-15
The "problem of the actor," Nietzsche said, "troubled me for the
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117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: Centennial DL | Judge: Flynn Makuch
Their politics leads to passivity
Antonio 95 1995, Robert J. Antonio is a Professor of Sociology at the University of Kansas , “Nietzsche's Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” The American Journal of Sociology, 101.1, p. 14-15
The "problem of the actor," Nietzsche said, "troubled me for the
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117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).

Tournament: Bronx | Round: Octas | Opponent: NYCUDL CN | Judge: Evelyn Buse, Hannah Stafford, Matt Malia
The alternative continues unicultural practices that lead to extinction in debate—multicultural discussions are key
Valdivia-Sutherland, ’98 November 22nd 1998, Butte Community College Cynthia; “Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs” National Communication Association’s 84th Annual meeting; http://www.phirhopi.org/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm
It has been argued that forensics is (or should be) primarily an educational
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national concerns. d. Expository speeches geared to inform about other cultures. 

Neoconservatism DA—White practices within debate leads to serial policy failure, ignorance of oppression and the destruction of alternative perspectives
Spanos, ’6 William V. Spanos is a Prof of Comparative Literature at SUNY Binghamton, quoted by Joe Miller in Cross-x, and posted on edebate and cross-x.com, http://www.cross-x.com/vb/showthread.php?t=945110
Dear Joe Miller, Yes, the statement about the American debate circuit you refer
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which the blind arrogance of Bush Administration and his neocon policy makers is leading

Even if they win a link argument, some level of speaking for Others is inevitable and can be productive – the affirmative is a prerequisite to hearing the voice of the marginalized
Marino, 5 (Lauren Marino, Macalester Department of Philosophy; “Speaking for Others,” Macalester Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 14: Iss. 1, Article 4)
If the self is located within language games the there is a commonality between those
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best to be hoped for is cooption forcing the margins into the mainstream. 

Acknowledgement of my position as a white male and the UNEARNED privilege that comes with it is productive and a NECESSITY in the debate space
Dr. Shanara Reid Brinkley, Amber Kelsie, Nicholas Brady and Ignacio Evans write on October 6th October 6th, 2013, Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy Director of Debate, William Pitt Debating Union Department of Communication University of Pittsburgh, Amber Kelsie, M.A. Doctoral Student, Department of Communication University of Pittsburgh Nicholas Brady Doctoral Student, Department of Culture and Theory University of California, Irvine Ignacio Evans, B.A. History, Towson University, “We Be Fresh As Hell Wit’ Da Feds Watchin’: A Bad Black Debate Family Responds”, http://resistanceanddebate.wordpress.com/2013/10/06/we-be-fresh-as-hell-wit-da-feds-watchin-a-bad-black-debate-family-responds/
There is no racism without bodies coded and trained through practice.  There are subjectivities
AND
that makes the body as part of the rhetorical situation no less significant.

You do not need to be part of the KKK in order to know about it. We can still make political change just like the Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle
Polson ’12 2012, Dana Roe Polson is a Co-Director, teacher, and founder of ConneXions Community Leadership Academy, ““Longing for Theory:” Performance Debate in Action”, http://gradworks.umi.com/3516242.pdf
I think that the talented tenth is actually the wrong metaphor for leadership in the
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and meetings not only to help out but as a form of leadership training

Our framework – Debate is a cultural performance – only testing our policies with the intention of cultural reflection and broader audience engagement can train us for the future – the ballot serves as the judge’s approval that our education and advocacy are good and that this form of debate would be beneficial on a larger scale.
MITCHELL and SUZUKI ‘4 August, Gordon R. Univ of Pitt and Takeshi- ; Tsuda College in Tokyo  “Beyond the Daily Me:  Argumentation In an Age of Enclave Deliberation” ; Paper presented at the 2nd Tokyo Conference on Argumentation August 2-5; http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/MitchellSuzuki3.rtf
However, the political efficacy of competitive debating as a remedy for group polarization is
AND
their ability to use argumentation skills to impact wider spheres of public deliberation.

Acknowledgement of my position as a white male and the UNEARNED privilege that comes with it is productive and a NECESSITY in the debate space
Dr. Shanara Reid Brinkley, Amber Kelsie, Nicholas Brady and Ignacio Evans write on October 6th October 6th, 2013, Assistant Professor of Public Address and Advocacy Director of Debate, William Pitt Debating Union Department of Communication University of Pittsburgh, Amber Kelsie, M.A. Doctoral Student, Department of Communication University of Pittsburgh Nicholas Brady Doctoral Student, Department of Culture and Theory University of California, Irvine Ignacio Evans, B.A. History, Towson University, “We Be Fresh As Hell Wit’ Da Feds Watchin’: A Bad Black Debate Family Responds”, http://resistanceanddebate.wordpress.com/2013/10/06/we-be-fresh-as-hell-wit-da-feds-watchin-a-bad-black-debate-family-responds/
There is no racism without bodies coded and trained through practice.  There are subjectivities
AND
that makes the body as part of the rhetorical situation no less significant.

SILENCE IS NOT THE ANSWER – white debaters must find ways to SPEAK ABOUT RACE or else they REPRODUCE OPPRESSION.
Dr. Crenshaw ‘97 Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278.
Another difficulty related to talking about race is what Alcoff has called "the problem
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and political work of resisting racism is left solely to people of color. 

Make them defend silence as an alternative speech act. We have a responsibility to make whiteness visible.
Crenshaw, ’97  1997, Carrie, PhD, Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278
This essay explores the rhetorical dimensions of whiteness in public political discourse from an ideological
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not, and investigate how these racialized constructions intersect with gender and class.

The alternative is silence and inaction which reinforces oppression and turns the critique
Blomley 94 (Nicholas K. Blomley – Professor of Geography at Simon Fraser University, 1994, “Activism and the Academy”, http://www.praxis-epress.org/CGR/CG_Whole.pdf)
So why the silence? Several reasons spring to mind. One likely option is
AND
multiple subject  positions, so activism is a field of contradiction and diversity. 

DEBATE SHOULD NOT OVERLOOK THE PERSUASIVE POTENTIAL OF FIRST PERSON NARRATIVES—A rhetoric of possibility is created at the intersection between minority advocacy and the unrepresented narrative of another’s life story and can evince palpable change in debate.
The first person narrative is very important in the current debate community. Narratives offer
AND
opent he debate space to address the subjugation and to be more inclusive.
Gregory and Alimahomed 2001 professors of Comm @ CAL ST FULLERTON 2k1 Josh and Kasim-; EMPOWERING NARRATIVES; Narrative Voice and the Urban Debater: An Investigation into Empowerment; paper submitted to the Urban Debate League Panel at the Western States Communication Association Conference, Coeur ‘d Alene, Idaho February 23-27, http://communications.fullerton.edu/forensics/SCUDL.htm
This paper will discuss the empowerment of voice in the urban debate league.  The
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created pathos and creates identification to reality for the speakers and the judges.  

OUR FRAMEWORK THROUGH THE USE OF NARRATION IS BEST FOR DEBATE
Debaters and judges share in an epistemological process that emancipates and allows societal awareness for the urban debater as well as creates more enlightened and mindful individuals across the board.
Under a narrative paradigm, debaters and their judges would be engaging ina s hared
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of the debater, creating more enlightened and mindful individuals across the board.
Gregory and Alimahomed 2001 professors of Comm @ CAL ST FULLERTON 2k1 Josh and Kasim-; EMPOWERING NARRATIVES; Narrative Voice and the Urban Debater: An Investigation into Empowerment; paper submitted to the Urban Debate League Panel at the Western States Communication Association Conference, Coeur ‘d Alene, Idaho February 23-27, http://communications.fullerton.edu/forensics/SCUDL.htm
CONCLUSION Thomas A. Hollihan, Kevin T. Baaske, and Patricia Riley (
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then as a community, we should encourage the use of narrative debate. 

Coalitions are good
Dawson 13 - John D. MacArthur Professor of Political Science and the College at the University of Chicago (Michael C., http://www.salon.com/2013/07/07/whats_next_for_the_black_left/, 7/7/13, Whats Next for the Black Left?)
At the beginning of this book I invoked David Scott's rejection of the romantic narrative
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that they see it as in their interest to ally with nonwhite Americans.

US Economic engagement as well as the way we choose to discuss economic engagement policies neglects the presence of the Asian identity. Our critical examination of this year’s policy questions raises our consciousness of how we as Asians exist and see the world – this can create real change
Osajima ‘7 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64
Conscientization for these respondents meant being able to “name their world.” That is
AND
world.  Naming the world was an important step toward actively changing it.

And our performance is key – debate has critical elements that contribute to conscientization that must be embraced for effective change
Osajima ‘7 2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands.  REPLENISHING THE RANKS:  Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p.. 74-76
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
Given the profound change that conscientization had effected in the lives of respondents, it
AND
American experience. Connections to key mentors and peers provided a safe environment in
which to think and question further. Third, respondents described important affective aspects of
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along with greater coordination of influences, is an important dimension of conscientization.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: Finals | Opponent: Acorn AJ | Judge: Brian Manuel, Chris Randall, Elijah Smith
Nativistic racism has OUTCASTED Asian-Americans from the nation, relying on SEVERAL ideologies and stereotypes that has led to exclusion over time.  The ALARMIST, yellow peril ideology, couched as American Patriotism has been an ESPECIALLY EGREGIOUS form of nativistic racism.  The general Asian population CONTINUES to suffer INTIMIDATION, VIOLENCE and other hate crimes
Kim ‘8 KIM Asst Prof of Sociology @ Loyola Marymount Univ. 2k8 Nadia-; IMPERIAL CITIZENS: Koreans and Race from Seoul To LA.; p. 14-15
“Nativistic racism” is the mechanism through which Asian Americans have been outcast from
AND
this “geography of hunger and exploitation” are Iraq and New Orleans.

Black White Binary DA—the alt operates within that framework—this causes racial scapegoating that undermines anti-racism coalitions
Hutchinson ‘4 Prof of Law, Washington College of Law, American U,’04 Darren Lenard, Aug 2004 (“Critical Race Theory: History, Evolution, and New Frontiers,” American University Law Review, LN)
Ultimately, however, the exclusive deployment of a binary black/white paradigm artificially
AND
that disparages blacks' assertions of racial injustice by deploying model minority constructs. n111

Challenging this racism is critical to spurring more effective movements against racism
Balibar ‘5 teaches philosophy @ the University of Paris 2k5 Etienne-; RACE, NATION, CLASS:  Ambiguous identities; published 1988 reprinted 1992,1993,1995,1996,1998,2000,2002,2005; p. 20-21.
We can now turn our attention to ‘neo-racism’. What seems to
AND
is what P.A. Taguieff has rightly called a differentialist racism.

Permutation – Daniel and I can go through a process of conscientization while the Shamella and Tyler can go through a process of self-love

U.S. military occupation of bodies and land has consequences
US military PRESENCE creates an outflow of CULTURE. American ideas of racial hierarchies cross
AND
the FOREVER FOREIGNERS, and the CONTRADICTIONS of American democracy has INFLAMED RESISTANCE.  
Maisel 08 June 2008, Kira Maisel is a Marketing Assistant for Stanford University Press, PRESS RELEASE on a book by Nadia Kim Entitled IMPERIAL CITIZENS: Koreans and Race from Seoul to LA, http://www.sup.org/html/book_pages/0804758875/Press20Release.pdf
The presence of the U.S. military in foreign countries creates not just
AND
, but human bodies and minds) have serious consequences for everyone involved

Tournament: Scranton RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Acorn AJ | Judge: Willie Johnson
Nativistic racism has OUTCASTED Asian-Americans from the nation, relying on SEVERAL ideologies and stereotypes that has led to exclusion over time.  The ALARMIST, yellow peril ideology, couched as American Patriotism has been an ESPECIALLY EGREGIOUS form of nativistic racism.  The general Asian population CONTINUES to suffer INTIMIDATION, VIOLENCE and other hate crimes
Kim ‘8 KIM Asst Prof of Sociology @ Loyola Marymount Univ. 2k8 Nadia-; IMPERIAL CITIZENS: Koreans and Race from Seoul To LA.; p. 14-15
“Nativistic racism” is the mechanism through which Asian Americans have been outcast from
AND
in thought and action. What makes racism global are the bridges connecting the
particularities of everyday racist experiences to the universality of racist concepts and actions, maintained
AND
this “geography of hunger and exploitation” are Iraq and New Orleans.

