Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Centennial KK | Judge: Devane Murphy

Blake—Round 1

1NC Shell

1NC—Transnational Feminist Rage

THE YEAR IS 2013

EVERYONE LIVES IN RAPE CULTURE

Associated Press, 2013, "Lifting the lid on Asia’s rape culture," http://www.scmp.com/news/article/1307911/survey-asian-men-details-startling-realities-sexual-violence
About one in 10 men in some parts of Asia admitted raping a woman who
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"People tend to think of rape as something someone else would do."

The affirmative’s understanding of the model minority myth inevitably falls within a gender-neutral discussion of Asian identity; this ignores the sexualized racial stereotypes that are uniquely faced by women. How does the 1AC come to terms with the silence surrounding the rape cultures in Asia and South Korea, how do they come to terms with the sexualized violence we see in the every-day? Their 1AC functions as a shield to deal with one way Asian-women are stereotyped, but let the other run amok unchecked—their focus on the myth of the model minority can never solve.

Sumi K. Cho, October 1997 (Assistant Professor of Law, DePaul University College of Law, "Asian Pacific American Women And Racialized Sexual Harassment", http://www4.ncsu.edu/~~mseth2/com417s12/readings/ChoRacializedSexual.PDF
Asian Pacific American women are at particular risk of being racially and sexually harassed because
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collar jobs, there is commonality in the social construction of the victims. 

Asian-women suffer a second-sided oppression in academia. The affirmative’s ignorance on this sexualized harassment is the same type of hyper-masculinization of academic spaces.

Sumi K. Cho, October 1997 (Assistant Professor of Law, DePaul University College of Law, "Asian Pacific American Women And Racialized Sexual Harassment", http://www4.ncsu.edu/~~mseth2/com417s12/readings/ChoRacializedSexual.PDF

Rosalie Tung joined the University of Pennsylvania Wharton School of Business (hereinafter, "
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the least likely person to kick over the tenure-review apple cart." 

Silence on rape cultures in the context of south korea are uniquely violent

Jason Strother, WSJ, 2013, "South Korea Struggles to Confront Stigma of Sexual Assaults," http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304682504579154571193810410

SEOUL—The 22-year old woman recalls facing the man whom she says
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went through," said Ms. Kim, who is 28 years old.

Their failure to understand how cultures of femicide are a part of Asian identity ensures their strategy will always fall into patriarchial messianism—conscientization is the return to the originary Asian identity, the identity which has sanctioned violence against women and continues to do so.

Sumi K. Cho, October 1997 (Assistant Professor of Law, DePaul University College of Law, "Asian Pacific American Women And Racialized Sexual Harassment", http://www4.ncsu.edu/~~mseth2/com417s12/readings/ChoRacializedSexual.PDF

Dr. Jean Jew arrived at the University of Iowa in 1973 from Tulane University
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naked copulating couple with handwritten comments referring to Jew and the department chair.

The politics of their affirmative must be rejected. Their understanding of the "model minority myth" homogenizes Asian identity into a gender neutral discussion. The alternative is critical to eradicate a "second injury."

Sumi K. Cho, October 1997 (Assistant Professor of Law, DePaul University College of Law, "Asian Pacific American Women And Racialized Sexual Harassment", http://www4.ncsu.edu/~~mseth2/com417s12/readings/ChoRacializedSexual.PDF
In light of the prevalent and converging racial and gender stereotypes of Asian Pacific American
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U.S., but also in the lives of sister counterparts overseas. 

Only a transnational feminist understanding accounts for the unique prisms in which women are violated.

Grewal and Kaplan – 2000 – Professor and Chair of Women’s Studies at San Francisco State University and Chair of Women’s Studies at UC Berkeley (Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan, "Postcolonial Studies and Transnational Feminist Practices," Jouvert 5.1, Autumn 2000, http://english.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v5i1/grewal.htm)
As feminists who have participated in what can be called postcolonial studies since our days
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in relation to histories of colonialisms and postcoloniality will produce new feminist theories.

OUR ANGER IS POLITICAL—WEARS AWAY AT THE PATRIARCHIAL WESTERN-CENTRIC SYSTEM

Susi Kaplow, 1973 ("Getting Angry" Radical Feminism
Two scenarios: An angry man: someone has infringed on his rights, gone
AND
personal to the political and becomes a force for shaping our new destiny.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: GDS CT | Judge: Imanol Avedano

Anti-Blackness 1NC

Their silence on the issue of race is not a neutral stance – it is a strategic silencing that denies white privilege and naturalizes white supremacy

Carrie Crenshaw, Assistant Professor in the Department of Speech Communication, The University of Alabama, Summer 1997, "Resisting whiteness’ rhetorical silence," Western Journal of Communication 61.3, ebsco

In academic and political discourse, it is also rare for white people to explicitly
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our understanding of the intersections among racialized, gendered, and class discourses.

The 1AC is an attempt to escape into a fantasy world of language and magic in order to avoid the material issues of the status quo. This is a strategy of white supremacy which uses high theory to continually avoid the issue central to every debate—while they have fun reading their stupid stories, people of color continue to get shot.

George Yancy, 2008, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Duquesne University, Black bodies, white gazes: the continuing significance of race, p. 299

Although there are many while antiracists who do fight and will continue to fight against
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wallet. The sheer weight of this reality mocks the patience of theory. 

Conception of language as inevitably fluid leads to the denial of agency. This makes resistance to white supremacist power structures impossible

Will Brooker, 1999 ("Agency," http://faculty.washington.edu/cbehler/glossary/agency.html:)

Agency A term referring to the role of the human actor as individual or group
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the concept of agency itself and thus to undermine any counter-strategy. 

White supremacy is a global modality of genocidal violence – slavery may have ended in name, but its operational logic continues to fester. Their project simply provides fuel for Whiteness.

Rodriguez ’11 ~Dylan, PhD in Ethnic Studies Program of the University of California Berkeley and Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of California Riverside, "The Black Presidential Non-Slave: Genocide and the Present Tense of Racial Slavery", Political Power and Social Theory Vol. 22, pp. 38-43~

To crystallize what I hope to be the potentially useful implications of this provocation toward
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people are incarcerated with the overwhelming consent of white/multiculturalist civil society.

Ethics and freedom not in imagining a utopian world of US engagement, rather a rejection of the affirmative’s attempt to use wonder to ratify civil society—their politics of wonder renders us unable to account for anti-blackness

Kokontis 2011 (Kate, PhD in Performance Studies from UC-Berkeley, "Performative Returns and the Rememory of History: genealogy and performativity in the American racial state," Dissertation available on Proquest)

On one hand, she addresses the literal politics that the theological narratives espouse.
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for reinvention and reconstruction that emerge when faced with profound absence and loss.

Their romanticization of nomadic politics and mobility inexorably ties them to the power structures of Whiteness.

Caren Kaplan, January 9^th, 2004 (cultural studies @ University of California at Davis, "Mobility and War: The Cosmic View of ’Air Power’," word doc

So I want to talk about war and the discourses of space and time that
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about topography and weather, they quickly became thoroughly involved in military operations.

 Balloon invasions stirred the imaginations of many French commanders. Yet, although balloons
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view" is drawn upon for war as much as for anything else. 

Thus we should focus our energies and points of attention on an unflinching paradigmatic analysis that calls for the end of America.

Wilderson 2010 ~Frank B., I told you he was on some guerilla shit, Red, White 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages ix-x~

STRANGE As it might seem, this book project began in South Africa. During
AND
A ndile Mngxitama, Prishani Naidoo, John Shai, and S’bu Zulu.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: GDS CT | Judge: Imanol Avedano

1NC

Dystopianism 1NC

~CP TEXT: The United States federal genocidal terrorist bureaucrats will substantially increase their economic engagement with Venezuela through an exchange of the smell of blood, sweat and urine, rotting flesh bred under a sea of blood that frames the world for sacrifice under a warlike satanical drive to conquer.~

If the 1AC’s intent is to use the topic to stimulate wonder and creativity, our counternarrative exposes the dark underside of their argument. Magical realism should not be used to valorize economic engagement towards Latin America because US engagement policies have caused mass death and terror.

James Petras, Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York, 12-30-11, "Imperialism and the "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools,"
http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1886
There is a long history of imperialist "anti-imperialism", officially sponsored condemnation
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democracy movements and those promoted by Washington, NATO and the mass media.

While wonder might be good, it DEFINITELY isn’t in the context of economic engagement—the basis for US exchanges with Latin America is the extermination of non-white bodies. Vote negative to use magical realism to see the topic for what it truly is.

Edgardo Lander, 2000 (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas , Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
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It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: GDS CT | Judge: Imanol Avedano

Case

Nomads are bad – their politics empirically gets reappropriated by da military to do bad stuff

Weizman 06 (Eyal, Israeli journalist, "The Art of War," Fireze Magazine Issue 99, May 2006, Online)
The attack conducted by units of the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) on the
AND
through walls is a simple mechanical solution that connects theory and practice.’6

They also cause genocide

Barbrook 98 ~Richard, coordinator of the Hypermedia Research Centre at U of Westminster, The Holy Fools~

While the nomadic fantasies of A Thousand Plateaus were being composed, one revolutionary movement
AND
line of flight’ from Stalin had led to Pol Pot. ~22~

Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Minneapolis South OT | Judge: Juan Garcia

1NC

Afropessimism

1NC—Afropessimism

The affirmative is a fundamental reconstruction of America at the level of systems of thought—however, the only coherent ethical choice is the destruction of America. Antagonism in the US is not metaphysical but paradigmatic, and anti-blackness is the sine-qua-non of Pax Metaphysica.

Wilderson 2010 ~Frank B., killed apartheid officials in South Africa, nuff said, Red, White 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 1-5~

When I was a young student at Columbia University in New York there was a
AND
foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows. 

Kritik outweighs – their impacts are experiential, black suffering is ontological and sets the stage for all other impacts

Frank Wilderson, 2011 (revolutionary, "The Vengeance of Vertigo: Aphasia and Abjection in the Political Trials of Black Insurgents," http://www.scribd.com/doc/79282989/Wilderson-the-Vengeance-of-Vertigo

Subjective vertigo is vertigo of the event. But the sensation that one is  not
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with the myriad maps and frameworks which explain the dispossession of Human subalterns. 

They say the resolution is void—they are wrong, blackness is the prior ontological void upon which the rest of society is constructed.

Pak 2012 (Yumi, PhD in literature from UC-San Diego, "Outside Relationality: Autobiographical Deformations and the Literary Lineage of Afro-pessimism in 20th and 21st Century African American Literature," Dissertation through Proquest)

I turn here to Hartman’s work in African American cultural studies, wherein she problematizes
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lead to the incoherence and dismantling of civil society as it currently stands.

Their arguments about how we should critique metaphysics ignore the anti-blackness; while they perform their thought experiments black bodies will continue to suffer.

George Yancy, 2008, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Duquesne University, Black bodies, white gazes: the continuing significance of race, p. 299

Although there are many while antiracists who do fight and will continue to fight against
AND
wallet. The sheer weight of this reality mocks the patience of theory. 

White supremacy is a global modality of genocidal violence – slavery may have ended in name, but its operational logic continues to fester. Their project simply provides fuel for Whiteness. The debate is a question of starting point—we must recognize power as paradigmatic and not metaphysical.

Rodriguez ’11 ~Dylan, PhD in Ethnic Studies Program of the University of California Berkeley and Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of California Riverside, "The Black Presidential Non-Slave: Genocide and the Present Tense of Racial Slavery", Political Power and Social Theory Vol. 22, pp. 38-43~

To crystallize what I hope to be the potentially useful implications of this provocation toward
AND
people are incarcerated with the overwhelming consent of white/multiculturalist civil society.

Thus we should focus our energies and points of attention on an unflinching paradigmatic analysis that calls for the end of America. Their failure to pose this question is an independent reason they should live.

Wilderson 2010 ~Frank B., I told you he was on some guerilla shit, Red, White 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages ix-x~

STRANGE As it might seem, this book project began in South Africa. During
AND
A ndile Mngxitama, Prishani Naidoo, John Shai, and S’bu Zulu.

Tournament: Bronx Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Blake LW | Judge: Cayman Giordano, Jorman Antigua

Airguns Turn – the plan leads to seismic airgun testing – that kills sea turtles. ):

Chris Carnevale, 4-20-2013, Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, works in advocacy for clearn energy development and coastal responses to climate change, "Why We Should Not Drill Offshore the South Atlantic," http://blog.cleanenergy.org/2013/04/20/why-we-should-not-drill-offshore-the-south-atlantic/~~23sthash.2WNB0Hok.dpuf

The current proposal by the federal government to open the Atlantic to offshore oil and
AND
declines in catch rates for commercially important fish due to seismic airgun testing.

That turns biodiversity – impact’s extinction.

Todd Steiner, xx-xx-2010, Sea Turtle Restoration Project, Executive Director at Turtle Island Restoration Network, San Francisco Bay Area, "Are Sea Turtles Worth Saving?" http://www.bonaireturtles.org/explore/are-sea-turtles-worth-saving/

Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology – that everything is connected. Sea
AND
important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.

Tournament: Bronx Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Blake LW | Judge: Cayman Giordano, Jorman Antigua

Article 19 Turn – the plan worsens US environmental and hydrocarbon drilling regulations in the Gulf – Article 19 of the TBHA makes accidents more likely.

John F. Kerry et al, 12-21-2012, Massachusetts Senator and Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, with the rest of the Committee on Foreign Relations (there are like a thousand of them lol I ain’t typing all that), "Oil, Mexico and the Transboundary Agreement," http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77567/html/CPRT-112SPRT77567.htm

Regardless of whether Congress considers the TBA as a treaty or executive agreement, Congressional
AND
region if the Interior Secretary is given unrestricted authority to implement that section.

Tournament: Bronx Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Blake LW | Judge: Cayman Giordano, Jorman Antigua

1NC DA

Gulf drilling is low and decreasing now – saves the fishing industry.

Cindy Zipf, 4-12-2013, executive director of Clean Ocean Action Inc., based in Sandy Hook, N.J., "Should THe U.S. Expand Offshore Drilling," http://stream.wsj.com/story/latest-headlines/SS-2-63399/SS-2-211080/

Expanded offshore drilling for oil in the U.S. would be an unnecessary
AND
Clearly, we don’t need to expand offshore drilling to meet our needs.

Expansion of Gulf drilling kills the fishing industry.

Chris Carnevale, 4-20-2013, Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, works in advocacy for clearn energy development and coastal responses to climate change, "Why We Should Not Drill Offshore the South Atlantic," http://blog.cleanenergy.org/2013/04/20/why-we-should-not-drill-offshore-the-south-atlantic/~~23sthash.2WNB0Hok.dpuf

Today, April 20, marks the 3rd anniversary of the tragic Deepwater Horizon Gulf
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declines in catch rates for commercially important fish due to seismic airgun testing.

US fishing industry collapse kills the economy and global food security – causes conflict.

United States Coast Guard, 1-05-2010, lol – it’s the Coast Guard, "Protecting America’s Fisheries," http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/Fisheries.pdf

The recreational and commercial fishing industry has an economic impact of more than 2420
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the future, fishing treaties will become the source of greater diplomatic attention.

Food shortages destabilize Russia and China – cause global conflict.

Matthey Lynn, 1-26-2013, financial journalist based in London, "Food prices may be catalyst for 2013 revolutions," http://www.marketwatch.com/story/food-prices-may-be-catalyst-for-2013-revolutions-2013-01-16

So if you figure that rising food prices create revolts, and prices will rocket
AND
may be the most likely cause of turmoil in the markets this year.

Tournament: Bronx Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Blake LW | Judge: Cayman Giordano, Jorman Antigua

The plan collapses US-Mexico relations – Nieto-Obama Dialogue.

Hennessey and Wilkinson 13 ~Kathleen Hennessey and Tracy Wilkinson, writers for the Los Angeles Times, LA Times, and~2334;Obama, Mexico leader to avoid hot topics, at least publicly,and~2334; 5/1/13, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/01/world/la-fg-obama-mexico-20130502

WASHINGTON — President Obama will seek to cement relations with Mexico’s new president, Enrique
AND
, it may signal a "degree of irritation" in private talks.

Tournament: Bronx Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Blake LW | Judge: Cayman Giordano, Jorman Antigua

1NC – Petro-Phallic Whiteness K

The presumption of an ethical relationship towards the goals of hegemony ignores the brutal underbelly of history – the victories of free societies have been the victories of white, straight males. The aff’s discourse seduces us into championing freedom and stability, only serving to entrench the gratuitous violence done to these bodies.

Winnubst 06 (Shannon, Phd, Associate Professor of Women’s Studies at Ohio State University, Queering Freedom, pg. 43-45) 

Across the Atlantic and roughly two centuries after Locke’s writing of his Second Treatise,
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over nature and the social field of relations, and their subsequent freedom. 

Their drive to drill more oil creates petro-states as a site of unsolvable spectacularized violence – petro-sexual politics is used to perpetuate war against racial and sexual deviants.

Turcotte 11 (Heather, Professor of Women’s, Gender, 26 Sexuality Studies at UConn, Contextualizing Petro-Sexual Politics, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 8/24/2011)

My conceptualization of petro-sexual politics is rooted in the statist junctures of conflict
AND
market economies¶ of violence that make up and perpetuate current global orders.

Ethic and sexual violence is a part of petro-violence—the idea that fighting for oil is different from gender violence breeds passivity and leads to neverending war

Turcotte 11  
 (Heather, Professor of Women’s, Gender, 26 Sexuality Studies at UConn, Contextualizing Petro-Sexual Politics, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 8/24/2011)

In other words, today, as in the past, the security forces of
AND
gender and petroleum must¶ be considered systemic threads of petro-violence.

The alternative is an archaeology of "freedom" in society.  This process constitutes a radical queering, an action against the grain, necessary to rupture the structural domination of the most privileged at the expense of all else.

Winnubst 06 (Shannon, Phd, Associate Professor of Women’s Studies at Ohio State University, Queering Freedom, pg. 192-195)

While the service sector of the U.S. economy grows larger and the
AND
much about how queerly multiple our "I" of identity can become.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: BCC PY | Judge: Nakisa Sadeghi

1NC – K

The guise of economic engagement is another card in the deck of empire building – expanding contact with Cuba is just another tactic to expand the empire

James Petras, Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York, 12-30-11, "Imperialism and the "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools,"
http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1886
There is a long history of imperialist "anti-imperialism", officially sponsored condemnation
AND
democracy movements and those promoted by Washington, NATO and the mass media.

The Cuba embargo is the factor preventing U.S. economic domination of the region.

William M. Leogrande, and Julie M. Thomas, 2002 (Professor of Government in the School of Public Affairs @ American University, and Participant in a Ph.D. Dissertation at the School of Public Affair @ American University, "Cuba’s Quest for Economic Interdependence", Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 325-363; JSTOR
If there is one bright spot in the current landscape of Cuba’s economic travails,
AND
firms (including Cuban-American firms) would dwarf investments from elsewhere.

The affirmative relies on the government for solutions – this creates an illusion that we are making progressive action. Reform will inevitably lead to the further retrenchment of racism. Independently, this colonizes our education in the debate sphere – prior impact

Woan (Master of Arts in Philosophy, Politics, and Law in the Graduate School of Binghamton University) 2011
(Tansy, "The value of resistance in a permanently white, civil society," http://gradworks.umi.com/14/96/1496586.html, August 2011, pg 9-19)

Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, in then influential Black Power, describe
AND
will emerge triggering another racial disruption, continuing this cycle of racial politics.

Thus the alternative – reject the affirmative as U.S. imperialism. Only an ethics of refusal can challenge power structures.

