The hidden history of Asians in America unearths the discrimination that has been hidden behind the myth of the model minority Chang 93 ~1993, Robert S. Chang is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. "Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space", 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241~ A. Exclusion from Legal and Political Participation 1. Immigration and Naturalization America has AND were brave enough to raise their voices. We can do no less.
THE MYTH IS FALSE—Indian Americans are seen as model minority but they are also the forever foreigner—this ideology of being in the middle causes psychological violence Subramanian 12 ~June 15th, 2012, Anand Subramanian is an attorney and program manager for the Closing the Racial Wealth Gap Initiative at the Insight Center for Community Economic Development, "Those Indian kids sure spell well: Yes, they’re inspiring, but don’t buy into the ’model minority’ myth", http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/perspectives/those-indian-kids-sure-spell-well-yes-theyre-inspiring-but-dont-buy-into-the-model-minority-myth-640496/~~ The myth of the "model minority," typically applied to Asian-Americans ( AND this segment of the community when crafting policies to help Americans get by.
The Presence of minorities is policed by hostility and discrimination—the Asian body is licked between inclusion and ostracism—a position between the dominant and the subordinate which is unjust in a nation that promises immigrants a dream Peffer 7 Ohio University Eastern 2k7 Tony-; Editor’s Preface; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. Minority peoples, whatever their location, struggle with the process of relating to and AND so great and whose ideals promise the possibility of realized dreams to all.
This is problematic for some Asian groups – the plight of the southeast Asian refugee gets lost in the averaging as south east asians are lumped into the category of Asian, Thrupkaew02 ~April 7 2002, Noy Thrupkaew, Prospect Senior Correspondent, The Myth of the Model Minority, THE AMERICAN PROSPECT, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority-http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority~~ The model-minority myth has persisted in large part because political conservatives are so AND , so people don’t know the specific needs and contributions of our communities."
That causes a collateral damage – the failure to expose the racism against SouthEast Asians makes it invisible to society and perpetuates their suffering Tang 2K ~2000, Eric Tang, Assistant Professor in the Department of African American Studies and the Asian American Studies Program at the University of Illinois at Chicago, COLLATERAL DAMAGE: Southeast Asian Poverty in the United States, SOCIAL TEXT 62, Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring, p.58-59.~ Following my discussion of the formation of an immigrant culture of poverty, I discuss AND fully exposed-reveals that there is no such thing as the unintended.
This manifestation of the model minority – portraying Asian Americans solely as hardworking others – without exposure of plight makes people resent and become unsympathetic This has 3 implications.
The oppression of the Asian American continues. 2. The Asian body is used to justify oppression of other minorities. 3. Asians are viewed as privileged by other minorities when in reality that is not true. Chang 93 ~1993, Robert S. Chang is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. "Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space", 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241~ B. The Model Minority Myth This history of discrimination and violence, as well AND Americans while simultaneously legitimizing the oppression of other racial minorities and poor whites.
1AC—Advocacy
Advait and I advocate an exposition and interrogation of the myth of the model minority through a process of conscientization, by exposing the history of South Asian slavery, which has been used as a justification for White hetero-patriarchy.
1AC—Methodology
Our speech act focuses on the EPISTEMOLOGICAL GROWTH occurring from the activity and the development of critical consciousness — debate becomes more than a game but a process of life leading to CONSCIENTIZATION Osajima ’7 ~2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands. REPLENISHING THE RANKS: Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64~ The fact that these young Asian Americans, from widely varying class, geographic, AND and conditions that contribute to the development of an Asian American critical consciousness.
US Economic engagement as well as the way we choose to discuss economic engagement policies neglects the presence of the Asian identity. Our critical examination of this year’s policy questions raises our consciousness of how we as Asians exist and perceive the world — this can create real change Osajima ’7 ~2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands. REPLENISHING THE RANKS: Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64~ Conscientization for these respondents meant being able to "name their world." That is AND world. Naming the world was an important step toward actively changing it.
And our performance is key – debate has critical elements that contribute to conscientization that must be embraced for effective change Osajima ’7 ~2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands. REPLENISHING THE RANKS: Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p.. 74-76~ CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Given the profound change that conscientization had effected in the lives of respondents, it AND along with greater coordination of influences, is an important dimension of conscientization.
Bankey’s attempt to ignore the significance of the body is inconsistent with the actual AND that makes the body as part of the rhetorical situation no less significant.
2/16/14
1AC Harvard Round 5
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrolton GR | Judge: Matthew Pesce
1AC Advantages—Harvard—NTR
1AC—Plan Text
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba
And, now is key—a managed decline ushers in the new system and prevents a US lashout and nuclear war -smooth transition or "rage against the dying of the light" -institutions - influence w/o military involvement -escalation with china, afghan instability, north african democracy Quinn ’11 ~2011, Adam, Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, "The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf~~ Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, AND seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
And, unilateralism fails and triggers every impact—Multilateralism is key -economic collapse -terrorism -water, -AIDS, -mass migration of people, -desertification, -poverty, -hunger, -disease Montalvan 10 ~a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master’s of science from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism Luis, "Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century" Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html~~ Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its AND us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Additionally, multilateralism solves great power wars, warming, and nuclear terrorism -cooperation removes the impetus for escalation—embracing political diversity rather than coercive unilateralism creates legitimacy -China and Russia want us to GTFO their biz—legitimate engagement does that -terror and climate change need global solutions that can be addressed via a larger partnership of nations rather than unilateral shots in the dark Kupchan ’12 ~2012, Charles Kupchan is professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn"~ Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND if they are to agree on an ideological foundation for the next world.
And, warming leads to extinction -brutal draughts, floods, violent storms -sea temperature - hurricanes -disease spreads -akin to russian roulette with humanity Deibel ’7 ~2007, Terry Deibel is a Prof IR @ National War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today~ Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And, nuclear terrorism leads to extinction -for once an internal link crosses the threshold for being what this evidence is about—china and russia are threats now—perceptionally logical for the us to assume they facilitated the nukes -the us primes its weapons in the aftermath—that pisses off russia and china—escalation Ayson ’10 ~Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Vol. 33 Iss. 7, July~ But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
The plan solves—three internal links: First, it flips the perception of American policy -184 nations in the UN have consistently voted against it -we have relations with others we should hate (china, saudis, ect.) -it’s a cold war relic that has no purpose as is—lifting it flips the perception because it shows we are willing to listen to others and not continue our outdated policies -ntr in and of itself is key because it goes a step further than just ending past mistakes, but making new partnerships Dickerson ’10 ~January 14th, 2010, Sergio M, Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army, "UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA," http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf~~ At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a AND foregone diplomatic engagement and chosen coercive economic power as our only political tool.
Second, Cuba is the test case for multilateralism -historic ties with things like gitmo -makes iran and noko see engagement is best -proves Obama is legitimate because he isn’t sticking with the "old grudge" Hinderdael ’11 ~2011, Klaas, M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, "Breaking the Logjam: Obama’s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership," http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true-http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true~~ Conclusion The two countries’ histories have long been intertwined, particularly after the Monroe Doctrine AND truly willing to extend his hand once America’s traditional adversaries unclench their fists.
