Tournament: Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pace BR | Judge: Paul Johnson
Text: The United States federal government should strengthen the African Growth and Opportunity Act by enacting a long-term extension this year increasing access for restricted agricultural products, reorganize existing capacity-building funds that are scattered and make them rewards for countries strengthening the private sector.

CP’s bipartisan, solves trade leadership and economic growth.
Elliot 13 Senior fellow at the Center for Global Development (Kimberly, 3/28/13, “Restoring US Leadership on Trade and Development,” Center for Global Development, http://www.cgdev.org/publication/restoring-us-leadership-trade-and-development)//DR. H

The stated priorities for...trading system as a whole.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Minneapolis South GE | Judge: Bolman, Brad
Text: We advocate imagining there being no border between the US and Mexico

Anonymity in social movements is crucial to prevent the movement from becoming identified with individuals rather than the overall cause and therefore preventing marginalization of social movements.
Public Sphere Project, ’08 – (an initiative of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) to help promote more effectiveand equitable public spheres all over the world, “Liberating Voices!  A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution,” http://www.publicsphereproject.org/patterns/pattern.pl/public?pattern_id=379)

By refusing to put a face on those in a group or movement, the
AND
the fight for peace and democracy for the marginalized populations of the world.

Like the masks of the Zapatistas, our anonymity represents the struggle against co-option.  We wear masks and do not use our names in order to avoid becoming reduced to a photo on the t-shirt of a rich white teenager in America who calls for revolution while knowing nothing of hardship.
Elmer, ’02 – (Greg, Ph.D. in Communications, Bell Globe media Research Chair, Associate Professor of Radio TV Arts, and Director of the Infoscape Research Lab at Ryerson University, 2002. “Critical Perspectives on the Internet,” pp. 116-17)

The masked commander Marcos’s mestizo ethnicity affirms this fluidity of Zapatista identity. While “
AND
, which is in turn, enacted through the movement’s centralized organizational structure. 

Just like our embrace of anonymity, the masks of the Zapatistas prevent the development of a cult of personality around any particular leader in their movement and preserve their cause from marginalization and commodification by the system against which they fight.
Pitawanakwat, ’2k– (Brock,University of Victoria, “The Mirror of Dignity: Zapatista Communications andIndigenous Resistance” pp. 10-11)

Perhaps the most visible and well-known Zapatista symbol is the ski mask,
AND
government attempts to secure first world status with trade deals such as NAFTA.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wooster GS | Judge: Joe Keeton
Text: The United States federal government should provide a 39-cent tax credit for every dollar that American businesses invest in nonprofit non-governmental organizations engaged in micro-financing.
The CP solves and is more efficient than government assistance --- businesses will say yes and it avoids our disads.
Justin Muzinich and Eric Werker, 10/20/2007. JD from Yale, Works for a Hedge Fund in Connecticut; and Assistant Professor at Harvard Business School. “A Global Tax Credit,” The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/20/opinion/20werker.html?_r=0.

BARACK OBAMA has proposed that the United States double the amount it spends on foreign
AND
faltering effort into one that brings the fruits of globalization to poor countries.

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 4 | Opponent: Calhoun MK | Judge: Tyler Wharton
The affirmative claim to save a particular identity group creates an “us” of ethical insiders vs a “them” of outsiders. This is the root of war, racism, and genocide
Badiou, 98 (Alain, Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, 73-77)

What allows a genuine...terror directed at everyone.

Ethical rules are an attempt to freeze the current order and are therefore nihilist and deeply conservative.  
Badiou, 98 (Alain, Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, 30-34)

The very idea of...name is: death drive. 

The alternative is to break with such rules and give ourselves over to the particular event
Badiou, 98 (Alain, Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, 14-16)

Every collective will to...the shantytowns of Kinshasa.

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 4 | Opponent: Calhoun MK | Judge: Tyler Wharton
The United States federal government should close the prison facility at Guantanamo.

Biomedical technology has the potential to fuel biological terrorism
Zilinskas 11 - Director, Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program at Middlebury College (Raymond, ABSTRACT OF: “Cuba, Terrorism, and Biotechnology”, 7/15/2011, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0471686786.ebd0151.pub2/abstract, HW)
*Cuba has supported terrorists *more Cuban biotech makes it easier for for that allocation
The Cuban government has...for biological weapons acquisition.

Bioterror causes extinction – 9 hour time frame.
Discovery 09 – Award-winning source of credible, unbiased, and easy-to-understand explanations of how the world actually works (How Stuff Works, February 19, 2009, “10 Ways the World Might End: A Monster Plague,” http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/10-ways-the-world-will-end-videos-playlist.htm)//DR. H
*Release of one weapon...a terrible, ugly death.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Minneapolis South GE | Judge: Bolman, Brad
The affirmative’s representations ultimately homogenize all borders into one metaphorical border, taking the uniqueness
AND
produced in power relations, and reproduces a universalist politics that replicates colonialist practices

Vila, Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Texas at San Antonio, 2005 Pablo, “Conclusion: The Limits of American Border Theory,” Ethnography at the Border, Ed. Pablo Vila, p.307-315
After dominating the field for some time, this corpus of work has come under
AND
the inside and outside, in principle, unclosable" (15).7

Moreover, treating debate itself as a borderland that links geographically and ideologically different borders leads to a shallow politics that cannot produce change—instead of contact with actual others, debate becomes a detour that teaches us to enjoy communicating this metaphor of the border, while flattening out and detaching us from specific political contests
Ang, Prof. of Cultural Studies at the  University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1998 Ien, “Doing cultural studies at the crossroads,” European Journal of Cultural Studies 1(1), p. 18-20
It is this paradox that I find myself in need of coming to terms with
AND
always in danger of being ghettoized in their own field of particularity.4
Ultimately, this reduction of diverse borders to a universal metaphor is a smoothing out of differences to make compelx lives fit into our politics. This smoothing out of all differences is precisely what authorizes the normalizing violence of societies—this fantasy world has always been the ideology that begins to eliminate that which does not fit—like Stalin and Hitler, we begin by eliminating groups, and end by wishing for the elimination of everything

Bogard, Professor of Sociology at Whitman, 2000 William, “Smoothing Machines and the Constitution of Society,” Cultural Studies 14 (2), 269-275
Introduction
IMAGINE SOCIERY AT A production of ‘smoothing machines’. In such a society,
AND
, co-ordinating small movements with large strides, ranking intensities, generating
(Continues…)

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West AT | Judge: Austin Layton
Plan Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico to facilitate improved efficiency and reduced congestion along the U.S.-Mexico border.

Bilateral border investments are the key internal link to U.S.-Mexico relations.
Baker Institute 9 — The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University—a nonpartisan public policy think tank, 2009 (“Developing the U.S.-Mexico Border Region for a Prosperous and Secure Relationship,” Baker Institute Policy Report, Number 38, April, Available Online at http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/LAI-pub-BorderSecPREnglish-041509.pdf, Accessed 07-26-2013, p. 1)
The relationship between the United States
AND
that are more likely to hinder, rather than promote, common goals.
Infrastructure investment rebalances the relationship — overcomes alternate causalities
Selee and Wilson 12 — Andrew Selee, Vice President for Programs and Senior Adviser for the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Adjunct Professor of Government at Johns Hopkins University and of International Affairs at George Washington University, former Visiting Professor at El Colegio de Mexico, holds a Ph.D. in Policy Studies from the University of Maryland, an M.A. in Latin American Studies from the University of California-San Diego, and a B.A. in Latin American Studies from Washington University in St. Louis, and Christopher E. Wilson, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, previously served as a Mexico Analyst for the U.S. Military and as a researcher at American University’s Center for North American Studies, holds an M.A. in International Affairs from American University, 2012 (“Getting ready for a new era in U.S.-Mexico ties,” Global Public Square—Fareed Zakaria’s CNN blog, December 3rd, Available Online at http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/12/03/Getting-Ready-for-a-New-Era-in-U-S-Mexico-Ties/, Accessed 07-26-2013)

U.S.-Mexico relations have been dominated for
AND
the results will speak for themselves.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chattahoochee IP | Judge: Adam Smiley
NOTE: This was a case turn

Sugar industry’s key to Brazil’s economy.
SC 12 (Sugarcane.org, AT: Website’s Bias!!! – Cites objective data…, 6/19/12, “Impact on Brazil's Economy,” http://sugarcane.org/the-brazilian-experience/impact-on-brazils-economy)//DR. H

The sugarcane industry – including...of Social Information (RAIS).

Brazil economic instability causes nuclear war.
Shulz 2k (Donald, Research Professor of National Security Policy at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: SHAPING AN ELUSIVE FUTURE, March) 

While we are in...of the United States.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chattahoochee IP | Judge: Adam Smiley
Canadian beef exports to Cuba are high – that’s key to all beef exports and Canada’s economy.
OMAAF 04 (Office of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food, 12/15/2004, “CUBA OPENS TO CANADIAN BEEF, NEARS AGREEMENT ON LIVE CATTLE,” http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/chat/1302193/posts)//DR. H

The Government of Canada...totalled more than $2.2 million.

Removing the embargo causes a flood of US beef into Cuba.
Pearson et al 07 (Daniel, US International Trade Commission, July 2007, “U.S. Agricultural Sales to Cuba: Certain Economic Effects of U.S.
Restrictions,” http://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub3932.pdf)//DR. H

Lifting the financing restrictions...over their 2006 level.

Canada’s beef industry is key to biodiversity
CAPI 12 (The Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute, September 2012, “Canada’s
Beef Food System,” http://capi-icpa.ca/pdfs/2012/CAPI_Beef-Food-System_2012.pdf)//DR. H

Overall, from a societal...base for all Canadians.

Extinction
Diner 94 – David, Ph.D., Planetary Science and Geology, "The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who's Endangering Whom?" Military Law Review, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161

To accept that the...closer to the abyss.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Forest Park MW | Judge: Sumon Chaki
Resistance to white supremacy canand#39;t be a unifying concept- using it as a rallying point is counterproductive and undermines efforts to challenge capitalism.
M. Cole,  research professor in education and equality at Bishop Grosseteste University College Lincoln, 11-23-07 http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=311222andsectioncode=26
The problem with standard critical race theory is the narrowness of its remit, says
AND
then can we fully understand its multiple manifestations and work towards its eradication. 

Race oppression is used by capital to ideologically justify economic exploitation—the eradication of racism requires a totalizing critique of capitalism.  
Young 06 Robert, Red Critique, “Putting Materialism Back into Race Theory,” Winter/Spring, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/puttingmaterialismbackintoracetheory.htm
This essay advances a materialist theory of race. In my view, race oppression
AND
to one of democratic multiculturalism, ultimately, requires the transformation of capitalism.

Vote negative to step outside the system of reformism and demand a real revolution we eradicate racism from its core
Harman 97 Chris Harman 97, Editor of the Socialist Worker 1997 Economics of the madhouse, Pg 99-100
 ‘A reprise in the early 21st century of the conditions in the early
AND
disastrous effect its logic has on the lives of the mass of people.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wooster GG | Judge: Dan Bagwell
Text: The People’s Republic of China should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Mexico through funding non-profit non- governmental organizations engaged in micro-financing.  

The CP competes and solves the case – China offers a unique model of economic engagement.
Hsiang 09 (Antonio C. Hsiang, Associate Professor at Chihlee Institute of Technology in Taiwan China Rising in Latin America: More Opportunities than Challenges” Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets, Volume 1 issue 1 November 2009)-Karla

Because “many Latin American...guide the development process.” 33

Mexico says yes to China- bilateral relations opening up investment
MERCOPRESS 6/7, MercoPress is an independent news agency which focuses on delivering news related to Mercosur-member countries, covering an area of influence which includes the South Atlantic and insular territories. Mexico and China leave behind mistrust and agree on strategic partnership, http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/07/mexico-and-china-leave-behind-mistrust-and-agree-on-strategic-partnership
Xi pointed out that...Chinese investment, he pledged.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Ignatius BH | Judge: Val McIntosh
Text: The People’s Republic of China should substantially increase investment in Venezuelan oil production and refinery capacity.

China solves Venezuelan oil better – empirics.
Cerna 11. Michael, staff @ CRC, "China's growing presence in Latin America: Implications for US and Chinese presence in the region" China Research Center -- Vol 10 No 1 -- www.chinacenter.net/chinas-growing-presence-in-latin-america-implications-for-u-s-and-chinese-presence-in-the-region/

In 2009, China became Brazil’s largest single export market, eclipsing the U.
AND
help end dependency on sales to the United States (Johnson, 2005).

Venezuela prefers Chinese oil engagement – no strings attached.
Romero and Barrionuevo 9. Simon, Brazil bureau chief, Alexei, journalist, "Deals help China expand sway in Latin America" New York Times -- April 15 -- www.nytimes.com/2009/04/16/world/16chinaloan.html?_r=0

China has also pushed into Latin American countries where the United States has negligible influence
AND
among his opponents, who view it as an affront to Venezuela’s sovereignty.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: McDonough PS | Judge: Mike Crowe
Text: The People’s Republic of China should enter into an agreement with Mexico modeled on the Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement.

The CP competes and solves the case – China offers a unique model of economic engagement.
Hsiang 09 (Antonio C. Hsiang, Associate Professor at Chihlee Institute of Technology in Taiwan China Rising in Latin America: More Opportunities than Challenges” Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets, Volume 1 issue 1 November 2009)-Karla

Because “many Latin American countries no longer look to Washington leadership,” the so
AND
concern with political stability and strong government to guide the development process.” 33

China solves Mexico energy investment – key model
Esenaro 13. Alberto, corporate lawyer in Mexico, expertise in high-profile corporate law with practice strong focus on foreign investment, energy, and#34;MEXICO AND CHINA: AN EXPANDING ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPand#34; Before You Do Business -- May 1 -- beforeyoudobusiness.com/archives/787

While Mexico’s economy has been growing steadily since the implementation of NAFTA and various other
AND
“We have much to learn from its successful history in railway infrastructure.”

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Atholton RS | Judge: Anastasia Kazteridis, Joseph Nelson, Francisco Bencosme
China’s sphere of influence in Mexico is high – that solves the Mexican economy.
Fabens 8/14 (Isabella, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 8/14/13, “CHINA’S LATEST INVESTMENTS IN MEXICO: THE PLIGHT OF MAQUILADORA WORKERS,” http://www.coha.org/chinas-latest-investments-in-mexico-the-plight-of-maquiladora-workers/)//DR. H

Mexican President Enrique Peña...America’s second largest economy.

Plan reverses that- hydrocarbons are key
Fergusson 12 (Robbie, Masters in China In The International Arena from the University of Glasgow,  e-International Relations, 7/23/12, “The Chinese Challenge to the Monroe Doctrine,” http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/23/does-chinese-growth-in-latin-america-threaten-american-interests/)//DR. H

China’s thirst for resources...imports its oil from.

China engagement key to diplomatically isolating Taiwan.
Ellis ’11 (R. Evans is an Assistant Professor of National Security Studies in the Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies at the National Defense University. “Chinese Soft Power in Latin America: A Case Study,” JFQ, Issue 60, 1st Quarter 2011, http://www.ndu.edu/press/chinese-soft-power-latin-america.html)

Diplomatic Recognition of Taiwan...change their diplomatic posture.13

Peaceful unification of Taiwan depends on China’s economic leverage and growing diplomatic recognition – the alternative is war.
Lee 13 (Dennis, Harvard International Review, “A Narrowing Strait” Global Security Notebook, January 28, 2013, http://hir.harvard.edu/a-narrowing-strait)

Since the 1970s, the...Taiwanese independence highly unlikely.

That war goes nuclear.
William Lowther 3-16, Taipei Times, citing a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/16/13, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,” http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211

Taiwan is the most...and quite possibly devastating.”