Black White Binary DA—the alt operates within that framework—this causes racial scapegoating that undermines anti-racism coalitions
Hutchinson ‘4 Prof of Law, Washington College of Law, American U,’04 Darren Lenard, Aug 2004 (“Critical Race Theory: History, Evolution, and New Frontiers,” American University Law Review, LN)
Ultimately, however, the exclusive deployment of a binary black/white paradigm artificially
AND
that disparages blacks' assertions of racial injustice by deploying model minority constructs. n111

The black/white binary begins to reinforce white supremacy in new forms
Alcoff 3 2003, Linda Alcoff, professor of philosophy at CUNY, “LATINO/AS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND THE BLACK-WHITE BINARY”, The Journal of Ethics 7: 5–27
1) The black/white paradigm has disempowered various racial and ethnic groups from
AND
more readily recognize the diverse ways in which alliances and differences can occur).

Perm do both – bell hooks would vote aff – the line from their hooks
AND
love is the process of conscientization – our advocacy text we interrogate anti blackness

Play—“Angry Asian Man”—Decipher 0:00  1:10

I was given the gift could picture the pain in my people
Painted perfect depicted as if it was me trying to get at a citizenship
Someone to get on the ship
But I understand them
Call you chink can’t understand it
But you recognize hate in their eyes
But they can’t see yours – your eyes are slanted
Our parents were fiending
For the share of the green
It’s an arrogant greed
The American dream
All the keys to succeed is America’s cleaners
Apparently we the slaves now – picking the cotton and pressing it flat
Pick it up promptly – Ready in half an hour to an hour
Now the question is asked
Credit or Cash – Were probably better with math or so I’ve been told
Try to divide a division in half in addition to that you know we got sold
Lo and behold were folding the clothes
Language barriers various
We drive terribly, curious how we got cast in fast and the furious?
The problem being probably is being a knuckle Tamagotchi
Hollywood got them glued with a “watch me” serving hot tea
Work like Rocky– The perfect Chinese
Role Model – eyeglasses made out of coke bottles
Tae-Kwon-Do spokes model
Sister’s an import model
How you not gonna follow
C’mon.
This racism has perpetuated the myth of the minority – the myth of the model minority is the process by which the right points to the success of certain Asians to use as ammunitions against other groups; that their poverty must be explained by their own values – this strategically ignores the policing of SOUTHEAST Asian immigrants
Thrupkaew ‘2 Prospect Senior Correspondent 2k2 Noy-; The Myth of the Model Minority; THE AMERICAN PROSPECT; April 7; http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority
The model-minority myth has persisted in large part because political conservatives are so
AND
, so people don't know the specific needs and contributions of our communities."  

The impact is collateral damage – the failure to expose the racism against SouthEast Asians makes it invisible to society and perpetuates their suffering
Tang 2k TANG Assistant Professor in the Department of African American Studies and the Asian American Studies Program at the University of Illinois at Chicago 2000 Eric-; COLLATERAL DAMAGE: Southeast Asian Poverty in the United States; SOCIAL TEXT 62; Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring; p.58-59.
Following my discussion of the formation of an immigrant culture of poverty, I discuss
AND
fully exposed-reveals that there is no such thing as the unintended.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington DQ | Judge: Eleanor Buse
Their call for switch-side debate for decision-making skills mirrors the technique of the far-right – it occludes mass extinction of life
Kahn 10 (Richard Kahn, Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations and Research at the University of North Dakota, Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement, 2010, pp. 9-11)
Worse still, though, is that here environmental literacy has not only been co
AND
a number of theorists and educators who have sought to highlight their limitations.

Lundberg impact is backwards – we have to foreground a critique of social conditions that deliberation is constructed on to activate political agency
Edwards 13 (Jason Edwards, Lecturer in Politics, Programme Director BA Politics and Government at Birbeck University of London, 2013, “Play and Democracy: Huizinga and the Limits of Agonism,” Political Theory 41(1) 90–115, DOI: 10.1177/0090591712463200)
The idea that democracy is played as a form of life implies that what is
AND
embeddedness of play—and culture—in social relations and material practices.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wilson PF | Judge: Lawerence Grandpre
Alt fails to build coalitions and leads to racial suppression.
Ross Assc. Director of the Center for AfroAmerican and African Studies @ U Mich 2000
Marlon-Professor of English; Pleasuring Identity, or the Delicious Politics of Belonging; NEW LITERARY HISTORY, Vol. 31, No. 4, Is There Life after Identity Politics?; Autumn, 2000; pp.827-850.
Although in his contribution Eric Lott targets Professor Michaels's comments and his own recent feud
AND
working" and "unemployed" if not class-based identity formations? 

Case turns alt – racism predated and set the foundation for capitalism – a focus on capitalism alone obscures these institutional roots.
WEST Honorary chair of the Democratic Socialist of America 1988
Cornell-prof @Princeton University, DSA National Politicall Committee and a member of its African American Commission; “Toward a Socialist Theory of Racism”;  RACE and ETHNICITY ESERV;  http://race.eserver.org/toward-a-theory-of-racism.html
(year of publication found on Dr. West’s website:  http://www.pragmatism.org/library/west/)
This brief examination of past Marxist views leads to one conclusion. Marxist theory is
AND
ideological spheres), and yet it goes beyond by incorporating three key assumptions: 

The K alone fractures essential coalitions to solve anti racist struggles
WEST Honorary chair of the Democratic Socialist of America 1988
Cornell-prof @Princeton University, DSA National Politicall Committee and a member of its African American Commission; “Toward a Socialist Theory of Racism”; RACE and ETHNICITY ESERV;  http://race.eserver.org/toward-a-theory-of-racism.html (year of publication found on Dr. West’s website:  http://www.pragmatism.org/library/west/)
Socialism and Antiracism: Two Inseparable Yet Not Identical Goals  It should be apparent that
AND
antiimperialist struggle can help turn the tide. It depends on how well we  

That also makes their impacts inevitable – specifics are key to overcome capitalism – ethical rejections accomplish nothing.
Grossburg, 92
Professor of COMS at UNC, Lawrence, Communication Studies Professor at UNC, We Gotta Get Out of This Place, pg. 388-389
If it is capitalism that is at stake, our moral opposition to it has
AND
context to effectively organize people, and too vague to provide any direction. 

SILENCE IS NOT THE ANSWER – white debaters must find ways to SPEAK ABOUT RACE or else they REPRODUCE OPPRESSION.
Dr. Crenshaw ‘97 Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278.
Another difficulty related to talking about race is what Alcoff has called "the problem
AND
and political work of resisting racism is left solely to people of color. 

Make them defend silence as an alternative speech act. We have a responsibility to make whiteness visible.
Crenshaw, ’97  1997, Carrie, PhD, Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278
This essay explores the rhetorical dimensions of whiteness in public political discourse from an ideological
AND
not, and investigate how these racialized constructions intersect with gender and class.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont RH | Judge: Aubrey Semple
Switch side debate bad—divorcing a debater’s conviction from their content is a poor model of debate which leaves individuals disengaged and distant from the ethical consequences of their advocacy.   
Greene and Hicks 05 January 2005, Ronald Walter and Darrin; debate legends, LOST CONVICTIONS
Debating both sides and the ethical self-fashioning of liberal citizens, Cultural Studies Vol. 19, No. 1
Murphy’s case against the ethics of debating both sides rested on what he thought to
AND
would be seen as a game of power rather than the method of democracy

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fort Collins SY | Judge: Sean Hammond
Can I get the 30

Tournament: Scranton RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: BCC BG | Judge: Mike Baxter-Kauf
Objective, detached epistemologies produce the worst kind of violence: they reinforce privilege and justify atrocities.
Stone-Mediatore ‘7 2007, Shari, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Ohio Wesleyan University, “Challenging Academic Norms: An Epistemology for Feminist and Multicultural Classrooms”, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/v019/19.2stone-mediatore.html
Even if objectivity is a myth, the valorization of traits associated with objectivity can
AND
to pain and suppressing compassionate impulses that would otherwise be troubled by violence. 

The K creates hierarchies of oppression that devolves critical struggles into “oppression olympics”
McDonald and Coleman, 1999, Co-Founders of Umbrella Equality Services and Senior Social Work Lecturer Peter and Mikki,  “Deconstructing hierarchies of oppression and adopting a 'multiple model' approach to anti-oppressive practice,” Social Work Education 18.1, informa, 24-26
The competition between the members of oppressed groups for what they might perceive as a
AND
carry power and privilege, as well as attributes which render us oppressed.

Ontological Blackness DA—their discourse is an essentialzed categorical representation of Identity that should be rejected

Black White Binary DA—the alt operates within that framework– this causes racial scapegoating that undermines anti-racism coalitions
Hutchinson ‘4 Prof of Law, Washington College of Law, American U,’04 Darren Lenard, Aug 2004 (“Critical Race Theory: History, Evolution, and New Frontiers,” American University Law Review, LN)
Ultimately, however, the exclusive deployment of a binary black/white paradigm artificially
AND
that disparages blacks' assertions of racial injustice by deploying model minority constructs. n111

The black/white binary begins to reinforce white supremacy in new forms
Alcoff 3 2003, Linda Alcoff, professor of philosophy at CUNY, “LATINO/AS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND THE BLACK-WHITE BINARY”, The Journal of Ethics 7: 5–27
1) The black/white paradigm has disempowered various racial and ethnic groups from
AND
more readily recognize the diverse ways in which alliances and differences can occur).

The Narratives of Asian Americans are unique and different. Dominant groups concede that blacks are oppressed while the plights of Asians go under the radar
? ’93 1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space”, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241
B. Resistance to Narrative Although more scholars are beginning to use personal narrative,
AND
of knowledge largely determines what counts as knowledge and what counts as evidence.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont RH | Judge: Aubrey Semple
USFG = the people
Howard, 5 (Adam, “Jeffersonian Democracy: Of the People, By the People, For the People,” http://www.byzantinecommunications.com/adamhoward/homework/highschool/jeffersonian.html, 5/27)
Ideally, then, under Jeffersonian Democracy, the government is the people, and people is the government. Therefore, if a particular government ceases to work for the good of the people, the people may and ought to change that government or replace it. Governments are established to protect the people's rights using the power they get from the people.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 3 | Opponent: BCC BG | Judge: Trevor Reddick
Myth of Model Minority DA—Countering against the Asian American is a pre-requisite to any solvency – without embracing the silent policing of yellow bodies, the right co-opts reforms and uses the myth of the model minority as ammunition—this strategically ignores the policing of SOUTHEAST Asian immigrants
Thrupkaew ‘2 Prospect Senior Correspondent 2k2 Noy-; The Myth of the Model Minority; THE AMERICAN PROSPECT; April 7; http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority
The model-minority myth has persisted in large part because political conservatives are so
AND
, so people don't know the specific needs and contributions of our communities."  

The impact is collateral damage – the failure to expose the racism against SouthEast Asians makes it invisible to society and perpetuates their suffering
Tang 2k TANG Assistant Professor in the Department of African American Studies and the Asian American Studies Program at the University of Illinois at Chicago 2000 Eric-; COLLATERAL DAMAGE: Southeast Asian Poverty in the United States; SOCIAL TEXT 62; Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring; p.58-59.
Following my discussion of the formation of an immigrant culture of poverty, I discuss
AND
fully exposed-reveals that there is no such thing as the unintended.

Objective, detached epistemologies produce the worst kind of violence: they reinforce privilege and justify atrocities.
Stone-Mediatore ‘7 2007, Shari, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Ohio Wesleyan University, “Challenging Academic Norms: An Epistemology for Feminist and Multicultural Classrooms”, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/v019/19.2stone-mediatore.html
Even if objectivity is a myth, the valorization of traits associated with objectivity can
AND
to pain and suppressing compassionate impulses that would otherwise be troubled by violence. 