Steve Martinot, 2005 (Adjunct Professor @ San Francisco State University, "Pro-Democracy and the Ethics of Refusal", Socialism and Democracy, Vol. 19, No. 2
In a system in which humans have been rendered secondary or irrelevant, a different
AND
the corruption has become so overt that there is nowhere else to turn.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: BCC PY | Judge: Nakisa Sadeghi

The aff’s symbolic gesture strengthens destructive right-wing populist politics—-

Ingar Solty 12, Politics Editor of Das Argument, and co-founder and Board member of the North-Atlantic Left Dialogue (NALD), an annual summit of left intellectuals organized by the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation and funded by the German Foreign Office, 2012, "After neoliberalism: left versus right projects of leadership in the global crisis," in Global Crises and the Crisis of Global Leadership, ed. Gill, p. 205-208
The immediate empiric
al fallout of the neoliberalization of social democracy was quite obvious. The
AND
Ma¨ker 2008) as a result of successful left hegemonic politics.

The affirmative causes Euro-mimesis – turns the advantage

David Theo Goldberg, 2-18-2009, Professor, Comparative Literature School of Humanities Director, UC Humanities Research Institute Ph.D., City University of New York Graduate School, 1985, Philosophy, "Revealing Alchemies (On Racial Latinamericanization)," http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444304695.ch6/summary

Neo-Americanism, by contrast – this production of the new Americas, of
AND
1958.  This  simultaneously  silenced  any  attempt  to  penalize  racial  discri-mination.

This euro-mimesis makes racialized violence and war inevitable – neocolonialism provides the foundations for genocide.

Natalie Billick, 12-04-2004, writer, Nations and Nationalities, "Genocide," filebox.vt.edu/n/natalieb/teachered/portfolio20html/Genocide.doc

Genocide is the annihilation of a people based on nationality, ethnicity, race,
AND
for the continued support of kinship ideals and the opposition of national homogenization.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: BCC PY | Judge: Nakisa Sadeghi

Their normative discourse is inexorably tied with the macro structures of whiteness.

Pierre Schlag, Professor of Law @ the University of Colorado, 1990, "Normative and Nowhere to Go," Lexis-Nexis

All of this can seem very funny.  That’s because it is very funny.  
AND
world where normative legal thought is already largely the bureaucratic logic of institutions.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Fort Lauderdale MC | Judge: Cayman Giordano

1NC

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should lift the moratorium on oil and natural gas drilling in the Alaska region of the Outer Continental Shelf and offer to jointly drill in the Alaska region with Petróleos Mexicanos. Regardless of whether or not Petróleos Mexicanos accepts the offer, the United States federal government should substantially increase its oil and natural gas drilling in the Alaska region of the Outer Continental Shelf.~

CP solves the case – PEMEX is ready to drill in the US.

José De Córdoba and Laurence Iliff, 8-18-2013, writers for the Wall Street Journal, Iliff writes for Dow Jones, "Mexico’s Pemex Looks to Tap U.S. Shale," http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323608504579020791384328888.html

MEXICO CITY—Petroleos Mexicanos, Mexico’s state oil monopoly, will set up a
AND
and we can benefit from numerous areas of collaboration with international oil companies."

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Fort Lauderdale MC | Judge: Cayman Giordano

1NC

The Energy Security Through Transparency provision of Dodd-Frank, or ESTT, is internationally enforced now – ratification of the Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement kills this provision.
Ben Geman, 4-25-2013, writer and reporter for The Hill, energy and environment, "House GOP moves to shield oil companies from disclosure rule," http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/296235-house-gop-moves-to-shield-oil-companies-from-disclosure-rules

A House GOP bill to implement a U.S.-Mexico offshore energy accord
AND
mandate "goes to the core" of the SEC’s investor protection mission.
Ending ESTT collapses Afghanistan stability.
Christine Clough, 8-3-2010, coordinator of the Task Force on Financial Integrity and Economic Development, part of the Financial Transparency Coalition, "Using Transparency to Avoid the Resource Curse in Afghanistan," http://www.financialtransparency.org/2010/08/03/using-transparency-to-avoid-the-resource-curse-in-afghanistan/

Additionally, the disclosure of corporate profits on a country-by-country-
AND
-country basis, that we’ll achieve full transparency in this crucial sector.
Instability causes global wars – those go nuclear.
Morgan 7
(Stephen John, Former member of the British Labour Party Executive Committee, http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639) 

The Break-Up of Pakistan? Musharraf probably hopes that by giving de facto
AND
in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Fort Lauderdale MC | Judge: Cayman Giordano

US LNG exports kill Middle Eastern stability– Australian LNG solves their offense – AND, alt causes to US LNG failure

Matthew Hulbert, May 26^th, 2012 (lead analyst, European Energy Review, "Why American Natural Gas Will Change the World," http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/05/26/why-american-natural-gas-will-change-the-world/

This 2020 ’lead time’ is important for  Europe, not just because it’s going
AND
prices could leave current (and prospective) LNG projects in the red. 

Middle East instability escalates to global nuclear war

Steinbach, 02 (John, Nuclear Specialist, "Israel Weapons of Mass Destruction: A Threat to Peace," March, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/STE203A.html)

Meanwhile, the existence of an arsenal of mass destruction in such an unstable region
AND
the deepening Middle East conflict could trigger a world conflagration." (44)

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Fort Lauderdale MC | Judge: Cayman Giordano

1NC PEMEX

Nieto Turn – the plan derails Nieto’s energy reforms and collapses attempts to cement US-Mexico relations.

Hennessey and Wilkinson 13 ~Kathleen Hennessey and Tracy Wilkinson, writers for the Los Angeles Times, LA Times, and~2334;Obama, Mexico leader to avoid hot topics, at least publicly,and~2334; 5/1/13, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/01/world/la-fg-obama-mexico-20130502

WASHINGTON — President Obama will seek to cement relations with Mexico’s new president, Enrique
AND
, it may signal a "degree of irritation" in private talks.

Energy reforms turn and solve the case – key to the Mexican economy.

Siskind 6/25/13 (Cory, Research analyst, Control Risks, and~2334;Mexico Plays the Waiting Game on Big Reformsand~2334; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cory-siskind/mexico-plays-the-waiting-_b_3493542.html)

Early 2013 saw one of the most productive one hundred days in Mexican political history
AND
the lowest rates of domestic credit to the private sector in the Americas.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Fort Lauderdale MC | Judge: Cayman Giordano

1NC

CP Text: The United States federal government should implement the version of the Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement drafted by the Senate.
The Senate bill isn’t exempt from Dodd Frank– the house bill is
Karen Boman, Rizone Staff, 10-14 "Senate Passes US-Mexico Drilling Pact," http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/129582/Senate_Passes_USMexico_Drilling_Pact
While the Senate bill has bipartisan support, the Senate bill differs from the version passed by the House in June. The House version grants waivers for companies under the pact from a Dodd-Frank law mandate to disclose payments to foreign governments, the Hill reported, while the Senate version does not offer such waivers, The Hill reported.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 4 | Opponent: Fort Lauderdale MC | Judge: Cayman Giordano

1NC

Silencing is active white privilege – upholds structures of whiteness

Carrie Crenshaw, Assistant Professor in the Department of Speech Communication, The University of Alabama, Summer 1997, "Resisting whiteness’ rhetorical silence," Western Journal of Communication 61.3, ebsco
Helms’ silence about whiteness naturalized the taken-for-granted assumptions contained in his
AND
of whiteness like Helms’ protect material white privilege because they mask its existence. 

Opposing racism is the precondition to moral coherence.

Albert Memmi, 2000, Racism, p. 159-161

Evidently, I am a moderate optimist. The struggle against racism will be long
AND
us act so that no one is any longer treated like a beast.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wilson FP | Judge: Keegan Tomik

1NC – Agency PIC

COUNTER PLAN TEXT: The EZLN should cry Ya Basta21

Their understanding of Zapatismo is rooted in whatever they want to achieve. Absent a fix strategy, they have no solvency, but with a fixed strategy they are no longer aligned with the ideology of "infinite planes" that they try to affirm. The notion of a world where many worlds exist is one of dialogue, not debate. Their understanding of Zapatismo is nothing but a puppet vehicle which ends up installing a replica of Eurocentric thought – turns the case.

Edgardo Lander, 2000 (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas , Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html
Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority. 

This view perpetuates white supremacy

George Yancy, 2005 (Associate Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University and Coordinator of the Critical Race Theory Speaker Series, "Whiteness and the Return of the Black Body", The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 19.4 (2005) 215-241, Muse
I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source
AND
sees" "my body" and it becomes something alien to me?

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wilson FP | Judge: Keegan Tomik

1NC

1NC – Faceless Zapatismo K

Their reading of Zapatismo is fundamentally incorrect – Zapatismo, in and of itself, is a shifting ideology that focuses on the alternatives to modernity and utilizing antimodernity – their use of Zapatismo for antimodernity is false and fails.

Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri, 2011 (Michael Hardt is a Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. Antonio Negri is an independent researcher and writer. He has been a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua., "common wealth", The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

The Zapatista campaigns for indigenous rights in Mexico provide a clear political example of this
AND
presenting a direct relation to the common to develop the paths of altermodernity.

Altermodernity is the only way to overcome modernity – antimodernity dooms us to being caught up in the power struggles that modernity desires

Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri, 2011 (Michael Hardt is a Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. Antonio Negri is an independent researcher and writer. He has been a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua., "common wealth", The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

Up to this point we have explored antimodernity as a form of resistance internal to modernity in at AND antimodernity to altermodernity is defined not by opposition but by rupture and transformation.

Thus the alternative – Vikram and I affirm Zapatismo as a constantly shifting resolution  - this is the true way of Zapatismo and solves the entirety of the 1AC

Manuel Callahan, Professor of Race relations at Humboldt State University, 2005, "Why not share a dream? Zapatismo as Political and Cultural Practice," http://www.jstor.org/stable/23263123
While we should not abandon the responsibilities and challenges of sincere solidarity work, taking
AND
name: Tachicam, the unity of long ing for a better future."

Absent a shifting identity, their focus on antimodernity guarantee’s their failure – focus on a singular effort necessarily fails

Simon Tormey, Head of the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Sydney, 2006, ’Not in my Name’: Deleuze, Zapatismo and the Critique of Representation"
Thinking more generally about the socio-political ideology of Zapatismo, what becomes evident
AND
constant combination and recombination of the indigenous peoples that determines what ’happens’.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wilson FP | Judge: Keegan Tomik

Their attempt to endorse the Zapatistas just guarantee’s the continuation of the colonial legacy – speaking for other necessarily gurantee’s the creation of hierarchies

Alcoff – ’92 (Linda Alcoff, Winter, 1991/92, "The Problem of Speaking for Others," Cultural Critique 20, jstor.org, p. 26)

Looking merely at the content of a set of claims without looking at effects of
AND
speaker, words, hearers, location, language, and so on.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wilson FP | Judge: Keegan Tomik

Zapatismo fails and only entrenches the dominant power of neoliberalism.

Žižek – ’4 (Slavoj Žižek, 2004, Organs without bodies, p. 198-202)

There was a similar constellation in the last years of the decaying Really-Existing
AND
trying to provoke the Master by way of bombarding him with impossible demands.

Fetishizing the partial revolution prevents real social change for the better – comparing Chiapas to Cuba proves.

Proyect – ’2 (Loui Proyect, 2002, "Fetishizing the Zapatistas: A Critique of Change the World without taking Power," http://www.herramienta.com.ar/debate-sobre-cambiar-el-mundo/fetishizing-zapatistas-critique-change-world-without-taking-power)

For a variety of reasons, socialist revolutions have occurred in backward countries where the
AND
working class and its allies to take power in a country like Mexico.

System assimilates social movement demands and deprives them of universal appeal.

Žižek – ’1 (Slavoj Žižek, 2001, "HAVE MICHAEL HARDT AND ANTONIO NEGRI REWRITTEN THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY?" RETHINKING MARXISM, VOLUME 13, NUMBER 3/4, http://www.egs.edu/faculty/slavoj-zizek/articles/have-michael-hardt-and-antonio-negri-rewritten-the-communist-manifesto-for-the-twenty-first-century/)

Today we see the signs of general unease, which is already exploding: I
AND
are deprived of their universal political sting by the very form of negotiation.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Walter Payton MY | Judge: Bruce Miller

6

~CP TEXT: The United States Executive Branch should pursue trade liberalization with Cuba for softs market agriculture commodities, non-edible agricultural commodities, livestock and all grains except for rice.~

This is competitive—"agriculture commodities" includes rice.

Kimerly Amadeo, 1-xx-2014, president of WorldMoneyWatch.com, senior-level experience in economic analysis and business strategy working for major international corporations, "What Are Commodities?" useconomy.about.com/od/themarkets/f/commodities.htm
Agricultural commodities include: Things you drink, such as sugar, cocoa, coffee and orange juice. These are known as the softs markets. Grains, such as wheat, soybeans, soybean oil, rice, oats and corn. Animals that become food, such as live cattle and pork (called lean hogs). Things you wouldn’t eat, such as cotton and lumber.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Walter Payton MY | Judge: Bruce Miller

Movements against neoliberalism are growing and strong in Latin America and spill over globally—-but the plans insistence on US led economic cooperation and integration reifies neoliberalism’s hegemonic grasp—-instead of economic engagement, there must be a de-linking to preserve the environment and indigenous culture’s survival.

Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). "Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization," http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf) 

The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster HK | Judge: Savon Ayodeji

6

US-Brazil Relations are high now.

John Kerry, 8-13-2013, Secretary of State of the United States, "Remarks With Brazilian Foreign Minister Antonio de Aguiar Patriota After Their Meeting," http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/08/213105.htm

Now, obviously we have also had some moments of disagreement, and I’m sure
AND
people to include social inclusion and to work towards things like environmental sustainability.

Unilateral interference in Latin America greatly upsets Brazil – collapses relations.

David Rothkopf, 3-xx-2009, President and CEO of Garten Rothkopf, an international advisory firm specializing in transformational global trends, notably those associated with energy, security, and emerging markets, "The Perils of Rivalry," http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pdf/brazil.pdf

There are other areas in which tension could enter the relationship. How the United
AND
to interject itself as a third party with a third point of view.

Relations key to solve amazon deforestation

Zedillo et al, ’8 ~2008, Ernesto Zedillo Commission co-chair; Former President of Mexico Thomas R. Pickering Commission co-chair; Former U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Memb e r s o f the Par t n e r s h i p for t h e Ame r i cas Commi ssi o n Mauricio Cárdenas Director of the Commission; Senior Fellow and Director, Latin America Initiative, Brookings Leonardo Martinez-Diaz Deputy Director of the Commission; Political Economy Fellow, Global Economy and Development, Brookings , "Rethinking U.S.–Latin American Relations A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World Report of the Partnership for the Americas Commission", http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2008/11/2420latin20america20partnership/1124_latin_america_partnership.pdf~~
The link between carbon-intensive activities and changes  in the world’s climate is now
AND
is pioneering the use of information technology  to lessen deforestation in the Amazon.

Amazon deforestation causes extinction

Takacs 96 (David, Philosophies of Paradise, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., Baltimore)
"Habitat destruction and conversion are eliminating species at such a frightening pace that extinction
AND
the famines could lead to a thermonuclear war, which could extinguish civilization.""

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster HK | Judge: Savon Ayodeji

Exodus turn—normalizing relations causes health-care workers to leave Cuba en masse—collapses Cuban health care model.

Laurie Garrett, ~7-8~-xx-2010, senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations and a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, "Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?" http://www.ihavenet.com/Latin-America-Cuba-Castrocare-in-Crisis-LG.html

According to Steven Ullmann of the University of Miami’s Cuba Transition Project, if Washington
AND
the normalization of relations between the United States and Cuba killed that vision.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster HK | Judge: Savon Ayodeji

2

Apocalyptic rhetoric strengthens reproductive futurism—upholds anti-queerness.

Leopold Lippert, xx-xx-2008, University Assistant in American Studies @ the University of Vienna, "Utopian Contemporaries:  Queer Temporality and America," jfs

Edelman opens his book with what he modestly terms "a simple provocation" (
AND
to every social structure or form" (Edelman, Future, 4). 

Anti-queerness makes extinction inevitable—reject in every instance.

Eve Sedgwick, xx-xx-1990, Professor of English @ CUNY, "Epistemology of the Closet," p. 127-130

From at least the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorray, scenarios of same-
AND
thought between minority potentials and universalizing ones by opened and opened and opened?

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster HK | Judge: Savon Ayodeji

5

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should normalize its non-trade relations with Cuba. This should include, but not be limited to, a normalization of travel relations with Cuba. The United States federal government should lift its ban on imports of Cuban non-rice agricultural commodities, including but not limited to sugarcane ethanol.~

Lifting agricultural and travel restrictions on Cuba is a key first step that sets the foundation for effective mutlilateralism – prevents conflicts

U.S. Chamber of Commerce No Date ~"Oppose Unilateral Economic Sanctions," U.S. Chamber of Commerce, http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/international/files/Oppose20Unilateral20Economic20Sanctions.pdf~~//MY
Oppose Unilateral Economic Sanctions¶ During the past few decades, Congress and the executive
AND
approaches to global security challenges and open the¶ United States to countersanctions.

SugarCane ethanol solves cuba’s economy

Elledge, 9
Nicholas Elledge, Research Fellow, Council on Hemispheric Affairs; "Cuba’s Sugarcane Ethanol Potential: Cuba, Raúl Castro, and the Return of King Sugar to the Island," The Panama News, http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_15/issue_17/opinion_13.html 

Sugar has served as one of the most important formative influences on Cuba’s socioeconomic development
AND
and foreign investment, as well as boosting exports and stimulating economic growth.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Glenbrook South CK | Judge: Jake Shaner

1

A. The Prewritten Script. The aff’s "should" draws us into normative thought.

Pierre Schlag, Professor of Law @ the University of Colorado, 1991, "Normativity and the Politics of Form," Lexis-Nexis

Against this backdrop of bureaucratic power games, it becomes an interesting question just what
AND
doing. What we’re doing, of course, is normative legal thought.  
I. (VIRTUALLY) ALWAYS AND ALREADY NORMATIVE
The orientation of American academic legal thought is pervasively and overwhelmingly normative. For the
AND
unhelpful because once we make their argumentative logic intellectually explicit, they collapse. 

B. Negative Portable Impact. This desensitizes us to real-world suffering as people outside of debate.

Richard Delgado, Professor of Law @ the University of Colorado, 1991, "Norms and Normal Science," Lexis-Nexis

But what is the cash value of all this priest-talk in the law
AND
Normativity may be more than a harmless tic prevalent only in certain circles.

1. Permission to Ignore Suffering
   The history of organized religion shows that intense immersion in at least certain types of
   AND
   found in cases where the Supreme Court has been faced with subsistence claims.

C. Vote negative as an educator to refuse normativity.

Pierre Schlag, Professor of Law @ the University of Colorado, 1990, "Normative and Nowhere to Go," Lexis-Nexis

All of this can seem very funny.  That’s because it is very funny.  
AND
world where normative legal thought is already largely the bureaucratic logic of institutions.

1

A. The Prewritten Script. The aff’s "should" draws us into normative thought.

Pierre Schlag, Professor of Law @ the University of Colorado, 1991, "Normativity and the Politics of Form," Lexis-Nexis

Against this backdrop of bureaucratic power games, it becomes an interesting question just what
AND
doing. What we’re doing, of course, is normative legal thought.  
I. (VIRTUALLY) ALWAYS AND ALREADY NORMATIVE
The orientation of American academic legal thought is pervasively and overwhelmingly normative. For the
AND
unhelpful because once we make their argumentative logic intellectually explicit, they collapse. 

B. Negative Portable Impact. This desensitizes us to real-world suffering as people outside of debate.

Richard Delgado, Professor of Law @ the University of Colorado, 1991, "Norms and Normal Science," Lexis-Nexis

But what is the cash value of all this priest-talk in the law
AND
Normativity may be more than a harmless tic prevalent only in certain circles.

1. Permission to Ignore Suffering
   The history of organized religion shows that intense immersion in at least certain types of
   AND
   found in cases where the Supreme Court has been faced with subsistence claims.

C. Vote negative as an educator to refuse normativity.

Pierre Schlag, Professor of Law @ the University of Colorado, 1990, "Normative and Nowhere to Go," Lexis-Nexis

All of this can seem very funny.  That’s because it is very funny.  
AND
world where normative legal thought is already largely the bureaucratic logic of institutions.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Glenbrook South CK | Judge: Jake Shaner

2

The world is structurally anti-queer and anti-disabled and the aff’s calls for the creation of a "better normal future" only extends humanity’s project to annihilate difference—any and all futurism is born out of the murder of the queer-crip.