Finally, Latin America overall is necessary for a global transition to multilat -it’s our backyard, yet they are ideologically inconsistent with us—makes us look terrible -most countries want the same end goal—want a different approach—the plan is an olive branch signaling the want for cooperation -frees up foreign capital for global issues as opposed to regional ones Grandin 10 ~winter 2010, Greg, history teacher at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Empire’s Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America," New Labor Forum, 19:1, winter 2010, pg. 14-23~ Washington’s relations with Latin America—particularly in terms of the gap between what its AND embrace a new era of engagement based on mutual interest and mutual respect."
1AC—Agriculture (2:11)
Contention X is Agriculture
Cuba is reverting back to industrial farming—now is key to stave off agriculture collapse and transition to a sustainable model -cuba is adopting industrial methods now -cuba is the last nation that still uses that model and is instructive Patel ’12 ~April 2012, Raj, Fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change?" www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.single.html~ The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and AND to the future, even if their automobiles are stuck in the past.
And, that collapses the environment -industrialized methods degrade soil, water and dna -degrade land, species diversity, and diseases -decimates natural resources Wright ’9 ~Deputy Director of Coventry University’s Centre for Agroecology and Food Security (Julia, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity, p. 15-16~ Although successful in enabling the availability of a narrow range of foods to a wide AND if they are feeding on legume pasture (Hamer and Anslow, 2008).
And, environmental collapses causes extinction and nuclear resource wars -ecosystem collapse and climate change that results, decimate reserves of food and other vital resources -nations will go to war for these because the natural deterrents to war are displaced Takacs 96 ~Instructor in Department of Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State-Monterey Bay 96 David, Philosophies of Paradise, Available online at www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm-http://www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm, Accesssed 07/13/2012~ More often, however, humans are said to benefit from such ecosystem services. AND the end of the next century not with a bang but a whimper.
And, resource wars are likely and escalate -resource wars collapse rationality and guarantee that nations will fight for necessary things -human mindset shifts are all predicated off this line of thinking—makes the impact uniquely likely Klare 13 ~professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College Michael, April 23rd, "Entering A Resource-Shock World: How Resource Scarcity And Climate Change Could Produce A Global Explosion" http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm-http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm~~
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to AND and mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations
And, independently, industrial ag will cause extinction -the biosphere will be destroyed by abrupt environmental change -human activity will cease to function properly Rockström et al 9 ~Environmental Professor in natural resource management at Stockholm University, and the Executive Director of the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Stockholm Resilience Centre, along with 27 other members of the SEI and SRC, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature 461, 472-475 (24 September 2009), www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html~ Crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous consequences for humanity Three of nine interlinked planetary AND components of Earth-system functioning. Here we describe these three processes.
The plan solves—two internal links: First, it provides massive capital King ’12 ~March 2012, Dawn M, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Studies at Lehigh University, "Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy," http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf~~ The "special period in peacetime" transformed Cuban agricultural practices toward a more sustainable AND – an institutional change that may also aid in increasing total food production.
That spillsover—access to new techniques and farm expansion -American investment allows Cuban farmers to explore new techniques like using plants as natural pesticides -No incentive to invest now bc of laws that prevent return on investment Shkolnick ’12 ~fall 2012, Jacob, J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES"~ VI. New Opportunities While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban AND may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.
1AC—Cuban Economy (1:56)
Contention X is the Cuban Economy
Cuba’s current reforms are slow, contradictory, and insufficient—the plan is key -reforms don’t solve monopolies which my econ teacher said hinders growth -w/o us capital the jobs are mostly for unskilled meaning university grads can’t innovate -cuban tax code is still terrible -the government sends wishy washy and contradictory messages through the reforms—no concrete way to solve their economy Shifter ’13 ~October 15th, 2013, Michael, Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, "Are Raul Castro’s Reforms Helping Cuba’s Economy?"~ In late September, Cuba’s government announced the legalization of 18 new categories of private AND of U.S.-Cuba relations during the presidency of Barack Obama."
And, the embargo destroys Cuba’s economy—6 warrants -hampers development of services and exportations -crushes commercial flows -limits growth on goods and services -restricts monetary flows -incentivizes emigration -creates social damages CETIM ’3 ~2003, Centre Europe Tiers Monde, independent research and political organization working at the UN, "THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT," http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm~~ The harmful economic effects of the embargo From an official Cuban source, the direct AND of raw materials (New York), of nickel, tobacco, rum.
And, that causes civil war exasperating hotspots -exiles return to try and claim authority -dissidents try to claim power -current us policy encourages anarchy -extremist groups use cuba as a base—it’s close enough for an attack to succeed -regional instability causes state failure throughout the region because it collapses economic growth—causes draw in -draw in causes worse anti-americanism because it’s perceived as imperialism -detracts focus—causes instability in the following regions: Iran, North Korea, China/Taiwan, Africa, the Caucuses, Gorrell ’5 ~2005, Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074~~ Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
And, each of those hotspots escalate -iran = Israel first strikes w/o American security guarantee -noko = brinksmanship with south korea allows china to come in -terror = loose nukes in an unstable middle east Bosco ’6 ~July 2006, David, assistant professor at American University’s School of International Service and a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, "Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III" http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm-http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_~~ The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the AND not even a hint that France, Russia or China would respond militarily.
And, normalized relations with Cuba are key to resolving structural issues in Cuba’s economy -resolves the structural problems in cuba by using laws to allow capital influx and expertise to Cuban industries which allows an economic restructuring Ashby 13 ~April 1st, 2013, Timothy, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US", http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html~~ Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and AND unwise to treat Cuba differently from its stated models, China and Vietnam.
And, it entrenches long-term economic stability—the current reform process is failing -it’s long term—trade, financial assistance, and the ABILITY TO USE CREDIT all are necessary for continued growth -here’s the kicker—without a us signal, the effective reforms that experts want will be vetoed because they will be spun as American imperialism Piccone ’13 ~January 17th, 2013, Joseph, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, "Opening to Havana," http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana-http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana~~ Under Raul Castro, the Cuban government has continued to undertake a number of important AND Cuban government to engage constructively alongside an effort to empower the Cuban people.
Additionally, more moderate approaches comparatively fail to stabilize Cuba -institutional legitimacy is incredibly necessary—without having the largest and closest economy helping out, the Cuban government can continue to bullshit reforms -gradualism FAILS—the us will continue to be scapegoated for the economic farce that is cuba—that means there will never be a sweeping reform that is nescesary Koenig ’10 ~March 11th, 2010, Lance, US Army Colonel, "Time for a New Cuba Policy," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130~~ The United States requires a policy that will lead to better relations between the United AND guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas.