Silence is never the answer—our pedagogical performance is productive
Giroux ‘9/4 September 4, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; “Hope in a Time of Permanent War”; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war
War has become not simply a strategy but a way of life in the United
AND
which the struggle for a new democratic global social order can be constructed. 

Social movements and a new form of intellectualism in PUBLIC spaces are critical
Giroux 9/25 September 25th, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University “Beyond Savage Politics and Dystopian Nightmares”, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19025-beyond-savage-politics-and-dystopian-nightmares
There is a need for a systemic alternative to the existing system of global capitalism
AND
everyone else who believes that equality and democracy inform and enrich each other.
Martin Luther King Jr. railed against the triple evils of racism, militarism and
AND
continue unabated and the winds of authoritarianism will gain in speed and destructiveness.

Debate is a good place to have these discussions—the LBS movement proves
Polson ’12 2012, Dana Roe Polson is a Co-Director, teacher, and founder of ConneXions Community Leadership Academy, ““Longing for Theory:” Performance Debate in Action”, http://gradworks.umi.com/3516242.pdf
I think that the talented tenth is actually the wrong metaphor for leadership in the
AND
and meetings not only to help out but as a form of leadership training

Ontological Blackness DA—their discourse is an essentialzed categorical representation of Identity that should be rejected
 

Black White Binary DA—the alt operates within that framework– this causes racial scapegoating that undermines anti-racism coalitions
Hutchinson ‘4 Prof of Law, Washington College of Law, American U,’04 Darren Lenard, Aug 2004 (“Critical Race Theory: History, Evolution, and New Frontiers,” American University Law Review, LN)
Ultimately, however, the exclusive deployment of a binary black/white paradigm artificially
AND
that disparages blacks' assertions of racial injustice by deploying model minority constructs. n111

The black/white binary begins to reinforce white supremacy in new forms
Alcoff 3 2003, Linda Alcoff, professor of philosophy at CUNY, “LATINO/AS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND THE BLACK-WHITE BINARY”, The Journal of Ethics 7: 5–27
1) The black/white paradigm has disempowered various racial and ethnic groups from
AND
more readily recognize the diverse ways in which alliances and differences can occur).

The Narratives of Asian Americans are unique and different. Dominant groups concede that blacks are oppressed while the plights of Asians go under the radar
? ’93 1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space”, 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241
B. Resistance to Narrative Although more scholars are beginning to use personal narrative,
AND
of knowledge largely determines what counts as knowledge and what counts as evidence.

The K creates hierarchies of oppression that devolves critical struggles into “oppression olympics”
McDonald and Coleman, 1999, Co-Founders of Umbrella Equality Services and Senior Social Work Lecturer Peter and Mikki,  “Deconstructing hierarchies of oppression and adopting a 'multiple model' approach to anti-oppressive practice,” Social Work Education 18.1, informa, 24-26
The competition between the members of oppressed groups for what they might perceive as a
AND
carry power and privilege, as well as attributes which render us oppressed.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin SZ | Judge: Corinne Sugino
Hiding atrocities by the US towards Mesoamerica through opaque engagement is a form of whitewashing that sanctifies the violent atrocities committed by the U.S. — this makes the reproduction of violence against Latin America inevitable.
Baudrillard 95 Jean, Professor of Philosophy and Culture and Media Criticism, Simulacra and Simulation, pg. 49-50
Forgetting extermination is part of extermination, because it is also the extermination of memory
AND
spill into forgetting with a kind of good aesthetic conscience of the catastrophe.

Silence is never the answer—our pedagogical performance is productive
Giroux ‘13 September 4, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; “Hope in a Time of Permanent War”; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war
War has become not simply a strategy but a way of life in the United
AND
which the struggle for a new democratic global social order can be constructed. 

Social movements and a new form of intellectualism in PUBLIC spaces are critical
Giroux 13 September 25th, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University “Beyond Savage Politics and Dystopian Nightmares”, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19025-beyond-savage-politics-and-dystopian-nightmares
There is a need for a systemic alternative to the existing system of global capitalism
AND
everyone else who believes that equality and democracy inform and enrich each other.
Martin Luther King Jr. railed against the triple evils of racism, militarism and
AND
continue unabated and the winds of authoritarianism will gain in speed and destructiveness.

Uniting different coalitions is necessary to overcome white supremacy—them trying to create competition with their K is white “divide and conquer” tactics
hooks, 03 2003, Bell hooks, social critic extraordinaire, “Beyond Black Only: Bonding Beyond Race”, http://prince.org/msg/105/50299?
African Americans have been at the forefront of the struggle to end racism and white
AND
is the only way to ensure that multicultural democracy will become a reality.

Debate is a good place to have these discussions—the LBS movement proves
Polson ’12 2012, Dana Roe Polson is a Co-Director, teacher, and founder of ConneXions Community Leadership Academy, ““Longing for Theory:” Performance Debate in Action”, http://gradworks.umi.com/3516242.pdf
I think that the talented tenth is actually the wrong metaphor for leadership in the
AND
and meetings not only to help out but as a form of leadership training

We as members of a pedagogical activity of debate are resisting the oppression isolated by the 1AC and opening up space for the perspectives of the oppressed – we link turn the K
Giroux 11 2011, Henry A. Giroux works for the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department. Left Behind? American Youth and the Global Fight for Democracy, truth-out.org/opinion/item/68:left-behind-american-youth-and-the-global-fight-for-democracy
Within the last few months, we have seen an outpouring of student protests from
AND
increasingly imperiled democracy. Sheldon Wolin is instructive in his insistence that the creation

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: William Karlson
Silence is never the answer—our pedagogical performance is productive
Giroux ‘13 September 4, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; “Hope in a Time of Permanent War”; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war
War has become not simply a strategy but a way of life in the United
AND
which the struggle for a new democratic global social order can be constructed. 

Social movements and a new form of intellectualism in PUBLIC spaces are critical
Giroux 13 September 25th, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University “Beyond Savage Politics and Dystopian Nightmares”, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19025-beyond-savage-politics-and-dystopian-nightmares
There is a need for a systemic alternative to the existing system of global capitalism
AND
everyone else who believes that equality and democracy inform and enrich each other.
Martin Luther King Jr. railed against the triple evils of racism, militarism and
AND
continue unabated and the winds of authoritarianism will gain in speed and destructiveness.

Debate is a good place to have these discussions—the LBS movement proves
Polson ’12 2012, Dana Roe Polson is a Co-Director, teacher, and founder of ConneXions Community Leadership Academy, ““Longing for Theory:” Performance Debate in Action”, http://gradworks.umi.com/3516242.pdf
I think that the talented tenth is actually the wrong metaphor for leadership in the
AND
and meetings not only to help out but as a form of leadership training

These unicultural debate practices lead to the extinction of debate and forensics.
Valdivia-Sutherland, ’98 November 22nd 1998, Butte Community College Cynthia; “Celebrating Differences:  Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs” National Communication Association’s 84th Annual meeting; http://www.phirhopi.org/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm
Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of
AND
, and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin!

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: Carrolton DW | Judge: Anastasia Kazteridis
Debating about policy towards Latin America is valuable – without it change is impossible and their discourse gets coopted
Ried Ijed ’10 December/10, Ried Ijed is the Revista interamericana de Educación para la Democracia Interamerican Journal of Education for Democracy, “Towards a Deliberative and Democratic Model of International Cooperation in Education in Latin America”, Vol 3 No. 2
While the discourse of international organizations has changed over the past decade to emphasize more
AND
required to implement changes and mechanisms that would allow for more democratic participation.

Debating energy policy is good
Mitchell 10 (Gordon R, Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh, where he also directs the William Pitt Debating Union, “SWITCH-SIDE DEBATING MEETS DEMAND-DRIVEN RHETORIC OF SCIENCE”, http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/Mitchell2010.pdf)
An additional dimension of nuance emerging from this avenue of analysis pertains to the precise
AND
paradigms of policy planning with situated, contingent judgments informed by reflective deliberation.

Perm solves – environment apocalypse is inevitable AND key to change – the alternative FAILS without political engagement.
Schatz, ’12 July 14, 2012, JL Schatz is a Professor of English and Feminist Evolutionary Studies at Binghamton University, The Journal of Ecocriticism: Vol 4, No 2 “The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of-The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism”
Any hesitancy to deploy images of apocalypse out of the risk of acting in a
AND
where multitudes, and not governments, guide the fate of the planet. 

Deterrence theory creates a mutual vulnerability and respect that ushers in a paradigm of onto-security
Lupovici, 2008 (Amir, Post-Doctoral Fellow Munk Centre for International Studies University of Toronto,
“Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse”
http://cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf)

Since deterrence can become part of the actors’ identity, it is also involved in
AND
it strengthened the actors’ identities and created more stable expectations of avoiding violence.

Economic predictions are true and good
DOUGLAS W. HANDS 84 Department of Economics University of Puget Sound What Economics Is Not: An Economist's Response to Rosenberg Source: Philosophy of Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Sep., 1984), pp. 495-503 http://www.jstor.org/stable/187496

1. Economic Predictions. Much of Rosenberg's discussion is directed toward explaining the "
   AND
   its predictive failings are not as great as Rosenberg would have us believe. 

Real world affects discourse – attempts to just change the security mindset is wishful thinking that increases violent fascism
Mearsheimer 95
Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, 1995 (International Security)
FLAWS IN THE CAUSAL LOGIC. The main goal of critical theorists is to change
AND
far more violent than realism will not emerge as the new hegemonic discourse.

Their attempts to challenge international relations representation destroys effective political action
Jarvis, lecturer in the Department of Government and International Relations, Faculty of Economics, Politics and Business at the University of Sydney, Australia, 2000
DSL, ‘International Relations and the Challenge of Post Modernism, University of South Carolina Press, pg 189-190
First, the project of subversive-deconstructive postmodernism can be seen as contrary to
AND
an intellectual poverty now famed perversely as the search for "thinking space."

Catastrophe/Inevitability discourse is key to action – it is accurate and the only way for effective communication
Risbey ‘7 1/15/7, James S. Risbey. “The new climate discourse: Alarmist or alarming?” Science Direct, http://cstpr.colorado.edu/students/envs_4800/risbey_2008.pdf
Hulme (2006) says that the ‘‘language of catastrophe is not the language
AND
the scientific community is not able to use terms such as ‘catastrophic’, 

rapid’, ‘urgent’, ‘irreversible’, and ‘worse than thought’ when describing
AND
also be rendered ‘unscientific’, and there is no scope for communication.

Debate about apocalyptic impacts is crucial to activism and effective policy education
Blain – professor of Sociology – 91
Michael Blain, RHETORICAL PRACTICE IN AN ANTI-NUCLEAR WEAPONS CAMPAIGN, Peace and Change
Peace activism can be understood as a sociopolitical performance. It enacts a pattern of
AND
effective movement discourse must accomplish two things: (1) knowledge, o

r the constitution of the subjects and objects of struggle, and (2)
AND
they transcend psychological despair and obtain a sense of personal power.(n6)

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: Carrolton DW | Judge: Anastasia Kazteridis
Won’t Pass—GOP wants Debt Ceiling Raised in exchange for more drilling
Klein and Soltas, 9/26 September 26th 2013, Ezra Klein and Evan Soltas, “Wonkbook: The House’s debt-ceiling bill is…wow”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/26/wonkbook-the-houses-debt-ceiling-bill-is-wow/
John Boehner isn't even trying to pretend his House of Representatives is a sane place
AND
, Boehner either can't stop them, or he's too exhausted to try.

Oil lobby loves the plan
Dlouhy 13 4/25/13, Jennifer Dlouhy covers energy policy and other issues for the Houston Chronicle, “House bill would codify Gulf of Mexico drilling deal”, http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/04/25/house-bill-would-codify-gulf-of-mexico-drilling-deal/
The accord is designed to encourage commercial unitization agreements where oil and gas resources that
AND
told the House panel that Congress should pass the legislation as quickly as possible

They’re key to the agenda
Dan Froomkin 11 is the Senior Washington Correspondent for the Huffington Post "How The Oil Lobby Greases Washington's Wheels" 4/6 www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/06/how-the-oil-lobby-greases_n_845720.html?page=4
Clout in Washington isn't about winning legislative battles -- it's about making sure that they
AND
Action Fund, "that is a 20-to-1 payoff."