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chattahoochee IP | Judge: Adam Smiley
Chinese influence in Latin America is expanding at the expense of the US – it’s zero-sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, SunSentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP

Once upon a time...is no fairy tale.

Bolstering US engagement with Cuba undermines China’s presence in the region
Benjamin-Alvadaro 06 – (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)

Additionally, Venezuela remains the...of all parties involved.

Chinese influence in Latin America is a key to their soft power
Castillo 09 – Anthony Castillo is a writer for the Diplomat, (“China in Latin America, June 18, 2009, http://thediplomat.com/2009/06/18/china-in-latin-america/?all=true)//sawyer

China’s aim in Latin...connections and building partnerships.’

Chinese soft power is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction
Zhang 12 – (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy, “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)

As China plays an...to surprise the world.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stratford SO | Judge: Jon Voss
Chinese influence in Latin America is expanding at the expense of the US – it’s zero-sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, SunSentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP

Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was
AND
lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.

Bolstering US engagement with Cuba undermines China’s presence in the region
Benjamin-Alvadaro 06 – (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)

Additionally, Venezuela remains the fourth largest importer of oil to the United States and
AND
circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved.

Chinese influence in Latin America is a key to their soft power
Castillo 09 – Anthony Castillo is a writer for the Diplomat, (“China in Latin America, June 18, 2009, http://thediplomat.com/2009/06/18/china-in-latin-america/?all=true)//sawyer

China’s aim in Latin America these days differs dramatically from the 1960s, when the
AND
Chinatown’s leaders play a central role in making connections and building partnerships.’

Chinese soft power is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction
Zhang 12 – (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy, “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)

As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West EB | Judge: McGrath, Michael
Chinese influence in Latin America is expanding at the expense of the US – it’s zero-sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, SunSentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP

Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was
AND
lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.

Bolstering US engagement with Cuba undermines China’s presence in the region
Benjamin-Alvadaro 06 – (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)

Additionally, Venezuela remains the fourth largest importer of oil to the United States and
AND
circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved.

Chinese influence in Latin America is a key to their soft power
Castillo 09 – Anthony Castillo is a writer for the Diplomat, (“China in Latin America, June 18, 2009, http://thediplomat.com/2009/06/18/china-in-latin-america/?all=true)//sawyer

China’s aim in Latin America these days differs dramatically from the 1960s, when the
AND
Chinatown’s leaders play a central role in making connections and building partnerships.’

Chinese soft power is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction
Zhang 12 – (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy, “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)

As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa West HK | Judge: Sheila Peterson
Chinese influence in Latin America is expanding at the expense of the US – it’s zero-sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, SunSentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP

Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was
AND
lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.

Bolstering US engagement with Cuba undermines China’s presence in the region
Benjamin-Alvadaro 06 – (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)

Additionally, Venezuela remains the fourth largest importer of oil to the United States and
AND
circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved.

Chinese influence in Latin America is a key to their soft power
Castillo 09 – Anthony Castillo is a writer for the Diplomat, (“China in Latin America, June 18, 2009, http://thediplomat.com/2009/06/18/china-in-latin-america/?all=true)//sawyer

China’s aim in Latin America these days differs dramatically from the 1960s, when the
AND
Chinatown’s leaders play a central role in making connections and building partnerships.’

Chinese soft power is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction
Zhang 12 – (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy, “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)

As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Woodward JS | Judge: Panday, Anushka
Chinese influence in Mexico increasing because of cooperation on infrastructure.
Financial Times, 9/19/2013. “A new dawn for China-Mexico relations?” Jude Webber, http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/09/19/a-new-dawn-for-china-mexico-relations/?.

You might have thought that Mexico and China
AND
. Closer presidential ties seem to have spurred things along.

Economic engagement is key to check Chinese influence --- the U.S. is making promises now, but has not followed words with policy --- Mexico is key.
Gary Regenstreif, 6/12/2013. “The looming U.S.-China rivalry over Latin America,” Reuters, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/06/12/the-looming-u-s-china-rivalry-over-latin-america/.

Though the U.S. and Chinese presidents heralded a “new model”
AND
of the expected reforms that would open the oil industry to foreign investment.

Chinese influence in Latin American is key to maintain their economic growth.
Arnson et al. ‘9 (Cynthia Anderson, Mark Mohr, Riordan Roett, writers for Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Enter the Dragon? China’s Presence in Latin America”, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/EnterDragonFinal.pdf) (JN)

China’s role in Latin America is, above all, based on trade, despite
AND
region. Thus, Latin America represents a substantial market for Chinese goods.

Chinese economic decline causes great power war.
Kane 01 Thomas Kane, PhD in Security Studies from the University of Hull and Lawrence Serewicz, Autumn, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01autumn/Kane.htm

Despite China's problems with its food supply, the Chinese do not appear to be
AND
China's government might try to ward off its demise by attacking adjacent countries.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Givan, Elsa
Chinese influence in Mexico increasing now.
Eric Farnsworth, 9/24/2013. Vice President of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society. “China and Mexico: An Emerging Trans-Pacific Partnership?” China US Focus, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/china-and-mexico-an-emerging-trans-pacific-partnership/.

China’s exploding interest in Latin America is a defining element of the past decade in
AND
government may also be noticing the trend and seeking to take full advantage. 

Economic engagement is key to check Chinese influence --- the U.S. is making promises now, but has not followed words with policy --- Mexico is key.
Gary Regenstreif, 6/12/2013. “The looming U.S.-China rivalry over Latin America,” Reuters, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/06/12/the-looming-u-s-china-rivalry-over-latin-america/.

Though the U.S. and Chinese presidents heralded a “new model”
AND
of the expected reforms that would open the oil industry to foreign investment.

Chinese influence in Latin American is key to maintain their economic growth.
Arnson et al. ‘9 (Cynthia Anderson, Mark Mohr, Riordan Roett, writers for Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Enter the Dragon? China’s Presence in Latin America”, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/EnterDragonFinal.pdf) (JN)

China’s role in Latin America is, above all, based on trade, despite
AND
region. Thus, Latin America represents a substantial market for Chinese goods.

Chinese economic decline causes great power war.
Kane 01 Thomas Kane, PhD in Security Studies from the University of Hull and Lawrence Serewicz, Autumn, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01autumn/Kane.htm

Despite China's problems with its food supply, the Chinese do not appear to be
AND
China's government might try to ward off its demise by attacking adjacent countries.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Alpharetta RS | Judge: Melanie Campbell
Chinese influence in Latin America is expanding at the expense of the US – it’s zero-sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, SunSentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP

Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was
AND
lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.

Bolstering US engagement with Cuba undermines China’s presence in the region
Benjamin-Alvadaro 06 – (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)

Additionally, Venezuela remains the fourth largest importer of oil to the United States and
AND
circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved.

Chinese influence in Latin America is a key to their soft power
Castillo 09 – Anthony Castillo is a writer for the Diplomat, (“China in Latin America, June 18, 2009, http://thediplomat.com/2009/06/18/china-in-latin-america/?all=true)//sawyer

China’s aim in Latin America these days differs dramatically from the 1960s, when the
AND
Chinatown’s leaders play a central role in making connections and building partnerships.’

Chinese soft power is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction
Zhang 12 – (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy, “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)

As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wooster GS | Judge: Joe Keeton
Chinese influence in Mexico increasing now.
Eric Farnsworth, 9/24/2013. Vice President of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society. “China and Mexico: An Emerging Trans-Pacific Partnership?” China US Focus, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/china-and-mexico-an-emerging-trans-pacific-partnership/.

China’s exploding interest in Latin America is a defining element of the past decade in
AND
government may also be noticing the trend and seeking to take full advantage. 

Economic engagement is key to check Chinese influence --- the U.S. is making promises now, but has not followed words with policy --- Mexico is key.
Gary Regenstreif, 6/12/2013. “The looming U.S.-China rivalry over Latin America,” Reuters, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/06/12/the-looming-u-s-china-rivalry-over-latin-america/.

Though the U.S. and Chinese presidents heralded a “new model”
AND
of the expected reforms that would open the oil industry to foreign investment.

Chinese influence in Latin American is key to maintain their economic growth.
Arnson et al. ‘9 (Cynthia Anderson, Mark Mohr, Riordan Roett, writers for Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Enter the Dragon? China’s Presence in Latin America”, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/EnterDragonFinal.pdf) (JN)

China’s role in Latin America is, above all, based on trade, despite
AND
region. Thus, Latin America represents a substantial market for Chinese goods.

Chinese economic decline causes great power war.
Kane 01 Thomas Kane, PhD in Security Studies from the University of Hull and Lawrence Serewicz, Autumn, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01autumn/Kane.htm

Despite China's problems with its food supply, the Chinese do not appear to be
AND
China's government might try to ward off its demise by attacking adjacent countries.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Ignatius BH | Judge: Val McIntosh
Chinese influence in Latin America is expanding at the expense of the US – it’s zero-sum
Martinez 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, SunSentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP

Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was
AND
lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.

Plan crowds out Chinese influence in Latin America
Goldwyn 13 – President, Goldwyn Global Strategies, LLC (4/11/2013, David L., “The Impact of the Tight Oil and Gas Boom on Latin America and the Caribbean: Opportunities for Cooperation,” House Committee on Foreign Affairs; Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere; “Energy Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean” http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20130411/100622/HHRG-113-FA07-Wstate-GoldwynD-20130411.pdf, JMP)

III. The Impact of Hemispheric Energy Trends on U.S. Foreign Policy
AND
a citizen I thank the committee for its leadership on this critical issue.

Chinese influence in Latin America is a key to their soft power
Castillo 09 – Anthony Castillo is a writer for the Diplomat, (“China in Latin America, June 18, 2009, http://thediplomat.com/2009/06/18/china-in-latin-america/?all=true)//sawyer

China’s aim in Latin America these days differs dramatically from the 1960s, when the
AND
Chinatown’s leaders play a central role in making connections and building partnerships.’

Chinese soft power is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction
Zhang 12 – (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy, “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)

As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dexter SM | Judge: Joseph Nelson
The United States federal government should establish a Presidential Bipartisan Commission on Cuba to study current U.S. policy on Cuba.  The Commission should recommend that the United States federal government normalize its economic relations with Cuba.

A Bipartisan Commission on Cuba solves the case but avoids politics
Ratliff, 13 - research fellow and former curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution. He is also a research fellow of the Independent Institute. An expert on Latin America, China, and US foreign policy, he has written extensively on how traditional cultures and institutions influence current conditions and on prospects for economic and political development in East/Southeast Asia and Latin America (William, “Cubaand#39;s Tortured Transition” 1/30,
http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/139281

A New Policy to Cuba...Obama cover for action.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capitol Debate EK | Judge: Andrew Markoff
Death is bad, and nonexistence is worse – deprivation account
Kagan 12 – Professor of Philosophy @ Yale
Shelly, professor of philosophy at Yale University, and#34;Is Death Bad for You?and#34; 5/13/12, http://chronicle.com/article/article-content/131818/

In thinking about this...people get to be born. 

Some suffering may be inevitable – but extreme suffering is unjustified
Edelglass, 6 (William, Department of Philosophy, Colby College in Maine, “Levinas on Suffering and Compassion,” Sophia, Volume 45, Issue 2, October 2006, pg. 43-59, SpringerLink, pdf, Tashma)

According to Levinasand#39;s phenomenology...both severe and unjustified. 

Death exists, Lanza has no evidence to the contrary and he monumentally misinterprets quantum physics
Orac, 10 - Orac is the nom de blog of a humble pseudonymous surgeon/scientist , Oracand#39;s and#34;realand#34; identity is more or less an open secret among some parts of the blogosphere, but he nonetheless keeps using the Orac pseudonym because he doesnand#39;t want his blog to be the first thing that comes up when patients Google his and#34;realand#34; name.  Note from DH – some research turned up who he actually is – despite it not being on his blog - David Gorski is an associate professor of medicine at the Department of Surgery in the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (“Dr. Robert Lanza and and#34;biocentrismand#34;: Time to get out the paper bag again,” 6/15 http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/06/dr_lanza_and_biocentrism_time_to_get_out.php )

Hereand#39;s what I mean...Our consciousnesses are prime. 

Lanza’s qualifications mean nothing – he’s a stem-cell biologist and he doesn’t understand physics – people aren’t particles, they are unique organizations of particles that can’t be replicated and every death matters
Myers, 9 - biologist and associate professor at the University of Minnesota (PZ, “The dead are dead”, 12/10, http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2009/12/the_dead_are_dead.php)

Lanza has respectable credentials...usefully a little longer.

Reject Lanza’s model of consciousness – it’s non-falsifiable and shouldn’t even be considered science
Wadhawan and Kamal 9 – Vinod K., Fellow at the Babha Atomic Research Center in Mumbai, and Aijta, December 14, 2009, “Biocentrism Demystified: A Response to Deepak Chopra and Robert Lanza’s Notion of a Conscious Universe,” online: http://nirmukta.com/2009/12/14/biocentrism-demystified-a-response-to-deepak-chopra-and-robert-lanzas-notion-of-a-conscious-universe/

In the first case...of its true nature.

Death precedes all other impacts – it ontologically destroys the subject and prevents any alternative way of knowing the world
Paterson, 03 - Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com)

Contrary to those accounts...of all human  possibility.82 

Lanza’s argument is non-falsifiable pseudoscience – human consciousness hasn’t created reality – it exists independently of consciousness
Wadhawan, 9 - Raja Ramanna Fellow at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai and an Associate Editor of the journal PHASE TRANSITIONS. (Vinod, Biocentrism Demystified: A Response to Deepak Chopra and Robert Lanza’s Notion of a Conscious Universe 12/14, http://nirmukta.com/2009/12/14/biocentrism-demystified-a-response-to-deepak-chopra-and-robert-lanzas-notion-of-a-conscious-universe/)

The impulse to see...of observation. Some cheek!

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dexter SM | Judge: Joseph Nelson
Debt ceiling will pass – Obama political strength and Dem unity means the GOP will cave
Bolton, 9/14/13 (Alexander, The Hill, “Confident Democrats want separate showdowns on shutdown and debt limit” Read more: http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/322247-confident-democrats-want-separate-showdowns-on-shutdown-and-debt-limit#ixzz2g92IX3s7 

Democrats, however, want to...guys are for obstructing.”

Increasing economic engagement splits Congressional Democrats and consumes political capital
Magnus, ‘9
John R. Magnus, trade lawyer in Washington, DC, is President of TradeWins LLC and Of Counsel
at Miller and Chevalier Chartered, ‘9
3. Votes: Will the...in the opposite direction. 

It disrupts Obama’s attempt to prioritize the debt ceiling by consuming political capital
Frumin, 9/21/13 – reporter for MSNBC (Aliyah, “Bright prospects on foreign agenda; domestic in chaos” http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/09/21/bright-prospects-for-obama-on-foreign-agenda-domestic-in-chaos/) 

Conservative strategist Keith Appell...without Congress,” she added.

That takes Obama off-message – it undermines his strategy of constant pressure on the GOP and makes a deal impossible
Milbank, 9/27/13 – Washington Post Opinion Writer (Dana, “Obama should pivot to Dubya’s playbook” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dana-milbank-obama-should-try-pivoting-to-george-bushs-playbook/2013/09/27/c72469f0-278a-11e3-ad0d-b7c8d2a594b9_story.html)

If President Obama can...and demoralize his supporters.

Failure to reach a deal guarantees government shutdown.
Farry, 11
Yanira, Junior Editor – Veterans Today, Military and Foreign Affairs Journal, “GOP-Tea Party Play Chicken With U.S. Credit, Courting Catastrophe,” 1/19,  http://www.veteranstoday.com/2011/01/19/gop-tea-party-play-chicken-with-u-s-credit-courting-catastrophe/
SHUTTING DOWN GOVERNMENT: If...caused purely by insanity.” 