3/1/14
1AC Harvard Round 5
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrolton GR | Judge: Matthew Pesce
1AC Advantages—Harvard—NTR
1AC—Plan Text
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba
And, now is key—a managed decline ushers in the new system and prevents a US lashout and nuclear war -smooth transition or "rage against the dying of the light" -institutions - influence w/o military involvement -escalation with china, afghan instability, north african democracy Quinn ’11 ~2011, Adam, Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, "The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf~~ Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, AND seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
And, unilateralism fails and triggers every impact—Multilateralism is key -economic collapse -terrorism -water, -AIDS, -mass migration of people, -desertification, -poverty, -hunger, -disease Montalvan 10 ~a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master’s of science from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism Luis, "Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century" Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html~~ Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its AND us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Additionally, multilateralism solves great power wars, warming, and nuclear terrorism -cooperation removes the impetus for escalation—embracing political diversity rather than coercive unilateralism creates legitimacy -China and Russia want us to GTFO their biz—legitimate engagement does that -terror and climate change need global solutions that can be addressed via a larger partnership of nations rather than unilateral shots in the dark Kupchan ’12 ~2012, Charles Kupchan is professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn"~ Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND if they are to agree on an ideological foundation for the next world.
And, warming leads to extinction -brutal draughts, floods, violent storms -sea temperature - hurricanes -disease spreads -akin to russian roulette with humanity Deibel ’7 ~2007, Terry Deibel is a Prof IR @ National War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today~ Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And, nuclear terrorism leads to extinction -for once an internal link crosses the threshold for being what this evidence is about—china and russia are threats now—perceptionally logical for the us to assume they facilitated the nukes -the us primes its weapons in the aftermath—that pisses off russia and china—escalation Ayson ’10 ~Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Vol. 33 Iss. 7, July~ But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
The plan solves—three internal links: First, it flips the perception of American policy -184 nations in the UN have consistently voted against it -we have relations with others we should hate (china, saudis, ect.) -it’s a cold war relic that has no purpose as is—lifting it flips the perception because it shows we are willing to listen to others and not continue our outdated policies -ntr in and of itself is key because it goes a step further than just ending past mistakes, but making new partnerships Dickerson ’10 ~January 14th, 2010, Sergio M, Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army, "UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA," http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf~~ At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a AND foregone diplomatic engagement and chosen coercive economic power as our only political tool.
Second, Cuba is the test case for multilateralism -historic ties with things like gitmo -makes iran and noko see engagement is best -proves Obama is legitimate because he isn’t sticking with the "old grudge" Hinderdael ’11 ~2011, Klaas, M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, "Breaking the Logjam: Obama’s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership," http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true-http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true~~ Conclusion The two countries’ histories have long been intertwined, particularly after the Monroe Doctrine AND truly willing to extend his hand once America’s traditional adversaries unclench their fists.
Finally, Latin America overall is necessary for a global transition to multilat -it’s our backyard, yet they are ideologically inconsistent with us—makes us look terrible -most countries want the same end goal—want a different approach—the plan is an olive branch signaling the want for cooperation -frees up foreign capital for global issues as opposed to regional ones Grandin 10 ~winter 2010, Greg, history teacher at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Empire’s Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America," New Labor Forum, 19:1, winter 2010, pg. 14-23~ Washington’s relations with Latin America—particularly in terms of the gap between what its AND embrace a new era of engagement based on mutual interest and mutual respect."
1AC—Agriculture (2:11)
Contention X is Agriculture
Cuba is reverting back to industrial farming—now is key to stave off agriculture collapse and transition to a sustainable model -cuba is adopting industrial methods now -cuba is the last nation that still uses that model and is instructive Patel ’12 ~April 2012, Raj, Fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change?" www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.single.html~ The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and AND to the future, even if their automobiles are stuck in the past.
And, that collapses the environment -industrialized methods degrade soil, water and dna -degrade land, species diversity, and diseases -decimates natural resources Wright ’9 ~Deputy Director of Coventry University’s Centre for Agroecology and Food Security (Julia, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity, p. 15-16~ Although successful in enabling the availability of a narrow range of foods to a wide AND if they are feeding on legume pasture (Hamer and Anslow, 2008).
And, environmental collapses causes extinction and nuclear resource wars -ecosystem collapse and climate change that results, decimate reserves of food and other vital resources -nations will go to war for these because the natural deterrents to war are displaced Takacs 96 ~Instructor in Department of Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State-Monterey Bay 96 David, Philosophies of Paradise, Available online at www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm-http://www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm, Accesssed 07/13/2012~ More often, however, humans are said to benefit from such ecosystem services. AND the end of the next century not with a bang but a whimper.
And, resource wars are likely and escalate -resource wars collapse rationality and guarantee that nations will fight for necessary things -human mindset shifts are all predicated off this line of thinking—makes the impact uniquely likely Klare 13 ~professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College Michael, April 23rd, "Entering A Resource-Shock World: How Resource Scarcity And Climate Change Could Produce A Global Explosion" http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm-http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm~~
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to AND and mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations
And, independently, industrial ag will cause extinction -the biosphere will be destroyed by abrupt environmental change -human activity will cease to function properly Rockström et al 9 ~Environmental Professor in natural resource management at Stockholm University, and the Executive Director of the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Stockholm Resilience Centre, along with 27 other members of the SEI and SRC, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature 461, 472-475 (24 September 2009), www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html~ Crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous consequences for humanity Three of nine interlinked planetary AND components of Earth-system functioning. Here we describe these three processes.
The plan solves—two internal links: First, it provides massive capital King ’12 ~March 2012, Dawn M, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Studies at Lehigh University, "Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy," http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf~~ The "special period in peacetime" transformed Cuban agricultural practices toward a more sustainable AND – an institutional change that may also aid in increasing total food production.
That spillsover—access to new techniques and farm expansion -American investment allows Cuban farmers to explore new techniques like using plants as natural pesticides -No incentive to invest now bc of laws that prevent return on investment Shkolnick ’12 ~fall 2012, Jacob, J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES"~ VI. New Opportunities While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban AND may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.
1AC—Cuban Economy (1:56)
Contention X is the Cuban Economy
Cuba’s current reforms are slow, contradictory, and insufficient—the plan is key -reforms don’t solve monopolies which my econ teacher said hinders growth -w/o us capital the jobs are mostly for unskilled meaning university grads can’t innovate -cuban tax code is still terrible -the government sends wishy washy and contradictory messages through the reforms—no concrete way to solve their economy Shifter ’13 ~October 15th, 2013, Michael, Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, "Are Raul Castro’s Reforms Helping Cuba’s Economy?"~ In late September, Cuba’s government announced the legalization of 18 new categories of private AND of U.S.-Cuba relations during the presidency of Barack Obama."
And, the embargo destroys Cuba’s economy—6 warrants -hampers development of services and exportations -crushes commercial flows -limits growth on goods and services -restricts monetary flows -incentivizes emigration -creates social damages CETIM ’3 ~2003, Centre Europe Tiers Monde, independent research and political organization working at the UN, "THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT," http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm~~ The harmful economic effects of the embargo From an official Cuban source, the direct AND of raw materials (New York), of nickel, tobacco, rum.