Energy policy is an olive branch – key to debt ceiling. PC not effective
Grant 1-20 1/20/13, David Grant is the Christian Science Monitor's congressional correspondent in Washington, D.C. where he covers Capitol Hill, “Obama’s second term: Can he work with Congress?”, http://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/print/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0120/Obama-s-second-term-Can-he-work-with-Congress-video
While Mr. Obama came to Washington promising to change it, he spent much
AND
have plenty of GOP support – but that remains a large “if.”

PC Fails and is Low- The Congress stands divided- only risk of a link turn
Koring 9-16 9/16/13, Paul Koring is a Canadian journalist and foreign correspondent for The Globe and Mail. He is currently posted to the Washington Bureau as the paper's foreign affairs and international security correspondent. “Obama faces fall showdown with Congress’”, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/obama-faces-fall-showdown-with-congress/article14329090/
In turn, despite the President’s impressive oratory, he may be wearing out his
AND
fiscal cliff to drive a stake into the President’s health-care program.

Winners win
Singer, 9 – Juris Doctorate candidate at Berkeley Law (Jonathon, “By Expending Capital, Obama Grows His Capital,” 3/3/2009, http://www.mydd.com/story/2009/3/3/191825/0428)
From the latest NBC News-Wall Street Journal survey: Despite the country's struggling
AND
further as a result of their knee-jerked opposition to that agenda,

PC not real
Dickinson 9 (Matthew, professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt, 5/26,  Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, “Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/)
What is of more interest to me, however, is what her selection reveals
AND
influence has already occurred, in the decision to present Sotomayor as his nominee

Failure to raise the debt ceiling doesn’t reduce spending—star this card
Yglesias 9/28 September 28th, 2013, Matthew, “Slate's business and economics correspondent”, Failing To Raise The Debt Ceiling Doesn't Reduce Government Spending”, http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/09/28/debt_ceiling_government_spending_failing_to_pay_the_bills_doesn_t_mean_you.html
Looking around the Web today, most grassroots conservatives and a frightening number of Republican
AND
if you want to spend less money you need to change those laws.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: Carrolton DW | Judge: Anastasia Kazteridis
Relations solves Disease Spread
Hataley et al 10 March 2010, Todd S. Hataley is a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Abelardo Rodríguez Sumano is Professor of International Relations at the University of Guadalajara and a member and researcher at the National Council on Science and Technology in Mexico, Richard J. Kilroy, Jr., is Professor of International Studies and Political Science at Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, VA, “Toward a New Trilateral Strategic Security Relationship: United States, Canada, and Mexico”, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022andcontext=jss
Three areas that have witnessed an increase in security cooperation among the three countries involve
AND
three governments to reach a level of cooperation and convergence toward a common threat

Extinction
Yu 9 (5/22, Victoria, Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, "Human extinction: the uncertainty of our fate", http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)
A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed
AND
could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

Turn—the Ex-Im bank kills competitiveness
James, ’12 October 2012, Sallie James, “Ending the Export-Import Bank”, http://www.downsizinggovernment.org/export-import-bank#7
Interestingly, the Ex-Im Bank has occasionally stacked the deck against U.
AND
.S. carriers and could force them to cancel certain routes."40 

The Ex-Im bank distorts market competition—collapses the economy
DeMaura, ’12 04/03/12, Stephen DeMaura, “Congress Must Reform the Export-Import Bank to Save U.S. Jobs”, http://townhall.com/columnists/stephendemaura/2012/04/03/congress_must_reform_the_exportimport_bank_to_save_us_jobs/page/full/
The Export-Import Bank is a government agency which is responsible for aiding in
AND
doing is undermining American businesses and American workers and that is just wrong.
  
Links to ptx
Carney, ’12 03/14/12, Timothy P. Carney is a senior political columnist, “GOP could make hay by opposing Ex-Im Bank”, http://washingtonexaminer.com/article/1178346
Ex-Im reauthorization typically passes easily. But after the Wall Street bailouts,
AND
stimulus and after the drug, hospital, and doctor lobbies supported Obamacare.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Atholton AZ | Judge: Jordana Sternberg
B. Should doesn’t imply certainty nor immediatecy
Atlas Collaboration ‘99
“Use of shall, should, may can,” http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html
'shall' describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses 'shall', then that
AND
to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what  'thoroughly' means). 

C. And “resolved” doesn’t sever immediacy
Online Plain Text English Dictionary ‘9 (http://www.onelook.com/?other=web1913andw=Resolve)
Resolve: “To form a purpose; to make a decision; especially, to determine after reflection; as, to resolve on a better course of life.” 

D. Resolved” doesn’t lock the aff into “certainty”:
Merriam Webster ‘9 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolved)
# Main Entry: 1re•solve # Pronunciation: \ri-?zälv, -?z?lv also -?zäv or -?z?v\ # Function: verb # Inflected Form(s): resolved; re•solv•ing 1 : to become separated into component parts; also : to become reduced by dissolving or analysis 2 : to form a resolution : determine 3 : consult, deliberate 

Mexican certainty is key to investment
Taylor 1-9 1/9/13, Phil Taylor reporter for the E and E publishing LLC, “EandE: U.S.-Mexico transboundary agreement mired in Congress”, http://www.bromwichgroup.com/2013/01/ee-offshore-drilling-u-s-mexico-transboundary-agreement-mired-in-congress/
The impasse derailed, for now, an agreement that many think could improve bilateral
AND
the National Ocean Industries Association, which urged Congress to approve the measure.

Mexico will refuse human rights conditions
AI 6-08 (Amnesty International is a prestigious international human rights organization, “Mexico: Merida initiative can only deliver security with human rights,” http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/mexico-merida-initiative-can-only-deliver-security-human-rights-20080604)
Amnesty International today urged the US Congress to maintain human rights safeguards in the Merida initiative – legislation to fund a security cooperation package between the US, Mexico and Central America. Amnesty International’s call comes as the US Congress has come under increasing pressure not to include human rights safeguards in the proposed initiative. Mexican government authorities said they would not proceed with the agreement unless human rights safeguards were removed

Conditioning Mexico energy reform kills momentum for it
Barnes ‘11
Joe Barnes, the Bonner Means Baker Fellow at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, written extensively on international economics, with a focus on the geopolitics of energy, April 29, 2011, “The Future of Oil in Mexico”, http://bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-BarnesBilateral-04292011.pdf.
Nonetheless, the ability of the United States to encourage reform is severely limited.
AND
spluttering about the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.37

Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equality
Cummiskey ‘90
David, Professor of Philosophy, Bates, Kantian Consequentialism, Ethics 100.3, p 601-2, p 606, jstor
We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
AND
consideration of conduct, one's own subjective concerns do not have overriding importance.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lakeland AR | Judge: Leandra Lopez
A. Merida initiative
Janes 13 (Jared Janes, Reporter for The Monitor, 2/4/13, “Cuellar: U.S. aid to Mexico should continue”, http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/article_72349d54-6e60-11e2-898e-001a4bcf6878.html)
U.S. aid allocated under the Merida Initiative will continue to be delivered
AND
continuing with Plan Merida or whatever we might call the assistance to Mexico.”

B. Fiscal Year 2013 budget
CRS, 6/26 (Congressional Research Service, Service that researches fact for/within congress, 6/26/13, “U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Trends and FY2013
Appropriations”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42582.pdf)
Under the FY2013 request, Mexico would receive $269.5 million in U
AND
like helicopters, to providing less costly training and capacity building programs.8

Won’t go nuclear
Dyer 2 (Gwynne, Ph.D. in War Studies – University of London and Board of Governors – Canada’s Royal Military College, The Coming War, Queen’s Quarterly, December, Lexis)
All of this indicates an extremely dangerous situation, with many variables that are impossible
AND
the ones with the resources and the technology to churn out weapons of mass

Sanctions solve and are effective—most recent evidence
Palmer 9/27 September 27th, 2013, Elizabeth, “Iran leader Rouhani gives his nation, and investors, hope that devastating sanctions may be eased”, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57604972/iran-leader-rouhani-gives-his-nation-and-investors-hope-that-devastating-sanctions-may-be-eased/
LONDON In his speech to the United Nations General Assembly, President Hasan Rouhani's
AND
as the U.S. government and its allies have long suspected.

Middle East Instability is empirically denied
Yglesisas 7 (Matthew, Associate Editor – Atlantic Monthly, “Containing Iraq”, The Atlantic, 9-12,
http://matthewyglesias.theatlantic.com/archives/2007/09/containing_iraq.php)
Kevin Drum tries to throw some water on the "Middle East in Flames"
AND
US Marines to wander around the desert hunting a possibly mythical terrorist organization. 

Iran will inevitably try to nuclearize – means the impact should be inevitable
Devine-Molin 5 (Carol, Republican District Leader, “Danger from the East,” April 11th,  http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0405/0405atomiciran.htm)
That said, there never was any legitimate evidence that this tyrannical regime could
AND
that the Mullahs will have atomic bombs. The only question is when."

Relations Solve Terrorism
Alden et al, ‘9 July 2009, Edward Alden, Senior Fellow at CFR, and Director of CFR’s US Immigration Policy Report. Chairs: Jeb Bush, former FL governor, and Thomas McLarty, former Chief of Staff to President Clinton and senior international fellow at the Chamber of Commerce. Task force members included Allen Goodman, president of the Institute of International Education and former Foreign Service professor at Georgetown, Gordon Hanson, professor of economics at UCSD, Robert Putnam, professor of public policy at Harvard, Andrew Selee, director of the Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute and professor of government at Johns Hopkins, Margaret Stock, former professor of law at West Point, and Raul Yzaguirre, professor of practice in community development and civil rights at ASU, “U.S. Immigration Policy”, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBhBbxm4nak
Mexico, along with Canada, is also a vitally important part of U.
AND
efforts to reduce the demand for illegal drugs that is fueling the cartels.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Kyle Deming, Joseph Nelson, Justin Fang
Neolib is inevitable and movements are getting smothered out of existence -~-- there is no alternative economic system
Jones 11—Owen, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph's 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left' for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing", 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html
My first experience of police kettling was aged 16. It was May Day 2001
AND
of revolt, there remains no left to give it direction and purpose. 

Alt causes backlash and transition wars
Anderson 84 Perry, professor of sociology at UCLA, In the tracks of historical materialism, p.102-103
That background also indicates, however, what is essentially missing from his work.
AND
—as this work does—is to locate it in thin air.

No impact
Larrivee 10— PF ECONOMICS AT MOUNT ST MARY’S UNIVERSITY – MASTERS FROM THE HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL AND PHD IN ECONOMICS FROM WISCONSIN, 10 JOHN, A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MORAL ANALYSIS OF MARKETS, 10/1, http://www.teacheconomicfreedom.org/files/larrivee-paper-1.pdf
 The Second Focal Point: Moral, Social, and Cultural Issues of Capitalism
AND
problems in the first place, at least not to the degree theorized. 

Neolib solves poverty
Pipe 11--Nicholas, The South Australia Globalist, "The Global Financial Crisis", 2011, www.perspectivist.com/business/the-global-financial-crisis
When assisted by the other neo-liberal views of globalisation and foreign investment,
AND
the neo-liberalism system is, and how its influence lives on.

The system’s resilient and the alt fails
Rose 12 January/February, 2012, Gideon, Editor of Foreign Affairs, “Making Modernity Work”, Foreign Affairs
The central question of modernity has been how to reconcile capitalism and mass democracy,
AND
in the past, optimism would seem the better long-term bet.

Neolib shields the environment
Plastow 10 (Robert Plastow, University of Exeter, “Neoliberalism in environmental governance: a paradoxical double movement?”, http://academia.edu/2703516/Neoliberalism_in_environmental_governance_a_paradoxical_double_movement)
 Neoliberalism has developed into an extremely strong and dynamic ideology within Western capitalist societies
AND
conservation, reflecting the power and pervasiveness of its rationality and adoption worldwide.