Allison Kafer, 5-16-2013, Associate Professor of Feminist Studies @ Southwestern, MA, PhD, Claremont Graduate University, BA @ Wake Forest University, "Feminist, Queer, Crip," pg. 28-31, google books

No Future for Crips Lee Edelman has famously argued that queers and queer theory would
AND
that "fuck the future" can seem the only viable crip response.

To presume an ethical relationship towards the goals of the state, of globalization, and of economic engagement is to ignore the brutal underbelly of our history. Subjugation of "abnormal" bodies has contributed to a system of phallic whiteness. We are seduced into championing freedom and stability, concepts that are inconceivable to these bodies, when that goal only serves to entrench the gratuitous violence always already done to them.

Winnubst 06 (Shannon, Phd, Associate Professor of Women’s Studies at Ohio State University, Queering Freedom, pg. 43-45) 

Across the Atlantic and roughly two centuries after Locke’s writing of his Second Treatise,
AND
over nature and the social field of relations, and their subsequent freedom. 

Rhetorical silence normalizes institutional marginalization of homodisabled bodies—denies the institutional natures of heteronormativity and ableism and causes erasure of queer-crip identity.

Santiago Solis, Winter-xx-2007, doctoral student, Learning Dis/abilities, Teachers College @ Columbia, "Snow White and the Seven ’Dwarfs’—Queercripped," pg. 117, jstor

A queercrip reading of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" grants us the
AND
In this essay, however, I challenge these heterosexist and ableist Beliefs.

The expansion of neoliberal "economic engagement" policies stifles radical queer-crip politics and fractures coalitions between queer and disabled people both here and in Latin America.

Robert McRuer, Spring-xx-2012, Professor of English, Department Chair @ George Washington University, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "Cripping Queer Politics, or the Dangers of Neoliberalism," http://sfonline.barnard.edu/a-new-queer-agenda/cripping-queer-politics-or-the-dangers-of-neoliberalism/~~23sthash.xublhcOP.dpuf

The project of building crip/queer solidarity is not as "straightforward" as
AND
of-the-century example of these processes in the United States.

Apocalyptic rhetoric implicitly valorizes the Child and reproductive sex—this heteronormative discourse constructs a temporal operation to which queerness is antagonistic.

Leopold Lippert, xx-xx-2008, University Assistant in American Studies @ the University of Vienna, "Utopian Contemporaries:  Queer Temporality and America," jfs

Edelman opens his book with what he modestly terms "a simple provocation" (
AND
to every social structure or form" (Edelman, Future, 4). 

Heteronormativity outweighs—the drive to exterminate "impurity" in society amplifies structural violence and ensures omnicide.

Eve Sedgwick, xx-xx-1990, Professor of English @ CUNY, "Epistemology of the Closet," p. 127-130

From at least the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorray, scenarios of same-
AND
thought between minority potentials and universalizing ones by opened and opened and opened?

Negation is the only ethical act in the world of hetero-corporo-normativity. Empowerment and resistance for queer-disabled bodies is only possible through the affirmation of civil society’s negative construction of homodisability—this entails calling for the end of the world.

Kendra Langeteig, Winter-xx-1997, Instructor of English @ Indiana University, "Horror Autotoxicus in the Red Night Trilogy: Ironic Fruits of Burroughs’s Terminal Vision," pg. 135-169, muse

This connection between homosexuality and menacing contagion that Burroughs makes explicit in the erotic exhibitionism
AND
"Invocation" that sets the tone for the trilogy’s "escatology": 48

Thus, vote negative to queercrip the 1AC to death.

Santiago Solis, Winter-xx-2007, doctoral student, Learning Dis/abilities, Teachers College @ Columbia, "Snow White and the Seven ’Dwarfs’—Queercripped," pg. 114-131, jstor

Ultimately, in "Snow White," fantasy has such a normalizing function that it
AND
one that gives defiantly corporeal form to the repressed materials and forbidden fantasies" 

2002, 161). Through the lens of queercripness a fear of sexual fantasies that
AND
to grow up, as I did, in distress over their sexuality.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Glenbrook South CK | Judge: Jake Shaner

Case

For people of color the world has already ended

Barbara Omolade 1984 Calvin College’ first dean of multicultural affairs ~"Women of Color and the Nuclear Holocaust", Women’s Studies Quarterly vol. 12, No. 2~

To raise these issues effectively, the movement for nuclear disarmament must overcome its reluctance
AND
culture" we live in has convinced many to be more concerned with death

than with life. more willing to demonstrate for "survival at any cost"
AND
gained the ability to eat and to provide for the future of our people

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: Octas | Opponent: Eastside MW | Judge: Daryl Burch, Alec Opperman, Lawrence Grandpre

Western society will inevitably co-opt El Dia de los Muertos into the broader fabric of Western society – this loses all of its meaning and become another capitalistic ritual

Rodolfo Acuña, 11-03-2013, professor emeritus at California State University Northridge, the founding chair of the first Chicano Studies Dept, "El Día de los Muertos: Quo Vadis?" http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/01/el-dia-de-los-muertos-quo-vadis/

El Día de los Muertos is more profound. In places like Los Angeles, San Antonio and Chicago, it is a day of remembrance. As the Mexican population increases, it is spreading and infiltrating the popular culture. Unlike Halloween, it has little to do with "me." During El Día de los Muertos we design altars and adorn them with pictures of loved ones, their favorite foods, and other items. Their favorite music is played. The Day resembles Sunday at a cemetery where entire Mexican families show up and visit their dead, clean the gravestones of their parents and loved ones, and visit them. They may be dead but they are remembered. I don’t want to go into a historical narrative about El Día de los Muertos, only that it is millenniums old. With Mexicans, it is rooted in their indigenous past, and it was later appropriated by Spanish Catholicism. The celebration goes beyond trick or treating, scaring the hell out of someone or the cruel incidents of killing a black cat. As Carlin said, when you are dead, you are dead. The truth be told, I am writing a book about these themes. If I ever finish it, I will call it "My Journey out of Purgatory." Although the Catholic Church no longer believes in purgatory, it is my most vivid memory of my childhood – the thought of burning for eternity because you were not remembered and prayed; it scared me. Today I write books and articles because I want to be remembered. I don’t want to die without leaving my footprints, giving testimony to my existence and reminding people that I was here. As I have stated, I am not religious but that does not mean that I do not remember. When I went to Nogales, I visited my maternal grandparents’ grave. I was overcome by nostalgia. I remembered getting shoved out of the first grade in public school and being put into a mentally retarded class. My parents pulled me out of public school and sent me to live with my grandparents who would walk me to a Catholic School three miles from the house. My mother was legally blind and sick – but I could not understand why I was sent away from home through no fault of my own – I felt that I was bad because I could not speak English. My grandparents made me feel at home and wanted unlike my uncle who was just plain mean. I also remember him because I do not want to be like him. I know that they are dead, but I also know that they will live for as long as I remember them –for a moment in seeing the grave I forgot, and was overcome with grief. What my greatest fear is that El Día de los Muertos is growing so popular at least in the Southwest and other places where Mexicans live that it will be commoditized. This Friday and into the weekend there will be numerous festivities at colleges, schools and public places such as Olvera Street. http://vimeo.com/58809527. El Día goes beyond the land of the sun and nostalgia; people are seeking to profit from it; something that will make it meaningless. Touring the various altars I will remember colleagues such as Roberto Sifuentes, Shirlene Soto, and Lorenzo Flores as well as students such as Teri Orozco, Martin Cano and Mario Muñiz who are alive because we remember them. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCQnUuq-TEE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead Will El Día de los Muertos become another Halloween or another Cinco de Mayo where people celebrate it without really remembering? The American capitalist culture is rapidly coopting lo mexicano. Will it suffer the fate of the Cinco de Mayo that has become one big happy hour with local strip joints selling Cinco de Mayo margaritas? El Día los Muertos belongs to us and our memories, let’s see how long it takes for it to be franchised by Disney.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: Octas | Opponent: Eastside MW | Judge: Daryl Burch, Alec Opperman, Lawrence Grandpre

Their reappropriation of El Dia de los Muertos in a Western academic spaces erases Mexican traditions and causes cultural erasure

Lisa Wade, 10-31-2011, PhD, a professor of sociology at Occidental College, "Appropriating Dia de los Muertos at Halloween," http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2011/10/31/appropriating-dia-de-los-muertos-at-halloween/ 

Yesterday we posted about an effort to raise consciousness about racist costumes. Those who
AND
disrespectful… ~and~ also a erasure of someone’s real life culture."

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Atholton RS | Judge: Quamir Johnson, Jazir Beckford, Damiyr Davis

Case

Translating misery into capital is a perverse system of neoimperial academia

Tomsky 11 (Terri, Ph.D in English from U-British Columbia, postdoctoral fellow in cultural memory at the University of Alberta From Sarajevo to 9/11: Travelling Memory and the Trauma Economy, Parallax Volume 17, Issue 4, 2011)

In contrast to the cosmopolitization of a Holocaust cultural memory,1 there exist experiences
AND
, the closer we will come to an understanding of how trauma travels.

Resistance via the ballot can only instill an adaptive politics of being and effaces the institutional constraints that reproduce the violent underside of liberalism

Brown 95—prof at UC Berkeley (Wendy, States of Injury, 21-3) 

For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other mo- dalities of
AND
an other worldly plane vis-a-vis social and political power. 

n this regard, despite its apparent locution of resistance to subjection, contem-
AND
so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Atholton RS | Judge: Quamir Johnson, Jazir Beckford, Damiyr Davis

1NC

1NC—vs. Atholton RS

1NC—Kamikaze Queercrip

The world is structurally anti-queer and anti-disabled and the aff’s calls for the creation of a "better normal future" only extends humanity’s project to annihilate difference—any and all futurism is born out of the murder of the queer-crip.

Allison Kafer, 5-16-2013, Associate Professor of Feminist Studies @ Southwestern, MA, PhD, Claremont Graduate University, BA @ Wake Forest University, "Feminist, Queer, Crip," pg. 28-31, google books

No Future for Crips Lee Edelman has famously argued that queers and queer theory would
AND
that "fuck the future" can seem the only viable crip response.

Rhetorical silence normalizes institutional marginalization of homodisabled bodies—denies the institutional natures of heteronormativity and ableism and causes erasure of queer-crip identity.

Santiago Solis, Winter-xx-2007, doctoral student, Learning Dis/abilities, Teachers College @ Columbia, "Snow White and the Seven ’Dwarfs’—Queercripped," pg. 117, jstor

A queercrip reading of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" grants us the
AND
In this essay, however, I challenge these heterosexist and ableist Beliefs.

Rhetorical silence normalizes heterosexuality as an invisible norm that leads to interpersonal and social violence

Afshar – ’4 – Department of Political Science, Syracuse University (Ahoura Afshar, 2004, "The Invisible Presence of Sexuality in the Classroom," Interrupting Heteronormativity, http://www.syr.edu/gradschool/pdf/resourcebooksvideos/Heteronormativity.pdf, p. 33-37)

Should discussions of sexuality be included in the classroom?1 The easy answer might
AND
is an issue that all students face, regardless of their sexual orientation.

The liberal subject constituted both in and by the 1AC perpetuates stigma against disabled—claims of the value of conscientization education assume an able-bodied locus of subjectivity.

Carol Appadurai Breckenridge1 and Candace A Volger2, Fall-xx-2001, Associate Professor of History @ the New School for Social Research, PhD @ University of Wisconsin—Madison1, David B. and Clara E. Stern Professor of Philosophy and Professor in the College at the University of Chicago2, "The Critical Limits of Embodiment: Disability’s Criticism," pg.—, muse 

Disability studies teaches that an assumed able body is crucial to the smooth operation of
AND
people unsettle ideals of social organization as freely chosen expressions of mutual desire.

Conscientization attempts to change reality by naming the world; we think that we should accept the names the world gives us. The telos of their conscientization is to end the myth of the model minority, this ignores the impossibility of the Asian ever being included. They simply create an illusion of the transcendence of the forever foreigner. We should embrace the generative chaos that Asian-American identity rips into the fabric of America. Negation is the only ethical act in the world of hetero-corporo-normativity. Empowerment and resistance for queer-disabled bodies is only possible through the affirmation of civil society’s negative construction of homodisability—this entails calling for the end of the world.

Kendra Langeteig, Winter-xx-1997, Instructor of English @ Indiana University, "Horror Autotoxicus in the Red Night Trilogy: Ironic Fruits of Burroughs’s Terminal Vision," pg. 135-169, muse

This connection between homosexuality and menacing contagion that Burroughs makes explicit in the erotic exhibitionism
AND
"Invocation" that sets the tone for the trilogy’s "escatology": 48

Thus, vote negative to endorse the politics of the queer-crip kamikaze. Become the yellow peril.

Yoonmee Chang, 2010, Associate Professor, Literature: Asian American literature and culture, ethnography and literature, ethnic enclaves, "Writing the Ghetto"

Imagining politics through the queer might be a critical choice, but it is not
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a version of heterosexually produced social form (therefore all politics are retrogressive).

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 2 | Opponent: Eastside DS | Judge: Patrick Githens

Offering foreign aid makes people dependent on the US – this maintains poverty.

Bräutigam, Professor in the School of International Service at American University, 2000
(Deborah, Aid Dependence and Governance, http://www.sti.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Pdfs/swap-/swap404.pdf)
This study analyzes the political economy of aid dependence. Large amounts  of aid delivered
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disincentives for both donors and governments to change the rules of their engagement. 

Second, aid dependency results in corruption and keeps criminals in power.

Felbab-Brown, senior fellow at The Brookings Institution, 2011
(Vanda, Human Security and Crime in Latin America: The Political Capital and Political Impact of Criminal Groups and Belligerents Involved in Illicit Economies, September 2011)
It is important that social interventions are designed as comprehensive rural development or comprehensive urban
AND
State, under which criminal actors even control territories and limit State access.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 2 | Opponent: Eastside DS | Judge: Patrick Githens

3

Economic engagement is the disguise of foreign policy domination.

James Petras, 2-7-13 (James Petras is a Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York., He is the author of more than 62 books published in 29 languages, and over 600 articles in professional journals, including the American Sociological Review, British Journal of Sociology, Social Research, and Journal of Peasant Studies. He has published over 2000 articles in nonprofessional journals such as the New York Times, the Guardian, the Nation, Christian Science Monitor, Foreign Policy, New Left Review, Partisan Review, TempsModerne, Le Monde Diplomatique, and his commentary is widely carried on the internet., "Twenty-First Century Imperialism: Militarism, Collaborators And Popular Resistance", http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1928
Imperialism is about political domination, economic exploitation, cultural penetration via military conquest,
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networks 3/ the central role of criminal operations in global imperial accumulation. 

This type of domination is the ideology of American global empire.

Ziauddin Sardar, and Merryl Wyn Davies, 2004 (Sardar  is a London-based scholar, writer, cultural-critic and public intellectual who specializes in Muslim thought, Davies is a Welsh Muslim scholar, writer and broadcaster who specializes in Islam, leading exponent of Islamic anthropology, Director of the Muslim Institute, London, "American Terminator: Myths, Movies, and Global Power"
America global narrative is an intoxicating vision. It draws into itself all the strands
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space to consider the distinction between the American Dream and the Global Nightmare.

Thus the alternative – reject the affirmative as U.S. imperialism. Only an ethics of refusal can challenge power structures.

Steve Martinot, 2005 (Adjunct Professor @ San Francisco State University, "Pro-Democracy and the Ethics of Refusal", Socialism and Democracy, Vol. 19, No. 2
In a system in which humans have been rendered secondary or irrelevant, a different
AND
the corruption has become so overt that there is nowhere else to turn.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 2 | Opponent: Eastside DS | Judge: Patrick Githens

4

USAID budget is tight – new spending forces tradeoffs

Shah 13 (Rajiv Shah, Administrator of USAID, "USAID’s Shah at Senate Hearing on FY 2014 Budget Priorities" http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/04/20130425146392.html~~23axzz2aMymqXy1 4-24-13)
The FY 2014 request for USAID managed or partially managed accounts is 2420.
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for development that continues to define the way we work around the world.

Current USAID funding is key to global health and solving AIDS

Shah 13 (Rajiv Shah, Administrator of USAID, "USAID’s Shah at Senate Hearing on FY 2014 Budget Priorities" http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/04/20130425146392.html~~23axzz2aMymqXy1 4-24-13)

Thanks in large part to the bipartisan support we’ve had for investments in global health
AND
are accelerating progress towards President Obama’s call for an AIDS-free generation.

AIDS has a massive structural violence impact—this comes first

Richard Parker, 2002, PhD, The Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic, Structural Inequalities, and the Politics of International Health, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447073/

When we turn our gaze beyond our own borders to focus on the HIV/
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2.2 million among women and nearly 570 000 among children.2

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 3 | Opponent: Agape PS | Judge: Chris Randall

1NC

1NC—Queercripping

1

The world is structurally anti-queer and anti-disabled and the aff’s calls for the creation of a "better normal future" only extends humanity’s project to annihilate difference—any and all futurism is born out of the murder of the queer-crip.

Allison Kafer, 5-16-2013, Associate Professor of Feminist Studies @ Southwestern, MA, PhD, Claremont Graduate University, BA @ Wake Forest University, "Feminist, Queer, Crip," pg. 28-31, google books

No Future for Crips Lee Edelman has famously argued that queers and queer theory would
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that "fuck the future" can seem the only viable crip response.

Rhetorical silence normalizes institutional marginalization of homodisabled bodies—denies the institutional natures of heteronormativity and ableism and causes erasure of queer-crip identity.

Santiago Solis, Winter-xx-2007, doctoral student, Learning Dis/abilities, Teachers College @ Columbia, "Snow White and the Seven ’Dwarfs’—Queercripped," pg. 117, jstor

A queercrip reading of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" grants us the
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In this essay, however, I challenge these heterosexist and ableist Beliefs.

Rhetorical silence normalizes heterosexuality as an invisible norm that leads to interpersonal and social violence

Afshar – ’4 – Department of Political Science, Syracuse University (Ahoura Afshar, 2004, "The Invisible Presence of Sexuality in the Classroom," Interrupting Heteronormativity, http://www.syr.edu/gradschool/pdf/resourcebooksvideos/Heteronormativity.pdf, p. 33-37)

Should discussions of sexuality be included in the classroom?1 The easy answer might
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is an issue that all students face, regardless of their sexual orientation.

Postmodern theorists sit in luxury as they discuss strategies for liberation of the object, but the victims of reality, in the periphery of postmodernists, know that these strategies can’t be eaten. Post modernism ignores the material reality of queers and blacks and paints a metanarrative that never actualizes change.

SISKANNA NAYNAHA - DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY -2006
~RACE OF ANGELS: XICANISMA, POSTCOLONIAL PASSIONS, AND RHETORICS OF REACTION AND REVOLUTION- WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY-  Department of English May 2006 – Online- http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache3A8oZmjXnNUpEJ3Ahttps3A2F2Fresearch.wsulibs.wsu.edu3A84432Fdspace2Fbitstream2F23762F4922F12Fs_naynaha_050306.pdf+22postmodern2222ivory+tower2222material+reality2222people+of+color2222racism2226hl=en26gl=us~~
At the turn of the twenty-first century, Laclau entered into a critical
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historicizes thepolitical and economic dimensions of the rhetoric of democracy in the US. 

Heteronormativity outweighs—the drive to exterminate "impurity" in society amplifies structural violence and ensures omnicide.

Eve Sedgwick, xx-xx-1990, Professor of English @ CUNY, "Epistemology of the Closet," p. 127-130

From at least the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorray, scenarios of same-
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thought between minority potentials and universalizing ones by opened and opened and opened?

Negation is the only ethical act in the world of hetero-corporo-normativity. Empowerment and resistance for queer-disabled bodies is only possible through the affirmation of civil society’s negative construction of homodisability—this entails calling for the end of the world.