And, that causes civil war exasperating hotspots -exiles return to try and claim authority -dissidents try to claim power -current us policy encourages anarchy -extremist groups use cuba as a base—it’s close enough for an attack to succeed -regional instability causes state failure throughout the region because it collapses economic growth—causes draw in -draw in causes worse anti-americanism because it’s perceived as imperialism -detracts focus—causes instability in the following regions: Iran, North Korea, China/Taiwan, Africa, the Caucuses, Gorrell ’5 ~2005, Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074~~ Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
And, each of those hotspots escalate -iran = Israel first strikes w/o American security guarantee -noko = brinksmanship with south korea allows china to come in -terror = loose nukes in an unstable middle east Bosco ’6 ~July 2006, David, assistant professor at American University’s School of International Service and a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, "Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III" http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm-http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_~~ The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the AND not even a hint that France, Russia or China would respond militarily.
And, normalized relations with Cuba are key to resolving structural issues in Cuba’s economy -resolves the structural problems in cuba by using laws to allow capital influx and expertise to Cuban industries which allows an economic restructuring Ashby 13 ~April 1st, 2013, Timothy, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US", http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html~~ Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and AND unwise to treat Cuba differently from its stated models, China and Vietnam.
And, it entrenches long-term economic stability—the current reform process is failing -it’s long term—trade, financial assistance, and the ABILITY TO USE CREDIT all are necessary for continued growth -here’s the kicker—without a us signal, the effective reforms that experts want will be vetoed because they will be spun as American imperialism Piccone ’13 ~January 17th, 2013, Joseph, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, "Opening to Havana," http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana-http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana~~ Under Raul Castro, the Cuban government has continued to undertake a number of important AND Cuban government to engage constructively alongside an effort to empower the Cuban people.
Additionally, more moderate approaches comparatively fail to stabilize Cuba -institutional legitimacy is incredibly necessary—without having the largest and closest economy helping out, the Cuban government can continue to bullshit reforms -gradualism FAILS—the us will continue to be scapegoated for the economic farce that is cuba—that means there will never be a sweeping reform that is nescesary Koenig ’10 ~March 11th, 2010, Lance, US Army Colonel, "Time for a New Cuba Policy," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130~~ The United States requires a policy that will lead to better relations between the United AND guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas.
3/1/14
1AC Harvard Round 5
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrolton GR | Judge: Matthew Pesce
1AC Advantages—Harvard—NTR
1AC—Plan Text
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba
And, now is key—a managed decline ushers in the new system and prevents a US lashout and nuclear war -smooth transition or "rage against the dying of the light" -institutions - influence w/o military involvement -escalation with china, afghan instability, north african democracy Quinn ’11 ~2011, Adam, Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, "The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf~~ Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, AND seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
And, unilateralism fails and triggers every impact—Multilateralism is key -economic collapse -terrorism -water, -AIDS, -mass migration of people, -desertification, -poverty, -hunger, -disease Montalvan 10 ~a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master’s of science from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism Luis, "Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century" Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html~~ Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its AND us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Additionally, multilateralism solves great power wars, warming, and nuclear terrorism -cooperation removes the impetus for escalation—embracing political diversity rather than coercive unilateralism creates legitimacy -China and Russia want us to GTFO their biz—legitimate engagement does that -terror and climate change need global solutions that can be addressed via a larger partnership of nations rather than unilateral shots in the dark Kupchan ’12 ~2012, Charles Kupchan is professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn"~ Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND if they are to agree on an ideological foundation for the next world.
And, warming leads to extinction -brutal draughts, floods, violent storms -sea temperature - hurricanes -disease spreads -akin to russian roulette with humanity Deibel ’7 ~2007, Terry Deibel is a Prof IR @ National War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today~ Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And, nuclear terrorism leads to extinction -for once an internal link crosses the threshold for being what this evidence is about—china and russia are threats now—perceptionally logical for the us to assume they facilitated the nukes -the us primes its weapons in the aftermath—that pisses off russia and china—escalation Ayson ’10 ~Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Vol. 33 Iss. 7, July~ But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
The plan solves—three internal links: First, it flips the perception of American policy -184 nations in the UN have consistently voted against it -we have relations with others we should hate (china, saudis, ect.) -it’s a cold war relic that has no purpose as is—lifting it flips the perception because it shows we are willing to listen to others and not continue our outdated policies -ntr in and of itself is key because it goes a step further than just ending past mistakes, but making new partnerships Dickerson ’10 ~January 14th, 2010, Sergio M, Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army, "UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA," http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf~~ At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a AND foregone diplomatic engagement and chosen coercive economic power as our only political tool.
Second, Cuba is the test case for multilateralism -historic ties with things like gitmo -makes iran and noko see engagement is best -proves Obama is legitimate because he isn’t sticking with the "old grudge" Hinderdael ’11 ~2011, Klaas, M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, "Breaking the Logjam: Obama’s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership," http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true-http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true~~ Conclusion The two countries’ histories have long been intertwined, particularly after the Monroe Doctrine AND truly willing to extend his hand once America’s traditional adversaries unclench their fists.
Finally, Latin America overall is necessary for a global transition to multilat -it’s our backyard, yet they are ideologically inconsistent with us—makes us look terrible -most countries want the same end goal—want a different approach—the plan is an olive branch signaling the want for cooperation -frees up foreign capital for global issues as opposed to regional ones Grandin 10 ~winter 2010, Greg, history teacher at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Empire’s Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America," New Labor Forum, 19:1, winter 2010, pg. 14-23~ Washington’s relations with Latin America—particularly in terms of the gap between what its AND embrace a new era of engagement based on mutual interest and mutual respect."
1AC—Agriculture (2:11)
Contention X is Agriculture
Cuba is reverting back to industrial farming—now is key to stave off agriculture collapse and transition to a sustainable model -cuba is adopting industrial methods now -cuba is the last nation that still uses that model and is instructive Patel ’12 ~April 2012, Raj, Fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change?" www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.single.html~ The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and AND to the future, even if their automobiles are stuck in the past.
And, that collapses the environment -industrialized methods degrade soil, water and dna -degrade land, species diversity, and diseases -decimates natural resources Wright ’9 ~Deputy Director of Coventry University’s Centre for Agroecology and Food Security (Julia, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity, p. 15-16~ Although successful in enabling the availability of a narrow range of foods to a wide AND if they are feeding on legume pasture (Hamer and Anslow, 2008).
And, environmental collapses causes extinction and nuclear resource wars -ecosystem collapse and climate change that results, decimate reserves of food and other vital resources -nations will go to war for these because the natural deterrents to war are displaced Takacs 96 ~Instructor in Department of Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State-Monterey Bay 96 David, Philosophies of Paradise, Available online at www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm-http://www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm, Accesssed 07/13/2012~ More often, however, humans are said to benefit from such ecosystem services. AND the end of the next century not with a bang but a whimper.