That causes cyberattacks.
Sideman, 11
Alysha, Federal Computer Week Contributor, “Agencies must determine computer security teams in face of potential federal shutdown” 2/23,  http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1
With the WikiLeaks hacks...reports Federal Computer Week. 

Cyber-attacks cause retaliatory nuclear war
Tilford, 12 – Graduate of the U.S. Army Airborne School at Fort Benning, GA (Robert, “Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coastand#34; 7/27/12, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa)

To make matters worse...authorized by the President.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Milton FM | Judge: Quinn, Robbie
Complex societies bent on growth will inevitably collapse – allowing collapse now reverts us to a sustainable society capable of averting total disaster
Mackenzie 08 – BBC correspondent quoting a ton of people including archaeologist at University of Utah, Salt Lake City and author of The Collapse of Complex Societies, also quoting the head of the New England Complex Systems Institute in Cambridge (4/5, Deborah, “Are we doomed?”, EBSCO)
*Thomas Homer-Dixon – holds the Centre for International Governance Innovation Chair of Global Systems at the Balsillie School of International Affairs, professor in the Centre for Environment and Business in the Faculty of Environment, with a cross-appointment to the Political Science Department in the Faculty of Arts, previously director of Peace and Conflict Studies at the Trudeau Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies

DOOMSDAY. The end of civilisation. Literature and film abound with tales of plague
AND
stagnation or collapse, and in the long run this cannot be sustainable. 

Collapse now forces a transition to sustainable communities
Lewis 2000 – PhD, University of Colorado at Boulder (Chris H, “The Paradox of Global Development and the Necessary Collapse of Global Industrial Civilization” http://www.cross-x.com/archives/LewisParadox.pdf) 

With the collapse of global industrial civilization, smaller, autonomous, local and regional
AND
as modern people so often do, will themselves face collapse and ruin.

Economic collapse wouldn’t involve transition wars
Barnett 09 – senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC and a contributing editor/online columnist for Esquire magazine, columnist for World Politics Review (8/25, Thomas P.M. “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” World Politics Review, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
post-World War II international liberal trade order.

Collapse is inevitable but delay causes exponentially more deaths
McPherson 10 Guy McPherson is professor emeritus of natural resources and the environment at the University of Arizona, where he taught and conducted research for 20 years. His scholarly efforts have produced nine books and well over 100 articles, and have focused for many years on conservation of biological diversity, 8-16-10, “A review before the exam,” http://guymcpherson.com/2010/08/a-review-before-the-exam/

I’ve written all this before, but I have not recently provided a concise summary
AND
how we arrived at this point or the hopelessness of extracting ourselves from the morass.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chattahoochee IP | Judge: Adam Smiley
Obama is aggressively pushing completion of a farm bill -- it’s his top priority
Dreiling, 11/15/13 (Larry, 11/15/2013, “Branches jockey for farm bill positions,” http://www.hpj.com/archives/2013/nov13/nov18/1112FarmBillLDsr.cfm))

While the House-Senate farm...second and third priorities.

An agreement is almost complete
Rogers, 12/4/13 (David, “Big trades advance farm bill talks” Politico, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/12/farm-bill-talks-progress-100670.html)

Farm bill negotiators broke...$4 billion in its bill.

SNAP is the last item in negotiations and Obama’s capital is key to brokering the deal
Hagstrom, 11/3/13 -~-- founder and executive editor of The Hagstrom Report (11/3/2013, Jerry, “Compromise Is the Key to a New Farm Bill; It is time for House and Senate conferees to stop listening to the lobbyists and finish the bill,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/outside-influences/compromise-is-the-key-to-a-new-farm-bill-20131103))
It was a good...over the same period.

New Latin American economic engagement initiatives cause a massive loss in political capital
Isacson, 11
Adam, Senior Associate @ WOLA, Washington Office on Latin America, Areas of Expertise:  Regional and Military Security Policy, Arms Transfers, Civil-Military Relations, Colombia, International Drug Policy, Mexico, Peace Processes, U.S. Assistance, Adam Isacson is a key member of WOLA’s Regional Security Policy team. He is a leading expert on defense, civil-military relations, and U.S. security assistance to the Americas. He collaborates on Just the Facts—a constantly updated source of information and analysis of the United States’ often troubled relationship with Latin America’s militaries. He helped found Just the Facts in the early 1990s. Mr. Isacson has co-authored dozens of publications, including “Ready, Aim, Foreign Policy” and “Waiting for Change,” which examine the increasing role of the military in U.S. foreign policy. During the 2000s, Mr. Isacson focused on Colombia, the principal destination of U.S. aid to Latin America at the time. At the end of the decade, he published “Don’t Call It a Model,” a comprehensive look at the lessons to be learned from Plan Colombia. He has testified before Congress on international drug policy, Colombia’s conflict, U.S. military aid programs and human rights, and has organized several congressional delegations to the region. He is “among the few in Washington who genuinely affect how policy-makers in Congress and the administration shape their decisions and policy proposals,” says a congressional staffer who closely follows Latin America policy.  He is known for his pithy commentary, shared online daily through regular contributions to Just the Facts and other blogs. Among Latin America analysts, he has been a leader in cutting-edge use of technology for transparency, instant analysis, and advocacy. Mr. Isacson joined WOLA in 2010 after fourteen years working on Latin American and Caribbean security issues with the Center for International Policy (CIP). Before WOLA and CIP, he worked for the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress in San José, Costa Rica as a program assistant for demilitarization. 3/10, http://www.wola.org/commentary/president_obama_s_upcoming_trip_to_latin_america

Though Latin Americans’ perceptions...President’s visit reflect that.

New farm bill key to prevent a doubling in food prices
Thuman, 12/5/13 (Scott, “Farm Bill hangs in the balance as crucial deadline looms”
Read more: http://www.wjla.com/articles/2013/12/farm-bill-hangs-in-the-balance-as-crucial-deadline-looms-97746.html#ixzz2mhOX4n2X 

WASHINGTON (WJLA) - While much of the...be calculated for subsidies.

Extinction
Brown 9 (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)

The biggest threat to...of global civilization itself.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Minneapolis South GE | Judge: Bolman, Brad
They aren’t topical –
a. resolved requires a policy  
Louisiana House 05 – 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm 

Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally
AND
for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
b. “United States federal government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental action
Ericson 03 – (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
c. “economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

d) substantially means in substance, not imaginary
Merriam-Webster, 8 (“substantial”, 2008, http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionaryandva=substantially)

Main Entry: sub•stan•tial
1 a: consisting of or relating to substance b: not imaginary or illusory : real, true c: important, essential

A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life – even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable – this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact – T debates solve your offense
Steinberg and Freeley 08 – *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
Turns the AFF – a predictable topic forces pre-round internal-reflective deliberation which is the only way to convince people of the legitimacy of the 1ac
Goodin and Niemeyer 03 – (Robert and Simon, Australian National University, “When Does Deliberation Begin, Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy” Political Studies, Volume 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience)

What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
AND
least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Forest Park MW | Judge: Sumon Chaki

They aren’t topical –

"economic engagement" is limited to expanding economic ties

Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

Vote negative –

A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life – even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable – this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact – T debates solve your offense

Steinberg and Freeley 08 – *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
 Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Turns the AFF – a predictable topic forces pre-round internal-reflective deliberation which is the only way to convince people of the legitimacy of the 1ac

Goodin and Niemeyer 03 – (Robert and Simon, Australian National University, "When Does Deliberation Begin, Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy" Political Studies, Volume 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience)

What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
AND
least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

That’s key to critical thinking which is a portable educational skill – outweighs your offense

Harrigan 08 – (Casey, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master’s in Communications – Wake Forest U., "A Defense of Switch Side Debate", Master’s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp. 6-9)

Additionally, there are social benefits to the practice of requiring students to debate both
AND
Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p.82).

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa West HK | Judge: Sheila Peterson
Text: The President of the United States should remove all restrictions on Cuban-American travel and remittances, grant visas to Cubans invited to the United States to participate in educational, cultural, religious, humanitarian, and scientific activities if they pass normal visa security reviews, communicate to the Cuban government its desire to restore the diplomatic function of the Interest Section as its core mission, immediately turn off the electronic ticker-tape billboard on the Interests Section building in Havana, propose immediate resumption of regular consultations with Cuba over implementation of the migration agreements signed by Presidents Reagan and Clinton, and remove travel limits of U.S. and Cuban diplomats.

The counterplan is distinct from economic engagement.
Rose and Spiegel 08 (Andrew K. and Mark M., Professor of International Business, Economic Analysis and Policy Group, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley; and Research Fellow, CEPR; and Vice President, Economic Research and Data at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, respectively; “NON-ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE: THE CASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES,” 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1)

Countries, like people, interact with each other on a number of different dimensions
AND
fear of these spillovers may then encourage good behavior in the first area.

CP solves the aff.
LeoGrande 8 (William M. LeoGrande is dean of the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, DC, and a specialist on U.S. relations with Latin America. “Engaging Cuba: A Roadmap,” World Policy Journal 2008 25: 87, pg Sage um-ef) 

From the time Fidel Castro seized power nearly three generations ago, Cuba has served
AND
rule, and in Eastern Europe at the end of the communist era.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Alpharetta RS | Judge: Melanie Campbell
Gradual transition now---political liberalization is facilitating an economic “soft landing”---solves the Aff
Piccone, 10/3 – Acting Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institute (Ted, “Cuba’s Stroll Toward Change: A View from the Streets”, Brookings Institute, 10/3/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2013/10/03-cuba-trip-piccone)//SJF

We are witnessing today the unfolding of a transitional hybrid economy that has one foot
AND
reconciliation – both within the island and across the Florida Straits – begin.

Cuba has no preparation for change and wouldn’t be able to take it all at once – lifting the embargo would cause a rapid democratic uprising that turns the aff
Erikson, 8 – Senior Advisor for Western Hemisphere Affairs at the U.S. Department of State and has an M.A. in Public Policy from Harvard University and a B.A. from Brown University (Daniel P., “The Cuba Wars: Fidel Castro, the United States, and the Next Revolution”, Bloomsbury Press, 10/28/08, p. 250-251)EX

Like most of his colleagues, Monreal readily agreed that the United States was the
AND
the ability of the Cuban government to control this fight is very limited.”

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa West HK | Judge: Sheila Peterson
Gradual transition now---political liberalization is facilitating an economic “soft landing”---solves the Aff
Piccone, 10/3 – Acting Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institute (Ted, “Cuba’s Stroll Toward Change: A View from the Streets”, Brookings Institute, 10/3/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2013/10/03-cuba-trip-piccone)//SJF

We are witnessing today the unfolding of a transitional hybrid economy that has one foot
AND
reconciliation – both within the island and across the Florida Straits – begin.
Cuba has no preparation for change and wouldn’t be able to take it all at once---lifting the embargo would cause a rapid democratic uprising
Erikson, 8 – Senior Advisor for Western Hemisphere Affairs at the U.S. Department of State and has an M.A. in Public Policy from Harvard University and a B.A. from Brown University (Daniel P., “The Cuba Wars: Fidel Castro, the United States, and the Next Revolution”, Bloomsbury Press, 10/28/08, p. 250-251)EX

Like most of his colleagues, Monreal readily agreed that the United States was the
AND
the ability of the Cuban government to control this fight is very limited.”

Tournament: Samford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Alpharetta CN | Judge:
The world is not ending.  Hegemonic position is stable but domestic critique of it prescribes decline
Nye 10 — prof at Harvard (Joseph, The Future of American Power: Dominance and Decline in Perspective, Foreign Affairs. 89;6, ProQuest)

Some argue that the United States suffers from "imperial overstretch," but so far
AND
, and civil rights, were arguably more serious than any of today's.

The plan is surrender – it emboldens Latin American socialism and collapses US influence – turns case
Brooks 09 – Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation “Keep the Embargo, O“ April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB
*plan crushes Obama’s credibility – after 10 presidencies of urgently attempting to gain strategic concessions from Cuba by instituting the embargo, America has failed – making concessions now makes it seem like the anti-American nation has succeeded in spitting on America’s face and would make Obama seem like a weakling – that collapses the perception of deterrence that Obama is willing to take a hardline stance against oppressors of international law
*plan reinvigorates Latin American socialism – trade pours plenty of cash into Cuban coffers allowing Havana to suppress domestic dissent and bolster its communist agenda – gets Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Bolivia to start a snowballing crisis of anti-American sentiment

In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Alternative: reject the affirmative to signal commitment to primacy.  It’s a better foreign policy strategy
Kagan 2011 – PhD, graduate of Yale and Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, CFR member, US ambassador to NATO, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1/24, Robert, Weekly Standard, “The price of power”, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=1, WEA)

The only way to find substantial savings in the defense budget, therefore, is
AND
calculation that, in matters of national security, can prove so unfortunate?

Their impact turns don’t assume the alt.  The problem with imperialism is that we haven’t fessed up to it—openly embracing our strength creates responsible usage of it
Lal 2002 – Coleman professor of international development studies at UCLA (10/30, AEI Henry Wendt Lectures, “In defense of empires”, http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.14835,filter.all/pub_detail.asp)

But even granted all this, as Christopher Layne from the Cato Institute argued recently
AND
Middle East and Central Asia, and secondly, the continent of Africa.

Ignore their offense unless they have a realistic strategy to solve it better
Gitlin, 06 - Professor of Journalism and Sociology at Columbia University (Todd, The Intellectuals And The Flag, p. 151)

During the Bush years intellectuals have had their work cut out for them exposing the
AND
the categories that is a form of self-protection against the unprecedented.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Woodward JS | Judge: Panday, Anushka
Heg doesn’t solve stability but destabilizes the world turning their impact
Cambanis 1-22-12 – Thanassis, fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of “A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah’s Legions and Their Endless War Against Israel”, “The lonely superpower,”
http://bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/01/22/the-lonely-superpower/FRkSf1s5n9lXku4VqvEtqJ/story.html

Now, however, with a few decades of experience to study, a young
AND
dominant United States should expect an endless slate of violent challenges from weak powers

. And in the longer term, it means that Washington shouldn’t worry too much
AND
be much safer for a unipolar superpower, not more costly and hazardous.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pace BR | Judge: Paul Johnson
Immigration will pass – current GOP defections are creating political opportunity to pressure the leadership – picking off more moderate GOP means House leaders will cave and get a conference committee vote
Sargent, 10/30/13 (Greg, The Plum Line blog, Washington Post, “Immigration reform is definitely undead” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/30/immigration-reform-is-definitely-undead/)

We now have three...get us to conference.

It will be a fight and it requires all of Obama’s capital to pass it
Orlando Sentinel, 11/1/13 (editorial, “It’ll take both parties to clear immigration logjam” database: LibraryPressDisplay (at the University of Michigan)

For those who thought...underscore the president’s message.

New economic engagement drains capital and specifically derails immigration by shifting the focus from security to economics
Shear, 13 (Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama...president of Costa Rica.

Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts- solves cybersecurity
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when...system, our security needs.

Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control”, Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

Direct control of launch...and accusations between governments.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lane Tech WK | Judge: Wayne Tang
Immigration will pass – current GOP defections are creating political opportunity to pressure leadership
Sargent, 10/30/13 (Greg, The Plum Line blog, Washington Post, “Immigration reform is definitely undead” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/30/immigration-reform-is-definitely-undead/)

We now have three...get us to conference.

It will be a fight and it requires all of Obama’s capital to pass it
Orlando Sentinel, 11/1/13 (editorial, “It’ll take both parties to clear immigration logjam” database: LibraryPressDisplay (at the University of Michigan)

For those who thought...underscore the president’s message.