Neolib solves war
Gartzke 5—Former associate prof of pol sci, Columbia. Former associate prof of pol sci, USCD. PhD in International Relations, Formal/Quantitative Methods from U Iowa (Erik, “Future Depends on Capitalizing on Capitalist Peace,” 1 October 2005, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5133)
With terrorism achieving "global reach" and conflict raging in Africa and the Middle
AND
anti-market activists may distract the developed nations from this historic opportunity. 

Open markets are true for Mexico
O’Neal ’13 2013, Shannon K. O’Neil is a senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization, “Two Nations Indivisible”, it’s a book
Economic history shows us that trade has been a positive engine for wealth creation.
AND
has the potential to create a rising economic tide, lifting all boats.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Hooch AS | Judge: Ryan Nierman
B. Should doesn’t imply certainty nor immediatecy
Atlas Collaboration ‘99
“Use of shall, should, may can,” http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html
'shall' describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses 'shall', then that
AND
to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what  'thoroughly' means).

C. And “resolved” doesn’t sever immediacy
Online Plain Text English Dictionary ‘9 (http://www.onelook.com/?other=web1913andw=Resolve)
Resolve: “To form a purpose; to make a decision; especially, to determine after reflection; as, to resolve on a better course of life.” 

D. Resolved” doesn’t lock the aff into “certainty”:
Merriam Webster ‘9 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolved)
# Main Entry: 1re•solve # Pronunciation: \ri-?zälv, -?z?lv also -?zäv or -?z?v\ # Function: verb # Inflected Form(s): resolved; re•solv•ing 1 : to become separated into component parts; also : to become reduced by dissolving or analysis 2 : to form a resolution : determine 3 : consult, deliberate 

Mexican certainty is key to investment
Taylor 1-9 1/9/13, Phil Taylor reporter for the E and E publishing LLC, “EandE: U.S.-Mexico transboundary agreement mired in Congress”, http://www.bromwichgroup.com/2013/01/ee-offshore-drilling-u-s-mexico-transboundary-agreement-mired-in-congress/
The impasse derailed, for now, an agreement that many think could improve bilateral
AND
the National Ocean Industries Association, which urged Congress to approve the measure.

Doesn’t solve, countries say no, and links to the net benefit – seen as an extension of US interests, not multilateral commitment
Meyer 4-8 (Peter J. Meyer, Analyst in Latin American Affairs, Congressional Research Service, “Organization of American States: Background and Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, p. 25-26, April 8, 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42639.pdf)
Policy Considerations The rise of regional alternatives to the OAS presents both potential opportunities and
AND
have the potential to backfire” and provoke opposition in the hemisphere.125

OAS fails – funding and internal divisions
Lee 12 (Brianna Lee, Senior Production Editor, Council on Foreign Relations, “The Organization of American States,” April 13, 2012, http://www.cfr.org/latin-america-and-the-caribbean/organization-american-states/p27945)
Questions of Effectiveness and Relevance CFR's Shannon K. O'Neil says the OAS's role as
AND
is a strong call to reform the organization rather than eliminate it altogether.
  
Prolif will be slow
Tepperman 9—Jonathan, Newsweek International's first Assistant Managing Editor now Deputy Editor, “Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb” 8-29, http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/28/why-obama-should-learn-to-love-the-bomb.html, SM
The risk of an arms race—with, say, other Persian Gulf states
AND
be so disastrous, given the way that bombs tend to mellow behavior. 

Proliferation pessimists are wrong—nuclear phobia
Tepperman, 09 -- Former Deputy Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, Assistant Managing Editor at Newsweek (Jonathon, "Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb", Newsweek, August 29th 2009, July 14th 2010, http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/28/why-obama-should-learn-to-love-the-bomb.html)
Put this all together and nuclear weapons start to seem a lot less frightening.
AND
first risk is very small indeed. But it's a tough case to mak

History proves – prolif is slow and solves conflict through mutual deterrence
Bennett, 05 – Staff Writer for the Boston Globe (Drake, "Give nukes a chance", Boston Globe, March 20th 2005, July 14th 2010, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2005/03/20/give_nukes_a_chance?pg=full)
KENNETH N. WALTZ, adjunct professor of political science at Columbia University, doesn't
AND
''The gradual spread of nuclear weapons is more to be welcomed than feared.”

And, empirics go our way – even if leaders talk of nuclear war they won’t ever actually do it
Hagerty, 96 – Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Sydney (Devin, “Nuclear Deterrence and the 19990 Indo-Pakistan Crisis, International Security, Vol. 21, No. 1, Summer 1996, p. 184,)
First, the senior U.S. leader who most forcefully expressed his reservations
AND
nuclear strikes and there is little reason to expect that this will change.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Hooch AS | Judge: Ryan Nierman
Strike causes oil shocks and kills Russia relations
Wintour ‘9-5 9/5/13, Patrick Wintour is a writer for The Guardian. “Syria crisis: China joins Russia in opposing military strikes,” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/syria-china-russia-opposing-military-strikes
Chinese intervention comes as leaders gather for G20 summit hosted by Vladimir Putin, who
AND
red lines requiring a military response if the Syrian government deployed chemical weapons.

US-Russia relations are vital to preventing nuclear war and solving every global issue.
Allison and Blackwill, ‘11
Graham, director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School, former assistant secretary of defense in the Clinton administration, Robert D., Henry A. Kissinger senior fellow for U.S. foreign policy -- Council on Foreign Relations, served as U.S. ambassador to India and as deputy national security adviser for strategic planning in the Bush administration, both co-chairmen of the Task Force on Russia and U.S. National Interests, co-sponsored by the Belfer Center and the Center for the National Interest, 10-30-11 Politico, “10 reasons why Russia still matters,” http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=161EF282-72F9-4D48-8B9C-C5B3396CA0E6
That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S
AND
.S. success, or failure, in advancing our national interests.

Turn – striking syria kills international law – this instance uniquely spills over due to the dirty double standard posed by the US for not taking action earlier and justifying a strike on the basis of international law when they are violating it
Grijalva and Shank ‘9-19/1/13,  Raul Grijalva represents Arizona's 3rd congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives. He is the co-chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus. Michael Shank is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. “If America wants Assad to respect international law, it must respect it, too,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/09/01/if-america-wants-assad-to-respect-international-law-it-must-respect-it-too/
No matter how egregious the violation, America must still work within the legal frameworks
AND
agreement around this entire premise. And what a crime that would constitute.

Turn – ignoring the Iraq syndrome makes it worse and destroys cred – its is sane and justifiable
Larison 9-4 9/4/13, Daniel Larison is a senior editor at TAC, where he also keeps a solo blog. He has been published in the New York Times Book Review, Dallas Morning News, Orthodox Life, Front Porch Republic, The American Scene, and Culture11, and is a columnist for The Week. He holds a PhD in history from the University of Chicago, “The Syria Vote and “Iraq Syndrome””, http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/the-syria-vote-and-iraq-syndrome/
I should add a few comments about “Iraq syndrome,” since this is becoming
AND
even solely in terms of the near-constant use of military force.

This public insolvency makes hegemony ineffective – the US needs a strategy of selective engagement to uphold it’s leadership
Kupchan and Trubowitz, ’07 Charles A. Kupchan is Professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and Peter L. Trubowitz is Associate Professor of Government at the University of Texas at Austin and Senior Fellow at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law., “Dead Center” International Security, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Fall 2007), pp. 7–44
A strategy of judicious retrenchment may not be the preferred course of neoconservative Republicans or
AND
but also restores the political equilibrium necessary to sustain a coherent national strategy.

Strikes cause a spending quagmire that hurts the economy
Samakow ‘8-31 Paul A. Samakow is legal writer and an attorney licensed in Maryland and Virginia, practicing since 1980. He can be reached at any time by calling 1-866-SAMAKOW (1-866-726-2569), via email, or through his website. Paul is the featured legal analyst on the Washington Times Radio, in Washington, D.C., on the Andy Parks show, the featured legal analyst for America’s Radio News Network. “US Syria strike is against International Law, but it's not the first,” http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/leading-edge-legal-advice-everyday-matters/2013/aug/31/attacking-syria-not-legal-attack-we-must/
There are numerous reasons to oppose a U.S. strike. First,
AND
port in Bahrain that houses the U.S. Navy’s Fifth Fleet.

Turn – strikes will cause massive wars and destabilize the world
Larison 9-4 9/4/13, Daniel Larison is a senior editor at TAC, where he also keeps a solo blog. He has been published in the New York Times Book Review, Dallas Morning News, Orthodox Life, Front Porch Republic, The American Scene, and Culture11, and is a columnist for The Week. He holds a PhD in history from the University of Chicago, “Syria and “Pax Americana””, http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/syria-and-pax-americana/
There are a few things to add to this. To the extent that the
AND
best argument that one can make in defense of the proposed attack on Syria

Strikes are ineffective and emboldens Hezbollah
Samakow ‘8-31 Paul A. Samakow is legal writer and an attorney licensed in Maryland and Virginia, practicing since 1980. He can be reached at any time by calling 1-866-SAMAKOW (1-866-726-2569), via email, or through his website. Paul is the featured legal analyst on the Washington Times Radio, in Washington, D.C., on the Andy Parks show, the featured legal analyst for America’s Radio News Network. “US Syria strike is against International Law, but it's not the first,” http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/leading-edge-legal-advice-everyday-matters/2013/aug/31/attacking-syria-not-legal-attack-we-must/
There are numerous reasons to oppose a U.S. strike. First,
AND
port in Bahrain that houses the U.S. Navy’s Fifth Fleet.

Nuclear terrorism results in all-out nuclear war and extinction
Ayson, 10 – Director, Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, pp. 571-593, 6/21, http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/?sid=sersol3ARefinerQueryandcitationsubmit=Look+Upandurl_ver=Z39.88-2004andl=DL2AF5JF3Eandrfr_id=info3Asid2Fsersol3ARefinerQueryandSS_LibHash=DL2AF5JF3EandSS_ReferentFormat=JournalFormatandrft_id=info3Adoi2F10.10802F1057610X.2010.483756andrft.genre=articleandSS_doi=10.10802F1057610X.2010.483756andrft_val_fmt=info3Aofi2Ffmt3Akev3Amtx3Ajournal
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
  
Strikes makes war more likely and a lack of strikes doesn’t cause Iran proliferation – their logic is all war hawk hype
Larison ‘9-5 9/5/13, Daniel Larison is a senior editor at TAC, where he also keeps a solo blog. He has been published in the New York Times Book Review, Dallas Morning News, Orthodox Life, Front Porch Republic, The American Scene, and Culture11, and is a columnist for The Week. He holds a PhD in history from the University of Chicago. “Attacking Syria Makes War with Iran More Likely.” http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/attacking-syria-makes-war-with-iran-more-likely/
There have been countless bad op-eds and editorials claiming that “failure”
AND
“credibility” by standing by the Syrian government “until the end.”

Delay triggers the impact – it’s perception based
Sanders ‘9-1 9/1/13, Edmund Sanders is a staff writer for the LA Times. “Israelis fear U.S. debate on Syria foreshadows weakness on Iran,” http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-israel-us-debate-syria-20130901,0,362254.story
JERUSALEM — Israel braced for rockets and got a diplomatic bombshell instead. The Obama
AND
the nuclear club. Iran says its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes.

A consensus of opinions proves
Barnard ’9-1 9/1/13, Anne Barnard is a writer for the NY Times. “In Syria, Anger and Mockery as Obama Delays Plan,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/02/world/middleeast/overseas-concern-follows-obamas-new-approach-to-syria.html?pagewanted=all
For others, Mr. Obama’s decision raised questions about whether the United States had
AND
that it is beginning to enrich uranium to 90 percent,” it said.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Niles West AT | Judge: Amy Feinberg, John Lawson, Bill Batterman
Middle East war doesn’t escalate
Ferguson 6 (Niall, Professor of History at Harvard University, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford, LA Times, July 24)

Could today's quarrel between Israelis and Hezbollah over Lebanon produce World War III? That's
AND
, at any rate, is clearly the assumption being made in Washington.