And, resource wars are likely and escalate -resource wars collapse rationality and guarantee that nations will fight for necessary things -human mindset shifts are all predicated off this line of thinking—makes the impact uniquely likely Klare 13 ~professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College Michael, April 23rd, "Entering A Resource-Shock World: How Resource Scarcity And Climate Change Could Produce A Global Explosion" http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm-http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm~~
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to AND and mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations
And, independently, industrial ag will cause extinction -the biosphere will be destroyed by abrupt environmental change -human activity will cease to function properly Rockström et al 9 ~Environmental Professor in natural resource management at Stockholm University, and the Executive Director of the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Stockholm Resilience Centre, along with 27 other members of the SEI and SRC, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature 461, 472-475 (24 September 2009), www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html~ Crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous consequences for humanity Three of nine interlinked planetary AND components of Earth-system functioning. Here we describe these three processes.
The plan solves—two internal links: First, it provides massive capital King ’12 ~March 2012, Dawn M, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Studies at Lehigh University, "Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy," http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf~~ The "special period in peacetime" transformed Cuban agricultural practices toward a more sustainable AND – an institutional change that may also aid in increasing total food production.
That spillsover—access to new techniques and farm expansion -American investment allows Cuban farmers to explore new techniques like using plants as natural pesticides -No incentive to invest now bc of laws that prevent return on investment Shkolnick ’12 ~fall 2012, Jacob, J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES"~ VI. New Opportunities While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban AND may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.
1AC—Cuban Economy (1:56)
Contention X is the Cuban Economy
Cuba’s current reforms are slow, contradictory, and insufficient—the plan is key -reforms don’t solve monopolies which my econ teacher said hinders growth -w/o us capital the jobs are mostly for unskilled meaning university grads can’t innovate -cuban tax code is still terrible -the government sends wishy washy and contradictory messages through the reforms—no concrete way to solve their economy Shifter ’13 ~October 15th, 2013, Michael, Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, "Are Raul Castro’s Reforms Helping Cuba’s Economy?"~ In late September, Cuba’s government announced the legalization of 18 new categories of private AND of U.S.-Cuba relations during the presidency of Barack Obama."
And, the embargo destroys Cuba’s economy—6 warrants -hampers development of services and exportations -crushes commercial flows -limits growth on goods and services -restricts monetary flows -incentivizes emigration -creates social damages CETIM ’3 ~2003, Centre Europe Tiers Monde, independent research and political organization working at the UN, "THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT," http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm~~ The harmful economic effects of the embargo From an official Cuban source, the direct AND of raw materials (New York), of nickel, tobacco, rum.
And, that causes civil war exasperating hotspots -exiles return to try and claim authority -dissidents try to claim power -current us policy encourages anarchy -extremist groups use cuba as a base—it’s close enough for an attack to succeed -regional instability causes state failure throughout the region because it collapses economic growth—causes draw in -draw in causes worse anti-americanism because it’s perceived as imperialism -detracts focus—causes instability in the following regions: Iran, North Korea, China/Taiwan, Africa, the Caucuses, Gorrell ’5 ~2005, Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074~~ Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
And, each of those hotspots escalate -iran = Israel first strikes w/o American security guarantee -noko = brinksmanship with south korea allows china to come in -terror = loose nukes in an unstable middle east Bosco ’6 ~July 2006, David, assistant professor at American University’s School of International Service and a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, "Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III" http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm-http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_~~ The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the AND not even a hint that France, Russia or China would respond militarily.
And, normalized relations with Cuba are key to resolving structural issues in Cuba’s economy -resolves the structural problems in cuba by using laws to allow capital influx and expertise to Cuban industries which allows an economic restructuring Ashby 13 ~April 1st, 2013, Timothy, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US", http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html~~ Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and AND unwise to treat Cuba differently from its stated models, China and Vietnam.
And, it entrenches long-term economic stability—the current reform process is failing -it’s long term—trade, financial assistance, and the ABILITY TO USE CREDIT all are necessary for continued growth -here’s the kicker—without a us signal, the effective reforms that experts want will be vetoed because they will be spun as American imperialism Piccone ’13 ~January 17th, 2013, Joseph, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, "Opening to Havana," http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana-http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana~~ Under Raul Castro, the Cuban government has continued to undertake a number of important AND Cuban government to engage constructively alongside an effort to empower the Cuban people.
Additionally, more moderate approaches comparatively fail to stabilize Cuba -institutional legitimacy is incredibly necessary—without having the largest and closest economy helping out, the Cuban government can continue to bullshit reforms -gradualism FAILS—the us will continue to be scapegoated for the economic farce that is cuba—that means there will never be a sweeping reform that is nescesary Koenig ’10 ~March 11th, 2010, Lance, US Army Colonel, "Time for a New Cuba Policy," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130~~ The United States requires a policy that will lead to better relations between the United AND guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas.
3/1/14
1AC Harvard Round 5
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrolton GR | Judge: Matthew Pesce
1AC Advantages—Harvard—NTR
1AC—Plan Text
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba
And, now is key—a managed decline ushers in the new system and prevents a US lashout and nuclear war -smooth transition or "rage against the dying of the light" -institutions - influence w/o military involvement -escalation with china, afghan instability, north african democracy Quinn ’11 ~2011, Adam, Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, "The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf~~ Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, AND seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
And, unilateralism fails and triggers every impact—Multilateralism is key -economic collapse -terrorism -water, -AIDS, -mass migration of people, -desertification, -poverty, -hunger, -disease Montalvan 10 ~a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master’s of science from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism Luis, "Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century" Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html~~ Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its AND us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Additionally, multilateralism solves great power wars, warming, and nuclear terrorism -cooperation removes the impetus for escalation—embracing political diversity rather than coercive unilateralism creates legitimacy -China and Russia want us to GTFO their biz—legitimate engagement does that -terror and climate change need global solutions that can be addressed via a larger partnership of nations rather than unilateral shots in the dark Kupchan ’12 ~2012, Charles Kupchan is professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn"~ Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND if they are to agree on an ideological foundation for the next world.
And, warming leads to extinction -brutal draughts, floods, violent storms -sea temperature - hurricanes -disease spreads -akin to russian roulette with humanity Deibel ’7 ~2007, Terry Deibel is a Prof IR @ National War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today~ Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And, nuclear terrorism leads to extinction -for once an internal link crosses the threshold for being what this evidence is about—china and russia are threats now—perceptionally logical for the us to assume they facilitated the nukes -the us primes its weapons in the aftermath—that pisses off russia and china—escalation Ayson ’10 ~Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Vol. 33 Iss. 7, July~ But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
The plan solves—three internal links: First, it flips the perception of American policy -184 nations in the UN have consistently voted against it -we have relations with others we should hate (china, saudis, ect.) -it’s a cold war relic that has no purpose as is—lifting it flips the perception because it shows we are willing to listen to others and not continue our outdated policies -ntr in and of itself is key because it goes a step further than just ending past mistakes, but making new partnerships Dickerson ’10 ~January 14th, 2010, Sergio M, Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army, "UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA," http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf~~ At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a AND foregone diplomatic engagement and chosen coercive economic power as our only political tool.
Second, Cuba is the test case for multilateralism -historic ties with things like gitmo -makes iran and noko see engagement is best -proves Obama is legitimate because he isn’t sticking with the "old grudge" Hinderdael ’11 ~2011, Klaas, M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, "Breaking the Logjam: Obama’s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership," http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true-http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true~~ Conclusion The two countries’ histories have long been intertwined, particularly after the Monroe Doctrine AND truly willing to extend his hand once America’s traditional adversaries unclench their fists.