Loads of Cuba Lobbies cost Obama immense political capital and overwhelms any turns
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The 113th Congress Congress...the Democratic National Committee

It’s key to the economy and US leadership
Javier Palomarez, Forbes, 3/6/13, The Pent Up Entrepreneurship That Immigration Reform Would Unleash, www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/03/06/the-pent-up-entrepreneurship-that-immigration-reform-would-unleash/print/

The main difference between...needs comprehensive immigration reform.

Extinction
Auslin 9
(Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

What do these trends...into a big bang.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Milton FM | Judge: Quinn, Robbie
Text: The International Monetary Fund should fine tune its current flexible lending approach and develop a set of overarching principles and detailed procedural guidelines on IMF-RFA cooperation as per the Miyoshi evidence
CP solves Mexican swap lines with an entire “safety net” policy—the plan alone doesn’t resolve the stigma involved with being a “first mover” when drawing from the current lines
Lamberte and Morgan 12
(Mario, director in the Research Department of the Asian Development Bank Institute, Peter J., senior consultant for research, Research Department, Asian Development Bank Institute, "Regional and Global Monetary Cooperation" February 2012, www.adbi.org/files/2012.02.21.wp346.regional.global.monetary.cooperation.pdf)
The recent experiences of regional and global lending programs have sparked debate on a ¶
AND
that a “systemic event” ¶ had taken place (IMF 2010b).¶
CP is the most effective mechanism for fighting a Mexican economic crisis
Miyoshi et al 13
(Toshiyuki, director for International Banking Regulations at the IMF, approved by Siddharth Tiwari, Director of Strategy, Policy, and Review Department (SPR), which is responsible for developing IMF's policies, prepared by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund, "STOCKTAKING THE FUND'S ENGAGEMENT WITH REGIONAL FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS", April 11 2013, www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2013/041113b.pdf)
STOCKTAKING THE FUND'S ENGAGEMENT WITH ¶ REGIONAL FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS¶ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY¶ Following the
AND
such as debt sustainability, market ¶ access, and capacity to repay.

IMF coordination is key—financial regionalism is inevitable, the plan and perm add confusion which destroy crisis management and spills over to the global financial system
Kawai and Lombardi 12
(Masahiro, Dean of the Asian Development Bank Institute, Domenico, President of the Oxford Institute for Economic Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, "Financial Regionalism", September 2012, www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/09/kawai.htm)
¶ ¶ Clarifying the respective roles and responsibilities of regional arrangements and the IMF may
AND
regionalism, like trade regionalism, is almost surely here to stay. ?

Tournament: Samford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Woodward JS | Judge: Panday, Anushka
Iran sanctions are top of the docket and Obama is spending capital in persuading Democrats to sustain a veto
Lobe, 12/27/13 - reporter for Inter Press Service (Jim, “Iran sanctions bill: Big test of Israel lobby power”
http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=Worldandarticle=8046)

WASHINGTON - This week’s introduction by a bipartisan group of 26 senators of a new
AND
who controls the upper chamber’s calendar, to forestall any new sanctions legislation.
It’s a fight that Obama will win – but failure commits the U.S. to supporting Israeli strikes
Merry, 1/1/14 - Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy (Robert, “Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran” Washington Times, factiva)

Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major
AND
seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.

The plan’s aura of spending ensures loss of PC — political opposition turns the case
Reilly 13 — reporter at Federal Times (Sean Reilly, Federal Times, 03-06-2013, “Private investors sought for border infrastructure”, http://www.federaltimes.com/article/20130306/DEPARTMENTS03/303060009/Private-investors-sought-border-infrastructure, Accessed 07-31-2013 | AK)

Cross-border trade is booming, but
AND
won’t take off for five more years, Wilson said.

That means the sanctions bill will become veto-proof – the threshold is low
Armbruster, 1/6/14 (Ben, Think Progress, “Security Experts Ask Senators To Pull Back Iran Sanctions Bill”
http://thinkprogress.org/security/2014/01/06/3122551/crocker-experts-senate-iran-sanctions-bill/

A group of national security experts and American foreign policy luminaries sent a letter on
AND
month that it would be “gratuitous in the context of this situation.”
Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes that ensures the U.S. attacks Iran
Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

An attack on Iran risks an accidental nuclear war with Russia
Rosenberg 06 Eric Rosenberg, Hearst Newspapers, “Experts warn of an accidental atomic war: Nuclear missile modified for conventional attack on Iran could set off alarm in Russia,” San Francisco Chronicle, 10-6, 2006, http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/10/06/MNGF9LJSMM1.DTL

(10-06) 04:00 PST Washington -- A Pentagon project to modify its deadliest
AND
possibility that Russia's equipment might mistakenly conclude the United States was attacking with nuclear missiles.
Extinction
Bostrom 02 – Director of the Future of Humanity Institute @ Oxford University Nick Bostrom, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” Transhumanist, March 2002, pg. www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html

A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lynbrook MG | Judge: Lind, Brett
Text: The United States federal government should implement a renewable, uncapped, portable guest worker visa program for agricultural workers from Mexico if and only if Mexico agrees to
- Enhance transparency by protecting the free flow of information,
- Expand targeted performance-based funding to the Mexican states,
- Allow monitoring and reporting of crimes directly to a federal body,
- And increase police wages, training, and equipment.

Conditions key – creates political pressure to enact the counterplan.
Reyes et al 12, (Alex Velez-Green, Robin Reyes, and Anthony Ramicone, September, The Institute of Politics is a non-profit organization located in the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, “GOVERNMENTAL, JUDICIAL AND POLICE CORRUPTION,” http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf)

Thirdly, recognizing that functioning police forces are essential to ensure the safety of noncorrupt
AND
remain independent of local political pressures by reporting directly to a federal agency.

That solves organized crime.
Sabet 10 (Daniel, May 2010, “Police Reform in Mexico: Advances and Persistent Obstacles,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, University of San Diego Trans-Border Institute, Daniel Sabet is a visiting professor at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/dms76/policefiles/Sabet_police_reform.pdf)

At no time in Mexico’s history has there been a greater need for professional police
AND
creating an effective police force operating ¶ within the confines of the law.
The impact is nuclear and CBW warfare.
CSIS 9 (Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Revolution 6 - Conflict," Global Strategy Institute," gsi.csis.org/index.php?Itemid=59andid=30andoption=com_contentandtask=view)

The shift from interstate to intrastate war and the increasing capacity of non-state
AND
these technologies, as in power generation, while deterring the nefarious ones.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Givan, Elsa
Text: The United States federal government should implement a renewable, uncapped, portable guest worker visa program for agricultural workers from Mexico if and only if Mexico agrees to
- Enhance transparency by protecting the free flow of information,
- Expand targeted performance-based funding to the Mexican states,
- Allow monitoring and reporting of crimes directly to a federal body,
- And increase police wages, training, and equipment.

Conditions key – creates political pressure to enact the counterplan.
Reyes et al 12, (Alex Velez-Green, Robin Reyes, and Anthony Ramicone, September, The Institute of Politics is a non-profit organization located in the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, “GOVERNMENTAL, JUDICIAL AND POLICE CORRUPTION,” http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf)

Thirdly, recognizing that functioning police forces are essential to ensure the safety of noncorrupt
AND
remain independent of local political pressures by reporting directly to a federal agency.

That solves organized crime.
Sabet 10 (Daniel, May 2010, “Police Reform in Mexico: Advances and Persistent Obstacles,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, University of San Diego Trans-Border Institute, Daniel Sabet is a visiting professor at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/dms76/policefiles/Sabet_police_reform.pdf)

At no time in Mexico’s history has there been a greater need for professional police
AND
creating an effective police force operating ¶ within the confines of the law.
The impact is nuclear and CBW warfare.
CSIS 9 (Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Revolution 6 - Conflict," Global Strategy Institute," gsi.csis.org/index.php?Itemid=59andid=30andoption=com_contentandtask=view)

The shift from interstate to intrastate war and the increasing capacity of non-state
AND
these technologies, as in power generation, while deterring the nefarious ones.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Alpharetta RS | Judge: Melanie Campbell
The United States federal government should allow normal trade between the United States and Cuba if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to:
-actively seeking a normalization process between the United States and Cuba, and
-compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.

Counterplan solves the case—Latin American governments will say yes—it triggers sustainable Cuban reform, and it avoids politics
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009,  Wall Street Journal, "The Right Deal on Cuba," proquest)

The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American
AND
a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.

Unilaterally cooperating with Cuba destroys the credibility of all Latin American democracy—causes authoritarian backsliding
Castañeda 8 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, September-October 2008, "Morning in Latin America," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 5, proquest)

Realpolitik and fear of another exodus of Cuban refugees across the Straits of Florida may
AND
for other exceptions that would justify their existence by invoking the Cuban precedent.

Latin American democracy’s a key model for democracy globally
Fauriol and Weintraub 95 – *director of the CSIS Americas program and Prof of Public Affairs at the University of Texas Georges and Sidney, The Washington Quarterly, "U.S. Policy, Brazil, and the Southern Cone", Lexis
The democracy theme also carries much force in the hemisphere today. The State Department
AND
on all three in Latin America will compromise progress elsewhere in the world.

Extinction
Diamond 1995 - Hoover Institute Senior Fellow (Larry, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s,” http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/fr.htm) 

This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West EB | Judge: McGrath, Michael
Multilateralism empirically doesn’t solve anything – four reasons
Harvey 04 – University Research Professor of International Relations, professor in the Department of Political Science, and the director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University (Frank, Smoke And Mirrors: Globalized Terrorism And The Illusion Of Multilateral Security, p. 43-45)  MS

The typical argument favouring multilateralism is a simple one, sum- marized by Ramesh
AND
threats virtually guarantees that similar conflicts will plague multilateral institutions in the future.

The world is moving to pluralism, not multi-polarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership because most challengers are regional
Etzioni, 13 – served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard University and The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University (Amitai, “The Devolution of American Power” 37 Fletcher F. World Aff. 13, lexis)

The theory that the world is moving from a unipolar order, dominated by the
AND
near future and should be accounted for in order to make sound policy.
It follows that the movement away from a unipolar world should not be equated with
AND
, but seek at most limited realignment of power on the global stage.
In the process of devolution, the increase in regional self-government and pluralism
AND
readily accommodated than aspirations to challenge the United States as a global superpower.
It must be noted that the notion of devolution as used here is that of an ideal, n1 and as such there will be significant variation in its real-world instantiations. However, the process of devolution suggests a logical pattern of behavior for all actors involved, upon which various powers can construct a viable strategy.
While the movement from a uni- to a multipolar distribution of global power is
AND
vary from that of a junior partner to that of a regional antagonist.
Stated in other terms, if unipolarity is compared to hierarchy and multipolarity is compared to flat systems or networks, regional pluralism is analogous to increased subsidiarity.
Importantly, the accommodation pattern between the global superpower and regional powers is fundamentally different
AND
multipolarity takes place. This is one of the principle strengths of pluralism.

Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers – moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable
Selden, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)

Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the
AND
even if they do not receive a formal security guarantee for their efforts.
This may have implications for American foreign policy. There are distinct policy recommendations flowing
AND
behavior by other states and speeds hegemonic decline by draining financial resources. 6
Yet, this policy of restraint may be precisely what would cause second-tier
AND
an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.

The plan is surrender – it emboldens Latin American socialism and collapses US legitimacy – turns case
Brooks 09 – Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation “Keep the Embargo, O“ April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB

In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Latin American socialism causes nuclear war and turns case
Manwaring 05 – General Douglas MacArthur Chair and Prof of Military Strategy @ U.S. Army War College, Ret U.S. Army Colonel, Adjunct Professor of International Politics @ Dickinson College (Max G, October, Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare”, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf)

At the same time, President Chávez’s approach to Latin American security and stability requires
AND
they and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stratford SO | Judge: Jon Voss
Counterplan solves the case—Latin American governments will say yes—it triggers sustainable Cuban reform, and it avoids politics
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009,  Wall Street Journal, "The Right Deal on Cuba," proquest)

The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American
AND
major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.

Unilaterally cooperating with Cuba destroys the credibility of all Latin American democracy—causes authoritarian backsliding
Castañeda 8 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, September-October 2008, "Morning in Latin America," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 5, proquest)

Realpolitik and fear of another exodus of Cuban refugees across the Straits of Florida may
AND
for other exceptions that would justify their existence by invoking the Cuban precedent.
Latin American democracy’s a key model for democracy globally
Fauriol and Weintraub 95 – *director of the CSIS Americas program and Prof of Public Affairs at the University of Texas Georges and Sidney, The Washington Quarterly, "U.S. Policy, Brazil, and the Southern Cone", Lexis
The democracy theme also carries much force in the hemisphere today. The State Department
AND
on all three in Latin America will compromise progress elsewhere in the world.
Extinction
Diamond 1995 - Hoover Institute Senior Fellow (Larry, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s,” http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/fr.htm) 

This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stratford SO | Judge: Jon Voss
Multilateralism empirically doesn’t solve anything – four reasons
Harvey 04 – University Research Professor of International Relations, professor in the Department of Political Science, and the director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University (Frank, Smoke And Mirrors: Globalized Terrorism And The Illusion Of Multilateral Security, p. 43-45)  MS

The typical argument favouring multilateralism is a simple one, sum- marized by Ramesh
AND
threats virtually guarantees that similar conflicts will plague multilateral institutions in the future.

Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers – moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable
Selden, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)

Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the
AND
an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.

The plan is surrender – it emboldens Latin American socialism and collapses US influence – turns case
Brooks 09 – Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation “Keep the Embargo, O“ April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB

In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Woodward JS | Judge: Panday, Anushka
The plan’s neoliberal policies are the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists.
Fordist neoliberalism disadvantages Mexican labor – ensures out-migration, makes the poorest segments of the population disposable, and makes economic collapse inevitable
Otero 11 – (Gerardo, department of sociology and anthropology at Simon Fraser University, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Journal of Poverty, 15:384 – 402, October 17, 2011, “Neoliberal Globalization, NAFTA, and Migration: Mexico’s Loss of Food and Labor Sovereignty,” http://www.sfu.ca/~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf, alp)

This article explores the way in which the U.S. economy has faced
AND
of migrants to the United States do so as undocumented or unauthorized workers.
Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, “Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives
AND
is back in the foreground of thinking and practice around alternative economic theories.
There is no alternative (TINA) was an oft-repeated expression of Margaret
AND
underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Chattahoochee MP | Judge: Megan Cambre
The plan’s neoliberal policies is the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists.
Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, military intervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitable  
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, As a non-governmental organisation with consultative status at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), STWR works to influence policy through research and publications outlining how to rapidly secure basic human needs through greater international cooperation and economic sharing., 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all barriers to
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Our Alt of “Cubanalismo” solves. This proves Cuba’s key to a global anti-cap model.
Fanelli ‘8
Carlo Fanelli – Department of Sociology, York University. Carlo Fanelli is SSHRC Postdoctoral
AND
2, No. 1 (November 2008) Pp. 7-16

When considering potential alternatives to neoliberalism,¶ few individuals would regard Cuba¶ as the
AND
¶ neoliberalism and to stimulate waves of change¶ throughout the developing world.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Givan, Elsa
The plan’s neoliberal policies are the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists.
Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, military intervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitable  
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, As a non-governmental organisation with consultative status at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), STWR works to influence policy through research and publications outlining how to rapidly secure basic human needs through greater international cooperation and economic sharing., 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all barriers to commerce,
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, “Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives
AND
is back in the foreground of thinking and practice around alternative economic theories.
There is no alternative (TINA) was an oft-repeated expression of Margaret
AND
underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Alpharetta RS | Judge: Melanie Campbell
The plan’s neoliberal policies are the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists.

Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, military intervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitable  
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, As a non-governmental organisation with consultative status at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), STWR works to influence policy through research and publications outlining how to rapidly secure basic human needs through greater international cooperation and economic sharing., 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all barriers to
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Our Alt of “Cubanalismo” solves. This proves Cuba’s key to a global anti-cap model.
Fanelli ‘8
Carlo Fanelli – Department of Sociology, York University. Carlo Fanelli is SSHRC Postdoctoral
AND
2, No. 1 (November 2008) Pp. 7-16

When considering potential alternatives to neoliberalism,¶ few individuals would regard Cuba¶ as the
AND
¶ neoliberalism and to stimulate waves of change¶ throughout the developing world.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wooster GS | Judge: Joe Keeton
The plan’s neoliberal policies is the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists.
Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, military intervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitable  
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, As a non-governmental organisation with consultative status at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), STWR works to influence policy through research and publications outlining how to rapidly secure basic human needs through greater international cooperation and economic sharing., 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all barriers to
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, “Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives
AND
underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Ignatius BH | Judge: Val McIntosh
The plan’s neoliberal policies is the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists.

Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, military intervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitable  
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, As a non-governmental organisation with consultative status at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), STWR works to influence policy through research and publications outlining how to rapidly secure basic human needs through greater international cooperation and economic sharing., 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all barriers to
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, “Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives
AND
is back in the foreground of thinking and practice around alternative economic theories.
There is no alternative (TINA) was an oft-repeated expression of Margaret
AND
underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: McDonough PS | Judge: Mike Crowe
The plan’s neoliberal policies is the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots ….attention from policymakers or economists.
Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, military intervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitable  
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, As a non-governmental organisation with consultative status at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), STWR works to influence policy through research and publications outlining how to rapidly secure basic human needs through greater international cooperation and economic sharing., 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic …to compete in international markets.¶
Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, “Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point …. viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lynbrook MG | Judge: Lind, Brett
The plan’s neoliberal policies is the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists.
Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, military intervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitable  
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, As a non-governmental organisation with consultative status at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), STWR works to influence policy through research and publications outlining how to rapidly secure basic human needs through greater international cooperation and economic sharing., 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, “Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives
AND
is back in the foreground of thinking and practice around alternative economic theories.
There is no alternative (TINA) was an oft-repeated expression of Margaret
AND
underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lane Tech WK | Judge: Wayne Tang
Text: Using its licensing authority and enforcement discretion, the United States Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control should exempt transactions involving biotechnology from enforcement under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations.

First, the counterplan solves via specific exemptions — OFAC has broad discretion over sanctions enforcement.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Bribery and Government Sanctions Compliance Officer at Goldman Sachs and Co., Lecturer-in-Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, former Assistant United States Attorney with the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, and Robert S. Ruff III, Associate in the Securities Litigation practice group at Weil, Gotshal and Manges LLP, 2013 (“Leveraging the Three Core Competencies: How OFAC Licensing Optimizes Holistic Sanctions,” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation (38 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)

2. Ability to Mitigate Collateral...innocent civilians and businesses. n353

Second, the counterplan solves quickly and without political fallout — it doesn’t require legislative or regulatory action.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Bribery and Government Sanctions Compliance Officer at Goldman Sachs and Co., Lecturer-in-Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, former Assistant United States Attorney with the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, and Robert S. Ruff III, Associate in the Securities Litigation practice group at Weil, Gotshal and Manges LLP, 2013 (“Leveraging the Three Core Competencies: How OFAC Licensing Optimizes Holistic Sanctions,” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation (38 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
3. Adaptability The third core...of an executive order. n391

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chattahoochee IP | Judge: Adam Smiley
Using its licensing authority and enforcement discretion, the United States Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control should exempt transactions involving ethanol and biofuels from enforcement under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations.

OFAC can issue licenses for these commodities
GT 9 — GreenbergTaurig LLP, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, September, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=15andved=0CJABEBYwDgandurl=http3A2F2Fwww.gtlaw.com2Fportalresource2Flookup2Fwosid2Fcontentpilot-core-401-135162FpdfCopy.name3D2FGTAlert_New2520Gen2520Lic2520for2520AgMed2520Cuba2520Travel_Sep2009.pdf3Fview3Dattachmentandei=-kDpUYjRMsKVygHy_YHwBAandusg=AFQjCNHhSnsOy348JVJyRrDsYGRomo5skAandsig2=rfnGEiEpIta__DgqzQufbw, “New General License for AgMed Travel to Cuba,” ADM

On September 3, 2009...as the “AgMed Program”).

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West EB | Judge: McGrath, Michael
Using its licensing authority and enforcement discretion, the United States Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control should exempt transactions involving agriculture from enforcement under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations.

OFAC can issue licenses for agricultural commodities
GT 9 — GreenbergTaurig LLP, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, September, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=15andved=0CJABEBYwDgandurl=http3A2F2Fwww.gtlaw.com2Fportalresource2Flookup2Fwosid2Fcontentpilot-core-401-135162FpdfCopy.name3D2FGTAlert_New2520Gen2520Lic2520for2520AgMed2520Cuba2520Travel_Sep2009.pdf3Fview3Dattachmentandei=-kDpUYjRMsKVygHy_YHwBAandusg=AFQjCNHhSnsOy348JVJyRrDsYGRomo5skAandsig2=rfnGEiEpIta__DgqzQufbw, “New General License for AgMed Travel to Cuba,” ADM
On September 3, 2009, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)
AND
of 2000 (TSRA), (also known as the “AgMed Program”).

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Chattahoochee MP | Judge: Megan Cambre
First, the counterplan solves via specific exemptions — OFAC has broad discretion over sanctions enforcement.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti
AND
729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
2. Ability to Mitigate Collateral Damage
Because OFAC prefers to formulate its sanctions program broadly, its economic sanctions can affect
AND
produce the desired change, rather than on innocent civilians and businesses. n353
Using its licensing authority and enforcement discretion, the United States Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control should exempt transactions involving trade of ethanol from enforcement under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations.
Second, the counterplan solves quickly and without political fallout — it doesn’t require legislative or regulatory action.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti
AND
729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
3. Adaptability
The third core competency of OFAC's licensing practices is the ability to adapt a particular
AND
a regulatory overhaul or the signing or withdrawal of an executive order. n391

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: McDonough PS | Judge: Mike Crowe
Prices rising now -~-- will remain above $100 -~-- best and most predictive evidence
AllAfrica News 7-30 (“High Oil Prices - Boom to Some, Doom to Others”, 2013, http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201307301218.html/,  )

Oil prices have remained consistently high and volatile over the past few years. According
AND
euro area seems to be easing, global demand for oil may increase.

Plan Ramps up domestic oil production – shifting imports and causing a saudi flood
Elass et al. 10 ( The History of U.S. Relations with OPEC: Lessons to Policymakers Jareer Elass and Amy Myers Jaffe  HE H ISTORY OF U.S. R ELATIONS WITH OPEC: L ESSONS TO P OLICYMAKERS By JAREER ELASS SEPTEMBER 2010 http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/Amy20Jareer20U.S.20Relations20with20cover20secured.pdf –BRW)
The Obama rhetoric and other similar language among U.S. politicians prompted Saudi
AND
a critical G-20 heads of stat e summit the following month.
Oil prices key to the Russian economy
Schuman ’12 (Michael, Asia and Economics Correspondent – TIME, B.A. in Asian History and Political Science – University of Pennsylvania, M.A. in International Affairs – Columbia University, “Why Vladimir Putin Needs Higher Oil Prices”, Time, 7-5, http://business.time.com/2012/07/05/why-vladimir-putin-needs-higher-oil-prices/, Deech)

But Vladimir Putin is not one of them. The economy that the Russian President
AND
, or his ability to use government resources to firm up his popularity.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear war
Filger ’9 (Sheldon, Correspondent – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Milton FM | Judge: Quinn, Robbie
Iran sanctions is top of the docket and Obama is spending capital in persuading Democrats to sustain a veto
Lobe, 12/27/13 - reporter for Inter Press Service (Jim, “Iran sanctions bill: Big test of Israel lobby power”
http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=Worldandarticle=8046)

WASHINGTON - This week’s introduction by a bipartisan group of 26 senators of a new
AND
who controls the upper chamber’s calendar, to forestall any new sanctions legislation.
It’s a fight that Obama will win – but failure commits the U.S. to supporting Israeli strikes
Merry, 1/1/14 - Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy (Robert, “Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran” Washington Times, factiva)

Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major
AND
seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.

Plan costs capital
Snow and Gianakis 8 (Dr. Douglas and Dr. Gerasimos, both from Sawyer Business School at Suffolk University, THE IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL STABILIZATION FUNDS IN MASSACHUSETTS: A RESEARCH NOTE, p. 6-7)

In October of 2006, we administered the survey to all 351 municipal finance directors
AND
of the more relevant responses to survey questions are summarized in the appendix.

That means the sanctions bill will become veto-proof – the threshold is low
Armbruster, 1/6/14 (Ben, Think Progress, “Security Experts Ask Senators To Pull Back Iran Sanctions Bill”
http://thinkprogress.org/security/2014/01/06/3122551/crocker-experts-senate-iran-sanctions-bill/

A group of national security experts and American foreign policy luminaries sent a letter on
AND
month that it would be “gratuitous in the context of this situation.”
Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes that ensures the U.S. attacks Iran
Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

An attack on Iran risks an accidental nuclear war with Russia
Rosenberg 06 Eric Rosenberg, Hearst Newspapers, “Experts warn of an accidental atomic war: Nuclear missile modified for conventional attack on Iran could set off alarm in Russia,” San Francisco Chronicle, 10-6, 2006, http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/10/06/MNGF9LJSMM1.DTL

(10-06) 04:00 PST Washington -- A Pentagon project to modify its deadliest
AND
United States was attacking with nuclear missiles.
Extinction
Bostrom 02 – Director of the Future of Humanity Institute @ Oxford University Nick Bostrom, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” Transhumanist, March 2002, pg. www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html

A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Chattahoochee MP | Judge: Megan Cambre
Immigration will pass – current GOP defections are creating political opportunity to pressure the leadership – picking off more moderate GOP means House leaders will cave and get a conference committee vote
Sargent, 10/30/13 (Greg, The Plum Line blog, Washington Post, “Immigration reform is definitely undead” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/30/immigration-reform-is-definitely-undead/)

We now have three House Republicans who have signed on to the House Dem comprehensive
AND
said to be working on. That could possibly get us to conference.
It will be a fight and it requires all of Obama’s capital to pass it
Orlando Sentinel, 11/1/13 (editorial, “It’ll take both parties to clear immigration logjam” database: LibraryPressDisplay (at the University of Michigan)

For those who thought the end of the government shutdown would provide a break from
AND
earn citizenship. House Democratic leaders will have to underscore the president’s message.
New economic engagement drains capital and specifically derails immigration by shifting the focus from security to economics
Shear, 13 (Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.
It’s key to the economy and US leadership
Javier Palomarez, Forbes, 3/6/13, The Pent Up Entrepreneurship That Immigration Reform Would Unleash, www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/03/06/the-pent-up-entrepreneurship-that-immigration-reform-would-unleash/print/

The main difference between now and 2007 is that today the role of immigrants and
AND
businesses and workers already know: The American economy needs comprehensive immigration reform.

Extinction
Auslin 9
(Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa West HK | Judge: Sheila Peterson
Obama is spending all of his political capital on preventing a new Iran sanctions vote – he’ll win, but it’s reversible
Sargent, 12/11/13 (Greg, “White House to Senate Dems: Your Iran sanctions bill makes war more likely” The Plum Line – a Washington Post blog, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/12/19/white-house-to-senate-dems-your-iran-sanctions-bill-makes-war-more-likely/)

With Senate Dems increasingly likely to introduce and even vote on a bill imposing new
AND
it would put the prospects of a long term diplomatic breakthrough in doubt.

Lifting the Cuban Embargo costs political capital – leads to a fierce political fight
Cave, Foreign Correspondent for the NY Times, 2012,
(Damien; Pulitzer Prize in 2008; “Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo”; New York Times; November 19th) Austin Bae, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0

In Washington, Mr. Gross is seen as the main impediment to an easing
AND
reforms’ while, in reality, it’s tightening its grip on its people.”

Diminished capital means Obama will lose the Iran vote
Krasuhaar, 11/21/13 (Josh, National Journal, “The Iran Deal Puts Pro-Israel Democrats in a Bind” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-iran-deal-puts-pro-israel-democrats-in-a-bind-20131121)

All of this puts Democrats, who routinely win overwhelming support from Jewish Americans on
AND
be surprised to see Democrats become less hesitant about going their own way.

That collapses negotiations
Gharib, 12/18/13 (Ali, The Cable – a Foreign Policy blog, “Exclusive: Top Senate Democrats Break with White House and Circulate New Iran Sanctions Bill” http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/12/18/exclusive_top_senate_democrats_break_with_white_house_and_circulate_new_iran_sancti)

Critics of imposing new sanctions fear that the bill will violate either the spirit or
AND
U.S. who don't want to be flexible," he said.

That accelerates Iranian prolif and causes Israeli strikes
Stephens, 11/14/13 – columnist for the Financial Times (Phillip, Financial Times, “The four big truths that are shaping the Iran talks” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2kkvx15JT

The first of these is that Tehran’s acquisition of a bomb would be more than
AND
with Tehran about the speed and scope of a run down of sanctions.

An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West AT | Judge: Austin Layton
The Syria authorization will pass but it will be a tough fight - capital is key to GOP support
Cohen, 9/3/13 (Tom, “Syria war resolution faces tough challenge in Congress” CNN,
http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/03/politics/obama-syria-congress/)  

To Darrell West, the vice president and director of governance studies at the Brookings
AND
will work and not drag us into the mud for a long time.and#34;

New Latin American economic engagement initiatives cause a massive loss in political capital
Isacson, 11
Adam, Senior Associate @ WOLA, Washington Office on Latin America, Areas of Expertise:  Regional and Military Security Policy, Arms Transfers, Civil-Military Relations, Colombia, International Drug Policy, Mexico, Peace Processes, U.S. Assistance, Adam Isacson is a key member of WOLA’s Regional Security Policy team. He is a leading expert on defense, civil-military relations, and U.S. security assistance to the Americas. He collaborates on Just the Facts—a constantly updated source of information and analysis of the United States’ often troubled relationship with Latin America’s militaries. He helped found Just the Facts in the early 1990s. Mr. Isacson has co-authored dozens of publications, including “Ready, Aim, Foreign Policy” and “Waiting for Change,” which examine the increasing role of the military in U.S. foreign policy. During the 2000s, Mr. Isacson focused on Colombia, the principal destination of U.S. aid to Latin America at the time. At the end of the decade, he published “Don’t Call It a Model,” a comprehensive look at the lessons to be learned from Plan Colombia. He has testified before Congress on international drug policy, Colombia’s conflict, U.S. military aid programs and human rights, and has organized several congressional delegations to the region. He is “among the few in Washington who genuinely affect how policy-makers in Congress and the administration shape their decisions and policy proposals,” says a congressional staffer who closely follows Latin America policy.  He is known for his pithy commentary, shared online daily through regular contributions to Just the Facts and other blogs. Among Latin America analysts, he has been a leader in cutting-edge use of technology for transparency, instant analysis, and advocacy. Mr. Isacson joined WOLA in 2010 after fourteen years working on Latin American and Caribbean security issues with the Center for International Policy (CIP). Before WOLA and CIP, he worked for the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress in San José, Costa Rica as a program assistant for demilitarization. 3/10, http://www.wola.org/commentary/president_obama_s_upcoming_trip_to_latin_america

Though Latin Americans’ perceptions of the United States have improved since a low point during
AND
Let’s hope that the tone and content of the President’s visit reflect that.