Kendra Langeteig, Winter-xx-1997, Instructor of English @ Indiana University, "Horror Autotoxicus in the Red Night Trilogy: Ironic Fruits of Burroughs’s Terminal Vision," pg. 135-169, muse

This connection between homosexuality and menacing contagion that Burroughs makes explicit in the erotic exhibitionism
AND
"Invocation" that sets the tone for the trilogy’s "escatology": 48

Thus, vote negative to queercrip the 1AC to death.

Santiago Solis, Winter-xx-2007, doctoral student, Learning Dis/abilities, Teachers College @ Columbia, "Snow White and the Seven ’Dwarfs’—Queercripped," pg. 114-131, jstor

Ultimately, in "Snow White," fantasy has such a normalizing function that it
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to grow up, as I did, in distress over their sexuality.

Tournament: Lakeland | Round: 5 | Opponent: ACORN AJ | Judge: Jazir Beckford

1NC—vs. ACORN AJ

1NC—Queer Negativity

I’m angry. I’m angry for being condemned to death by strangers saying, "
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virus. What else can you expect from a faggot? I’m angry.
Queer Nation, 6-xx-1990, text of a manifesto originally passed out by people marching with the ACT UP contingent, "History Is a Weapon: The Queer Nation Manifesto," http://ww.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/queernation.html parentheses used to modify for the sake of correct sentence structure

To be queer is to be a walking zombie, a living dead. They have it wrong—the dead no longer live amongst us, queerness is undergoing a process of constant death; their calls for "reanimation" and a better normal future are extensions of humanity’s project to annihilate difference. Any and all futurism is born out of the murder of the queer.

Allison Kafer, 5-16-2013, Associate Professor of Feminist Studies @ Southwestern, MA, PhD, Claremont Graduate University, BA @ Wake Forest University, "Feminist, Queer, Crip," pg. 28-31, google books

No Future for Crips Lee Edelman has famously argued that queers and queer theory would
AND
that "fuck the future" can seem the only viable crip response.

Rhetorical silence normalizes heterosexuality as an invisible norm that leads to interpersonal and social violence

Afshar – ’4 – Department of Political Science, Syracuse University (Ahoura Afshar, 2004, "The Invisible Presence of Sexuality in the Classroom," Interrupting Heteronormativity, http://www.syr.edu/gradschool/pdf/resourcebooksvideos/Heteronormativity.pdf, p. 33-37)

Should discussions of sexuality be included in the classroom?1 The easy answer might
AND
is an issue that all students face, regardless of their sexual orientation.

We don’t want a rebirth, we don’t want to celebrate death anymore, we are tired of the this ritualistic politics which only continues queer suffering—instead we should embrace queerness as a radical act of defiance.

Queer Nation, 6-xx-1990, text of a manifesto originally passed out by people marching with the ACT UP contingent, "History Is a Weapon: The Queer Nation Manifesto," http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/queernation.html parentheses used to modify for the sake of correct sentence structure

I hate having to convince straight people that lesbians and gays live in a war
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or "I think you’re overreacting" or "Boy, you’re bitter."

They say that mourning should be used to create a transient zone of freedom and to alleviate suffering—-we think that the 1NC’s counter-performance of mourning should be used to inform a critical quare rage and negativity that drives us to burn down the world. Turn yourself into a walking bomb and exist in absolute negation.

Kendra Langeteig, Winter-xx-1997, Instructor of English @ Indiana University, "Horror Autotoxicus in the Red Night Trilogy: Ironic Fruits of Burroughs’s Terminal Vision," pg. 135-169, muse

This connection between homosexuality and menacing contagion that Burroughs makes explicit in the erotic exhibitionism
AND
"Invocation" that sets the tone for the trilogy’s "escatology": 48

We must examine the intersections of oppression—the system of phallicized whiteness abjects blacks, queers and women—-in the face of this, we must embrace a politics of no future

Winnubst 06 (Shannon, Phd, Associate Professor of Women’s Studies at Ohio State University, Queering Freedom, pg. 192-195)

To excavate these lost pasts erased from our consuming consciousness opens middle-class consciousness
AND
much about how queerly multiple our "I" of identity can become.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: Octas | Opponent: Glenbrook South CK | Judge: Rob Mulholand, Stephen Weil, Kevin McCaffrey

5

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should initiate the process of allowing restricted trade with the Republic of Cuba. This should include lifting a substantial portion of its economic sanctions on the Republic of Cuba. The United States federal government should not end the prohibition of tobacco products of Cuban origin.~

THIS IS COMPETITIVE—1AC transition advantage they say a TOTAL REPEAL is key—-their evidence is bad and just says that lifting Helms-Burton is key, which the CP does, but it DOES prove competition because they have to defend lifting the entire embargo

It solves—even if other US sanctions on Cuba are bad, the cigar ban is uniquely good.

Don Collins, 5-18-2012, writer, DCPR on Cuban Cigar Seizures, "Prohibition on Cuban Cigars," http://cubancigarseizure.blogspot.com/2012/05/prohibition-on-cuban-cigars.html 

The revival of interest in cigars and cigar smoking underscores the need to remind the
AND
1963. Those sanctions have had the support of the last seven Administrations.

Lifting tobacco sanctions massively benefits the Cuban cigar industry—the US cigar market is key.

Thomas Mulier, 2-24-2008, writer for Bloomberg News, "Cuban cigar prices may double when US Embargo is lifted," http://havanajournal.com/forums/viewthread/805/

Premium Cuban cigars would jump in price if the US were to end an embargo
AND
cigar because everyone would be buying the forbidden fruit," the CFO said. 

Increased cigar sales to the US causes mass deforestation—kills the Cuban environment which is a biodiversity hotspot.

Robert Brian Frankenberry, 12-xx-2003, Trade Environment Database Case Studies, The Mandala Projects, "Cuban Cigars, Trade, Intellectual Property and Culture," http://www1.american.edu/ted/cigar-trade.htm

ENVIRONMENT: The unique composition of the soil, with Cuba’s warm tropical climate that
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plant Diversity: 2 types 22. Resource Impact and Effect: Deforestation. 

Biodiversity loss will cause planetary extinction

Diner 94 – Judge Advocate General’s Corps of US Army ~David N., Military Law Review, Winter, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, LN~ ~Gender Modified~

No species has ever dominated its fellow species as man has. In most cases
AND
wings, ~hu~mankind may be edging closer to the abyss.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Juan Diego WF | Judge: Amy Pauli

Reject the 1AC’s call for the ballot —-

It is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – The guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the AFF project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot.

Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993
(Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17) 

Why are "tactics" useful at this moment? As discussions about "multiculturalism
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

It is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to found solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis.

Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993
(Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11) 

The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
the main a rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.

The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust

Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the "cultural studies" of the American academy in the 1990s. The
AND
is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses "raised."

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Juan Diego WF | Judge: Amy Pauli

The affirmative’s attempts to appropriate modernity towards the goals of freedom and justice for the Bracero movement ignores the brutal underbelly of our history. Subjugation of "abnormal" bodies has contributed to a system of phallic anti-queer whiteness. We are seduced into championing freedom and stability, concepts that are inconceivable to these bodies, when that goal only serves to entrench the gratuitous violence always already done to them.

Winnubst 06 (Shannon, Phd, Associate Professor of Women’s Studies at Ohio State University, Queering Freedom, pg. 43-45) 

Across the Atlantic and roughly two centuries after Locke’s writing of his Second Treatise,
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over nature and the social field of relations, and their subsequent freedom. 

They have claimed to represent a node in a multitude of transnational radical democracy movements—this buys into and obscures the disempowerment of queer people of color at home and the devastating impacts of their method abroad.

Siskanna Naynaha, composition coordinator at Lane Community College and teaches courses on African American and Latino literature, May 2006, "RACE OF ANGELS: XICANISMA, POSTCOLONIAL PASSIONS, AND RHETORICS OF REACTION AND REVOLUTION," https://research.wsulibs.wsu.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2376/492/s_naynaha_050306.pdf?sequence=1

At the turn of the twenty-first century, Laclau entered into a critical
AND
the political and economic dimensions of the rhetoric of democracy in the US.

Movements towards reparations are liberal schemes which re-inscribe the power of law—they don’t solve anything and disavow systems of Anti-Black domination.

Saidiya V. Hartman, summer-xx-2003, professor @ Columbia, "The Position of the Unthought," http://processedlives.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/freedom-coloniality-and-the-fact-of-blackness/ the part of this article that has been cut is a quote from Hartman, the article itself is written by someone else

The reparations movement puts itself in this contradictory or impossible position, because reparations are
AND
Africans and their descendants are yoked together with the histories of Indonesian peoples.

The alternative is to affirm the performance of the 1AC as catastrophe—negation is the only ethical act in the world of heteronormativity. In the face of the 1AC’s call to progress, affirm the end of the world.

Kendra Langeteig, Winter-xx-1997, Instructor of English @ Indiana University, "Horror Autotoxicus in the Red Night Trilogy: Ironic Fruits of Burroughs’s Terminal Vision," pg. 135-169, muse

This connection between homosexuality and menacing contagion that Burroughs makes explicit in the erotic exhibitionism
AND
"Invocation" that sets the tone for the trilogy’s "escatology": 48

The judge should prioritize the positionality of the object in their decision calculus—the world has forsaken the black queer woman, we must burn it to the ground

Winnubst 06 (Shannon, Phd, Associate Professor of Women’s Studies at Ohio State University, Queering Freedom, pg. 192-195)

To excavate these lost pasts erased from our consuming consciousness opens middle-class consciousness
AND
much about how queerly multiple our "I" of identity can become.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Juan Diego WF | Judge: Amy Pauli

Reparations theory is predicated on the assumption of the sufficiency of redistributive justice to resolve and come to terms with the atrocities of the West yet time and time again such moves have only led to failure—-the assumption that the state can be used to institute ethical systems masks its irredeemability.

Woan (Master of Arts in Philosophy, Politics, and Law in the Graduate School of Binghamton University) 2011
(Tansy, "The value of resistance in a permanently white, civil society," http://gradworks.umi.com/14/96/1496586.html, August 2011, pg 9-19)

Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, in then influential Black Power, describe
AND
will emerge triggering another racial disruption, continuing this cycle of racial politics.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Marist AB | Judge: Kevin McCaffrey

They got it wrong – airpower causes terrorist attacks

ARKIN 2002 (William, Senior Military Adviser, Human Rights Watch, NPR, July 24)
However, here’s the other side of this coin. Why are people so uncomfortable
AND
military strategy. It might be something that fulfills your larger political aims.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Marist AB | Judge: Kevin McCaffrey

Cuban reforms are successful now—the plan puts reforms on overdrive which collapses the transition.

Piccone 12—vice president and director for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institute, served on the National Security Council (Ted, "Cuba Is Changing, Slowly but Surely," The Brookings Institute, 1/19, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/19-cuba-piccone)//BJ

A closer look, however, reveals something more profound—a wholesale mental shift
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American soil, and of Spanish laws that grant some Cubans Spanish citizenship.

That destabilizes the Carribbean.

Gorrell, 2005 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
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an opportunity for a new approach to U.S.-Cuban relations.

Causes LNG attacks.

Anthony T. Bryan₁ and Stephen E. Flynn₂, 10-21-2001, director of the Caribbean program @ the North/South Center₁, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations₂, "Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation," http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and _homeland_ security.html

Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the
AND
else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.

Outweighs nuclear use.

Lovin and Lovin 1 Amory B. Lovin, Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute, and L. Hunter Lovin, President – National Capitalism and Co-Founder – Rocky Mountain Institute, "Brittle Power: Energy Strategy for National Security", 2001, http://verdilivorno.it/doc_gnl/198204_Brittle_Power_intro_GNL_note.pdf

About nine percent of such a tankerload of LNG will probably, if spilled onto
AND
of a megaton of TNT, or about fifty-five Hiroshima bombs.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Marist AB | Judge: Kevin McCaffrey

~CP TEXT: The Department of Defense should substantially increase its investment in Mexican sugar for sugar to ethanol conversion at its military installations. The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in Mexican non-corn biofuels.~

Mexico has sugar—-CP solves.

Francisco Campos-Ortiz and Mariana Oviedo-Pacheco, 11-xx-2013, "Study on the Competitiveness of the Mexican Sugar Industry," http://www.banxico.org.mx/publicaciones-y-discursos/publicaciones/documentos-de-investigacion/banxico/7B8D769E82-BDFD-E7F7-C7A9-23B37D093D117D.pdf

The importance of the sugar industry in Mexico first becomes clear through its share of
AND
of the national production of sugarcane and sugar (see Table 1). 2

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Marist AB | Judge: Kevin McCaffrey

The affirmative’s attempt to seal humanity off from existential risk is grounded in anxiety and a fear of the contingencies of the world that denies all that makes life worth living. The alternative is to love like we’ve never been hurt—vulnerability is a pre-requisite to finding value in existence – the alternative is to embrace the squo

Martha Nussbaum, xx-xx-1994, Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics, University of Chicago, "Pity and Mercy: Nietzsche’s Stoicism"

Finally, we arrive at what is perhaps the deepest question about the anti-
AND
with the deepest sort of love, whether per-sonal or political.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Jesuit College Prep FP | Judge: Katie Gjerpen

Turn—the embargo prevents US economic domination of the region.

William M. Leogrande, and Julie M. Thomas, 2002 (Professor of Government in the School of Public Affairs @ American University, and Participant in a Ph.D. Dissertation at the School of Public Affair @ American University, "Cuba’s Quest for Economic Interdependence", Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 325-363; JSTOR

If there is one bright spot in the current landscape of Cuba’s economic travails,
AND
firms (including Cuban-American firms) would dwarf investments from elsewhere.

Normalizing relations causes US consumerism to overrun Cuban cultures and environments.

Cornelia Dean, 2007 (NYTimes, News Source, "Conserving Cuba, After the Embargo", http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/science/25cuba.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

Through accidents of geography and history, Cuba is a priceless ecological resource. That
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, could roll over it like a bulldozer" when the embargo ends.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Jesuit College Prep FP | Judge: Katie Gjerpen

Return to the legal normal authorizes violent international aggression

Agamben, 5. Giorgio Agamben, famous philosopher, The State of Exception, pg. 85

It is perhaps possible at this point to look back upon the path trav-
AND
working of the machine that is leading the West toward global civil war.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Jesuit College Prep FP | Judge: Katie Gjerpen

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should loosen its economic sanctions on Cuba. This should include a complete lifting of medical sanctions on Cuba. The United States should not lift its economic sanctions on Cuba.~

That’s sufficient to solve their advantage—it’s completely based off of medical technology with Cuba.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Jesuit College Prep FP | Judge: Katie Gjerpen

The affirmative’s preemptive logic is based off of constructing the other as an enemy, which not only excludes people from the community but also results in endless wars and violence.

Jabri, 6 Professor of International Politics and the Director of the Centre for International Relations at the King’s College London ~Vivienne, "War, Security and the Liberal State" Security Dialogue http://sdi.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/37/1/47~~
The practices of warfare taking place in the immediate aftermath of 11 September 2001 combine
AND
public life is geared towards combat against potential enemies, internal and external.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Jesuit College Prep FP | Judge: Katie Gjerpen

Turn—the embargo prevents sex tourism and the further objectification of Afro-Cuban women.

Daniel Greenfield, 3-17-2013, "US Embargo on Cuba Prevents Child Sex Tourism," http://www.frontpagemag.com/2013/dgreenfield/us-embargo-on-cuba-prevents-child-sex-tourism/

Here’s one more reason why Hollywood lefties are so upset about the American embargo on
AND
up," said one ICE official familiar with child-sex tourism cases.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Jesuit College Prep FP | Judge: Katie Gjerpen

1

Normalizing economic relations causes US domination of Cuba’s rice market.

Jamel Jackson, 10-21-2011, associate editor, USA Rice Federation, non-profit organization, global advocate for the U.S. rice industry, "USA Rice President and CEO Betsy Ward Highlights Embargo Impacts on U.S. and Cuba,"http://ww.usarice.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=161626itemid=328

Ward underscored how opening agricultural trade between the U.S. and Cuba would
AND
Sixty percent of the rice consumed in Cuba is imported from other countries.

Cuba is a key rice market for Vietnam—but the US would crowd them out.

Chantal Pohl Nielsen, 10-24-2004, Danish Research Institute of Food Economics, "Vietnam’s Rice Policy: Recent Reforms and Future Opportunities," https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/1080.pdf

The explanation behind the observation that the United States, Pakistan and Thailand seem able
AND
EU account for only a very small share of total Vietnamese rice exports.

Rice exports are key to the Vietnamese economy.

Kenneth B. Young et al, 4-xx-2002, with Eric J. Wailes, Gail L. Cramer, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas; Nguyen Tri Khiem, Can Tho University, "Vietnam’s Rice Economy: Developments and Prospects," arkansasagnews.uark.edu/968.pdf

Vietnam’s food crop sector, comprising more than 85 rice, is most important
AND
and about 25 of the total export value from 1994 to 1996.

Vietnamese economic collapse collapses ASEAN.

Roger Mitton, 12-13-2010, writer for the Phnom Penh Post, "Economic reform vital for teetering Vietnam," http://www.phnompenhpost.com/columns/economic-reform-vital-teetering-vietnam

Now we have Vietnam, where the warnings of impending catastrophe grow ever louder.
AND
counterparts did in Romania, Poland and East Germany not so long ago.

ASEAN’s key to solve environmental collapse

Swajaya, 6-07-2012, Ngurah Swajaya, Indonesia’s permanent representative to Asean, served as special adviser to the president of the Bali international conferences on climate change in 2007 and the chair of the Preparatory Committee of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2001, "Rio+ 20: An Opportunity for Asean to Stand Up And Play a Major Role in Shaping Earth’s Future," Jakarta Globe, June 7, http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/rio-20-an-opportunity-for-asean-to-stand-up-and-play-a-major-role-in-shaping-earths-future/)

It may indeed be the last chance for the international community to push the reset
AND
20 — and thereby help save humankind from the dangerous follies of pollution.

Environmental justice is a prerequisite to solving structural violence

Kishan Khoday and Leisa Perch, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, May 2012 "Green Equity: Environmental Justicefor more Inclusive Growth," http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCPolicyResearchBrief19.pdf
While social movements have succeeded in incorporating environmental elements into mainstream systems of law and
AND
and of people who are poor, disempowered" (Nixon, 2011).

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wilson JS | Judge: Avanti Kollaram, Dhruv Sehgal, Terrell Taylor

Government PIC

1NC—G00V PIC

~CP TEXT: Thus Vikram and I advocate the United States federal terrocrats should substantially increase its economic engagement towards Mexico by investing in seawater irrigation in Mexican deserts.~

"Government" doesn’t exist – the word is a lie that hides individual responsibility and legitimizes physical violence.

Frederick Mann, B.A., Communications @ Sanford University; Founder, Terra Libra, 1998, "’The Nature of Government’."

Human Nature and "Government" If we regard "government" as a "
AND
violence is involved, they use words to attempt to justify their actions. 

This turns the case. Replacing "government" with "terrocrat" avoids the link.

Frederick Mann, B.A., Communications @ Sanford University; Founder, Terra Libra, 1998, "’The Nature of Government’."