Empirically proven
Cook 7—CFR senior fellow for Mid East Studies. BA in international studies from Vassar College, an MA in international relations from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, and both an MA and PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania(Steven, Ray Takeyh, CFR fellow, and Suzanne Maloney, Brookings fellow, 6 /28, Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast, http://www.iht.com/bin/print.php?id=6383265)

Underlying this anxiety was a scenario in which Iraq's sectarian and ethnic violence spills over
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its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East. 

Prolif will be slow
Tepperman 9—Jonathan, Newsweek International's first Assistant Managing Editor now Deputy Editor, “Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb” 8-29, http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/28/why-obama-should-learn-to-love-the-bomb.html, SM
The risk of an arms race—with, say, other Persian Gulf states
AND
be so disastrous, given the way that bombs tend to mellow behavior. 

History proves – prolif is slow and solves conflict through mutual deterrence
Bennett, 05 – Staff Writer for the Boston Globe (Drake, "Give nukes a chance", Boston Globe, March 20th 2005, July 14th 2010, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2005/03/20/give_nukes_a_chance?pg=full)
KENNETH N. WALTZ, adjunct professor of political science at Columbia University, doesn't
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''The gradual spread of nuclear weapons is more to be welcomed than feared.”

And, empirics go our way – even if leaders talk of nuclear war they won’t ever actually do it
Hagerty, 96 – Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Sydney (Devin, “Nuclear Deterrence and the 19990 Indo-Pakistan Crisis, International Security, Vol. 21, No. 1, Summer 1996, p. 184,)
First, the senior U.S. leader who most forcefully expressed his reservations
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nuclear strikes and there is little reason to expect that this will change.

Middle East war key to stop attacks on Israel
Cetron and Davies 7 - September 1 2007  (Marvin, president of Forecasting International Ltd.; Owen, former senior editor at Omni magazine and freelance writer, The Futurist)

There are implications here for Israel as well. If Fatah, Hamas, and
AND
war seem unlikely to be much greater than the ones Israel faces today.

Extinction
Moore 9—BA in pol sci from Wayne State (Carol, Six Escalation Scenarios to Nuclear World War III, 16 February, http://pakalert.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/six-escalation-scenarios-to-nuclear-world-war-iii) 

Israel is especially dangerous because its leaders and supporters have made clear for years that
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strikes cannot stop it.  Only a worldwide disarmament movement can stop it.

Middle East war solves terrorism
Cetron and Davies 7 – *president of Forecasting International Ltd. and reader in Social History at the University of Hertfordshire (Marvin J. Cetron and Owen Davies, “Worst-case scenario: the Middle East: current trends indicate that Middle Eastern war might last for decades. Here is an overview of the most critical potential impacts,” The Futurist, 9/1/07, http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices/5523341-1.html)

Terrorism, quelling the threat. Terrorism is fundamentally a separate issue from the U
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West to demonstrate good will toward Islam and reduce the appeal of jihad.

Middle East war inevitable but now is better because it solves terror
Cetron and Davies 7 – *president of Forecasting International Ltd. and reader in Social History at the University of Hertfordshire (Marvin J. Cetron and Owen Davies, “Worst-case scenario: the Middle East: current trends indicate that Middle Eastern war might last for decades. Here is an overview of the most critical potential impacts,” The Futurist, 9/1/07, http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices/5523341-1.html)

In a paper delivered to the 15th Annual Defense Worldwide Combating Terrorism Conference in 2005
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with which the West would find it much easier to coexist in turn.

Extinction
Wright 7—prize winning author of best winning books. Visiting scholar at The University of Pennsylvania and Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation. Attended TCU, finished his interdisciplinary degree in public and international affairs at Princeton (Robert, 4/28, Planet Of The Apes, http://select.nytimes.com/2007/04/28/opinion/28wright.html)

(3) Terrorism. Alas, the negative-feedback loop -- bad outcomes
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And the catalyst would be terrorism, along with our mishandling of it. 

Middle East war increases investment in alternative energy
Cetron and Davies 7 – *president of Forecasting International Ltd. and reader in Social History at the University of Hertfordshire (Marvin J. Cetron and Owen Davies, “Worst-case scenario: the Middle East: current trends indicate that Middle Eastern war might last for decades. Here is an overview of the most critical potential impacts,” The Futurist, 9/1/07, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:9GDlR6inIhIJ:www.docstoc.com/docs/37338044/The-Worst-Case Scenario-AnAlternativeView+22There+is+another+possibility+as+well,+and+from+the+viewpoint+of+the+United+States+it+is+extremely+interesting22andcd=1andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=us)

That leaves the matter of oil. The Middle East produces nearly 31 percent of
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and it will replace all the energy now coming from the Middle East. 

Renewables solve warming
Sovacool and Cooper 7 – *Senior Research Fellow for the Network for New Energy Choices in New York and Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, VA and  Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices (Benjamin K. Sovacool, also a Research Fellow at the Centre for Asia and Globalization at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and Christopher Cooper, Renewing America: The Case for Federal Leadership on a National Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), Network for New Energy Choices • Report No. 01-07, June, 2007, http://www.newenergychoices.org/dev/uploads/RPS20Report_Cooper_Sovacool_FINAL_HILL.pdf)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Other Greenhouse Gases (GHG) In its most
AND
“the major tool of distribution utilities in meeting industry CO2 reduction targets.” 

Extinction
Tickell 8 (8/11/08, Oliver Tickell – Climate Researcher, The Guardian, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
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warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.  

Middle East war ensures stability in Chechnya
Cetron, et al, 07 Marvin, president of Forecasting International Ltd. in Virginia, “Worst-case scenario: the Middle East: current trends indicate that a Middle Eastern war might last for decades. Here is an overview of the most critical potential impacts”, http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices/5523341-1.html

Russia clearly benefits from a Middle Eastern war. In any such scenario, Europe
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terrorist attention away from local goals. Russia can only welcome this development.

Solves Russian collapse
McLean 5, research intern at the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C. Robert, “Chechen Jihad”, http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=6420

The connection between international terrorism and the “movement for independence” in Chechnya is
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and Afghanistan and those that survive will bring their skills back to Chechnya.

Extinction
David 99  (Steven, Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb)

Divining the military's allegiance is crucial, however, since the structure of the Russian
AND
this threat more than the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war.

Middle East conflict won’t escalate to all-out war but tensions sustain demand for arms imports
Neumann 1995 (Robert, Journal of International Affairs, Summer)

More important for Middle East security are political considerations. The reality of U.
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the arms race in conventional weapons is bound to continue for other reasons.

That’s key to the Russian economy
Rivlin 5 – Senior Research Fellow at the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University (Dr. Paul, “The Russian Economy and Arms Exports to the Middle East,” The Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies) 

In the years 1994-98, Russian arms exports to the Middle East exceeded
AND
was forced to rely heavily on fluctuating income from oil and gas sales.

Impact is Russia-China war
Trenin 2002 (Dmitri, Deputy Director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Former Russian Officer, After Eurasia, pp 308-309)

Usually, there is no shortage of dire predictions concerning Russia’s ultimate fate.  In
AND
the world, but it would do so in less than one piece.

Extinction
Sharavin 2001 (Alexander, Director of the Institute for Military and Political Analysis, What the Papers Say, Oct 3)

Now, a few words about the third type of war. A real military
AND
both, and even against the first frost of a possible nuclear winter.

Middle East conflict won’t escalate to all-out war but tensions sustain demand for arms imports
Neumann 1995 (Robert, Journal of International Affairs, Summer)

It is commonly accepted that the Middle East is awash in conventional arms, with
AND
, dependent on supply and demand rather than on arms-control agreements.

Ukrainian arms exports are critical to economic recovery
STACK 3-17-2010 (Business New Europe, “Ukraine’s defence sector apprehensive over pro-Russian foreign policy,” http://grahamstack.wordpress.com/2010/03/17/ukraines-defence-sector-apprehensive-over-pro-russian-foreign-policy/)

Ukraine’s annus horibilis of 2009 did not extend to its defence sector. In fact
AND
implemented, leaving Ukraine’s defence sector reliant on exports for the foreseeable future.

Ukrainian economic strength prevents nationalism and civil war—impact is US-Russian nuclear war
Romanenko 8 12-1-2008 (Yuriy, Ukranian political scientist, “Ukraine is heading for a civil war,” December 1, http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/article/view/30081/)

Economic crisis will cause that new forces with leftist and nationalist orientation enter the scene
AND
of an attack arise, Ukraine may blackmail Russia as well as Europe.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Kyle Deming, Joseph Nelson, Justin Fang
Prices will inevitably stay high- Middle East Instability
Unger 9-4 9/4/13, David J. Unger is a staff writer for The Christian Science Monitor, covering energy for the Monitor's Energy Voices. “Why oil prices will stay high – even without a Syria crisis”, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2013/0904/Why-oil-prices-will-stay-high-even-without-a-Syria-crisis
The threat is that violence in Syria will spill over to other nations. Even
AND
have driven demand down, and renewables offer even greater hope for energy independence

Other Energy bills Thump
Alario 6-16 6/16/13, Dick Alario is the Chairman of the National Ocean Industries Association which represents all facets of the domestic offshore energy and related industries, “Time to Remove Roadblocks to Offshore Energy Production”, http://www.noia.org/time-to-remove-roadblocks-to-offshore-energy-production/
A decade ago, it seemed far-fetched that America would be poised to
AND
 that will provide independent advice to the offshore energy industry.

The aff has no impact on markets
Barnes ‘11
Joe Barnes, the Bonner Means Baker Fellow at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, written extensively on international economics, with a focus on the geopolitics of energy, April 29, 2011, “The Future of Oil in Mexico”, http://bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-BarnesBilateral-04292011.pdf.
In summary. the slow decline of Mexican oil production, in and of itself
AND
Pemex's development into something like Norway's Statol would mark an important improvement.36

No link—no revolution
Simmons 4-25 4/25/13, Daniel Simmons is the Institution for Energy Research State and Regulatory Affairs Director before the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources, “SIMMONS: North America is Energy Rich”, http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2013/04/25/simmons-north-america-is-energy-rich/
The United States and Mexico are energy rich countries. Total recoverable oil in North
AND
the border is the potential for cooperation between the United States and Mexico.

Low oil prices don’t escalate into conflict – 2008 price drop proves
Mouawad ’08 November 11, 2008. Jad Mouawad is the airline correspondent for The New York Times. “Oil Prices Drop to 20-Month Low” http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/12/business/worldbusiness/12oil.html?_r=0
Oil prices fell to their lowest level in 20 months on Tuesday, despite efforts
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some point, when the global economy starts to recover,” he said.
  
No impact to Russian economy
Blackwill, 09 – former associate dean of the Kennedy School of Government and Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Planning (Robert, RAND, “The Geopolitical Consequences of the World Economic Recession—A Caution”, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP275.pdf, WEA)
Now on to Russia. Again, five years from today. Did the global
AND
are likely to be changed in any serious way by the economic crisis.

Oil not key – consensus of experts
Bondar and Reznikova 11 writers for RBC Daily Russia, 2011, Natalia and Anna, "Oil Out of Favor," RBC daily, No.194, Lexis
The weak GDP growth in the first half-year and the low level of
AND
2011, agrees Igor Nikolaev, Director of Strategic Analysis at FBK Company.

Russian stability does not depend on its economy
Goodrich and Zeihan 9 Lauren Goodrich, Stratfor's Director of Analysis and Senior Eurasia analyst, and Peter Zeihan, Vice President of Analysis at Stratfor, “The Financial Crisis and the Six Pillars of Russian Strength,” March 3 2009, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090302_financial_crisis_and_six_pillars_russian_strength
Politics: It is no secret that the Kremlin uses an iron fist to maintain
AND
stability and authority, regardless of whether this benefits the recipient of Moscow's attention

Low oil prices key to Russian economy
RTT News, 12 (3/7/12, "Low Oil Prices Key to Russia's Growth: Capital Economics", RTT News, www.rttnews.com/1835939/low-oil-prices-key-to-russia-s-growth-capital-economics.aspx kdh)
Lower oil prices can boost Russia's growth in a meaningful way in the coming years
AND
shift to a new investment-led growth model, the economist added.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Niles West AT | Judge: Amy Feinberg, John Lawson, Bill Batterman
Threats are real and changing discursive practices domestically reinforces the worst aspects of a security approach
Copeland 2k
Associate Professor in the Department of Government and Foreign Affairs University of Virginia, Fall 2000 (International Security)
Social Theory of International Politics provides an important starting point for further debate and constructivist
AND
cannot be talked away through better discursive practices. It must be faced.