Capital is finite and Syria requires all of it – the plan burns his leverage and consumes docket time and energy
Brown, 9/4/13 (Carrie, Politico, “Obamaand#39;s capital spreads thin”
http://m.politico.com/iphone/story/0913/96306.html)

President Barack Obama faced a heavy lift in Congress this fall when his agenda included
AND
to walk and chew gum at the same time,” often they cannot.

A failed Syria vote spurs global appeasement, allied prolif, nuclear use and shreds U.S. primacy
Cohen, 9/2/13 - teaches at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. From 2007-08 he served as counselor of the State Department (Eliot, “The Stakes on the Syria Vote” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324432404579049261525066516.html)

On Saturday, when President Obama overruled his advisers, reversed his own policy and
AND
brought for granted. They should not. It hangs in the balance.
Extinction
Barnett 11 (Thomas, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” The World Politics Review, March 7, 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
. And if you know your history, that should make you nervous.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chattahoochee IP | Judge: Adam Smiley
priority
Dreiling, 11/15/13 (Larry, 11/15/2013, “Branches jockey for farm bill positions,” http://www.hpj.com/archives/2013/nov13/nov18/1112FarmBillLDsr.cfm))

While the House-Senate farm bill discussions continue, the White House staked out
AND
listed immigration reform and a responsible budget as his second and third priorities.
An agreement is almost complete
Rogers, 12/4/13 (David, “Big trades advance farm bill talks” Politico, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/12/farm-bill-talks-progress-100670.html)

Farm bill negotiators broke major new ground toward a long-sought deal, even
AND
position of rejecting any savings beyond the $4 billion in its bill.
SNAP is the last item in negotiations and Obama’s capital is key to brokering the deal
Hagstrom, 11/3/13 --- founder and executive editor of The Hagstrom Report (11/3/2013, Jerry, “Compromise Is the Key to a New Farm Bill; It is time for House and Senate conferees to stop listening to the lobbyists and finish the bill,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/outside-influences/compromise-is-the-key-to-a-new-farm-bill-20131103))
It was a good question because the bill's overlong development period has given all the
AND
passed bill would cut it by $39 billion over the same period.
New Latin American economic engagement initiatives cause a massive loss in political capital
Isacson, 11
Adam, Senior Associate @ WOLA, Washington Office on Latin America, Areas of Expertise:  Regional and Military Security Policy, Arms Transfers, Civil-Military Relations, Colombia, International Drug Policy, Mexico, Peace Processes, U.S. Assistance, Adam Isacson is a key member of WOLA’s Regional Security Policy team. He is a leading expert on defense, civil-military relations, and U.S. security assistance to the Americas. He collaborates on Just the Facts—a constantly updated source of information and analysis of the United States’ often troubled relationship with Latin America’s militaries. He helped found Just the Facts in the early 1990s. Mr. Isacson has co-authored dozens of publications, including “Ready, Aim, Foreign Policy” and “Waiting for Change,” which examine the increasing role of the military in U.S. foreign policy. During the 2000s, Mr. Isacson focused on Colombia, the principal destination of U.S. aid to Latin America at the time. At the end of the decade, he published “Don’t Call It a Model,” a comprehensive look at the lessons to be learned from Plan Colombia. He has testified before Congress on international drug policy, Colombia’s conflict, U.S. military aid programs and human rights, and has organized several congressional delegations to the region. He is “among the few in Washington who genuinely affect how policy-makers in Congress and the administration shape their decisions and policy proposals,” says a congressional staffer who closely follows Latin America policy.  He is known for his pithy commentary, shared online daily through regular contributions to Just the Facts and other blogs. Among Latin America analysts, he has been a leader in cutting-edge use of technology for transparency, instant analysis, and advocacy. Mr. Isacson joined WOLA in 2010 after fourteen years working on Latin American and Caribbean security issues with the Center for International Policy (CIP). Before WOLA and CIP, he worked for the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress in San José, Costa Rica as a program assistant for demilitarization. 3/10, http://www.wola.org/commentary/president_obama_s_upcoming_trip_to_latin_america

Though Latin Americans’ perceptions of the United States have improved since a low point during
AND
Let’s hope that the tone and content of the President’s visit reflect that.

New farm bill key to prevent a doubling in food prices
Thuman, 12/5/13 (Scott, “Farm Bill hangs in the balance as crucial deadline looms”
Read more: http://www.wjla.com/articles/2013/12/farm-bill-hangs-in-the-balance-as-crucial-deadline-looms-97746.html#ixzz2mhOX4n2X 

WASHINGTON (WJLA) - While much of the nation has been focusing on President
AND
There also major disputes over how farmers crops should be calculated for subsidies.
Extinction
Brown 9 (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)

The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wooster GS | Judge: Joe Keeton
Obama is aggressively pushing completion of a farm bill --- it’s his top priority
Dreiling, 11/15/13 (Larry, 11/15/2013, “Branches jockey for farm bill positions,” http://www.hpj.com/archives/2013/nov13/nov18/1112FarmBillLDsr.cfm))

While the House-Senate farm bill discussions continue, the White House staked out
AND
listed immigration reform and a responsible budget as his second and third priorities.
An agreement is almost complete
Rogers, 12/4/13 (David, “Big trades advance farm bill talks” Politico, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/12/farm-bill-talks-progress-100670.html)

Farm bill negotiators broke major new ground toward a long-sought deal, even
AND
position of rejecting any savings beyond the $4 billion in its bill.
SNAP is the last item in negotiations and Obama’s capital is key to brokering the deal
Hagstrom, 11/3/13 --- founder and executive editor of The Hagstrom Report (11/3/2013, Jerry, “Compromise Is the Key to a New Farm Bill; It is time for House and Senate conferees to stop listening to the lobbyists and finish the bill,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/outside-influences/compromise-is-the-key-to-a-new-farm-bill-20131103))
It was a good question because the bill's overlong development period has given all the
AND
passed bill would cut it by $39 billion over the same period.
Direct government aid is extremely contentious
David Pozen, January 7. JD Candidate, Yale Law. “Tax Expenditures as Foreign Aid,” Yale Law Journal, 116 Yale L.J. 869.

Few issues in global politics are as contentious as foreign aid - how much rich
AND
public fisc. This is not private aid; it is privatized aid.

New farm bill key to prevent a doubling in food prices
Thuman, 12/5/13 (Scott, “Farm Bill hangs in the balance as crucial deadline looms”
Read more: http://www.wjla.com/articles/2013/12/farm-bill-hangs-in-the-balance-as-crucial-deadline-looms-97746.html#ixzz2mhOX4n2X 

WASHINGTON (WJLA) - While much of the nation has been focusing on President
AND
There also major disputes over how farmers crops should be calculated for subsidies.
Extinction
Brown 9 (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)

The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Alpharetta RS | Judge: Melanie Campbell
Obama is aggressively pushing completion of a farm bill – it’s his top priority
Dreiling, 11/15/13 (Larry, 11/15/2013, “Branches jockey for farm bill positions,” http://www.hpj.com/archives/2013/nov13/nov18/1112FarmBillLDsr.cfm))

While the House-Senate farm bill discussions continue, the White House staked out
AND
listed immigration reform and a responsible budget as his second and third priorities.

An agreement is almost complete
Rogers, 12/4/13 (David, “Big trades advance farm bill talks” Politico, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/12/farm-bill-talks-progress-100670.html)

Farm bill negotiators broke major new ground toward a long-sought deal, even
AND
position of rejecting any savings beyond the $4 billion in its bill.

SNAP is the last item in negotiations and Obama’s capital is key to brokering the deal
Hagstrom, 11/3/13 --- founder and executive editor of The Hagstrom Report (11/3/2013, Jerry, “Compromise Is the Key to a New Farm Bill; It is time for House and Senate conferees to stop listening to the lobbyists and finish the bill,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/outside-influences/compromise-is-the-key-to-a-new-farm-bill-20131103))
It was a good question because the bill's overlong development period has given all the
AND
passed bill would cut it by $39 billion over the same period.

New Latin American economic engagement initiatives cause a massive loss in political capital
Isacson, 11
Adam, Senior Associate @ WOLA, Washington Office on Latin America, Areas of Expertise:  Regional and Military Security Policy, Arms Transfers, Civil-Military Relations, Colombia, International Drug Policy, Mexico, Peace Processes, U.S. Assistance, Adam Isacson is a key member of WOLA’s Regional Security Policy team. He is a leading expert on defense, civil-military relations, and U.S. security assistance to the Americas. He collaborates on Just the Facts—a constantly updated source of information and analysis of the United States’ often troubled relationship with Latin America’s militaries. He helped found Just the Facts in the early 1990s. Mr. Isacson has co-authored dozens of publications, including “Ready, Aim, Foreign Policy” and “Waiting for Change,” which examine the increasing role of the military in U.S. foreign policy. During the 2000s, Mr. Isacson focused on Colombia, the principal destination of U.S. aid to Latin America at the time. At the end of the decade, he published “Don’t Call It a Model,” a comprehensive look at the lessons to be learned from Plan Colombia. He has testified before Congress on international drug policy, Colombia’s conflict, U.S. military aid programs and human rights, and has organized several congressional delegations to the region. He is “among the few in Washington who genuinely affect how policy-makers in Congress and the administration shape their decisions and policy proposals,” says a congressional staffer who closely follows Latin America policy.  He is known for his pithy commentary, shared online daily through regular contributions to Just the Facts and other blogs. Among Latin America analysts, he has been a leader in cutting-edge use of technology for transparency, instant analysis, and advocacy. Mr. Isacson joined WOLA in 2010 after fourteen years working on Latin American and Caribbean security issues with the Center for International Policy (CIP). Before WOLA and CIP, he worked for the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress in San José, Costa Rica as a program assistant for demilitarization. 3/10, http://www.wola.org/commentary/president_obama_s_upcoming_trip_to_latin_america

Though Latin Americans’ perceptions of the United States have improved since a low point during
AND
Let’s hope that the tone and content of the President’s visit reflect that.

New farm bill key to prevent a doubling in food prices
Thuman, 12/5/13 (Scott, “Farm Bill hangs in the balance as crucial deadline looms”
Read more: http://www.wjla.com/articles/2013/12/farm-bill-hangs-in-the-balance-as-crucial-deadline-looms-97746.html#ixzz2mhOX4n2X 

WASHINGTON (WJLA) - While much of the nation has been focusing on President
AND
There also major disputes over how farmers crops should be calculated for subsidies.

Extinction
Brown 9 (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)

The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Ignatius BH | Judge: Val McIntosh
Immigration will pass – current GOP defections are creating political opportunity to pressure the leadership – picking off more moderate GOP means House leaders will cave and get a conference committee vote
Sargent, 10/30 (Greg, The Plum Line blog, Washington Post, “Immigration reform is definitely undead” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/30/immigration-reform-is-definitely-undead/)

We now have three House Republicans who have signed on to the House Dem comprehensive
AND
said to be working on. That could possibly get us to conference.

It will be a fight and it requires all of Obama’s capital to pass it
Orlando Sentinel, 11/1 (editorial, “It’ll take both parties to clear immigration logjam” database: LibraryPressDisplay (at the University of Michigan)

For those who thought the end of the government shutdown would provide a break from
AND
earn citizenship. House Democratic leaders will have to underscore the president’s message.

New economic engagement drains capital and specifically derails immigration by shifting the focus from security to economics
Shear, 13 (Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.

Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts- solves cybersecurity
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms that are H1-B visa requestors,
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Givan, Elsa
Obama is winning on Iran because he’s spending all of his foreign policy political capital on Iran
Weiss, 1/29/14 – Philip Weiss is Founder and Co-Editor of Mondoweiss.net (Philip, “Is Obama punting on Kerry’s peace plan?” http://mondoweiss.net/2014/01/punting-kerrys-peace.html)

The view that Obama has washed his hands of the hopeless peace process in order
AND
but accuse the lobby of fueling suspicions of dual loyalty among American Jews.

New Latin American economic engagement initiatives cause a massive loss in political capital
Isacson, 11
Adam, Senior Associate @ WOLA, Washington Office on Latin America, Areas of Expertise:  Regional and Military Security Policy, Arms Transfers, Civil-Military Relations, Colombia, International Drug Policy, Mexico, Peace Processes, U.S. Assistance, Adam Isacson is a key member of WOLA’s Regional Security Policy team. He is a leading expert on defense, civil-military relations, and U.S. security assistance to the Americas. He collaborates on Just the Facts—a constantly updated source of information and analysis of the United States’ often troubled relationship with Latin America’s militaries. He helped found Just the Facts in the early 1990s. Mr. Isacson has co-authored dozens of publications, including “Ready, Aim, Foreign Policy” and “Waiting for Change,” which examine the increasing role of the military in U.S. foreign policy. During the 2000s, Mr. Isacson focused on Colombia, the principal destination of U.S. aid to Latin America at the time. At the end of the decade, he published “Don’t Call It a Model,” a comprehensive look at the lessons to be learned from Plan Colombia. He has testified before Congress on international drug policy, Colombia’s conflict, U.S. military aid programs and human rights, and has organized several congressional delegations to the region. He is “among the few in Washington who genuinely affect how policy-makers in Congress and the administration shape their decisions and policy proposals,” says a congressional staffer who closely follows Latin America policy.  He is known for his pithy commentary, shared online daily through regular contributions to Just the Facts and other blogs. Among Latin America analysts, he has been a leader in cutting-edge use of technology for transparency, instant analysis, and advocacy. Mr. Isacson joined WOLA in 2010 after fourteen years working on Latin American and Caribbean security issues with the Center for International Policy (CIP). Before WOLA and CIP, he worked for the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress in San José, Costa Rica as a program assistant for demilitarization. 3/10, http://www.wola.org/commentary/president_obama_s_upcoming_trip_to_latin_america

Though Latin Americans’ perceptions of the United States have improved since a low point during
AND
Let’s hope that the tone and content of the President’s visit reflect that.

It will be a fight and decreased capital will swing momentum for sanctions
Sargent, 1/22/14 – editor of The Plum Line blog for the Washington Post (Greg, “Another blow to the Iran sanctions bill” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/01/22/another-blow-to-the-iran-sanctions-bill/?tid=pm_pop

If current conditions remain, a vote is starting to look less and less likely
AND
that the alternative is politically worse, it remains a very real possibility.

Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes
Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

An Israeli strike fails and triggers World War 3
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Givan, Elsa
Obama is winning on Iran because he’s spending all of his foreign policy political capital on Iran
Weiss, 1/29/14 – Philip Weiss is Founder and Co-Editor of Mondoweiss.net (Philip, “Is Obama punting on Kerry’s peace plan?” http://mondoweiss.net/2014/01/punting-kerrys-peace.html)

The view that Obama has washed his hands of the hopeless peace process in order
AND
but accuse the lobby of fueling suspicions of dual loyalty among American Jews.