"But to tear down a factory or to revolt against a government... is
AND
their victims. The foregoing is another very useful definition of "government21"

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wilson JS | Judge: Avanti Kollaram, Dhruv Sehgal, Terrell Taylor

HOMEX CP

1NC—HOMEX CP

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should substantially increase its agricultural exports towards Mexico, including but not limited to deserts in Mexico. The United States federal government should substantially increase its remittance and housing cooperation with Mexico.~

Housing and remittances solves job creation and poverty

Rieff, 2011 (David, Senior Fellow at the World Policy Institute at the New School for Social Research, a Fellow at the New York Institute for the Humanities at New York University, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, 3/17/11, "The Struggle for Mexico," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/world/magazine/85337/mexico-calderon-clinton-obama-drug-cartels~~23)

On the economic side, while Mexico remains heavily dependent on the remittances of the
AND
—do not now have, and will never have, a say.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wilson JS | Judge: Avanti Kollaram, Dhruv Sehgal, Terrell Taylor

Irrigation Pipelines DA

1NC—Irrigation Pipelines DA

Plan requires building of ocean pipelines

Glenn, Brown, O’Leary—1AC author—98 Edward P Glenn, PhD in botanical science University of Hawaii and professor of wildlife and fisheries science at University of Arizona, Jed Brown, at the Laboratory for Advanced Numerical Simulation at the Argonne National Laboratory, Mathematics and Computer Science and a PhD from the University of Arizona’s wildlife and fisheries program, James W O’Leary, professor of plant sciences at the University of Arizona, "Irrigating Crops with Seawater" August 1998, http://www.miracosta.edu/home/kmeldahl/articles/crops.pdf es

Can seawater agriculture be economical? The greatest expense in irrigated agriculture is in pumping
AND
the very small  seeds, which are only roughly one milligram in weight.

Marine pipelines are bad—cause inevitable corrosion and leaks which collapse marine biodiversity.

DSPComm, 2009 (one of the fastest growing companies in the underwater wireless modem market, "Subsea pipeline Monitoring," http://www.dspcomm.com/applications_monitoring.html

Subsea pipeline monitoring In subsea oil and gas production fields, pipelines are an integral
AND
along the pipeline to collect data that can be reticulated to the surface. 

Ocean collapse causes extinction.

Craig, 2003, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana U School Law, McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis

Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wilson JS | Judge: Avanti Kollaram, Dhruv Sehgal, Terrell Taylor

1NC—Extinction First

Extinction is the ultimate side constraint

Jonathan Schell, Distinguished Fellow, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, 1982, The Fate of the Earth, p. 95

But the mere risk of extinction has a significance that is categorically different from,
AND
ordinary conduct of our affairs in our particular transient moment of human history.

We must evaluate death through the lens of util

Driver (Professor in philosophy, researcher in Normative Ethical Theory and Moral Psychology, with related metaphysical interests in the nature of causation as well as the nature of value. Ph.D from Johns Hopkins University) 2009 (Julia "The History of Utilitarianism" http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/ )
The virtuous person is one whose affections, motives, dispositions are of the right
AND
like Shaftesbury and Hutcheson the main contrast was with egoism rather than rationalism.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington CD | Judge: Jason Smith

Alternative Energy Cooperation CP

1NC—Alt Energy Cooperation CP

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should substantially increase joint alternative energy cooperation toward Cuba. The United States federal government should export to Cuba US technology necessary for emergency oil flow suppression, spill containment and clean up, and hold joint exercises with Cuba to coordinate oil emergency responses.~

Alt energy engagement solves the aff

Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado; 1AC Author, 9-3-2010, Professor at UNO, Past Director, Intelligence Community Scholars Program at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Senior Research Associate at University of Georgia, freelancer at Santa Barbara Independent, Education @ The University of Georgia, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Fisher Graduate School of International Business, "Evaluating the Prospects for U.S.-Cuban Energy Policy Cooperation," http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/press/books/2010/cubasenergyfuture/cubasenergyfuture_chapter.pdf

Because of recent developments in Cuba and the growing investments being made there made by
AND
energy for economic development and revitalization in the post–cold war milieu. 

Counterplan solves risk of spills

Piñon 26 Muse 10 – Jorge R. Piñon, Visiting Research Fellow with the Cuban Research Institute at Florida International University and former president of Amoco Oil Latin America, and Robert L. Muse, D.C. based attorney with long and substantial experience in U.S.-Cuba legal matters, May 2010, "Coping with the Next Oil Spill: Why U.S.-Cuba Environmental Cooperation is Critical," online: http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Files/rc/papers/2010/0518_oil_spill_cuba_pinon/0518_oil_spill_cuba_pinon.pdf

Establishing specific protocols cannot wait because nothing in U.S.-Cuba relations is
AND
and effectively to any incident that threatens either country’s marine and coastal habitats.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington CD | Judge: Jason Smith

Petro-Policing K

1NC—Petro-Policing K

The 1AC representation of catastrophic oil spills as an inevitable result of environmentally irresponsible Cuban oil drilling justifies petro-policing – they legitimize US imperial intervention for oil in the name of "environmental protection."

Robert Sandels, 9-01-2011, former professor of history at Quinnipiac university in Connecticut, writes on Cuba for Cuba-L Direct, B.A. in Spanish literature @ University of the Americas in Mexico City, M.A. in American history and Ph.D in Latin American history @ U of Oregon, "An Oil-Rich Cuba?" http://monthlyreview.org/2011/09/01/an-oil-rich-cuba

Cuba is about to begin drilling for oil in the Gulf of Mexico. If
AND
, Norway, India, Malaysia, Russia, Vietnam, or Venezuela. 

The plan turns Cuba into a resource bed to be mined by US companies in order provide a cheap flow of oil to sustain US Empire. This not only reinforces US neocolonial policy towards Latin America, it also upholds a dangerous system of oil dependence that makes environmental disaster inevitable.

Edward Miller, 11-04-2011, writer for Global Research, has degrees in philosophy and law from the University of Auckland, activist focusing on issues regarding food, energy, trade and the environment, "Cuba’s Offshore Oil and the U.S. Imposed Blockade," http://www.globalresearch.ca/cuba-s-offshore-oil-and-the-u-s-imposed-blockade/27466

Within the current industrial paradigm, oil and economic growth are Siamese twins. The
AND
possibility of an oil spill and the potential impact to the US coastline. 

Alt is to vote neg to endorse the status quo—we must reject all instances of econ imperialism

Martinot 04 (Steve, Adjunct Professor of Mixed Race Studies, UC San Francisco, Coloniality of Power, Oct 14, 2004,http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~~marto/coloniality.htm)
One thing the hegemonic mind can do to dismantle or decolonize the structure of its
AND
them — and thereby to confront dominance or hegemony in one’s own person.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Dan Friedman

Anti-Imperialism Turn

1NC—Anti-Imperialism Turn

The guise of economic engagement is another card in the deck of empire building – expanding contact with Mexico is just another tactic to expand the empire

James Petras, Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York, 12-30-11, "Imperialism and the "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools,"
http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=1886
There is a long history of imperialist "anti-imperialism", officially sponsored condemnation
AND
dubbed "rebels". It is time to distinguish between genuine anti-imperi
alism and pro-democracy movements and those promoted by Washington, NATO and the mass media.

Leads to the retrenchment of eurocentricism – the US maintains genocidal policies as a result

Edgardo Lander, 2000 (Prof. of Sociology and Latin American studies at the Venezuelan Central University in Caracas, Nepantla: Views from South Volume 1, Issue 3, 2000, "Eur ocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nepantla/summary/v001/1.3lander.html

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Dan Friedman

Banco del Sur CP

1NC—Banco del Sur CP

~CP TEXT: The Banco del Sur authority should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico. The Banco del Sur authority should pass and comply with reforms that divide the bank into a regional development and central bank and pass a credit policy to strengthen publicly owned companies.~

CP solves the case while challenging US imperial consensus – the Banco del Sur can finance solar technology projects.

Patrick Bond, 9-23-2013, writer for International View Point, member of the UKZN Centre for Civil Society in Durban, "Are BRICS any use for rebuilding the collapsing global financial architecture?" http://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article3133

Thus it was reasonable to ask, with skepticism, whether the BRICS leaders were
AND
be severely destructive in sites as diverse as Burma, Honduras and Gabon.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Dan Friedman

Energy Neoliberalism DA

1NC—Energy Neoliberalism DA

Movements against neoliberalism are growing and strong in Latin America and spill over globally—-but the plans insistence on US led economic cooperation and integration reifies neoliberalism’s hegemonic grasp—-instead of economic engagement, there must be a de-linking to preserve the environment and indigenous culture’s survival.

Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). "Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization," http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf) 

The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

The plan FORCES energy privatization and dislocation – no positive benefit because the energy just feeds industrial domination

Hawley 9 - former Pulitzer-winning journalist, foreign correspondent
(Chris, "Clean-energy windmills a ’dirty business’ for farmers in Mexico," http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/environment/2009-06-16-mexico-wind-power_N.htm)//BB

The windmills stand in rows like an army of Goliaths, steel towers taller than
AND
this place has so much possibility, where are the benefits for us?"

Neoliberal policy makes racialized violence and war inevitable – it provides the foundations for genocide—turns case

Natalie Billick, 12-04-2004, writer, Nations and Nationalities, "Genocide," filebox.vt.edu/n/natalieb/teachered/portfolio20html/Genocide.doc

Genocide is the annihilation of a people based on nationality, ethnicity, race,
AND
for the continued support of kinship ideals and the opposition of national homogenization.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Dan Friedman

Environmental Movements Bad

1NC—Env Movements Bad

Environmental justice movements fail and have historically been used to fuel neo-liberal redevelopment efforts.

Holifeld 04 ~Ryan, assistant professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, "Neoliberalism and environmental justice in the United States environmental protection agency: Translating policy into managerial practice in hazardous waste remediation", Geoforum Volume 35, Issue 3, May 2004, Pages 285–297~

Brenner and Theodore (2002) identify a dynamic of "creative destruction" at
AND
administration sought to stimulate reinvestment by offering relaxed liability standards to prospective developers.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Dan Friedman

Individual Accountability Turn

1NC—Individual Accountability Turn

The aff’s approach to energy poverty from the state level ignores individual responsibilities for solving poverty—changing wasteful and inefficient human usage of energy is a prerequisite

Levai, Rippey, and Rhyne 11—*Program manager for the Center for Financial Inclusion at ACCION AND  AND  A microfinance specialist and climate change activist with 20 years of experience in Africa and Asia *Director of the Office of Microenterprise Development at the U.S. Agency for International Development, Managing Director at the Center for Financial Inclusion (David, Paul, Elisabeth, "Microfinance and Energy Poverty: Findings from the Energy Links Project," Center for Financial Inclusion at ACCION International, September, http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/110929_cfi_rpt_energy-links-full_final.pdf)//BJ

Financing the Value Chain. End-user finance alone has not been successful in
AND
for MFIs and energy providers to find each other and form successful partnerships.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Dan Friedman

Photovoltaics Environment DA

1NC—PV Environment DA

Solar PV production causes massive environmental damage—increases warming

Mulvaney et al 1/14/09 (Dustin Mulvaney, Ph.D.—Switzer Fellow, Vicki Bolam—Technical Writer, Monica Cendejas—Project Manager, SVTC, Sheila Davis—Executive Director, SVTC, Lauren Ornelas—Campaign Director, SVTC, Simon Kim—SVTC Intern, Stanford University, Serena Mau—SVTC Intern, University of California, Berkeley, William Rowan—SVTC Intern, Stanford University, Esperanza Sanz, SVTC Intern, De Anza College, Peter Satre—SVTC Intern, Stanford University, Ananth Sridhar—SVTC Intern, Stanford University, Dean Young—SVTC Intern, Stanford University.  All work for Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition.  "Towrds a Just and Sustainable Solar Energy Industry".  http://www.etoxics.org/site/DocServer/Silicon_Valley_Toxics_Coalition_-_Toward_a_Just_and_Sust.pdf?docID=821)

Silicon-based solar PV production involves many of the same materials as the microelectronics
AND
manufacturing facilities include trichloroethane, acetone, ammonia, and isopropyl alcohol.30

Disproportionately impacts minorities

Moser and Dilling 2007 (Susanne Moser is a research scientist at the National Center
AND
Facilitating Social Change," Cambridge University Press, Pg 7-8 Mkoo)

The problem of global warming is maybe the ultimate ’’commons’’ problem (Hardin,
AND
from getting bogged down in these characteristics of the problem in different settings.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Dan Friedman

Rare Earth Minerals Turn

1NC—REMs Turn

Photovoltaic energy require rare earth metals

Barber 12 (03-07, DA, http://www.energytrend.com/PV_20120307)

Rare earth metals are critical for clean energy technologies, such as PVs, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles, high-efficiency wind turbines, smart grid technologies, and even compact fluorescent lights that are targeted to replace energy-wasting incandescent bulbs in the United States.Other high-tech uses include: fiber optics, lasers and hard disk drives; defense guidance and control systems; global positioning systems; and advanced industrial, military and outdoor recreation water treatment technology. 

Rare earth metal mining causes massive socio-ecological structural violence

Smith 11 ~S.E., Environmental Justice Activist and essayist with credits in publications at The Guardian, AlterNet, Salon, Longshot Magazine, Global Comment, Think Progress, and Truthout, and cofounder of FWD/Forward: Feminists with disabilities for a way forward, "RARE EARTH METALS AND THE TECH BOOM", http://meloukhia.net/2011/09/rare_earth_metals_and_the_tech_boom.html~~

Environmental costs associated with rare earth metals are quite significant. First, you have
AND
supposedly tough labour laws, and it is among the most dangerous occupations.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science DuMo | Judge: Dan Friedman

Solar Thermal PIC

1NC—Solar Thermal PIC

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should provide decentralized integrated solar thermal assistance to Mexico. The United States federal government should halt its photovoltaic assistance to Mexico.~

Solar thermal technology solves the aff better – it’s more efficient than photovoltaic.

Richard Klein1 and Mariela Vasquez2, Spring-xx-2010, founder, Quixotic Systems Inc, inventor and entrepreneur1, engineering team, Quixotic Systems, B.A. in Mechanical Engineering @ University of Virginia2, "Solar Thermal: A New Sustainable Solution for Urban Multi-Family Buildings," http://www.quixotic-systems.com/imgs/nesea-article.pdf

Advantages of solar thermal over solar electric (PV) Over the past few years
AND
water load is greater than the electricity con sumption (see table 1).

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 5 | Opponent: BCC BY | Judge: Jake Shaner

Quare

1NC—Quare vs. BCC BY

the 1NC begins with me reading a narrative, then all00n reads this stuff

Rhetorical silence normalizes heterosexuality as an invisible norm that leads to interpersonal and social violence

Afshar – ’4 – Department of Political Science, Syracuse University (Ahoura Afshar, 2004, "The Invisible Presence of Sexuality in the Classroom," Interrupting Heteronormativity, http://www.syr.edu/gradschool/pdf/resourcebooksvideos/Heteronormativity.pdf, p. 33-37)

Should discussions of sexuality be included in the classroom?1 The easy answer might
AND
is an issue that all students face, regardless of their sexual orientation.

This ensures that their destruction of the current academy will only lead to the replacement of a new, more insidious heteronormative one—their approaches are incomplete without thorough reflection on and disruption of heteronormativity

SIERRA-ZARELLA – ’4 (ELIZABETH SIERRA-ZARELLA, 2004, "Constant Queerying," Interrupting Heteronormativity, http://www.syr.edu/gradschool/pdf/resourcebooksvideos/Heteronormativity.pdf, p. 110-112)

Intersections of Heteronormativity and the "Work to be done" / As Aman Luthra
AND
, but we have the responsibility to do so on a daily basis.

Attempts to distinguish blackness from questions of sexuality centers analysis on black heterosexuals and white gays and lesbians, excluding all others from discussion.

Hutchinson – ’99 – Assistant Professor, Southern Methodist University School of Law (Darren Lenard Hutchinson, Winter, 1999, "Ignoring the Sexualization of Race: Heteronormativity, Critical Race Theory and Anti-Racist Politics," 47 Buffalo L. Rev. 1, lexis)

In addition to placing anti-heterosexism beyond the domain of civil rights policy,
AND
lesbians, bisexuals and the transgendered of color are excluded from discussion.  

Vote negative to QUARE the academy. Quare studies is a theory in the flesh, studies both performativity and performance, and uses disidentification to allow room for radical racial subjectivity to exist

Johnson – ’1 – Assistant Professor of Performance Studies, Northwestern University (E. Patrick Johnson, Jan. 2001, "Quare" Studies, or (Almost) Everything I Know About Queer Studies I Learned from My Grandmother," Text and Performance Quarterly 21.1, jstor.org, p. 9-14)

"Quaring" the Queer: Troping the Trope / Queer studies has rightfully problematized
AND
what they believe to be more apt or interesting "designs for living." 

~...~ Performative reflexivity is a condition in which a sociocultural group, or its most
AND
Wilson adroitly describes as "politically necessary and politically dangerous" (107).

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 5 | Opponent: BCC BY | Judge: Jake Shaner

1NC—Undercommons vs. BCC BY

Their argument that reading their aff in a debate round actually changes something ignores the coordinates of academic power/knowledge at play in the debate tournament itself which will always commodify their activism to justify the institutional and depoliticizing structure of the activity

Occupied UC Berkeley ’9. http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, the necrosocial: civic life, social death, and the UC, nov. 19

In the university we prostrate ourselves before a value of separation, which in reality
AND
the positions we thoughtlessly enact.  It’s the particular nature of being owned.

Academia is an inevitable form of labor force production, creating clash that never escapes its sole purpose of reproducing hierarchies of power.

Anti-Capital Projects, 11-19-09 ("Anti-Capital Projects: Questions 26 Answers", http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/anti-capital-projects/
We want students to see this increase for what it is: a form of
AND
between us and the larger movement. We are one face of it.

The alternative is to embrace the Undercommons. The aff’s strategy is to burn down the status quo academy – the alternative is to adopt a strategy of stealing from the current academy and causing it to implode from the inside out

Harney and Moten 13.  Stefano Harney, Professor of Strategic Management Education at the Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University and a co-founder of the School for Study and Fred Moten, Helen L. Bevington Professor of Moden Poetry, "Politics Surrounded," The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study, pg. 29

Introducing this labor upon labor, and providing the space for its de- velopment
AND
undercommons, its maroons, are always at war, always in hiding.
The maroons know something about possibility. They are the condi- tion of possibility
AND
critical academic is always at the same time an assertion of bourgeois individualism.
Such negligence is the essence of professionalization where it turns out professionalization is not the
AND
, sends its claim that what is left beyond the critical is waste.
But in fact, critical education only attempts to perfect professional education. The professions
AND
more than an ally of professional education, it is its attempted completion.
A professional education has become a critical education. But one should not applaud this fact. It should be taken for what it is, not pro- gress in the professional schools, not cohabitation with the Univer- sitas, but counterinsurgency, the refounding terrorism of law, coming for the discredited, coming for those who refuse to write off or write up the undercommons.

Our heteronormativity arguments are a net benefit to our counter-method—silence is often a survival strategy for transgender persons, the aff’s calls to burn down the academy guns ablazing forces these individuals to reveal themselves, rendering themselves exposed to violence

Pusch – ’4 – Ph.D. in Instructional Design, Development, and Evaluation from Syracuse University (Rob S. Pusch, 2004, "(Trans)Gendering the Classroom," Interrupting Heteronormativity, http://www.syr.edu/gradschool/pdf/resourcebooksvideos/Heteronormativity.pdf, p. 92-93)

Since transgender persons are at a greater risk of violence,4 invisibility brings a
AND
us are out about being transgender and try to educate others on transgender issues

many prefer the anonymity of passing. Within the classroom, faculty can, and
AND
they go through the process of transitioning from one gender to another.5

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Johns Creek DX | Judge: Brett Bricker, Andrew Arsht, Christina Vitolo-Haddad

Dredging DA

1NC—Dredging DA

SSS requires dredging

Joseph Darcy, June-xx-2009, "Short Sea Shipping: Barriers, Incentives and Feasibility of Truck Ferry" 

Congressman Cummings has introduced a bill in Congress to amend the Harbor Mainte nance Tax
AND
capacity unfilled due to reduced drafts in the ports they serve ~31~.

Dredging adversely effects aquatic habitats – destroys marine biodiversity and independently kills the fishing industry – their defense doesn’t apply

Phernambucq, 1993 – District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer (Stanley G, "DREDGING: KEY LINK IN THE STRATEGIC NATIONAL DEFENSE", 15 April 1993, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA264544)  CB

ENVIRONMENTAL  IMPACTS  OF  DREDGING There are environmental resources that may be at risk during dredging
AND
real dilemma arises as to how much is acceptable to the environment.2 

Loss of marine biodiversity causes extinction – US is key

Craig, 2003, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana U School Law, McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis

Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Johns Creek DX | Judge: Brett Bricker, Andrew Arsht, Christina Vitolo-Haddad

Land TI CP

5

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should modernize its ground border transportation infrastructure with Mexico and economically engage Mexico for the purpose of trade.~

That solves.