Finally, Latin America overall is necessary for a global transition to multilat -it’s our backyard, yet they are ideologically inconsistent with us—makes us look terrible -most countries want the same end goal—want a different approach—the plan is an olive branch signaling the want for cooperation -frees up foreign capital for global issues as opposed to regional ones Grandin 10 ~winter 2010, Greg, history teacher at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Empire’s Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America," New Labor Forum, 19:1, winter 2010, pg. 14-23~ Washington’s relations with Latin America—particularly in terms of the gap between what its AND embrace a new era of engagement based on mutual interest and mutual respect."
1AC—Agriculture (2:11)
Contention X is Agriculture
Cuba is reverting back to industrial farming—now is key to stave off agriculture collapse and transition to a sustainable model -cuba is adopting industrial methods now -cuba is the last nation that still uses that model and is instructive Patel ’12 ~April 2012, Raj, Fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change?" www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.single.html~ The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and AND to the future, even if their automobiles are stuck in the past.
And, that collapses the environment -industrialized methods degrade soil, water and dna -degrade land, species diversity, and diseases -decimates natural resources Wright ’9 ~Deputy Director of Coventry University’s Centre for Agroecology and Food Security (Julia, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity, p. 15-16~ Although successful in enabling the availability of a narrow range of foods to a wide AND if they are feeding on legume pasture (Hamer and Anslow, 2008).
And, environmental collapses causes extinction and nuclear resource wars -ecosystem collapse and climate change that results, decimate reserves of food and other vital resources -nations will go to war for these because the natural deterrents to war are displaced Takacs 96 ~Instructor in Department of Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State-Monterey Bay 96 David, Philosophies of Paradise, Available online at www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm-http://www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm, Accesssed 07/13/2012~ More often, however, humans are said to benefit from such ecosystem services. AND the end of the next century not with a bang but a whimper.
And, resource wars are likely and escalate -resource wars collapse rationality and guarantee that nations will fight for necessary things -human mindset shifts are all predicated off this line of thinking—makes the impact uniquely likely Klare 13 ~professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College Michael, April 23rd, "Entering A Resource-Shock World: How Resource Scarcity And Climate Change Could Produce A Global Explosion" http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm-http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm~~
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to AND and mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations
And, independently, industrial ag will cause extinction -the biosphere will be destroyed by abrupt environmental change -human activity will cease to function properly Rockström et al 9 ~Environmental Professor in natural resource management at Stockholm University, and the Executive Director of the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Stockholm Resilience Centre, along with 27 other members of the SEI and SRC, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature 461, 472-475 (24 September 2009), www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html~ Crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous consequences for humanity Three of nine interlinked planetary AND components of Earth-system functioning. Here we describe these three processes.
The plan solves—two internal links: First, it provides massive capital King ’12 ~March 2012, Dawn M, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Studies at Lehigh University, "Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy," http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf~~ The "special period in peacetime" transformed Cuban agricultural practices toward a more sustainable AND – an institutional change that may also aid in increasing total food production.
That spillsover—access to new techniques and farm expansion -American investment allows Cuban farmers to explore new techniques like using plants as natural pesticides -No incentive to invest now bc of laws that prevent return on investment Shkolnick ’12 ~fall 2012, Jacob, J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES"~ VI. New Opportunities While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban AND may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.
1AC—Cuban Economy (1:56)
Contention X is the Cuban Economy
Cuba’s current reforms are slow, contradictory, and insufficient—the plan is key -reforms don’t solve monopolies which my econ teacher said hinders growth -w/o us capital the jobs are mostly for unskilled meaning university grads can’t innovate -cuban tax code is still terrible -the government sends wishy washy and contradictory messages through the reforms—no concrete way to solve their economy Shifter ’13 ~October 15th, 2013, Michael, Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, "Are Raul Castro’s Reforms Helping Cuba’s Economy?"~ In late September, Cuba’s government announced the legalization of 18 new categories of private AND of U.S.-Cuba relations during the presidency of Barack Obama."
And, the embargo destroys Cuba’s economy—6 warrants -hampers development of services and exportations -crushes commercial flows -limits growth on goods and services -restricts monetary flows -incentivizes emigration -creates social damages CETIM ’3 ~2003, Centre Europe Tiers Monde, independent research and political organization working at the UN, "THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT," http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm~~ The harmful economic effects of the embargo From an official Cuban source, the direct AND of raw materials (New York), of nickel, tobacco, rum.
And, that causes civil war exasperating hotspots -exiles return to try and claim authority -dissidents try to claim power -current us policy encourages anarchy -extremist groups use cuba as a base—it’s close enough for an attack to succeed -regional instability causes state failure throughout the region because it collapses economic growth—causes draw in -draw in causes worse anti-americanism because it’s perceived as imperialism -detracts focus—causes instability in the following regions: Iran, North Korea, China/Taiwan, Africa, the Caucuses, Gorrell ’5 ~2005, Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074~~ Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
And, each of those hotspots escalate -iran = Israel first strikes w/o American security guarantee -noko = brinksmanship with south korea allows china to come in -terror = loose nukes in an unstable middle east Bosco ’6 ~July 2006, David, assistant professor at American University’s School of International Service and a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, "Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III" http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm-http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_~~ The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the AND not even a hint that France, Russia or China would respond militarily.
And, normalized relations with Cuba are key to resolving structural issues in Cuba’s economy -resolves the structural problems in cuba by using laws to allow capital influx and expertise to Cuban industries which allows an economic restructuring Ashby 13 ~April 1st, 2013, Timothy, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US", http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html~~ Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and AND unwise to treat Cuba differently from its stated models, China and Vietnam.
And, it entrenches long-term economic stability—the current reform process is failing -it’s long term—trade, financial assistance, and the ABILITY TO USE CREDIT all are necessary for continued growth -here’s the kicker—without a us signal, the effective reforms that experts want will be vetoed because they will be spun as American imperialism Piccone ’13 ~January 17th, 2013, Joseph, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, "Opening to Havana," http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana-http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana~~ Under Raul Castro, the Cuban government has continued to undertake a number of important AND Cuban government to engage constructively alongside an effort to empower the Cuban people.
Additionally, more moderate approaches comparatively fail to stabilize Cuba -institutional legitimacy is incredibly necessary—without having the largest and closest economy helping out, the Cuban government can continue to bullshit reforms -gradualism FAILS—the us will continue to be scapegoated for the economic farce that is cuba—that means there will never be a sweeping reform that is nescesary Koenig ’10 ~March 11th, 2010, Lance, US Army Colonel, "Time for a New Cuba Policy," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130~~ The United States requires a policy that will lead to better relations between the United AND guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas.