New Latin American economic engagement initiatives cause a massive loss in political capital
Isacson, 11
Adam, Senior Associate @ WOLA, Washington Office on Latin America, Areas of Expertise:  Regional and Military Security Policy, Arms Transfers, Civil-Military Relations, Colombia, International Drug Policy, Mexico, Peace Processes, U.S. Assistance, Adam Isacson is a key member of WOLA’s Regional Security Policy team. He is a leading expert on defense, civil-military relations, and U.S. security assistance to the Americas. He collaborates on Just the Facts—a constantly updated source of information and analysis of the United States’ often troubled relationship with Latin America’s militaries. He helped found Just the Facts in the early 1990s. Mr. Isacson has co-authored dozens of publications, including “Ready, Aim, Foreign Policy” and “Waiting for Change,” which examine the increasing role of the military in U.S. foreign policy. During the 2000s, Mr. Isacson focused on Colombia, the principal destination of U.S. aid to Latin America at the time. At the end of the decade, he published “Don’t Call It a Model,” a comprehensive look at the lessons to be learned from Plan Colombia. He has testified before Congress on international drug policy, Colombia’s conflict, U.S. military aid programs and human rights, and has organized several congressional delegations to the region. He is “among the few in Washington who genuinely affect how policy-makers in Congress and the administration shape their decisions and policy proposals,” says a congressional staffer who closely follows Latin America policy.  He is known for his pithy commentary, shared online daily through regular contributions to Just the Facts and other blogs. Among Latin America analysts, he has been a leader in cutting-edge use of technology for transparency, instant analysis, and advocacy. Mr. Isacson joined WOLA in 2010 after fourteen years working on Latin American and Caribbean security issues with the Center for International Policy (CIP). Before WOLA and CIP, he worked for the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress in San José, Costa Rica as a program assistant for demilitarization. 3/10, http://www.wola.org/commentary/president_obama_s_upcoming_trip_to_latin_america

Though Latin Americans’ perceptions of the United States have improved since a low point during
AND
Let’s hope that the tone and content of the President’s visit reflect that.

It will be a fight and decreased capital will swing momentum for sanctions
Sargent, 1/22/14 – editor of The Plum Line blog for the Washington Post (Greg, “Another blow to the Iran sanctions bill” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/01/22/another-blow-to-the-iran-sanctions-bill/?tid=pm_pop

If current conditions remain, a vote is starting to look less and less likely
AND
that the alternative is politically worse, it remains a very real possibility.

Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes
Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

An Israeli strike fails and triggers World War 3
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Alpharetta CN | Judge:
“Engagement” requires increasing economic contacts
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

The plan is one-time appeasement — it doesn’t establish long-term economic contacts.
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ENGAGEMENT AND APPEASEMENT In contrast to many prevailing conceptions of engagement, the
AND
or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

Blurring the distinction between engagement and appeasement wrecks limits and precision — vote negative
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

ENGAGEMENT VS. ISOLATION, APPEASEMENT VS. CONTAINMENT The proposed definition of engagement helps
AND
the information necessary to better manage the rogue states of the 21st century.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West EB | Judge: McGrath, Michael
Obama is spending all of his political capital on preventing a new Iran sanctions vote – he’ll win, but it’s reversible
Sargent, 12/11/13 (Greg, “White House to Senate Dems: Your Iran sanctions bill makes war more likely” The Plum Line – a Washington Post blog, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/12/19/white-house-to-senate-dems-your-iran-sanctions-bill-makes-war-more-likely/)

With Senate Dems increasingly likely to introduce and even vote on a bill imposing new
AND
it would put the prospects of a long term diplomatic breakthrough in doubt.

Lifting the Cuban Embargo costs political capital – leads to a fierce political fight
Cave, Foreign Correspondent for the NY Times, 2012,
(Damien; Pulitzer Prize in 2008; “Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo”; New York Times; November 19th) Austin Bae, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0

In Washington, Mr. Gross is seen as the main impediment to an easing
AND
reforms’ while, in reality, it’s tightening its grip on its people.”

Diminished capital means Obama will lose the Iran vote
Krasuhaar, 11/21/13 (Josh, National Journal, “The Iran Deal Puts Pro-Israel Democrats in a Bind” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-iran-deal-puts-pro-israel-democrats-in-a-bind-20131121)

All of this puts Democrats, who routinely win overwhelming support from Jewish Americans on
AND
be surprised to see Democrats become less hesitant about going their own way.

That collapses negotiations
Gharib, 12/18/13 (Ali, The Cable – a Foreign Policy blog, “Exclusive: Top Senate Democrats Break with White House and Circulate New Iran Sanctions Bill” http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/12/18/exclusive_top_senate_democrats_break_with_white_house_and_circulate_new_iran_sancti)

Critics of imposing new sanctions fear that the bill will violate either the spirit or
AND
U.S. who don't want to be flexible," he said.

That accelerates Iranian prolif and causes Israeli strikes
Stephens, 11/14/13 – columnist for the Financial Times (Phillip, Financial Times, “The four big truths that are shaping the Iran talks” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2kkvx15JT

The first of these is that Tehran’s acquisition of a bomb would be more than
AND
with Tehran about the speed and scope of a run down of sanctions.

An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stratford SO | Judge: Jon Voss
Obama is spending all of his political capital on preventing a new Iran sanctions vote – he’ll win, but it’s reversible
Sargent, 12/11/13 (Greg, “White House to Senate Dems: Your Iran sanctions bill makes war more likely” The Plum Line – a Washington Post blog, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/12/19/white-house-to-senate-dems-your-iran-sanctions-bill-makes-war-more-likely/)

With Senate Dems increasingly likely to introduce and even vote on a bill imposing new
AND
it would put the prospects of a long term diplomatic breakthrough in doubt.

Lifting the Cuban Embargo costs political capital – leads to a fierce political fight
Cave, Foreign Correspondent for the NY Times, 2012,
(Damien; Pulitzer Prize in 2008; “Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo”; New York Times; November 19th) Austin Bae, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0

In Washington, Mr. Gross is seen as the main impediment to an easing
AND
reforms’ while, in reality, it’s tightening its grip on its people.”

Diminished capital means Obama will lose the Iran vote
Krasuhaar, 11/21/13 (Josh, National Journal, “The Iran Deal Puts Pro-Israel Democrats in a Bind” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-iran-deal-puts-pro-israel-democrats-in-a-bind-20131121)

All of this puts Democrats, who routinely win overwhelming support from Jewish Americans on
AND
be surprised to see Democrats become less hesitant about going their own way.

That collapses negotiations
Gharib, 12/18/13 (Ali, The Cable – a Foreign Policy blog, “Exclusive: Top Senate Democrats Break with White House and Circulate New Iran Sanctions Bill” http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/12/18/exclusive_top_senate_democrats_break_with_white_house_and_circulate_new_iran_sancti)

Critics of imposing new sanctions fear that the bill will violate either the spirit or
AND
U.S. who don't want to be flexible," he said.

That accelerates Iranian prolif and causes Israeli strikes
Stephens, 11/14/13 – columnist for the Financial Times (Phillip, Financial Times, “The four big truths that are shaping the Iran talks” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2kkvx15JT

The first of these is that Tehran’s acquisition of a bomb would be more than
AND
with Tehran about the speed and scope of a run down of sanctions.

An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lynbrook MG | Judge: Lind, Brett
Obama is winning on Iran because he’s spending all of his foreign policy political capital on Iran
Weiss, 1/29/14 – Philip Weiss is Founder and Co-Editor of Mondoweiss.net (Philip, “Is Obama punting on Kerry’s peace plan?” http://mondoweiss.net/2014/01/punting-kerrys-peace.html)

The view that Obama has washed his hands of the hopeless peace process in order
AND
but accuse the lobby of fueling suspicions of dual loyalty among American Jews.
New Latin American economic engagement initiatives cause a massive loss in political capital
Isacson, 11
Adam, Senior Associate @ WOLA, Washington Office on Latin America, Areas of Expertise:  Regional and Military Security Policy, Arms Transfers, Civil-Military Relations, Colombia, International Drug Policy, Mexico, Peace Processes, U.S. Assistance, Adam Isacson is a key member of WOLA’s Regional Security Policy team. He is a leading expert on defense, civil-military relations, and U.S. security assistance to the Americas. He collaborates on Just the Facts—a constantly updated source of information and analysis of the United States’ often troubled relationship with Latin America’s militaries. He helped found Just the Facts in the early 1990s. Mr. Isacson has co-authored dozens of publications, including “Ready, Aim, Foreign Policy” and “Waiting for Change,” which examine the increasing role of the military in U.S. foreign policy. During the 2000s, Mr. Isacson focused on Colombia, the principal destination of U.S. aid to Latin America at the time. At the end of the decade, he published “Don’t Call It a Model,” a comprehensive look at the lessons to be learned from Plan Colombia. He has testified before Congress on international drug policy, Colombia’s conflict, U.S. military aid programs and human rights, and has organized several congressional delegations to the region. He is “among the few in Washington who genuinely affect how policy-makers in Congress and the administration shape their decisions and policy proposals,” says a congressional staffer who closely follows Latin America policy.  He is known for his pithy commentary, shared online daily through regular contributions to Just the Facts and other blogs. Among Latin America analysts, he has been a leader in cutting-edge use of technology for transparency, instant analysis, and advocacy. Mr. Isacson joined WOLA in 2010 after fourteen years working on Latin American and Caribbean security issues with the Center for International Policy (CIP). Before WOLA and CIP, he worked for the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress in San José, Costa Rica as a program assistant for demilitarization. 3/10, http://www.wola.org/commentary/president_obama_s_upcoming_trip_to_latin_america

Though Latin Americans’ perceptions of the United States have improved since a low point during
AND
Let’s hope that the tone and content of the President’s visit reflect that.

It will be a fight and decreased capital will swing momentum for sanctions
Sargent, 1/22/14 – editor of The Plum Line blog for the Washington Post (Greg, “Another blow to the Iran sanctions bill” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/01/22/another-blow-to-the-iran-sanctions-bill/?tid=pm_pop

If current conditions remain, a vote is starting to look less and less likely
AND
that the alternative is politically worse, it remains a very real possibility.

Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes
Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: McDonough PS | Judge: Mike Crowe

The Syria authorization will pass but it will be a tough fight - capital is key to GOP support

Cohen, 9/3/13 (Tom, and#34;Syria war resolution faces tough challenge in Congressand#34; CNN,
http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/03/politics/obama-syria-congress/)  

To Darrell West, the.... mud for a long time.and#34;

New Latin American economic engagement initiatives cause a massive loss in political capital

Isacson, 11
Adam, Senior Associate @ WOLA, ... President’s visit reflect that.

Capital is finite and Syria requires all of it – the plan burns his leverage and consumes docket time and energy

Brown, 9/4/13 (Carrie, Politico, and#34;Obama’s capital spreads thinand#34;
http://m.politico.com/iphone/story/0913/96306.html)

President Barack Obama faced ...time,and#34; often they cannot.

A failed Syria vote spurs global appeasement, allied prolif, nuclear use and shreds U.S. primacy

Cohen, 9/2/13 - teaches at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. From 2007-08 he served as counselor of the State Department (Eliot, and#34;The Stakes on the Syria Voteand#34; Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324432404579049261525066516.html)

On Saturday, when President ...hangs in the balance.

Extinction

Barnett 11 (Thomas, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, and#34;The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,and#34; The World Politics Review, March 7, 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

Events in Libya are ...should make you nervous.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lane Tech WK | Judge: Wayne Tang
Gradual transition now-~--political liberalization is facilitating an economic “soft landing”-~--solves the Aff
Piccone, 10/3 – Acting Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institute (Ted, “Cuba’s Stroll Toward Change: A View from the Streets”, Brookings Institute, 10/3/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2013/10/03-cuba-trip-piccone)//SJF

We are witnessing today...the Florida Straits – begin.

Cuba has no preparation for change and wouldn’t be able to take it all at once-~--lifting the embargo would cause a rapid democratic uprising
Erikson, 8 – Senior Advisor for Western Hemisphere Affairs at the U.S. Department of State and has an M.A. in Public Policy from Harvard University and a B.A. from Brown University (Daniel P., “The Cuba Wars: Fidel Castro, the United States, and the Next Revolution”, Bloomsbury Press, 10/28/08, p. 250-251)EX

Like most of his...fight is very limited.” 

Unstable transition causes instability and war-~--kills US ability to control international conflict escalation
Gorrell, 5 - Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted for the USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession...transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 3 | Opponent: Forest Park MW | Judge: Sumon Chaki
Their role of the ballot argument overextends the political by claiming that this debate space represents something more than a competition for a win. Arguing that the ballot carries discursive significance is the same logic as the discourse theory of citizenship which claims every action is political.
Rufo and Atchison 11 – (Ken Rufo, Ph.D. in Rhetoric from the University of Georgia, Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D. in Rhetoric from the University of Georgia, Review of Communication,  Vol. 11, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 193215)

Laclau (1996) has written about the inherent emptiness at the heart of the
AND
determination about the contours of politics can be left for others to decide.
Asen’s argument proceeds from an acknowledgment of the participation gap we noted previously, and
AND
.g., choosing a consumer good or debating with neighbors over dinner). 

History demonstrates to us that this over-extension carries with it the seeds of tyranny instead of resistance
Rufo and Atchison 11 – (Ken Rufo, Ph.D. in Rhetoric from the University of Georgia, Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D. in Rhetoric from the University of Georgia, Review of Communication,  Vol. 11, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 193215)

A Fascism of/and the Political If our feeling of foreboding seems absurd,
AND
necessarily a determination of the extent and comportment of the political per se. 

Vote negative – their consistent call for you to use your ballot to support change is the over-extension of the political that always focuses on increasing political participation. Before you consider using your ballot in the name of change you must confront the fascist nature of holding our entire community hostage to their inspection.
Rufo and Atchison 11 – (Ken Rufo, Ph.D. in Rhetoric from the University of Georgia, Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D. in Rhetoric from the University of Georgia, Review of Communication,  Vol. 11, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 193215)

The mention of fascism is of particular importance here in this debate. As a
AND
entirely is indeed the very essence of fascism. (p. 144)

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Ignatius BH | Judge: Val McIntosh
Prices rising now – will remain above $100 – best and most predictive evidence
AllAfrica News 7-30 (“High Oil Prices - Boom to Some, Doom to Others”, 2013, http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201307301218.html/,  )

Oil prices have remained consistently high and volatile over the past few years. According
AND
euro area seems to be easing, global demand for oil may increase.

An increase in Venezuelan oil production would lower oil prices
Philip, 10 (George Philip, Professor of Comparative and Latin American politics at the London School of Economics, "Oil and Twenty-First Century Socialism in Latin America: Venezuela and Ecuador", London School of Economics, Latin America and International Affairs Program, www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/publications/reports/pdf/SU005/philip.pdf))
At the same time, both countries face specific domestic and external challenges in their
AND
issues point to a important and growing area of vulnerability in both countries. 

Russian economy is booming now—high oil prices are a critical factor:
Tatyana Lisina, 13 (staff writer, “Russian economy becomes biggest in Europe,” 7/17/13, http://rbth.ru/business/2013/07/17/russian_economy_becomes_biggest_in_europe_28149.html, Accessed 7/18/2013, rwg)
According to data from the World Bank, Russia's economy has jumped ahead of all
AND
southern Europe, which affects Germany and other countries, is particularly complicated.

A surge in world oil production will devastate Russia’s economy.
Aimee Duffy, (staff writer), Apr. 20, 2013.  Retrieved Apr. 22, 2013 from http://www.fool.com/investing /general/2013/04/20/cheap-oil-may-be-here-before-you-know-it.aspx
The problem is that isn't quite how it works. Russia, for one,
AND
oil was halved in one year, falling to $14 in 1986.

Weakened Russian economy risks a nuclear war.
Patrick F. Speice, 2006 (staff, William and Mary Law Review), February 1, 2006. Retrieved Apr. 22, 2013 from Lexis.
Moreover, the end of the Cold War eliminated the rationale for maintaining a large
AND
draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dexter SM | Judge: Joseph Nelson
Embargo limits drilling now – plan unlocks large-scale Cuban production.
Padgett ‘8
Tim Padgett joined TIME in 1996 as Mexico City bureau chief covering Latin America. In 1999 he moved to Florida to become TIME’s Miami and Latin America bureau chief, reporting on the hemisphere from Tallahassee to Tierra del Fuego. He has chronicled Mexico’s democratization and drug war as well as the rise of Latin leaders like Lula and Hugo Chavez, “How Cuba’s Oil Find Could Change the US Embargo”¶ Time Magazine – Oct. 23, 2008 – internally quoting Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, a Cuba oil analyst at the University of Nebraska-Omaha.
http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,¶ 1853252,00.html#ixzz13Li5cosN 

The Spanish energy company...need are the Americans.and#34;

That trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties.
Alhaiji and Maris ‘4
Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political...in the Middle East.