Figueroa, Lee, and Schoik ’11 ~December 12, 2011. Alejandro Figueroa is a Research and Policy Analyst at North American Center for Transborder Studies. Erik Lee is the Associate Director of NACTS. Rick Van Schoik is the Director of NACTS. "Realizing the Full Value of Crossborder Trade with Mexico" North American Center for Transborder Studies. http://21stcenturyborder.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/realizing-the-value-of-crossborder-trade-with-mexico2.pdf**~~
Sharing a 2,000-mile long border needs to be recognized as both
AND
constantly attempting to reduce their inventory costs in an attempt to remain competitive.

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Johns Creek DX | Judge: Brett Bricker, Andrew Arsht, Christina Vitolo-Haddad

Naval Power Bad

1NC—Naval Nationalism

US naval power is bad – causes Chinese naval nationalism in response to perceived containment strategies

Kaplan, ’10
(Robert, national correspondent for The Atlantic and a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, "The Geog¬ra¬phy of Chi¬nese Power," Foreign Affairs, NJ)

GETTING SEA LEGS / Thanks to this favorable situation on land, China is now
AND
the actions not of a great power but of a still immature one.

That drives modernization, kills relations and causes war – only a loss of naval power solves

Ross, ’09
(Robert S, Professor of Political Science at Boston College, Associate of the John King Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University, "China’s Naval Nationalism," International Security, Vol 34, Number 2, Fall 09, Project Muse, NJ)

Nearly all Chinese security analysts concur that China’s security is increasingly dependent on vulnerable sea
AND
build the very weapons that the United States "cares most about."98

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: James Durkee, Kyla Sommers

Agribusiness Turn

1NC—Agribusiness Turn

Agribusinesses turn—the plan causes Cuban farming to be flooded by US companies—destroys their organic agriculture model.

Gonzalez ’03 (Carmen G. Gonzalez, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Summer 2003, SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, p. 729-33)

Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
to the retention of an agricultural development model borne of crisis and isolation.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: James Durkee, Kyla Sommers

Appeasement Turn

1NC—Appeasement Turn

Plan is appeasement
Walser 12 – Ph.D. and a Senior Policy Analyst at The Heritage Foundation (Ray, "Cuban-American Leaders: "No Substitute for Freedom" in Cuba", June 25 of 2012, http://blog.heritage.org/2012/06/25/cuban-american-leaders-no-substitute-for-freedom-in-cuba/)
However, these pleasing liberal assumptions are negated on a daily basis by hard-
AND
tyranny of the Castro regime, there is "no substitute for freedom."

Kills US credibility
Weissberg 10 - Professor of Political Science-Emeritus, University of Illinois-Urbana (Robert, "President Obama’s Compulsive Appeasement Disorder", August 27 of 2010, American Thinker, http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/08/president_obamas_compulsive_ap.html)
There’s a simple explanation: we are no longer feared. Superpowers of yesteryear,
AND
it. Israel long ago learned this lesson, regardless of world outrage.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: James Durkee, Kyla Sommers

Cigars Turn

1NC—Cigars Turn

Plan revives Cuban cigar industry

Thomas Mulier, 2-24-2008, writer for Bloomberg News, "Cuban cigar prices may double when US Embargo is lifted," http://havanajournal.com/forums/viewthread/805/

Premium Cuban cigars would jump in price if the US were to end an embargo
AND
cigar because everyone would be buying the forbidden fruit," the CFO said. 

Causes mass deforestation—kills the Cuban environment which is a biodiversity hotspot.

Robert Brian Frankenberry, 12-xx-2003, Trade Environment Database Case Studies, The Mandala Projects, "Cuban Cigars, Trade, Intellectual Property and Culture," http://www1.american.edu/ted/cigar-trade.htm

ENVIRONMENT: The unique composition of the soil, with Cuba’s warm tropical climate that
AND
a result from construction rather than the planting or sewing of tobacco fields.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: James Durkee, Kyla Sommers

Communications Tech DA

1

Plan causes increased media access and open flows of communication in Cuba—causes Cuba collapse.

Pascaul, 2010 (Carlos, US Ambassador to Mexico, Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy @ the Brookings Institute "Learning to Salsa New Steps in U.S.-Cuba Relations" http://www.brookings.edu/research/books/2010/learningtosalsa)

Relations with the United States are at a historical nadir, but improving them is
AND
cautiously and with the full support of the Party and the armed forces.

That destabilizes the Carribbean.

Gorrell, 2005 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
an opportunity for a new approach to U.S.-Cuban relations.

Causes LNG attacks.

Anthony T. Bryan₁ and Stephen E. Flynn₂, 10-21-2001, director of the Caribbean program @ the North/South Center₁, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations₂, "Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation," http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and _homeland_ security.html

Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the
AND
else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.

Outweighs nuclear use.

Lovin and Lovin 1 Amory B. Lovin, Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute, and L. Hunter Lovin, President – National Capitalism and Co-Founder – Rocky Mountain Institute, "Brittle Power: Energy Strategy for National Security", 2001, http://verdilivorno.it/doc_gnl/198204_Brittle_Power_intro_GNL_note.pdf

About nine percent of such a tankerload of LNG will probably, if spilled onto
AND
of a megaton of TNT, or about fifty-five Hiroshima bombs.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: James Durkee, Kyla Sommers

Multi-Plank Advantage CP

6

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should—-

—-substantially increase its support for organic farming and organoponics development and export in the United States

—-loosen its restrictions on travel to the Republic of Cuba, and

—-propose to the Organization of American states a multilateral effort to lower hemispheric greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation via transnational cooperation.~

Supporting organic farming solves sustainable agriculture

LaSalle and Hepperly 08 (Tim, PhD and CEO of Rodale Institute, and Paul, PhD and Director of Research and Fulbright Scholar at Rodale Institute, Rodale Institute is gives Details of research of sustainable farming practices, ’Regenerative Organic Farming: A Solution to Global Warming’, http://www.rodaleinstitute.org/files/Rodale_Research_Paper-07_30_08.pdf, Accessed on 11-30-11AXU)

Compared to expensive, experimental, high-technology projects, global transition to biologically
AND
globally, it’s a solution that can be adapted all over the world. 

Lifting travel restrictions solves US leadership; their author and card they read

Colvin, 2008 (Jake, fellow with the New Ideas Fund, a group that seeks new approaches and paradigms for U.S. national security and foreign policy. He is also Vice President for Global Trade Issues at the National Foreign Trade Council (NFTC) and oversees the Cuba initiative of USA*Engage, "The Case for a New Cuba Policy", 12/23/2008, http://web.archive.org/web/20120904201743/http://www.newideasfund.org/proposals/Colvin20-20Cuba20-20Master.pdf)
A signal to the world Beyond the domestic political benefit of acknowledging a changing Cuban
AND
have an enormous impact. I think you can do that with Cuba.?

OAS cooperation solves Latin America relations.

Erickson 10 (Daniel P. Erikson, associate for US policy¶ and director of Caribbean programs at the Inter-American¶ Dialogue, taught Latin American politics at Johns Hopkins-SAIS, is¶ frequently interviewed in US and international media, and has¶ testified before the US Congress, his past positions include¶ research associate at Harvard Business School and Fulbright¶ scholar in US-Mexican business relations, he is also a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations, "The Obama Administration and Latin America: Towards a New Partnership?" Working Paper No. 46, The Centre for International Governance Innovation, April 2010, pg. 27, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/Working_Paper2046.pdf
Although the early hopes for momentous change have¶ begun to dissipate, the presidency
AND
much of the hemisphere felt upon his election¶ to the White House.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: James Durkee, Kyla Sommers

T—QPQ

2

’Economic engagement’ must be quid pro quo.

Helweg 2k – International Affairs Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (M. Diana Helweg, 2000, "Taking Sanctions into the Twenty-First Century," Economic Strategy and National Security: a next generation approach, ed. Patrick DeSouza, p. 143-145)

To fill the policy vacuum left by the reduced use of sanctions, the United
AND
economic and political engagement with economic restrictions for behavior incompatible with international norms.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: James Durkee, Kyla Sommers

Vietnam Rice DA

4

Normalizing economic relations causes US domination of Cuba’s rice market.

Jamel Jackson, 10-21-2011, associate editor, USA Rice Federation, non-profit organization, global advocate for the U.S. rice industry, "USA Rice President and CEO Betsy Ward Highlights Embargo Impacts on U.S. and Cuba,"http://ww.usarice.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=161626itemid=328

Ward underscored how opening agricultural trade between the U.S. and Cuba would
AND
Sixty percent of the rice consumed in Cuba is imported from other countries.

Cuba is a key rice market for Vietnam—but the US would crowd them out.

Chantal Pohl Nielsen, 10-24-2004, Danish Research Institute of Food Economics, "Vietnam’s Rice Policy: Recent Reforms and Future Opportunities," https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/1080.pdf

The explanation behind the observation that the United States, Pakistan and Thailand seem able
AND
EU account for only a very small share of total Vietnamese rice exports.

Rice exports are key to the Vietnamese economy.

Kenneth B. Young et al, 4-xx-2002, with Eric J. Wailes, Gail L. Cramer, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas; Nguyen Tri Khiem, Can Tho University, "Vietnam’s Rice Economy: Developments and Prospects," arkansasagnews.uark.edu/968.pdf

Vietnam’s food crop sector, comprising more than 85 rice, is most important
AND
and about 25 of the total export value from 1994 to 1996.

Vietnamese economic collapse collapses ASEAN.

Roger Mitton, 12-13-2010, writer for the Phnom Penh Post, "Economic reform vital for teetering Vietnam," http://www.phnompenhpost.com/columns/economic-reform-vital-teetering-vietnam

Now we have Vietnam, where the warnings of impending catastrophe grow ever louder.
AND
counterparts did in Romania, Poland and East Germany not so long ago.

ASEAN solves multiple nuclear conflicts.

PDFA, 1-xx-2003, Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs, executive department of the Philippine government tasked to contribute to the enhancement of national security and the protection of the territorial integrity and national sovereignty, to participate in the national endeavor of sustaining development and enhancing the Philippines’ competitive edge, to protect the rights and promote the welfare of Filipinos overseas and to mobilize them as partners in national development, to project a positive image of the Philippines, and to increase international understanding of Philippine culture for mutually-beneficial relations with other countries, Press Release No. 036, "ASEAN: Focal Point for Asia-Pacific Cooperation," http://www.dfa.gov.ph/news/pr/pr2003/jan/pr036.htm

ASEAN is in a unique position to lead cooperation within the Asia-Pacific region
AND
venue through which security issues throughout the Asia-Pacific can be discussed.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Carrollton DW | Judge: David Rubin, Ben Schultz

Corn Scarcity Good

1NC—Scarcity Good

Beef turn—corn scarcity crushes global beef production—low prices bolster it.

Hibah Yousuf, 7-18-2012, writer for CNN Money, "Your burger is about to get pricier," http://money.cnn.com/2012/07/18/investing/corn-prices-food-inflation/index.htm

NEW YORK (CNNMoney) — As the widespread drought continues to damage grain crops
AND
the price of a box of corn flakes by about 0.5. 

The beef production process yields massive amounts of methane—turns global warming.

Yasmine Kamel, 7-06-2012, staff writer for Intellectualyst, http://intellectualyst.com/scientists-say-reducing-beef-consumption-can-help-save-the-planet-192/

Beef production doesn’t only require more land to produce, it also yields more waste. During their digestive process cattle produce methane, which the report defines as "a potent heat trapping gas that exits the cow from both ends and causes about 23 times as much global warming 

per molecule as carbon dioxide." The report adds that cattle also produce large amounts
AND
and urges consumers to shift from beef as a staple in their diet.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Carrollton DW | Judge: David Rubin, Ben Schultz

Ex-Im Tradeoff DA

3

Ex-Im has green-lighted loans for oil refinery development in Turkey—but fire from environmental groups puts funding on the brink.

Keith Goldberg, 12-06-2013, reporter for Law360, a LexisNexis company, "Ex-Im Bank OKs 24641M Loan For Turkey Oil Refinery Project," http://www.law360.com/articles/493793/ex-im-bank-oks-641m-loan-for-turkey-oil-refinery-project it might not give access to the full article the first time; just search the title and you can get the whole thing cached from google lol

The U.S. Export-Import Bank said Thursday that it’s greenlighted a
AND
before approving a 2490 million loan guarantee to Xcoal Energy 26 Resources. 

Ex-Im financing for clean energy and fossil fuel projects is zero-sum—the plan would force a tradeoff.

William R. DiBenedetto, 8-17-2010, freelance writer and editor, "Ex-Im Bank Financing Boosts Dirty Energy Projects," http://www.triplepundit.com/2010/08/ex-im-bank-financing-boosts-dirty-energy-projects/

The club notes that Ex-Im provides billions of dollars in public financing every
AND
money away from potential clean energy projects and jobs while supporting dirty energy.

Investment in new refineries by Ex-Im is key to Turkey’s economy—supports vital industries.

Michael Bastasch, 12-06-2013, writer for the Daily Caller, Daily Caller News Foundation, "Feds finance 24641 million refinery in Turkey," http://dailycaller.com/2013/12/06/feds-finance-641-million-refinery-in-turkey/

Despite President Barack Obama’s promise that the U.S. government would not fund
AND
new refinery has been built in the U.S. since 1977.

Strong Turkish economy is key to regional credibility—solves war in the Balkans and Caucasus.

Mensur Boydas, xx-xx-2009, CEO, Boydas Marketing Inc., professional marketing counselor, "Strategic Importance of Turkey," http://mensur-boydas.blogcu.com/strategic-importance-of-turkey/7861648~~23 couldn’t get anything more specific—upload date was listed as "4 years ago," sorry about that

Turkey is in the middle of the four regions which are seen as predicament;
AND
role in the global political economy" (Aribogan, p.17). 

War in the Caucasus draws in global powers—goes nuclear.

Stephen J. Blank, 6-xx-2000, 2k, Strategic Studies Institute’s expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989, was Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base, B.A. in History @ UPenn, M.A. and Ph.D. in History @ UChicago, "U.S. Military Engagement with Transcaucasia and Central Asia," http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/docs/Blank2000.pdf

Washington’s burgeoning military-political-economic involvement seeks, inter alia, to demonstrate
AND
(5) neither has willing proxies capable of settling the situation. 7

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Carrollton DW | Judge: David Rubin, Ben Schultz

Kyoto PIC

4

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should join and implement the Kyoto Protocol and any new international climate change initiatives. The United States federal government should offer substantial financing for non-corn biofuels in Mexico through the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol or any new international climate change initiatives. The United States federal government should lead United Nations climate talks.~

The Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol solves Mexico biofuels financing and climate leadership—their author.

Stephanie Miller1 and Rudy DeLeon2; 1AC authors, 4-xx-2009, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations, formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team, degree in International Comparative Studies @ Duke1, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress2, "Transcending the Rio Grande," http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf

In addition, the United States must become a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol and
AND
a more engaging and mutually beneficial relationship on both sides of the border.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Carrollton DW | Judge: David Rubin, Ben Schultz

Multi-Plank Advantage CP

5

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should—-

—-substantially increase its Export-Import Bank financing of non-biofuel renewable energy

—-remove restrictions hindering the operation and investment of American firms on Mexican agricultural lands, and request that Mexico take similar action

—-substantially increase its agricultural development assistance towards Mexico

—-offer to provide Petróleos Mexicanos with any necessary technology in order to undertake deepwater oil drilling, and

—-substantially increase its incentives for production and export of soybean crops for global consumption.~

Letting US firms operate on Mexican farmlands solves the Mexican economy—their author.

Jeff McDonald; 1AC author, xx-xx-2009, JD and MBA @ U Mississippi, LLM in International Legal Studies @ American, "Corn, Sugar, and Ethanol: How Policy Change Can Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Biofuel Production in Mexico and the United States," http://www.wcl.american.edu/journal/ilsp/v1/3/mcdonald.pdf

The devastation of Mexican agriculture post-NAFTA, while problematic, may have been
AND
necessary to transport ethanol throughout both countries, and to points of export.

Giving Mexico deepwater drilling tech solves the warrant for why PEMEX collapse is inevitable—their author.

Stephanie Miller1 and Rudy DeLeon2; 1AC authors, 4-xx-2009, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations, formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team, degree in International Comparative Studies @ Duke1, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress2, "Transcending the Rio Grande," http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf

Mexico’s oil industry suffers from an outmoded, although recently modestly reformed, fiscal policy
AND
technological capacity to undertake deep water drilling constitutionally challenging if not politically impossible.

Increasing US soy production and exports solves food scarcity.

Southeast Farm Press, 12-23-2009, Southeast Agricultural Information Paper, "U.S. soybean farmers feeding the world," http://southeastfarmpress.com/soybeans/us-soybean-farmers-feeding-world

The United Soybean Board (USB) and soybean checkoff provides U.S.
AND
S. soybean farmers the tools they need to feed the growing population. 

This initiative works to improve market access for U.S. biotech soybeans and
AND
market access and creating demand and preference for U.S. soy."

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pine Crest JM | Judge: Andrew Arsht, Meredith Anguiera

Academic Exchanges CP

5

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should substantially increase its academic exchanges with Cuba.~

Solves the relations advantage.

Milagros Martinez Reinosa, Senior Advisor to the University of Havana’s Vice Rector of International Relations, Spring 2011, "Cuba and the United States: New Opportunities for Academic Diplomacy," http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/forum/files/vol42-issue2/OnTheProfession2.pdf

In this context, the fundamental task of those who favor collaborative efforts should be
AND
own life and is part of the histories and identities of both countries.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pine Crest JM | Judge: Andrew Arsht, Meredith Anguiera

Baseball Diplomacy Bad

1NC—Baseball Diplomacy Bad

Baseball diplomacy causes Venezuela oil cutoff from US.

Chris Arsenault, 3-10-2013, "’Baseball Diplomacy’ strikes out in Venezuela," http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/03/201331013310778232.html

Despite the jokes and political trash-talk, baseball – like the oil that
AND
to a rapprochement between the US and one of its largest oil suppliers.

Nuclear war

Islam Yasin Qasem 2007, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia, July 9, 2007, "The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage," online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm

Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate
AND
many nuclear-weapon states feeling insecure, and a global economy in downward

Specifically kills US-Japan relations—causes competition to erupt.

Financial Times, 9-23-2013, "Baseball reflects Japan’s changing economy," http://blogs.ft.com/the-a-list/2013/09/~~23axzz2pwhVSeUO
Baseball, America and Japan’s shared national pastime, is a useful window through which
AND
competition from outside is both an essential and an inevitable feature of progress.

Solves multiple nuclear threats.

Gates 11 (Robert Gates, U.S. Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense, 1/14/11, "U.S.-Japan Alliance a Cornerstone of Asian Security", http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1529)

Over the course of its history, the U.S.-Japan alliance has
AND
know less about regional threats and the military capabilities of our potential adversaries.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pine Crest JM | Judge: Andrew Arsht, Meredith Anguiera

Soft Power Bad

1NC—EU Turn

Low soft power key to unified European identity

Soeren ’8
(Soeren Kern, Senior Writer, "Anti-Americanism: About American Power, Not Policy," http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?idarticle=13519)

In their quest to transform Europe into a superpower capable of challenging the United States
AND
-Americanism, the new "Europe" would lose its raison d’être.

Solves European war

EUISS ’10
(European Union Institute for Security Studies, official intergovernmental policymaking 26 expert network dedicated to policy analysis, report co-authored by over twenty experts, http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/ESDP_10-web.pdf)

What is striking is not so much that the main policy conclusions drawn from both
AND
to speed where they are lacking will require not more but better spending. 

====Goes nuclear====
Glaser, 93
Assistant Professor, Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Chicago
(Charles, International Security, Summer, Vol. 18  Issue 1, p. 8-9)

However, although the lack of an imminent Soviet threat eliminates the most obvious danger
AND
. Thus, the United States should not be unconcerned about Europe’s future.