Alt fails - cooption
John Mearsheimer, Professor at University of Chicago, 2001 The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, Page 25
Because Americans dislike realpolitik, public discourse about foreign policy in the United States is
AND
discernable gap separates public rhetoric from the actual conduct of American foreign policy.

Realism inevitable
Mearsheimer 95
Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, 1995 (International Security)
FLAWS IN THE CAUSAL LOGIC. The main goal of critical theorists is to change
AND
far more violent than realism will not emerge as the new hegemonic discourse.

Securitization key to hegemony
Noorani 5
Yaseen, Assistant Professor in Near Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona, The Rhetoric of Security" CR: The New Centennial Review 5.1 (2005) 13-41 Muse
Any threat to the existence of the United States is therefore a threat to the
AND
, we find out what is meant by such a balance of power.

US military primacy is comparatively better than the alternative
Noonan 10
John, 1/4, The Weekly Standard, Obama's Nuke-Free Vision Impacts with Reality
If the White House's stance on disarmament is indeed that elementary, we might have a real problem. For better or for worse, America's mighty strategic vanguard has served as one of the most powerful global stabilization tools in history. We shouldn't abandon it simply to appease a gaggle of Scandanavian peaceniks, nor should we sacrifice America's security because we're off chasing utopian fantasies.

Security inevitable
Guzzini, Senior Research Fellow at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, 98 Associate Professor of Political Science, International Relations, and European Studies at the Central European University in Budapest, 1998 (Stefano, Realism in International Relations, p. 212)
Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible
AND
in the name although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism.

Criticizing US power distracts from deterring global imperial powers that actually trigger the impact
Shaw 2
Martin Shaw, professor of international relations at University of Sussex, April 7, Uses and Abuses of Anti-Imperialism in the Global Era, http://www.martinshaw.org/empire.htm
It is fashionable in some circles, among which we must clearly include the organizers
AND
I shall return to these political issues at the end of this paper.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Jenny Heidt, Eric Oddo, James Durkee
Evaluate consequences – allowing violence for the sake of moral purity is evil
Isaac 2 (Jeffrey C., Professor of Political Science – Indiana-Bloomington, Director – Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, Ph.D. – Yale, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), “Ends, Means, and Politics”, Spring, Proquest)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

U.S. human rights violations undermines its credibility to push for rights internationally
Halperin, 7 (Morton H., Testimony to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs' Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight, “Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy,” 7-12-2007, www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/07/halperin_testimony.html)
The United States should also actively work with the United Nations and especially the Human
AND
human rights activists in Cuba, Egypt, and Azerbaijan share this view. 

Shunning immoral—uses people as means to an end.
Gordon 99 — Joy Gordon, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Fairfield University, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Yale University and a J.D. from Boston University, 1999 (“A Peaceful, Silent, Deadly Remedy: The Ethics of Economic Sanctions,” Ethics and International Affairs, Volume 13, Issue 1, March, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Wiley Online Library, p. 138-139)
To the extent that commentators have pondered the question of why sanctions are still used
AND
as an act of expression, the sanctions were in fact successful.45
However, "sending a message," while ordinarily a legitimate undertaking for a state
AND
. Thus the purpose is unacceptable on deontological as well as utilitarian grounds.

No morality d-rule—nations aren’t moral actors. Rational self-interest best metric for action.  
Kennan 86 — George F. Kennan, Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, served as U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1952) and Yugoslavia (1961-1963), 1985 (“Morality and Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, Winter 1985/1986, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 216)
Second, let us recognize that the functions, commitments and moral obligations of governments
AND
need it accept any moral reproach for acting on the basis of them.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Jenny Heidt, Eric Oddo, James Durkee
Economic engagement includes energy
Huang ‘8 4/2008, Chin-Hao Huang is a Research Associate at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ("SIPRI") in Stockholm, Sweden. Previously, he worked at the Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies ("CSIS"), in Washington, DC, USA. “THE CRISIS IN DARFUR: A STEIN CENTER and LEITNER CENTER COLLOQUIUM: ESSAY: U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS AND DARFUR,” Fordham International Law Journal, Lexis
The statistics are familiar to most observers following China's economic interests in Sudan. Since
AND
at approximately 500,000 barrels per day (bpd)) indefinitely. n10

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lakeland AR | Judge: Leandra Lopez
QPQs are not Engagement
Smith 5 (Karen E, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, London School of Economics, “Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,”  May 2005, Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:8-3RqE0TzFMJ:scholar.google.com/+engagement+positive+incentives+bilateralandhl=enandas_sdt=0,14)
First, a few definitions. ‘Engagement’ is a foreign policy strategy of building
AND
induce change in another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 5 | Opponent: River Hill SS | Judge: Priten Shah
First is our Resolutional Basis – The word Resolved means to declare by a formal vote
Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1998  (dictionary.com)
Resolved:
5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; -- followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

And, “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
and compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose

Links of omission should be rejected

First, we will advance a dialogical switch side model of debate—Affirmative strategies that suspend basic fairness norms are EXCLUSIVE, substitutes for topical action do not accrue the same dialogical benefits of topical advocacy—
GALLOWAY Asst Prof and Director of Debate @ Samford 2k7
Ryan-former GMU debater; Dinner and Conversation at the Argumentative Table:  Reconceptualizing Debate as an Argumentative Dialogue; CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE; Vol. 28; p. 5-7
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy. 

Policy simulation is key to agency – it teaches us the language of power to prevent ceding the political
Coverstone 05—MBA coach (Alan, Acting on Activism, http://home.montgomerybell.edu/~coversa/Acting20on20Activism20(Nov2017-2005).doc, AG)
An important concern emerges when Mitchell describes reflexive fiat as a contest strategy capable of
AND
middle ground that preserves the American tradition of debate and deliberation within government. 

Roleplaying is good – discussions of policy questions as if we were the government are crucial for skills development and change
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
allies and adversaries, would behave in response to US policy initiatives.7
By university age, students often have a pre-defined view of international affairs
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

C. Their abandonment of traditional fiat abandons training and inspiration of students to find careers in the halls of power and instead pursue marginal social movements ceding the halls of power to the right
COVERSTONE Dir of Debate @ Montgomery Bell Academy 2k6
 Alan-former debater @ Wake, MBA = private prep school in Nashville; “Acting on Activism”;
 DEBATER’S RESEARCH GUIDE (DRG), National Service Topic; Stephen Bauschard, editor;
http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm
The power to imagine public advocacy that actually makes a difference is one of the
AND
middle ground that preserves the American tradition of debate and deliberation within government.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 5 | Opponent: River Hill SS | Judge: Priten Shah
All their reasons the state is bad are a reason to vote affirmative—engaging means we know the tactics of the oppressor
Williams, ’70 1970, Robert F. Williams, interviewed by The Black Scholar, “Interviews,”, Vol. 1, No. 7, BLACK REVOLUTION (May 1970), pp. 2-14, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41163455
Williams: It is erroneous to think that one can isolate oneself completely from institutions
AND
people enter the vital organs of the establishment. Infiltrate the man's institutions.

Their discourse as White supremacy being incapable of change mirrors actions taken by White Supremacy
WOODSON founder of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History  1933
Carter G.- (1875-1950), African American historian and educator; founder and editor of the Journal of Negro History and the Negro History Bulletin;  THE MISEDUCATION OF THE NEGRO; p.83-84
Not long ago a measure was introduced in a certain State Legislature to have the
AND
to conform to the policy of “keeping the Negro in his place.”

No social death – history proves
Vincent Brown, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., December 2009, "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, p. 1231-1249
THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR WORK, that enslaved Africans were natally alienated and
AND
of becoming ‘African American’ in culture, orientation, and identity.”40

There are 3 DAs to the alt –

A. Spectacular Blackness DA – The alt uses black suffering as a tool of the ballot, conflating that with empathetic identification of the other - this makes blackness a commodity
Hartman ’97 Associate Professor of English @ UC BERKLEY 1997 Saidiya V.- “SCENCES OF SUBJECTION:  Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America”; pp. 20-21
As well, we need ask why the site of suffering so readily lends itself
AND
the effacement of sentience integral to the wanton use of the captive body.  

This dooms alt solvency – spills these harms over the debate space
Hartman ‘97 Associate Professor of English @ UC BERKLEY 1997 Saidiya V.- “SCENCES OF SUBJECTION:  Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America”; pp. 21-23
By slipping into the black body and figuratively occupying the position of the enslaved,
AND
way, enjoyment disclosed the sentiments and expectations of the “peculiar institution.

B. Ontological Blackness DA –their discourse is an essentialzed categorical representation of Identity that should be rejected
 

C. Black White Binary DA – the alt operates within that framework– this causes racial scapegoating that undermines anti-racism coalitions
Hutchinson ‘4 Prof of Law, Washington College of Law, American U,’04 Darren Lenard, Aug 2004 (“Critical Race Theory: History, Evolution, and New Frontiers,” American University Law Review, LN)
Ultimately, however, the exclusive deployment of a binary black/white paradigm artificially
AND
that disparages blacks' assertions of racial injustice by deploying model minority constructs. n111

 Alt fails
MATY BA? 11 SAE?R, teaches film at Portsmouth University, September 2011 "The US Decentred: From Black Social Death to Cultural Transformation" book review of Red, Black and White: Cinema and the Structure of US Antagonisms and Mama Africa: Reinventing Blackness in Bahia, Cultural Studies Review volume 17 number 2 http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/csrj/index pp. 381–91
Red, White and Black is particularly undermined by Wilderson’s propensity for exaggeration and blinkeredness
AND
? The coffle approaches with its answers in tow.’ (340)

Reform is possible-~--effective decision-making key to actualize change
Clark 95—Professor of Law, Catholic University Law School. (Leroy, A Critique of Professor Derrick A. Bell's Thesis of the Permanence of Racism and His Strategy of Confrontation, 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23)
I must now address the thesis that there has been no evolutionary progress for blacks
AND
of progress,' short-lived victories that slide into irrelevance." n51
Progress toward reducing racial discrimination and subordination has never been "automatic," if that
AND
occurred in the international arena, and were not exclusively under American control.
With these qualifications, and a long view of history, blacks and their white allies achieved two profound and qualitatively different leaps forward toward the goal of equality: the end of slavery, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Moreover, despite open and, lately, covert resistance, black progress has never been shoved back, in a qualitative sense, to the powerlessness and abuse of periods preceding these leaps forward. n52

Whiteness isn’t a monolithic root cause-~--they shut off productive debate over solutions – means the alt fails
Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity
Others might challenge the distinction between ideological and structural causes of black disadvantage, on
AND
recent social developments (such as immigration policy or reduced federal funding for higher

Afro-pessimism is inaccurate and is used to justify white supremacy
Patterson 98
The Ordeal Of Integration:
Progress And Resentment In America's "Racial" Crisis
Orlando Patterson is a Jamaican-born American historical and cultural sociologist known for his work regarding issues of race in the United States, as well as the sociology of development
In the attempt to understand and come to terms with the problems of Afro-
AND
we still have some way to go before approaching anything like a resolution.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Dikshant Malla
The goal of the agitation is to create rhetorical controversy – the Louisville project proves effectiveness.
Reid-Brinkley 2k8 Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF “ACTING BLACK”: HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE"  

Zompetti’s fears are fairly reasonable. The Louisville Project has not convinced the debate community
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normative practices of debate that might operate to maintain racial exclusion and privilege. 

The PIC mischaracterizes the intent of using personal experience in debate and upholds a white epistemology.
Reid-Brinkley 2k8 Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF “ACTING BLACK”: HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE"  

Zompetti gives the community the choice of either a “focus on individual notions of
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subject position on the margins as hysterical, irrational, and mentally unstable. 