3/1/14
1AC Harvard Round 5
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrolton GR | Judge: Matthew Pesce
1AC Advantages—Harvard—NTR
1AC—Plan Text
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba
And, now is key—a managed decline ushers in the new system and prevents a US lashout and nuclear war -smooth transition or "rage against the dying of the light" -institutions - influence w/o military involvement -escalation with china, afghan instability, north african democracy Quinn ’11 ~2011, Adam, Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, "The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf~~ Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, AND seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
And, unilateralism fails and triggers every impact—Multilateralism is key -economic collapse -terrorism -water, -AIDS, -mass migration of people, -desertification, -poverty, -hunger, -disease Montalvan 10 ~a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master’s of science from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism Luis, "Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century" Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html~~ Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its AND us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Additionally, multilateralism solves great power wars, warming, and nuclear terrorism -cooperation removes the impetus for escalation—embracing political diversity rather than coercive unilateralism creates legitimacy -China and Russia want us to GTFO their biz—legitimate engagement does that -terror and climate change need global solutions that can be addressed via a larger partnership of nations rather than unilateral shots in the dark Kupchan ’12 ~2012, Charles Kupchan is professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn"~ Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND if they are to agree on an ideological foundation for the next world.
And, warming leads to extinction -brutal draughts, floods, violent storms -sea temperature - hurricanes -disease spreads -akin to russian roulette with humanity Deibel ’7 ~2007, Terry Deibel is a Prof IR @ National War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today~ Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And, nuclear terrorism leads to extinction -for once an internal link crosses the threshold for being what this evidence is about—china and russia are threats now—perceptionally logical for the us to assume they facilitated the nukes -the us primes its weapons in the aftermath—that pisses off russia and china—escalation Ayson ’10 ~Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Vol. 33 Iss. 7, July~ But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
The plan solves—three internal links: First, it flips the perception of American policy -184 nations in the UN have consistently voted against it -we have relations with others we should hate (china, saudis, ect.) -it’s a cold war relic that has no purpose as is—lifting it flips the perception because it shows we are willing to listen to others and not continue our outdated policies -ntr in and of itself is key because it goes a step further than just ending past mistakes, but making new partnerships Dickerson ’10 ~January 14th, 2010, Sergio M, Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army, "UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA," http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf~~ At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a AND foregone diplomatic engagement and chosen coercive economic power as our only political tool.
Second, Cuba is the test case for multilateralism -historic ties with things like gitmo -makes iran and noko see engagement is best -proves Obama is legitimate because he isn’t sticking with the "old grudge" Hinderdael ’11 ~2011, Klaas, M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, "Breaking the Logjam: Obama’s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership," http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true-http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true~~ Conclusion The two countries’ histories have long been intertwined, particularly after the Monroe Doctrine AND truly willing to extend his hand once America’s traditional adversaries unclench their fists.
Finally, Latin America overall is necessary for a global transition to multilat -it’s our backyard, yet they are ideologically inconsistent with us—makes us look terrible -most countries want the same end goal—want a different approach—the plan is an olive branch signaling the want for cooperation -frees up foreign capital for global issues as opposed to regional ones Grandin 10 ~winter 2010, Greg, history teacher at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Empire’s Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America," New Labor Forum, 19:1, winter 2010, pg. 14-23~ Washington’s relations with Latin America—particularly in terms of the gap between what its AND embrace a new era of engagement based on mutual interest and mutual respect."
1AC—Agriculture (2:11)
Contention X is Agriculture
Cuba is reverting back to industrial farming—now is key to stave off agriculture collapse and transition to a sustainable model -cuba is adopting industrial methods now -cuba is the last nation that still uses that model and is instructive Patel ’12 ~April 2012, Raj, Fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change?" www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.single.html~ The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and AND to the future, even if their automobiles are stuck in the past.
And, that collapses the environment -industrialized methods degrade soil, water and dna -degrade land, species diversity, and diseases -decimates natural resources Wright ’9 ~Deputy Director of Coventry University’s Centre for Agroecology and Food Security (Julia, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity, p. 15-16~ Although successful in enabling the availability of a narrow range of foods to a wide AND if they are feeding on legume pasture (Hamer and Anslow, 2008).
And, environmental collapses causes extinction and nuclear resource wars -ecosystem collapse and climate change that results, decimate reserves of food and other vital resources -nations will go to war for these because the natural deterrents to war are displaced Takacs 96 ~Instructor in Department of Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State-Monterey Bay 96 David, Philosophies of Paradise, Available online at www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm-http://www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm, Accesssed 07/13/2012~ More often, however, humans are said to benefit from such ecosystem services. AND the end of the next century not with a bang but a whimper.
And, resource wars are likely and escalate -resource wars collapse rationality and guarantee that nations will fight for necessary things -human mindset shifts are all predicated off this line of thinking—makes the impact uniquely likely Klare 13 ~professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College Michael, April 23rd, "Entering A Resource-Shock World: How Resource Scarcity And Climate Change Could Produce A Global Explosion" http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm-http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm~~
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to AND and mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations
And, independently, industrial ag will cause extinction -the biosphere will be destroyed by abrupt environmental change -human activity will cease to function properly Rockström et al 9 ~Environmental Professor in natural resource management at Stockholm University, and the Executive Director of the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Stockholm Resilience Centre, along with 27 other members of the SEI and SRC, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature 461, 472-475 (24 September 2009), www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html~ Crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous consequences for humanity Three of nine interlinked planetary AND components of Earth-system functioning. Here we describe these three processes.
The plan solves—two internal links: First, it provides massive capital King ’12 ~March 2012, Dawn M, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Studies at Lehigh University, "Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy," http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf~~ The "special period in peacetime" transformed Cuban agricultural practices toward a more sustainable AND – an institutional change that may also aid in increasing total food production.
That spillsover—access to new techniques and farm expansion -American investment allows Cuban farmers to explore new techniques like using plants as natural pesticides -No incentive to invest now bc of laws that prevent return on investment Shkolnick ’12 ~fall 2012, Jacob, J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES"~ VI. New Opportunities While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban AND may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.
1AC—Cuban Economy (1:56)
Contention X is the Cuban Economy
Cuba’s current reforms are slow, contradictory, and insufficient—the plan is key -reforms don’t solve monopolies which my econ teacher said hinders growth -w/o us capital the jobs are mostly for unskilled meaning university grads can’t innovate -cuban tax code is still terrible -the government sends wishy washy and contradictory messages through the reforms—no concrete way to solve their economy Shifter ’13 ~October 15th, 2013, Michael, Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, "Are Raul Castro’s Reforms Helping Cuba’s Economy?"~ In late September, Cuba’s government announced the legalization of 18 new categories of private AND of U.S.-Cuba relations during the presidency of Barack Obama."
And, the embargo destroys Cuba’s economy—6 warrants -hampers development of services and exportations -crushes commercial flows -limits growth on goods and services -restricts monetary flows -incentivizes emigration -creates social damages CETIM ’3 ~2003, Centre Europe Tiers Monde, independent research and political organization working at the UN, "THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT," http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm~~ The harmful economic effects of the embargo From an official Cuban source, the direct AND of raw materials (New York), of nickel, tobacco, rum.