Tournament: Pine Crest Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pine Crest JM | Judge: Andrew Arsht, Meredith Anguiera

South Korea Intermediary CP

4

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government should ask the government of South Korea to diplomatically engage Cuba on its behalf over the question of whether or not the United States federal government ought to make Cuban nationals eligible to play organized baseball in the United States. The United States federal government should inform South Korea and Cuba that it will abide by the results of the negotiations, and implement any policy changes that negotiations between South Korea and Cuba recommend.~

It solves—engaging Cuba through an international ally solves best.

Iglesias, 12 – Commander, US Navy. Paper (Carlos, "United States Security Policy Implications of a Post-Fidel Cuba" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA560408)//VP  

Unlike the policy implications above, the major hurdle to this interest does not come
AND
displacement of anti-American influences (e.g. Chávez).100

Using South Korea as an intermediary allows it to become a pivot between Latin America and the United States—that’s key to increased Korea-Latin American cooperation and Korean economic growth.

Sarah K. Yun, 1-18-2012, Director of Public Affairs and Regional Issues for the Korea Economic Institute, "Korea: The Pivot in Latin America," http://blog.keia.org/2012/01/korea-the-pivot-in-latin-america/

The economic relationship has been the most dynamic and salient aspect of Korea-Latin
AND
could lead to a successful and comprehensive relationship between Korea and Latin America.

South Korea economic growth is key to solve North Korea war—the impact is extinction.

Dr. Manzur Ejaz, 1-05-2006, World Bank Affiliate, Economist Pak Base, "Pakistan can learn from South Korea’s economic woes," http://users.erols.com/ziqbal/jan_5.htm

The East Asian currencies in general and South Korean in particular have lost about half
AND
instability there, and that can have all kinds of national security implications."

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marist AB | Judge: Meredith Anguiera

Ethanol Pipeline DA

1NC—Pipeline DA

3

US imports of Cuban ethanol lead to building of ethanol pipelines.

Jonathan Specht – 1AC author, 4-24-2013, Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012, "Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States," http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf 

Ethanol from Cuban-grown sugarcane could enter the gasoline supply of Florida in one
AND
Georgia. C. Economic Effects of Cuban Ethanol on the United States Generally 

Ethanol pipelines lead to corrosion and leaks of oil and gas pipelines.

K.D. Mariano, 8-05-2011, writer for EcoSeed, OilPrice.com, energy news website, "Oil and Gas Pipelines at Risk from Ethanol Bacteria," http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Oil-And-Gas-Pipelines-At-Risk-From-Ethanol-Bacteria.html

Oil and Gas Pipelines at Risk from Ethanol Bacteria Researchers from the National Institute of
AND
intensity levels on normal operating conditions. The cracking is related to corrosion.

Unchecked pipeline corrosion collapses marine biodiversity.

DSPComm, 2009 (one of the fastest growing companies in the underwater wireless modem market, "Subsea pipeline Monitoring," http://www.dspcomm.com/applications_monitoring.html

Subsea pipeline monitoring In subsea oil and gas production fields, pipelines are an integral
AND
along the pipeline to collect data that can be reticulated to the surface. 

Ocean collapse causes extinction.

Craig, 2003, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana U School Law, McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis

Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marist AB | Judge: Meredith Anguiera

Florida Refining PIC

1NC—Florida PIC

5

~CP TEXT: The Department of Defense should substantially lift its imports of unrefined sugar cane produced in Cuba while maintaining restrictions on sugar cane ethanol produced in Cuba. The Department of Defense should substantially increase its refining capacity investment for conversion of Cuban sugar into ethanol in Florida.~

It solves best and is functionally distinct – refining Cuban sugar in the US is sufficient.

Jonathan Specht – 1AC author, 4-24-2013, Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012, "Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States," http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf 

Ethanol from Cuban-grown sugarcane could enter the gasoline supply of Florida in one
AND
ethanol refineries at a lower cost than building a completely new ethanol refinery.

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marist AB | Judge: Meredith Anguiera

Gradualism Turn

1NC—Gradualism

Gradualism turn—Cuban reforms are successful now—the plan puts reforms on overdrive which collapses the transition.

Piccone 12—vice president and director for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institute, served on the National Security Council (Ted, "Cuba Is Changing, Slowly but Surely," The Brookings Institute, 1/19, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/19-cuba-piccone)//BJ

A closer look, however, reveals something more profound—a wholesale mental shift
AND
American soil, and of Spanish laws that grant some Cubans Spanish citizenship.

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marist AB | Judge: Meredith Anguiera

Methanol PIC

6

~CP TEXT: The Department of Defense should substantially increase its investment in Cuban sugar methanol.~

It solves – methanol is a comparatively better biofuel than ethanol and doesn’t lead to steam reforming.

Patrick Takahashi, 6-10-2008, Director Emeritus with the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute of the University of Hawaii, former professor of engineering, was for 15 years director of the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and co-founder of the Pacific International Center for High Technology Research, awarded the Bechtel Energy Award by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Spark Matsunaga Memorial Award by the National Hydrogen Association and Ocean Pioneer Award by the Ocean Energy Council, "Ethanol Vs. Methanol," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/patrick-takahashi/ethanol-vs-methanol_b_106380.html

Ethanol and biodiesel are dead, long live methanol21 Methanol is the simplest alcohol
AND
within a decade. Biomethanol is real and immediately available for commercial prospecting.

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marist AB | Judge: Meredith Anguiera

Price Reductions Turn

1NC—Price Reductions

Clean tech innovations increase warming

Winter, 11 (Innovation and the Dynamics of Global Warming, Ralph A. Winder Sauder School of Business, UBC 27^th January 2011)

Innovation and development of clean energy sources, such as wind and solar energy,
AND
. Subsidies of alternatives to polluting inputs have their intended e¤ect.

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marist AB | Judge: Meredith Anguiera

Steam Reformers DA

1NC—Steam Reformers

4

Transition to an ethanol economy catalyzes the use of steam reforming processes for ethanol use in fuel cells.

Prakash D. Vaidya1 and Alirio E. Rodrigues2, 3-15-2006, Ph.D Tech in Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Department of Chemical Engineering1, University of Porto, Department of Chemical Engineering2, "Insight into steam reforming of ethanol to produce hydrogen for fuel cells," http://www.researchgate.net/publication/244361886_Insight_into_steam_reforming_of_ethanol_to_produce_hydrogen_for_fuel_cells 

Ethanol can be prepared from agricultural residues and hence is a renewable resource. Its
AND
will enable production of high-purity H2 and hence is very promising.

Ethanol steam reforming for fuel cells causes mass carbon monoxide production.

Cleantechnica Nathan, 7-17-2013, writer for CleanTechnica, "Ethanol Steam Reforming For Fuel Cells — Major Obstacle Overcome," http://cleantechnica.com/2013/07/17/ethanol-steam-reforming-fuel-cell/

Ethanol steam reforming is a process whereby hydrogen gas can be generated directly within fuel
AND
creation of toxic carbon monoxide byproducts which then damage the fuel cell membranes.

High carbon monoxide levels cause extinction.

William D. Euille et al, 4-23-2009, Mayor of Alexandria, Virginia, with the Alexandria City Council, prepared by the Office of Environmental Quality, Transportation and Environmental Services, City of Alexandria, "Alexandria’s State of the Air Report – Past, Present and Future," http://alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/tes/oeq/State20of20Air20Report.pdf

High CO levels can cause harmful health effects by reducing oxygen delivery to the body’s
AND
, CO can lead to headaches and nausea, even in healthy persons.

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Libby Mandarino

Afropessimism

The Middle Passage and chattel slavery are integral to the US prison regime and inform the oppression of marked bodies in Guantanamo—the violence done to the detainees is not rooted in the War on Terror but in the War on Blackness. The affirmative’s understanding of Guantanamo as an isolated disaster normalizes anti-black cultures of torture, and their radical leftist demand is merely a call for reform.

Katy Ryan, Summer/Fall-xx-2009, Associate Professor, West Virginia University, Ph.D. 2000 Univ. of MA, Amherst, "Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy (review)," http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/african_american_review/summary/v043/43.2-3.ryan.html

Frank B. Wilderson’s opening essay argues that the prison abolition movement is profoundly implicated
AND
’war on drugs’ to ’war on terror’ is alarmingly short" (201).

Their understanding of Guantanamo as a ’state of exception’ ignores the banality of anti-black brutality and dooms solvency—their silence is damning and their analysis is worse—leads to minor reforms which mystify the paradigm. Voting negative solves the case without disavowing anti-blackness.

Janani, 8-08-2013, assistant editor, BGD, "Zimmermans and Drones: Antiblackness and Global Domination," http://www.blackgirldangerous.org/2013/08/201388zimmermans-and-drones-antiblackness-and-global-domination/

I want to build on this analysis further, to a structural level.  I
AND
reform’ and ’revision’ rather than the more radical vision: prison abolition. 

Their affirmative is simply a call for the end of state surveillance and an end to detainment, their liberalist tactics promote a diversionary focus on the ethicality of US policies instead of the a priori question of its very existence. The aff’s silence cannot take into account the revolutionary political ontology of Redness and Blackness.

Wilderson 2010 ~Frank B., killed apartheid officials in South Africa, nuff said, Red, White 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 1-5~

When I was a young student at Columbia University in New York there was a
AND
foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows. 

Total negation is the only ethical act that can be taken in the world of colonialism.

Marriott, 2007 (David, Professor of History @ UC Santa Cruz, Haunted Life:  Visual Culture and Black Modernity Pg 237-240)

In Fanon it may be that the imperative of decolonization becomes an ethical law—
AND
pay for life lived at the limits of both political virtue and political violence

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Libby Mandarino

Intralocality

1NC—Intralocality

Welcome to Edgemont:

Welcome to Edgemont where the streets are paved and bougie furniture stores sprinkle over Central Ave. Welcome to Edgemont where houses are castles. In fact, there’s a street called Castle Walk where the houses are just that; lines and lines of forts, fences, with an army of vehicles and SUVs, and a castle with a view. Welcome to Edgemont, where our parents don’t hesitate to pull out a pen and their pocketbook to write big checks for their kids to go on debate tournaments. Welcome to Edgemont where our classmates are sons and daughters of lawyers, doctors and businesspeople. Welcome to Edgemont where our Debate team is actually funded by the school.

Welcome to Edgemont, site of privilege.

Welcome to Edgemont.

We must make the starting point of the debate an analysis of the self, rather than a critique of an "outside." Forfeiting the opportunity to self-analyze the ways in which we contribute to the problem compounds the way in which oppression continues and undermines our motions to stop it. The alternative is to adopt a starting point of intralocality.

Darnell L. Moore 2011 (Writer and activist whose work is informed by anti-racist, feminist, queer of color, and a0nti-colonial thought and advocacy, "On Location: The "I" in the Intersection", http://thefeministwire.com/2011/12/on-location-the-i-in-the-intersection
The most general statement of our politics at the present time would be that we
AND
need to start at a different location than we might’ve expected: self. 

Their view from nowhere is the performance of whiteness.

George Yancy, 2005 (Associate Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University and Coordinator of the Critical Race Theory Speaker Series, "Whiteness and the Return of the Black Body", The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 19.4 (2005) 215-241, Muse
I write out of a personal existential context. This context is a profound source
AND
sees" "my body" and it becomes something alien to me?

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Libby Mandarino

Poetry Bad

1NC—Poetry Bad

Resurrecting the author turns writing into confession and tyranny

Barthes – ’77 (Roland Barthes, 1977, "The Death of the Author," Image, Music, Text, p. 143-148)

French rationalism and the personal faith of the Reformation, it discovered the prestige of
AND
the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author.

Author creates ideology and limits meaning

Foucault – ’84 (Michel Foucault, 1984, "What is an Author?" The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul Rabinow, p. 118-119)

Second, there are reasons dealing with the "ideological" status of the author
AND
which one marks the manner in which we fear the proliferation of meaning.

Poem fixation means they only repetitively fetishize a dead text – there’s no political strength or value to their academic work beyond their own selfish desire for critical punishment.

Mann – ’99 (Paul Mann, 1999, "Masocriticism," Masocriticism, p. 39-40)

The material conditions of critical discourse—conditions that will always reduce one’s labor to
AND
, to exclude those terminations. Criticism and its real end are incommensurable.

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin SZ | Judge: Brett Bricker

Domestic Detention Turn

Domestic Detention Turn – the closure of Guantanamo would not free the prisoners there – it would just cause them to be moved to new detention centers in the United States with worse living conditions and human rights abuses than Guantanamo.

Jennifer Daskal, 1-10-2013, a fellow and adjunct professor at Georgetown Law Center, has served as counsel to the assistant attorney general for national security at the Department of Justice and as senior counterterrorism counsel at Human Rights Watch, "Don’t Close Guantánamo," http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/11/opinion/dont-close-guantanamo.html?_r=0

At the time, I reacted defensively. I was indignant. I insisted on
AND
in the United States, where their living conditions would almost certainly deteriorate. 

US prisons are way, way worse—-the aff enables the perfection of detention

Jennifer Daskal, 1-10-2013, a fellow and adjunct professor at Georgetown Law Center, has served as counsel to the assistant attorney general for national security at the Department of Justice and as senior counterterrorism counsel at Human Rights Watch, "Don’t Close Guantánamo," http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/11/opinion/dont-close-guantanamo.html?_r=0

Guantánamo in 2013 is a far cry from Guantánamo in 2002. Thanks to the
AND
facility and, more important, on defining the end to the war.

Tournament: Pine Crest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin SZ | Judge: Brett Bricker

Case

The aff is a form of voyeurism – exposition is an excuse to avoid action and retrenches white liberalism

El Kilombo Intergalactico 2007, "BEYOND RESISTANCE: EVERYTHING," http://www.elkilombo.org/wp-content/uploads/beyondresistance-8.5x11.pdf
In our efforts to forge a new path, we found that an old friend
AND
that human solidarity has a future, this logic and practice do not21

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: David Heidt, Abe Corrigan, Garrett Abelkop

China Advantage CP

1NC – CP

CP TEXT: The United States federal government should intensify negotiations for a U.S.-China Bilateral Investment Treaty, invite China to engage on the TPP when Beijing feels it is able to do so, direct the Department of Commerce and the and the U.S. Trade Representative to establish a consultative arm to help Chinese firms understand the pertinent U.S. investment laws and regulations; and indicating U.S. interest in working with China at the Clean Energy Ministerial to develop cooperative ways for major emitters to improve their capacity to deal with climate change.

Solves the relations advantage

Kenneth G. Lieberthal, 1-17-13 (Memorandum to the President, Brookings Institute, and#34;Bringing Beijing Back Inand#34;, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/bringing-beijing-back-in?cid=gADs_BBBS_Search-BBBS-BB-US_Beijing-China_2002586979526gclid=CNq3z7SN37YCFaYDOgode3MAAg
China’s leadership change presents an opportunity. Xi Jinping fears serious challenges to the Chinese
AND
make our overall rebalancing strategy a long-term region-wide success.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: David Heidt, Abe Corrigan, Garrett Abelkop

Trade Advantage

1NC Trade

Interdependence causes war and protectionism solves this

Friedman and Friedman, ’96 ~George and Meredith, Founder and Chairman of Stratfor, The Future of War, p. 7-9~

The argument that interdependence gives rise to peace is flawed in theory as well as
AND
not only possible but, as a simple statistical matter, highly likely.

Trade allows restricted access to HIV medication causing massive spread

Robert Weissman, editor of Multinational Monitor magazine and codirector of Essential Action, a corporate accountability group Volume 7, Number 7
June 2002 http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol7/v7n07aids_body.html
For millions of HIV-infected people, there is a crying need to make
AND
than the WTO mandates—under the FTAA or other international trade agreements. 

AIDS will kill hundreds of millions if not stopped. It threatens to extinguish life on the planet

Mutuma Mathiu, Africa News, July 15, 2000
Every age has its killer. But Aids is without precedent. It is comparable
AND
history when the survival of the human race was so hopelessly in jeopardy.

Free trade destroys the environment

Lang and Hines, ’93 ~Tim, Director of Parents for Safe Food and Colin, Coordinator of Greenpeace International’s Economic Unit, The New Protectionism, p. 62-63~

The gearing of entire economies to increasing raw material exports for international trade also has
AND
as the forerunner to a formal challenge to try to overcome the ban.

Environmental collapse causes extinction

Diner 94 ~and#34;The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who’s Endangering Whomand#34; l/n~

By causing widespread extinctions, humans have artificially simplified many ecosystems.   As biologic simplicity
AND
mankind may be edging closer to the abyss. (~ ~ = correction)

Free trade causes a wealth gap between the North and South

Nyerere, ’90 ~Julius, Former President of Tanzania, February, Recolonization GATT, the Uruguay Round 26 the Third World, p. 21-22~

Unfortunately, such people do not know - or do not understand - the realities
AND
without taking into account the permanent drain constituted by the unfair trading sys¬tem. 

North-South disparity causes nuclear terrorism and proliferation

Lown, ’96 Bernard, MD Co-Founder, IPPNW, http://www.ippnw.org/, Crude Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and the Terrorist Threat~
Nuclear apartheid cannot endure. The stimulus to proliferation derives largely from an inequitable world
AND
their sights to vaporizing a metropolitan area rather than merely pulverizing a building.

Terrorism sparks global nuclear war
Speice, ’6 ~Patrick, J.D. Candidate 2006, Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary, and#34;NEGLIGENCE AND NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION: ELIMINATING THE CURRENT LIABILITY BARRIER TO BILATERAL U.S.-RUSSIAN NONPROLIFERATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS,and#34; William 26 Mary Law Review, Feb, l/n~

The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and material to terrorist groups
AND
in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons. 53

Prolif causes extinction

Utgoff, ’2 ~Victor, Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the
Institute for Defense Analyses, and#34;Proliferation, Missile Defence, and American Ambitions,and#34; Survival, V. 44, Summer~

First, the dynamics of getting to a highly proliferated world could be very dangerous
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wheeler KC | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

Advantage CP

1NC CP

Text: The United States Federal Government should enact Comprehensive Immigration Reform and The United States federal government should export to Mexico US technology necessary for emergency oil flow suppression, spill containment and clean up, and hold joint exercises with Mexico to coordinate oil emergency responses.

Immigration reform solves Mexican relations and Mexican stability

Castaneda 3 (Castañeda, Jorge G. Source: Foreign Affairs; May/Jun2003, Vol. 82 Issue 3, p67-81, 15p, 4 Black and White Photographs)
Dealing with Mexico is in many ways the most important regional task facing the Bush
AND
by demonstrating that it can construct alliances beyond its traditional circle of friends.

Counterplan solves risk of spills

Piñon 26 Muse 10 – Jorge R. Piñon, Visiting Research Fellow with the Cuban Research Institute at Florida International University and former president of Amoco Oil Latin America, and Robert L. Muse, D.C. based attorney with long and substantial experience in U.S.-Cuba legal matters, May 2010, and#34;Coping with the Next Oil Spill: Why U.S.-Cuba Environmental Cooperation is Critical,and#34; online: http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Files/rc/papers/2010/0518_oil_spill_cuba_pinon/0518_oil_spill_cuba_pinon.pdf
Establishing specific protocols cannot wait because nothing in U.S.-Cuba relations is
AND
and effectively to any incident that threatens either country’s marine and coastal habitats.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wheeler KC | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

Brazil Relations DA

1NC Brazil

US-Brazil Relations are high now.

John Kerry, 8-13-2013, Secretary of State of the United States, and#34;Remarks With Brazilian Foreign Minister Antonio de Aguiar Patriota After Their Meeting,and#34; http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/08/213105.htm-http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/08/213105.htm

Now, obviously we have also had some moments of disagreement, and I’m sure
AND
people to include social inclusion and to work towards things like environmental sustainability.

Unilateral interference in Latin America greatly upsets Brazil – collapses relations.