That causes Saudi Prolif.
Guzansky ‘13
Yoel Guzansky is a fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies, Tel Aviv University. His main research area is Gulf security. He has also served as Iran coordinator at Israeland#39;s National Security Council. His recent publications include The Gulf States in a Changing Strategic Environment (2012), One Year of the Arab Spring: Global and Regional Implications, and The Gulf States: Between Iran and the West – Middle East Quarterly¶ Spring 2013, pp. 59-64 – available at: http://www.meforum.org/3512/saudi-arabia-pakistan-nuclear-weapon

Continued Iranian progress toward...the House of Saud.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war.
Edelman ‘11
(Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)
There is, however, at...Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lane Tech WK | Judge: Wayne Tang
First – Embargo limits status quo drilling. Plan involves the US – unlocking large-scale Cuban production.
Padgett ‘8
Tim Padgett joined TIME in 1996 as Mexico City bureau chief covering Latin America. In 1999 he moved to Florida to become TIME’s Miami and Latin America bureau chief, reporting on the hemisphere from Tallahassee to Tierra del Fuego. He has chronicled Mexico’s democratization and drug war as well as the rise of Latin leaders like Lula and Hugo Chavez, “How Cuba’s Oil Find Could Change the US Embargo”¶ Time Magazine – Oct. 23, 2008 – internally quoting Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, a Cuba oil analyst at the University of Nebraska-Omaha.
http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,¶ 1853252,00.html#ixzz13Li5cosN 

The Spanish energy company...need are the Americans."

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
Alhaiji and Maris ‘4
Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political...in the Middle East.

Perception. Saudi Arabia fears the narrative that the US may abandon them for North American supplies.
Rogers 3/20
2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-

America’s relationship with the...a tightrope to walk.

That causes Saudi Prolif.
Guzansky ‘13
Yoel Guzansky is a fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies, Tel Aviv University. His main research area is Gulf security. He has also served as Iran coordinator at Israel's National Security Council. His recent publications include The Gulf States in a Changing Strategic Environment (2012), One Year of the Arab Spring: Global and Regional Implications, and The Gulf States: Between Iran and the West – Middle East Quarterly¶ Spring 2013, pp. 59-64 – available at: http://www.meforum.org/3512/saudi-arabia-pakistan-nuclear-weapon

Continued Iranian progress toward...the House of Saud.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war.
Edelman ‘11
(Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)
There is, however, at...Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chattahoochee IP | Judge: Adam Smiley
The only blockade preventing Saudi Arabian proliferation is a strong US security commitment – perception of shifting oil consumption causes proliferation
Rogers 3/20 – 2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-

America’s relationship with the...What a tightrope to walk.

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
Alhaiji and Maris 04 – Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political...in the Middle East.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war
Edelman 11 – (Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)

There is, however, at...Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West AT | Judge: Austin Layton
Prices rising now -~-- will remain above $100 -~-- best and most predictive evidence
AllAfrica News 7-30 (“High Oil Prices - Boom to Some, Doom to Others”, 2013, http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201307301218.html/,  )

Oil prices have remained consistently high and volatile over the past few years. According
AND
euro area seems to be easing, global demand for oil may increase.

Plan Ramps up domestic oil production – shifting imports and causing a saudi flood
Elass et al. 10 ( The History of U.S. Relations with OPEC: Lessons to Policymakers Jareer Elass and Amy Myers Jaffe  HE H ISTORY OF U.S. R ELATIONS WITH OPEC: L ESSONS TO P OLICYMAKERS By JAREER ELASS SEPTEMBER 2010 http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/Amy20Jareer20U.S.20Relations20with20cover20secured.pdf –BRW)
The Obama rhetoric and other similar language among U.S. politicians prompted Saudi
AND
a critical G-20 heads of stat e summit the following month. 

Oil prices key to the Russian economy
Schuman ’12 (Michael, Asia and Economics Correspondent – TIME, B.A. in Asian History and Political Science – University of Pennsylvania, M.A. in International Affairs – Columbia University, “Why Vladimir Putin Needs Higher Oil Prices”, Time, 7-5, http://business.time.com/2012/07/05/why-vladimir-putin-needs-higher-oil-prices/, Deech)

But Vladimir Putin is not one of them. The economy that the Russian President
AND
, or his ability to use government resources to firm up his popularity.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear war
Filger ’9 (Sheldon, Correspondent – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stratford SO | Judge: Jon Voss
The only blockade preventing Saudi Arabian proliferation is a strong US security commitment – perception of shifting oil consumption causes proliferation
Rogers 3/20 – 2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-

America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources is changing as U.S.
AND
- will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
Alhaiji and Maris 04 – Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that energy consumption
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war
Edelman 11 – (Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)

There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa West HK | Judge: Sheila Peterson
The only blockade preventing Saudi Arabian proliferation is a strong US security commitment – perception of shifting oil consumption causes proliferation
Rogers 3/20 – 2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-

America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources is changing as U.S.
AND
- will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
Alhaiji and Maris 04 – Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that energy consumption
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war
Edelman 11 – (Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)

There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Chattahoochee MP | Judge: Megan Cambre
Saudi Arabia has not yet acquired the bomb. Perception of US support is the key factor.
*Riyadh remains skeptical on security from US if not providing them oil *Pakistan said it will give nucs to Saudi * Strategic move of getting weapons may outweigh other prices
Guzansky ‘13
Yoel Guzansky is a fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies, Tel Aviv University. His main research area is Gulf security. He has also served as Iran coordinator at Israel's National Security Council. His recent publications include The Gulf States in a Changing Strategic Environment (2012), One Year of the Arab Spring: Global and Regional Implications, and The Gulf States: Between Iran and the West – Middle East Quarterly¶ Spring 2013, pp. 59-64 – available at: http://www.meforum.org/3512/saudi-arabia-pakistan-nuclear-weapon

Continued Iranian progress toward a nuclear weapon, Iraq's increasing alignment with Tehran, and
AND
, to reduce risks and ensure the continuity of the House of Saud.

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
*Cuba very close to the US *Cuba could possibly have many wells—impact on economy and environment in entire region * Enough oil to change US trade with ME countries
Alhaiji and Maris ‘4
Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that¶ energy
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

 Saudi Arabia fears the US may abandon them for North American supplies.
*US produces low density crude oil while refineries geared to heavier crudes *Get heavy crude from Saudi, but same type of oil in Cuba *Stable US security promises key to stop Saudi from developing bomb
Rogers 3/20
2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-

America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources is changing as U.S.
AND
- will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.
Saudi prolif causes nuclear war.
*Saudi getting nukes incentivizes other countries *Just need 3 (3+) countries w/ nucs for major instability * Multi-polar systems incentivize more attacks as coalitions change quickly *ME countries won’t take economic steps to maintain regional stability
Edelman ‘11
(Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)
There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West EB | Judge: McGrath, Michael
The only blockade preventing Saudi Arabian proliferation is a strong US security commitment – perception of shifting oil consumption causes proliferation
Rogers 3/20 – 2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-

America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources is changing as U.S.
AND
- will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
Alhaiji and Maris 04 – Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that energy consumption
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war
Edelman 11 – (Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)

There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Alpharetta RS | Judge: Melanie Campbell
The only blockade preventing Saudi Arabian proliferation is a strong US security commitment – perception of shifting oil consumption causes proliferation
Rogers 3/20 – 2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-

America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources is changing as U.S.
AND
- will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
Alhaiji and Maris 04 – Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that energy consumption
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war
Edelman 11 – (Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)

There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Milton FM | Judge: Quinn, Robbie
Security is a psychological construct—the aff’s scenarios for conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other
Mack 91 – Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, “The Enemy System” http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
AND
, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

It’s try or die – orthodox IR’s atomistic approach to global problems makes extinction inevitable
Ahmed 12 – Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
3. From securitisation to militarisation 3.1 Complicity

This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the manner in which political actors
AND
for crisis onto a newly constructed 'outsider' group vindicating various forms of violence.

Our response is to interrogate the epistemological failures of the 1ac – this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 – Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward
AND
, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wooster GG | Judge: Dan Bagwell
Government spending is low and the economy is growing
IMT, 6/3 – (Industry Market Trends, “Weekly Industry Crib Sheet: U.S. Economy up Despite Drop in Government Spending”, ThomasNet, 6/3/13, http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2013/06/03/weekly-industry-crib-sheet-u-s-economy-up-despite-drop-in-government-spending/)  EK

The first quarter Gross...2 percent growth in

Foreign aid has recently received budget cuts – any substantial increase triggers the link
Lieberman 11 – reporter for Reuters (Susan, “U.S. foreign aid escapes slashing cuts in fiscal 2012”, Reuters, 12/19/11, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/19/us-usa-aid-idUSTRE7BI1KO20111219)//js

Foreign aid not related...turbulence in the world today.and#34;

New spending destroys the economy – research is conclusive
Boccia 2/13 - an economist, is Assistant Director for the Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation. She holds a master’s degree in Economics at George Mason University (Romina, “How the United States’ High Debt Will Weaken the Economy and Hurt Americans”, Heritage Foundation, 2/13/13, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/02/how-the-united-states-high-debt-will-weaken-the-economy-and-hurt-americans)//js

U.S. federal spending in...confirmed by academic research. 

Economic decline causes great power war
Royal, 10 – Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how...ancillary to those views.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Woodward JS | Judge: Panday, Anushka
Text: The state governments of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas should substantially increase their funding of transportation infrastructure projects in the United States near United States ports of entry to Mexico through the coordinated border infrastructure program.

The CBI is a block grant program which allows states to finance border infrastructure – this includes cross-border cooperation and implementation with Mexico
FHWA 10 – last date cited, the FHWA is the Federal Highway Administration that runs the CBI (“Fact Sheets on Highway Provisions: COORDINATED BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM” http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/factsheets/borders.htm)

COORDINATED BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Authorization $123M $145M $165M $190M $210M Program Purpose
AND
Certain safety improvements listed in 23 USC 120(c) have a Federal share of 100 percent.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West AT | Judge: Austin Layton
A. Interpretation - Engagement is the use of particular means to influence the political behavior of a state – economic means are trade promotion and aid in the form loans or grants
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In
AND
multiple types of positive sanctions.

B. Violation - the THA would increase NON-Economic ties—
DOS ‘13. US Department of State. “U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement” Office of the Spokesperson. May 2013 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/05/208650.htmMG
U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement Fact Sheet Office of the Spokesperson Washington
AND
environmental risks that would result from unilateral exploration and exploitation along the boundary.

3.  Precision – it’s key to effective policy analysis
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition
AND
the information necessary to better manage the rogue states of the 21st century.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: Capitol Debate EK | Judge: Andrew Markoff
A. Interpretation - Engagement is the use of particular means to influence the political behavior of a state – economic means are trade promotion and aid in the form loans or grants
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish...types of positive sanctions.

B. Violation – The THA would increase NON-Economic ties—
DOS ‘13. US Department of State. “U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement” Office of the Spokesperson. May 2013 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/05/208650.htmMG

U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement...exploitation along the boundary.

3.  Precision – it’s key to effective policy analysis
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

In matters of national...of the 21st century.

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 4 | Opponent: Calhoun MK | Judge: Tyler Wharton
The instruments of engagement must be exclusively economic
Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES” BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW and POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)

The approach to engagement...conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

“Cuba” is a republic in the Caribbean
Collins 13 – Collins English Dictionary, “Cuba”, http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cuba

noun
a republic and...Area: 110 922 sq km (42 827 sq miles)

Guantanamo Bay is U.S. territory – strongest legal arguments are Neg
Richey 2 – Warren Richey, Staff Writer of The Christian Science Monitor, “Detainees' Future May Hinge on Cuba Lease”, The Christian Science Monitor, 3-20, http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0320/p03s01-usju.html

Simply put, the issue...foreign country is preposterous."

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wooster GG | Judge: Dan Bagwell
Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations
Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., “Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait” in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)

Economic engagement - a policy...widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)

Economic engagement between or...countries than to others.

‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)

Mine, yours, his, hers...it belongs to me.)

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pace BR | Judge: Paul Johnson
Economic engagement requires increasing economic contacts – the AFF is explicitly diplomatic engagement which isn’t topical
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF...types of positive sanctions.

Voting issue – 

1. limits – they explode the topic – blurring the lines between economic and other forms of engagement makes any positive interaction with another country topical.  It’s impossible to predict or prepare

2. negative ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 5 | Opponent: Houston County PH | Judge: Tommy Jordan
Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t “economic” because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life
Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, “The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms”, November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf?

“Economic sanctions”, a mode...to affect the economy.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chattahoochee IP | Judge: Adam Smiley
A) Interpretation – “substantially” means real and at the present time
Words and Phrases 1964 (40 WandP 759) (this edition of WandP is out of print;  the page number no longer matches up to the current edition and I was unable to find the card in the new edition.  However, this card is also available on google books, Judicial and statutory definitions of words and phrases, Volume 8, p. 7329)

The words “outward, open...79 Ill. App. 308, 318.

B) Violation – “phase out” is gradual, not immediately at the present time
American Heritage Dictionary, 9 – (“Phase Out”, Fourth Edition, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/phase+out) EK

phase out
vb
(tr, adverb) to discontinue or withdraw gradually
n phase-out
the action or an instance of phasing out a phase-out of conventional forces

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chattahoochee IP | Judge: Adam Smiley
A) Interpretation – “substantially” means real and at the present time
Words and Phrases 1964 (40 WandP 759) (this edition of WandP is out of print;  the page number no longer matches up to the current edition and I was unable to find the card in the new edition.  However, this card is also available on google books, Judicial and statutory definitions of words and phrases, Volume 8, p. 7329)

The words “outward, open, actual, visible, substantial, and exclusive
AND
Bass v. Pease, 79 Ill. App. 308, 318.

B) Violation – “phase out” is gradual, not immediately at the present time
American Heritage Dictionary, 9 – (“Phase Out”, Fourth Edition, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/phase+out) EK

phase out
AND
the action or an instance of phasing out a phase-out of conventional forces

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stratford SO | Judge: Jon Voss
Economic engagement must be an explicit quid-pro-quo
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books

In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for attaining those objectives,
AND
105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lynbrook MG | Judge: Lind, Brett
A. Interpretation - Engagement is the use of particular means to influence the political behavior of a state – economic means are trade promotion and aid in the form loans or grants
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

3.  Precision – it’s key to effective policy analysis
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition
AND
the information necessary to better manage the rogue states of the 21st century.

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 5 | Opponent: Houston County PH | Judge: Tommy Jordan
The United States federal government should provide sufficient personnel for United States Coast Guard group operation centers.

That’s key to strengthening the Coast Guard
Webster, 1 – U.S. Coast Guard Chief of Operations, Captain (Russel W., “Too Tired to Tell?”, U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 127, Issue 12, December 2001, EBSCO Academic Search Complete) EK

The Coast Guard must...life-and-death decisions.

Strong Coast Guard is key to solve your impacts – specifically solves oil spills, terrorism, and environmental collapse
Papp, 12 – United States Coast Guard admiral and the 24th and current Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard (Robert J., Jr., “Coast Guard Publication 3-0: Operations”, U.S. Coast Guard, 2/21/12, http://www.uscg.mil/doctrine/CGPub/CG_Pub_3_0.pdf, pg. 4-8) EK

2.2 Protect Against Threats Delivered...and offshore operational areas.