No solvency: We need to move beyond the “feel good” of current politics and radically break away from civil society. Their justifications for building an alternate forum reify the white Enlightenment ideals it seeks to diminish.  
Wilderson 2k5 Associate Professor @ UC IRVINE 2k5 Frank-Drama Department at UC Irvine; “Gramsci’s Black Marx: Whither the Slave in Civil Society?;” WE WRITE; January 2(1).

Slavery is the great leveler of the Black subject's positionality. The Black American subject
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on a comprehensive and structural, as opposed to merely eventful, connotation.

Turn: CULTURE CREATORS are now poised and in prime positions to COMMODIFY the very stance of culture resistance that was supposed to be authentically and ideologically free of commodification.
Abugo Ongiri, ’10 2010, ABUGO ONGIRI Asst Prof of English Film and Media Studies @ University of Florida 2k10 Amy- “Spectacular Blackness: The Cultural Politics of the Black Power Movement and the Search for a Black Aesthetics; p. 15-17

By 1968, the cultural, social, and political landscape had changed so much
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purely and authentically ideologically free from the contamination of the urban industrialized world. 

c. Argument Liability –The negative needs to be liable for the representations they bring into the debate. Contradictions sustain racism.
The affirmative presents a discourse of white supremacy and then presents a different methodology to break away from it. It is these CONTRADICTIONS which give racist ideology its FLEXIBILITY and power.
Nakayama and Krizek ‘95 Asst Prof, Dept of Communication @ Arizona State Univ. Asst Prof, Dept of Communication @ St. Louis Univ. 1995 Thomas K. -and Robert L.-; “WHITENESS: A Strategic Rhetoric”; QUATERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH 81, 291-309
Whether or not one discursively positions oneself as “white,” there is little room
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yet resilient as ever.  This also has significant implications for communication researchers.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 2 | Opponent: BCC MG | Judge: Shree Asware
Counterinterpretation: We should have a discussion of the topic. One that allows us to examine the history of how nations are MADE and UNMADE, one that invites an ACTIVE and CRITICAL EXAMINATION of the world.
Trofanenko 2k5 Research Chair in Education, Culture and Community @ Acadia University 2k5 Brenda-; On Defense of the Nation; THE SOCIAL STUDIES, 96.5 (2005): 193+; http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.binghamton.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE7CA139957613andv=2.1andu=bingulandit=randp=AONEandsw=w Toward a More Global Sense of the Nation
Knowing how history is a site of political struggle, how we engage with social
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but rather an opportunity for genuine productive study, discussion, and learning.

Current political struggles are tied to reforming the state – we must question the structure of white supremacy.
Martinot and Sexton, ’03  2003, Steve Martinot is a profesor at San Francisco State University and Jared Sexton has a PhD in ethnic studies from UC Berkeley, Director, African American Studies at UC Irvine, “The Avant-garde of white supremacy,” http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~marto/avantguard.htm
The foundations of US white supremacy are far from stable. Owing to the instability
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, and captives—are produced in the crucible of its ritualistic violence. 

Turn: Their focus on movements that solve material oppression mark freedom as experiential. They uphold Eurocentric notions of freedom that mask the structural position of the Black Body. Only a disavowal from our current ethico-political system can solve.
Wilderson ’9 Frank B. Wilderson III Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms Introduction
This is one of several moments in Black Skin, White Masks when Fanon splits
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the Muselmenn) among them; the Dead have the Blacks among them.

The black body is an antagonism to America – no level of institutional reform can solve.
Wilderson 2k5 Associate Professor @ UC IRVINE 2k5 Frank-Drama Department at UC Irvine; “Gramsci’s Black Marx: Whither the Slave in Civil Society?;” WE WRITE; January 2(1).
If, by way of the Black subject, we consider the underlying grammar of
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as a matrix constituent to the base, if not the base itself.

Roleplaying as policymakers upholds a spectator mentality that distances debaters from their content. Debaters are taught to be objective and rational which reifies the contemporary practices of power that maintain oppression.
Reid-Brinkley 2k8 Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF “ACTING BLACK”: HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE"page 15  

Genre Violation Four: Policymaker as Impersonal and the Rhetoric of Personal Experience. Debate
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of the “policymaker” and require their opponents to do the same.

State violence against the black body is ontological and gratuitous rather than ideological and contingent.
Wilderson 2k5Associate Professor @ UC IRVINE 2k5 Frank-Drama Department at UC Irvine; “Gramsci’s Black Marx: Whither the Slave in Civil Society?;” WE WRITE; January 2(1).
It is true that Gramsci acknowledges no organic division between political society and civil society
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fair game as a result of a progressively expanding civil society as well.

U.S. society remains a racist system, and though the ideals that
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theirs—that is the Feagin evidence which elucidates the thesis of our argument

Focusing on the manifestations of racial violence gets coopted into the maintenance of order—we must question the structure of white supremacy prior to the examples of the violence it produces
Foundations of white supremacy are constantly re-secured in an obsessive fashion through a
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brutality—ceding yourself to the state cedes to the legitimacy of said institutions
Martinot and Sexton, ’03  2003, Steve Martinot is a profesor at San Francisco State University and Jared Sexton has a PhD in ethnic studies from UC Berkeley, Director, African American Studies at UC Irvine, “The Avant-garde of white supremacy,” http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~marto/avantguard.htm
The foundations of US white supremacy are far from stable. Owing to the instability
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, and captives—are produced in the crucible of its ritualistic violence. 

Their framework is the perfection of slavery
The 1AC’s demand for legal relief is the perfection of the slave as a slave
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The demand for equality becomes the point at which the slave expresses its fidelity
Farley 5 Boston College (Anthony, “Perfecting Slavery”, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp)
Slavery is with us still. We are haunted by slavery. We are animated
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beyond the veil, beyond death; hence, the end of forever.  

State control trades off with immediate local activism and results in extinction
Purchase ‘90, Teaches in the Department of Traditional and Modern Philosphy at the University of Sydney, 1990 Graham, Anarchist Society and Its Practical Realization
The future of our planet and our continued evolution are under gave threat. Important
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every bit as practical as the centralized government and the nation-state.

State reform cannot resolve the fungibility of black identity.
Ross 2k Assc. Director of the Center for AfroAmerican and African Studies @ U Mich 2000 Marlon-Professor of English; Pleasuring Identity, or the Delicious Politics of Belonging; NEW LITERARY HISTORY, Vol. 31, No. 4, Is There Life after Identity Politics?; Autumn, 2000; pp.827-850.
Those contributors I have not met in person, therefore, must necessarily possess face
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--we are really talking about the politics of our face/ts.

The characterization of “right” politics in opposition to the “left” is reflective of larger ontological stances grounded in identity. An engagement of the political begins with an engagement of the body.
Ross 2k Assc. Director of the Center for AfroAmerican and African Studies @ U Mich 2000 Marlon-Professor of English; Pleasuring Identity, or the Delicious Politics of Belonging; NEW LITERARY HISTORY, Vol. 31, No. 4, Is There Life after Identity Politics?; Autumn, 2000; pp.827-850.
Some British romantic poets have suggested that we come to value most that which we
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solidarity of identity, much less of purpose, is in fact impossible.

Fanatical agitation can invoke new tropes of political reality.
Olson 2k9 Assc. Professor of Politics and Intl Affairs @ Northern Arizonia Univ. 2k9 Joel-; Friends and Enemies, Slaves and Masters: Fanaticism, Wendell Phillips, and the Limits of Democratic Theory; THE JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 71, No. 1, January; pp. 82-95.
Fanaticism presents one of the most important political problems since September 11, 2001.
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that there can be democratic potential in the fanatical encouragement of intractable conflict.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Dikshant Malla
Imperialism causes cultural extinction
Escobar 95 (Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Arturo, “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World,” pg. 52-54)BB

The crucial threshold and transformation that took place in the early post– World War
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as the discourse of economists. To them I dedicate the coming chapter.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Dikshant Malla
Black positionality is a unique site for resistance – it is an absolute dereliction and a scandal in the face of New World hegemony. We need to move beyond the “feel good” of current politics and radically break away from civil society.
Wilderson 2k5 Associate Professor @ UC IRVINE 2k5 Frank-Drama Department at UC Irvine; “Gramsci’s Black Marx: Whither the Slave in Civil Society?;” WE WRITE; January 2(1).

Slavery is the great leveler of the Black subject's positionality. The Black American subject
AND
on a comprehensive and structural, as opposed to merely eventful, connotation.

No impact to biopower – only totalitarianism can cause it
O’Kane ’97 – U. of Keele, Rosemary, “Modernity, the Holocaust and politics”, Economy and Society, 26:1, 43 - 61
Persuasive though Bauman's theory appears, there are problems contained  within his arguments which are
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systems he offered two solutions for the problem of keeping bureaucracy under  control. 

Ontology is UNATTAINABLE in a colonized and civilized society, in the world outlook of a colonized people there is an IMPURITY a FLAW that outlaws any ontological explanation.  
Fanon ‘52 Theoretician of Postcolonial politics, culture, and identity 1952 Fanon-Pyschiatrist from Algeria; The Fact of Blackness; http://www.nathanielturner.com/factofblackness.htm

As long as the black man is among his own, he will have no
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definitive because it creates a real dialectic between my body and the world.

No solvency: The criticism fails because it includes the destructive policing of blackness as an afterthought. The failure to center white supremacy as the constitutive condition of violent domination masks the truth of social order and amplifies state power.
Sexton 2010 Jared, Associate Professor of African American Studies and Associate Professor of Film and Media Studies and one third of The Trifecta of Tough, “People-of-Color-Blindness: Notes on the Afterlife of Slavery,” Social Text, Vol. 28, No. 2

The upshot of this predicament is that obscuring the structural position of the category of
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it no doubt would entail nothing less momentous than yet another revolution. 7

No solvency: Blackness is there, dark and unarguable, premised on the stereotypes of Negroes as savages all GENTLY explained as color prejudice that we hope will soon disappear. We must expose the notion of whiteness as mistaken.
Fanon ‘52 Theoretician of Postcolonial politics, culture, and identity 1952 Fanon-Pyschiatrist from Algeria; The Fact of Blackness; http://www.nathanielturner.com/factofblackness.htm

The evidence was there, unalterable. My blackness was there, dark and unarguable
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rationalize the world and to show the white man that he was mistaken.

Turn: Strategic colorblindness and the avoidance of talking about race in an effort to avoid the appearance of bias is one instrument in the TOOLBOX of whites to appear non-prejudiced.
Appelbaum, Sommers Dpt of Pyschology @ Tufts U. and Norton Harvard Business School 2k8
Evan P.-, Samuel R.- and Michael I.-; Seeing Race and Seeming Racist?  Evaluating Strategic Colorblindness in Social Interaction; JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PYSCHOLOGY; Vol. 95, No. 4; copyrighted by the American Psychological Association;  http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/psp954918.pdf

As this anecdote and a developing research literature illustrate, individuals often struggle with how
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appearance during race-relevant social interactions with a range of interpersonal outcomes.

Philosophical criticism is grounded within a colorblind mentality that ignores racism
ROELOFS Assc. Prof @ Hampshire College 2k6 Monique-teaches and writes at the intersection of European, analytical, and postcolonial philosophies with a special focus on aesthetics and the philosophy of art and culture, feminist philosophy, and critical race theory; The Veiled Presence of Race in the Philosophy of Art:  Reclaiming Race for Aesthetics; APA NEWSLETTER on:  PHILOSOPHY AND THE BLACK EXPERIENCE, edited by John McClendon and George Yancy; Volume 06, Number 1; Fall.

Race is a conceptual blind spot in philosophical aesthetics and the philosophies of the arts
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social, economic, cultural, political, environmental, and aesthetic constellations.

Your authors speak from a view from nowhere. They bracket all others into their universal ethics, speaking for everyone to empower their own opinion. This is the functioning of whiteness.
Yancy ‘5 George, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University, “Whiteness and the Return of the Black Body,” The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 19(4), p. 215-216
I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source
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of power expressed in the "comprehension" of a range of materials.