David Rothkopf, 3-xx-2009, President and CEO of Garten Rothkopf, an international advisory firm specializing in transformational global trends, notably those associated with energy, security, and emerging markets, and#34;The Perils of Rivalry,and#34; http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pdf/brazil.pdf-http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pdf/brazil.pdf

There are other areas in which tension could enter the relationship. How the United
AND
to interject itself as a third party with a third point of view.

US-Brazil relationship is key to successful Asia pivot.

Zachary Keck, 5-03-2012, deputy editor of e-International Relations and an editorial assistant at The Diplomat, and#34;With Eye on Asia, U.S. Seeks Greater Global Security Role for Brazil,and#34; http://www.opeal.net/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=109613Awith-eye-on-asia-us-seeks-greater-global-security-role-for-brazil26Itemid=149-http://www.opeal.net/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=109613Awith-eye-on-asia-us-seeks-greater-global-security-role-for-brazil26Itemid=149

With Eye on Asia, U.S. Seeks Greater Global Security Role for
AND
. Once again, the Obama administration sees Brazil as a viable candidate.

Successful Asia pivot solves China war.

Friedberg 11 Princeton IA professor, 9-4-11, (Aaron L., and#34;China’s Challenge at Sea,and#34; http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/05/opinion/chinas-challenge-at-sea.html?_r=1, accessed 9-30-11)

If the United States and its Asian friends look to their own defenses and coordinate
AND
entire burden of preserving the Asian power balance, but it must lead. 

Otherwise, it goes nuclear.

Glaser 11 GW University Political Science Professor, 11 (Charles, HARLES GLASER is Professor of Political Science and International Affairs and Director of the Institute for Security and Conflict Studies at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University., and#34;Will China’s Rise Lead to War? and#34;, Foreign Affairs, Mar/April 2011, Vol. 90, Issue 2, factiva, accessed 11-9-11, ) 

The prospects for avoiding intense military competition and war may be good, but growth
AND
military efforts and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wheeler KC | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

Sea Turtles Conditions CP

1NC Turtles

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government ought not substantially increase its economic engagement towards Mexico unless Mexico adopts and enforces legislation for sea turtle conservation abiding by standards outlined in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.~

The US should condition engagement and threaten sanctions based on Mexican adoption of international sea turtle conservation standards; similar policies towards Mexico empirically solve for protection of marine biodiversity.

Edith Brown Weiss1, John Howard Jackson2 and Nathalie Bernasconi-Osterwalder3, 4-30-2008, Francis Cabell Brown Professor of International Law @ Georgetown, A.B., Stanford; J.D., Harvard; Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley; LL.D.(Hon.), Chicago-Kent; LL.D. (Hon.), University of Heidelberg₁, Director; Institute of International Economic Law, University Professor @ Georgetown, A.B., Princeton; J.D., University of Michigan; LL.D. (Hon.), Hamburg University, Germany; LL.D. (Hon.), European University Institute, Florence, Italy₂, a senior international lawyer and heads the Investment Program of the International Institute on Sustainable Development (IISD)₃, and#34;Reconciling Environment and Trade,and#34; http://books.google.com/books?id=PeTVvZW7JRoC26dq=Sea+Turtles+MExico+Sanctions26source=gbs_navlinks_s

Several international agreements upon which a similar treaty for the sea turtles could be based
AND
signatories of the Declaration of Panama. See Cadeddu, supra note 53.

Conditioning economic engagement with Mexico on adoption of sea turtle protection policy prevents population extinction.

Center for Biological Diversity, 7-15-2013, a nonprofit membership organization known for its work protecting endangered species through legal action and scientific petitions, and#34;Tell Mexico: Stop Killing Endangered Sea Turtles,and#34; http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/o/2167/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=13749

Each year at least 2,000 endangered loggerhead sea turtles are caught by shark
AND
I urge Mexico to act now to save these ancient and vanishing animals.

Destruction of the sea turtle population causes extinction – brink is now.

Todd Steiner, xx-xx-2010, Sea Turtle Restoration Project, Executive Director at Turtle Island Restoration Network, San Francisco Bay Area, and#34;Are Sea Turtles Worth Saving?and#34; http://www.bonaireturtles.org/explore/are-sea-turtles-worth-saving/

Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology – that everything is connected. Sea
AND
important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wheeler KC | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

Relations Advantage

1NC Relations

Plan kills Nieto’s Credibility
Starr 12 - Director, U.S.-Mexico Network Associate Professor (NTT) University Fellow, Center on Public Diplomacy University of Southern California (Pamela, and#34;U.S.-Mexico Relations and Mexican Domestic Politicsand#34;, October 6 of 2012, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=326cad=rja26ved=0CD4QFjAC26url=http3A2F2Fcollege.usc.edu2Fusmexnet2Fwp-content2Fuploads2F20102F102FCamp-Oxford-paper-final.doc26ei=mTLYUZTDMbOLyQGT14GwCQ26usg=AFQjCNH_cqiYTQRo7SFmpfWugH9ABshhCg26sig2=_M2KmLNnt3e8v4vVshc_fQ-https://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=326cad=rja26ved=0CD4QFjAC26url=http3A2F2Fcollege.usc.edu2Fusmexnet2Fwp-content2Fuploads2F20102F102FCamp-Oxford-paper-final.doc26ei=mTLYUZTDMbOLyQGT14GwCQ26usg=AFQjCNH_cqiYTQRo7SFmpfWugH9ABshhCg26sig2=_M2KmLNnt3e8v4vVshc_fQ)
The final implication of Mexican nationalism for U.S.-Mexico relations is the
AND
being too willing to accept support and guidance from north of the border.

Turns the advantage
Brown 13 (Vanda Felbab-Brown, a senior fellow with the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings, and#34;Peña Nieto’s Piñata: The Promise and Pitfalls of Mexico’s New Security Policy against Organized Crime,and#34; February 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2013/02/mexico20new20security20pol-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/02/mexico new security pol icy20felbabbrown/mexico20new20security20policy20felbabbrown.pdfMRG)
Peña Nieto’s New Strategy Mexico’s new president Enrique Peña Nieto has accepted that prioritization.
AND
and the public’s allegiance may even rest with the criminals as well.14

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wheeler KC | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

Russian Oil DA

1NC Oil DA

Oil prices will stay high in 2013

FT 13 – Financial Times, 1/28/13, and#34;Opec upbeat on 2013 crude oil price,and#34; http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e120ef26-6968-11e2-9246-00144feab49a.html~~23axzz2JaTs55Cy
Opec has struck an an upbeat tone about the oil market for this year,
AND
. Between them Opec countries produce around 37.5m b/d.

Plan collapses prices

Poruban 12 – Steven Poruban and#34;API: Raising US oil supplies key to lowering gasoline pricesand#34; 3/26 www.ogj.com/articles/print/vol-110/issue-3c/general-interest/api-raising-us-oil.html
A major component to relieving upward pressure on gasoline prices in the US will come
AND
of days, oil prices fell by 2415-16/bbl.

High oil prices are key to Russia’s economy

RB 12 – Russia Briefing is a magazine and daily news service about doing business in Russia. and#34;Russia Could Face Political Flux if Oil Prices Sinkand#34; May 28 russia-briefing.com/news/russia-could-face-political-flux-if-oil-prices-sink.html/
Russia Could Face Political Flux if Oil Prices Sink Russia’s political stability risks being being
AND
-based OAO Sberbank, the country’s biggest lender, said to Bloomberg.

Nuclear war

Filger 9 – Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, and#34;Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contractionand#34; http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356
In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
AND
that the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wheeler KC | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

T – QPQs

1NC T

Economic engagement must be quid-pro-quo

Shinn 96 ~James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, and#34;Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,and#34; pp. 9 and 11, google books~

In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for
AND
105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Grady HC | Judge: Adam Smiley

Politics

1NC DA

Comprehensive immigration reform will pass – Obama is pushing.

Elizabeth Liorente, 9-06-2013, politics editor, Fox News Latino, and#34;Already Facing Uphill Battle, Immigration Reform Could Be Doomed By Syrian Conflict,and#34; http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/09/06/already-facing-uphill-battle-immigration-reform-could-be-doomed-by-syrian/-http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/09/06/already-facing-uphill-battle-immigration-reform-could-be-doomed-by-syrian/

and#34;It looks like a lot of excuses for not passing immigration reform,and#34; said
AND
optimistic that a comprehensive could still pass before the end of the year.

Economic engagement with Mexico kills CIR – sparks mass Republican backlash.

Michael Shear, 5-5-2013, NYT White House correspondent, and#34;In Latin America, US Shifts Focus from Drug War to Economy,and#34; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
,and#34; said José Miguel Vivanco, director of Human Rights Watch’s Americas division.

Political capital is key to immigration reform.

Thomas Barr1 and Iam Bloom2, 8-30-2013, writer and activist whose work has been featured on CNN.com and other locations across the net1, writer for Guardian Express2, and#34;Will Obama Save Immigration Reform?and#34; http://guardianlv.com/2013/08/will-obama-save-immigration-reform-video/-http://guardianlv.com/2013/08/will-obama-save-immigration-reform-video/

Will Obama save immigration reform and issue an executive order to placate the movement?
AND
not the threat could force the hand of the Republicans to take action.

Visas are key to cybersecurity preparedness

McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, and#34;U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Forceand#34;, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber-vulnerability causes great power nuclear war

Fritz 9 Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament ~Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, and#34;Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,and#34; July,  http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf-http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf~~
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Grady HC | Judge: Adam Smiley

EU CP

1NC CP

The European Union should substantially increase technical cooperation and investment in Small Modular Reactors with Mexico.

CP solves case – EU engages Latin America best.

Barbara Kosny, xx-xx-2009, partial fulfillment of requirements for degree of Master in Political Science in the Department of Political Science @ University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and#34;The Distinctiveness of the European Union’s Influence on Latin America: European Values, Governance, and Integration,and#34; https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent?id=uuid:84b38be2-9899-47ae-8d93-6f86f52f432626ds=DATA_FILE-https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent?id=uuid:84b38be2-9899-47ae-8d93-6f86f52f432626ds=DATA_FILE

Europe must use foreign policy tools, such as regional integration, in order to
AND
political linkage is most developed in Latin America than any other regional initiative.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Grady HC | Judge: Adam Smiley

Election Reforms Conditions CP

1NC CP

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government ought to offer to significantly increase technical cooperation and investment in Small Modular Reactors with Mexico if, and only if, the government of Mexico instates re-election procedures within the Mexican federal government, establishes and enforces term limits, strengthens the independent electoral system, standardizes electoral practices at state and local levels, and implement an improved law enforcement system to prevent electoral, police and judicial fraud and coercion.~

Conditioning economic ties on election and law reform solves the case and eliminates political corruption in Mexico.

Alex Velez-Green et al, 10-19-2012, writer for the Harvard Political Review, author for the Harvard Institute of Politics National Security Student Policy Group, Robin Reyes, graduated from the University of Alabama with a degree in International Business and International Studies, organized the 2011 Emprende tu México summit on creating a climate for investment and entrepreneurship in Mexico, Master’s in the field of Government from Harvard University, studied at Harvard Business School and the Kennedy School of Government, Anthony Ramicone, Institute of Politics @ Harvard University, and#34;Governmental, Judicial and Police Corruption,and#34; http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf-http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf

One way to reduce political corruption is to instate reelection procedures within the Mexican
AND
as it will require much less bureaucracy and will produce more direct results.

Election reform is key to solve corruption – inaction collapses Mexican democracy.

NYT, 6-24-2009, the New York Times, American daily newspaper, has won 112 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other news organization, and#34;Crime Threatens Democracy, Mexico’s President Warns,and#34; http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/world/americas/25mexico.html-http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/world/americas/25mexico.html

President Felipe Calderón said Wednesday that the future of democracy in Mexico was at stake
AND
had found a list suggesting possible links between the police and organized crime.

Mexican democracy collapse kills global democracy – effective transition causes modeling.

Shannon K. O’Neal, 4-29-2013, a senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization, and#34;Two Nations Indivisible: Mexico, the United States, and the Road Ahead,and#34; http://mexidata.info/id3609.html-http://mexidata.info/id3609.html

Diplomatically, we also need to rethink the United States’ approach in light of Mexico’s
AND
the game-changing importance of political choices being made just next door.

Democracy solves extinction.

Larry Diamond, 1995, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, December 1995, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm

OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-
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which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Grady HC | Judge: Adam Smiley

Nuclear prolif is stabilizing – prevents conventional conflict and miscalc.

Peter N Madison, Mar 2006, US Navy Lieutenant, and#34;THE SKY IS NOT FALLING: REGIONAL REACTION TO A NUCLEAR-ARMED IRAN,and#34; Naval Postgraduate School Thesis, http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA445779

Owing to the vast destruction nuclear weapons can generate, they have ironically guaranteed security
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and certainty, making and#34;miscalculation difficult and politically pertinent predictions easy.and#34;17

Preventing spread of nuclear weapons causes global bioweapon shift.

Raymond A. Zilinskas, 2000, frmr clinical microbiologist, director of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program, Center for Nonproliferation Studies of Monterey Institute of International Studies, Biological Warfare: Modern Offense and Defense, p. 1-2

There are many who believe that today’s bioscientists and chemical engineers working in unison and
AND
arms as the most accessible form of weapon of mass destruction ~WMD~.

Extinction

Richard J Ochs, 6-9-2002, frmr president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and a member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group, and#34;Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately,and#34; http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html

Of all the weapons of mass destruction ~WMD~, the genetically engineered biological weapons
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Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dowling KW | Judge: Nasir Nanjee

IP Leadership Advantage

1NC – IP Leadership ADV

Biotech expansion leads to better bioterrorism – more effective weapons and diverse users

Huang 11 (Yanzhong, Senior Fellow @ Council on Foreign Relations and Associate Professor @ Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations @ Seton Hall University, and#34;Managing Biosecurity Threats in China,and#34; Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, March 11 2011, Volume 9 Issue 1, accessed 12/6/11)

Furthermore, rapid advances in biotechnology allow for greater effectiveness in the actual use of
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to share or sell their know-how to potential bio-offenders.

Bolstered biotech industry will concentrate on creating new genetically modified foods

Inter Press Service 99 (Danielle Knight, reporter for US News and World Report and other reputable sources, and#34;Biotech, Help or Harm to Developing Countries?and#34; October 22, 1999, printed in the South-North Development Monitor, http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/harm-cn.htm, accessed 12/6/11)

With the world’s population now at six billion, the biotech industry proclaimed that the
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to ensure that biologically-engineered crops harmed neither health nor the environment. 

That causes antibiotic resistance, turns pandemic strains

Pusztai 01 (Arpad, Ph.D., worked with several universities on genetically modified crop research and has published about 300 primary peer-reviewed papers, and#34;Genetically Modified Foods: Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health?and#34; June 2001, http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/pusztai.html, accessed 12/6/11)

GM foods may cause bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics. They can also produce
AND
to pinpoint these before allowing a GM crop into the food chain.7 

Biotech causes food shortages and kill earthworms

Altieri 01 (Miguel, Ph.D., teaches agroecology @ UC Berkeley, and#34;The Ecological Impacts of Agricultural Biotechnology,and#34; February 2001, http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/altieri.html, accessed 12/6/11)

Toxins from GMCs remain active in the soil, decreasing soil fertility. There is
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the soil biota and slow down natural rates of decomposition and nutrient release. 

Earthworm loss causes extinction

Tompkin 26 Bird, ’99 (Peter, and Christopher, no quals, and#34;secrets of the sol,and#34; taken from Microsoil, http://www.microsoil.com/earthworm.htm-http://www.microsoil.com/earthworm.htm)
Only where you find earthworms will you find rich, healthy soil with high amounts
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worms for fear of stunting the renowned fertility of the Nilotic valley’s soil. 

Price spikes cause global instability – collapses Russia and China – highest risk of war.

Matthey Lynn, 1-26-2013, financial journalist based in London, and#34;Food prices may be catalyst for 2013 revolutions,and#34; http://www.marketwatch.com/story/food-prices-may-be-catalyst-for-2013-revolutions-2013-01-16-http://www.marketwatch.com/story/food-prices-may-be-catalyst-for-2013-revolutions-2013-01-16

LONDON (MarketWatch) — What is the trigger for a revolution? Sometimes it
AND
may be the most likely cause of turmoil in the markets this year.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dowling KW | Judge: Nasir Nanjee

Regional Commitment Conditions CP

1NC CP

~CP TEXT: The United States federal government ought to offer to repeal Section 211 of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998 if, and only if, the governments of Brazil, Chile and Mexico agree to commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.~

Conditioning economic ties on Brazilian, Chilean and Mexican commitment to Cuban democratization solves the case and avoids political backlash – the plan’s unconditional end to the embargo kills Latin American democracy.

Jorge G. Castañeda, 4-21-2009, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, and#34;The Right Deal on Cuba,and#34; http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html

The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American
AND
change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.

Latin America-led push for hemispheric democracy is critical for global democracy – Cuba’s a key starting point.

Carl Gershman, 10-12-2012, President, the National Endowment for Democracy, Address in the Congress of the Republic of Peru, and#34;Latin America and the Worldwide Movement for Democracy,and#34; http://www.ned.org/about/board/meet-our-president/archived-presentations-and-articles/latin-america-and-the-worldwide-m-http://www.ned.org/about/board/meet-our-president/archived-presentations-and-articles/latin-america-and-the-worldwide-m

I believe that the defense of democracy in Latin America must come from within.
AND
in Cuba and Venezuela and in the neighboring countries of Ecuador and Bolivia.

Democracy solves extinction.

Larry Diamond, 1995, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, December 1995, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm

OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dowling KW | Judge: Nasir Nanjee

1NC – WTO ADV

Turn – drawing attention to the WTO dispute mechanism erodes support for the WTO, international law, and multilateralism.

Alter – ’3 – assistant professor of political science, Northwestern University, member of the Council on Foreign Relations (Karen J. Alter, July 2003, and#34;Resolving or exacerbating disputes? The WTO’s new dispute resolution system,and#34; International Affairs 79.4, Blackwell Synergy)

At their best, international legal mechanisms facilitate the peaceful resolution of disputes and have
AND
round.  How can improving a system of resolve disputes actually exacerbate conflict?

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dowling KW | Judge: Nasir Nanjee

Enforcing IPRs kills small farms around the world

Devlin Kuyek, 3-01-2001, and#34;Intellectual Property Rights,and#34; http://www.grain.org/article/entries/30-intellectual-property-rights-ultimate-control-of-agricultural-r-d-in-asia-http://www.grain.org/article/entries/30-intellectual-property-rights-ultimate-control-of-agricultural-r-d-in-asia

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) and plant breeding have, historically, had nothing
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other breeders. Since then, both those loopholes have been tightened up drastically 

and industry is pressuring governments to provide full scale patent rights on any form of tinkering with the very stuff of life. Today, with the breeding sector dominated by a few mega-corporations, patents on plants and livestock, and draconian restrictions on farmers, are the norm in most industrialized nations. Asia has followed a different path, but it appears increasingly likely that it will meet the same end.

Small farms prevent extinction

Altieri 8 ~Professor of agroecology @ University of California, Berkeley. ~Miguel Altieri (President, Sociedad Cientifica LatinoAmericana de Agroecologia (SOCLA), and#34;Small farms as a planetary ecological asset: Five key reasons why we should support the revitalization of small farms in the Global South,and#34; Food First, Posted May 9th, 2008, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2115~~
The Via Campesina has long argued that farmers need land to produce food for their
AND
on which we all depend now and even more so in the future.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dowling KW | Judge: Nasir Nanjee

Section 110(5) CP

1NC CP

The United States Federal Government should repeal Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act.

That solves WTO – at worst it’s a massive alt cause

Their author, New, 3/26/2013 (William – Intellectual Property Watch, United States Chided As TRIPS Scofflaw at WTO, Intellectual Property Watch, p. http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/03/26/united-states-chided-as-trips-scofflaw-at-wto/-http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/03/26/united-states-chided-as-trips-scofflaw-at-wto/)

For instance, Cuba said the recently announced US-European Union trade agreement contains
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multilateral system of trade,and#34; Venezuela said in its statement (unofficial translation).