And, that causes civil war exasperating hotspots -exiles return to try and claim authority -dissidents try to claim power -current us policy encourages anarchy -extremist groups use cuba as a base—it’s close enough for an attack to succeed -regional instability causes state failure throughout the region because it collapses economic growth—causes draw in -draw in causes worse anti-americanism because it’s perceived as imperialism -detracts focus—causes instability in the following regions: Iran, North Korea, China/Taiwan, Africa, the Caucuses, Gorrell ’5 ~2005, Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074~~ Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
And, each of those hotspots escalate -iran = Israel first strikes w/o American security guarantee -noko = brinksmanship with south korea allows china to come in -terror = loose nukes in an unstable middle east Bosco ’6 ~July 2006, David, assistant professor at American University’s School of International Service and a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, "Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III" http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm-http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_~~ The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the AND not even a hint that France, Russia or China would respond militarily.
And, normalized relations with Cuba are key to resolving structural issues in Cuba’s economy -resolves the structural problems in cuba by using laws to allow capital influx and expertise to Cuban industries which allows an economic restructuring Ashby 13 ~April 1st, 2013, Timothy, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US", http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html~~ Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and AND unwise to treat Cuba differently from its stated models, China and Vietnam.
And, it entrenches long-term economic stability—the current reform process is failing -it’s long term—trade, financial assistance, and the ABILITY TO USE CREDIT all are necessary for continued growth -here’s the kicker—without a us signal, the effective reforms that experts want will be vetoed because they will be spun as American imperialism Piccone ’13 ~January 17th, 2013, Joseph, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, "Opening to Havana," http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana-http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana~~ Under Raul Castro, the Cuban government has continued to undertake a number of important AND Cuban government to engage constructively alongside an effort to empower the Cuban people.
Additionally, more moderate approaches comparatively fail to stabilize Cuba -institutional legitimacy is incredibly necessary—without having the largest and closest economy helping out, the Cuban government can continue to bullshit reforms -gradualism FAILS—the us will continue to be scapegoated for the economic farce that is cuba—that means there will never be a sweeping reform that is nescesary Koenig ’10 ~March 11th, 2010, Lance, US Army Colonel, "Time for a New Cuba Policy," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130~~ The United States requires a policy that will lead to better relations between the United AND guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas.
3/1/14
1AC Harvard Round 5
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrolton GR | Judge: Matthew Pesce
1AC Advantages—Harvard—NTR
1AC—Plan Text
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba
And, now is key—a managed decline ushers in the new system and prevents a US lashout and nuclear war -smooth transition or "rage against the dying of the light" -institutions - influence w/o military involvement -escalation with china, afghan instability, north african democracy Quinn ’11 ~2011, Adam, Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, "The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf~~ Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, AND seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
And, unilateralism fails and triggers every impact—Multilateralism is key -economic collapse -terrorism -water, -AIDS, -mass migration of people, -desertification, -poverty, -hunger, -disease Montalvan 10 ~a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master’s of science from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism Luis, "Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century" Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html~~ Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its AND us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Additionally, multilateralism solves great power wars, warming, and nuclear terrorism -cooperation removes the impetus for escalation—embracing political diversity rather than coercive unilateralism creates legitimacy -China and Russia want us to GTFO their biz—legitimate engagement does that -terror and climate change need global solutions that can be addressed via a larger partnership of nations rather than unilateral shots in the dark Kupchan ’12 ~2012, Charles Kupchan is professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn"~ Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND if they are to agree on an ideological foundation for the next world.
And, warming leads to extinction -brutal draughts, floods, violent storms -sea temperature - hurricanes -disease spreads -akin to russian roulette with humanity Deibel ’7 ~2007, Terry Deibel is a Prof IR @ National War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today~ Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And, nuclear terrorism leads to extinction -for once an internal link crosses the threshold for being what this evidence is about—china and russia are threats now—perceptionally logical for the us to assume they facilitated the nukes -the us primes its weapons in the aftermath—that pisses off russia and china—escalation Ayson ’10 ~Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Vol. 33 Iss. 7, July~ But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
The plan solves—three internal links: First, it flips the perception of American policy -184 nations in the UN have consistently voted against it -we have relations with others we should hate (china, saudis, ect.) -it’s a cold war relic that has no purpose as is—lifting it flips the perception because it shows we are willing to listen to others and not continue our outdated policies -ntr in and of itself is key because it goes a step further than just ending past mistakes, but making new partnerships Dickerson ’10 ~January 14th, 2010, Sergio M, Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army, "UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA," http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf~~ At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a AND foregone diplomatic engagement and chosen coercive economic power as our only political tool.
Second, Cuba is the test case for multilateralism -historic ties with things like gitmo -makes iran and noko see engagement is best -proves Obama is legitimate because he isn’t sticking with the "old grudge" Hinderdael ’11 ~2011, Klaas, M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, "Breaking the Logjam: Obama’s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership," http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true-http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true~~ Conclusion The two countries’ histories have long been intertwined, particularly after the Monroe Doctrine AND truly willing to extend his hand once America’s traditional adversaries unclench their fists.
Finally, Latin America overall is necessary for a global transition to multilat -it’s our backyard, yet they are ideologically inconsistent with us—makes us look terrible -most countries want the same end goal—want a different approach—the plan is an olive branch signaling the want for cooperation -frees up foreign capital for global issues as opposed to regional ones Grandin 10 ~winter 2010, Greg, history teacher at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Empire’s Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America," New Labor Forum, 19:1, winter 2010, pg. 14-23~ Washington’s relations with Latin America—particularly in terms of the gap between what its AND embrace a new era of engagement based on mutual interest and mutual respect."
1AC—Agriculture (2:11)
Contention X is Agriculture
Cuba is reverting back to industrial farming—now is key to stave off agriculture collapse and transition to a sustainable model -cuba is adopting industrial methods now -cuba is the last nation that still uses that model and is instructive Patel ’12 ~April 2012, Raj, Fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change?" www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.single.html~ The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and AND to the future, even if their automobiles are stuck in the past.
And, that collapses the environment -industrialized methods degrade soil, water and dna -degrade land, species diversity, and diseases -decimates natural resources Wright ’9 ~Deputy Director of Coventry University’s Centre for Agroecology and Food Security (Julia, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity, p. 15-16~ Although successful in enabling the availability of a narrow range of foods to a wide AND if they are feeding on legume pasture (Hamer and Anslow, 2008).
And, environmental collapses causes extinction and nuclear resource wars -ecosystem collapse and climate change that results, decimate reserves of food and other vital resources -nations will go to war for these because the natural deterrents to war are displaced Takacs 96 ~Instructor in Department of Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State-Monterey Bay 96 David, Philosophies of Paradise, Available online at www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm-http://www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm, Accesssed 07/13/2012~ More often, however, humans are said to benefit from such ecosystem services. AND the end of the next century not with a bang but a whimper.
And, resource wars are likely and escalate -resource wars collapse rationality and guarantee that nations will fight for necessary things -human mindset shifts are all predicated off this line of thinking—makes the impact uniquely likely Klare 13 ~professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College Michael, April 23rd, "Entering A Resource-Shock World: How Resource Scarcity And Climate Change Could Produce A Global Explosion" http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm-http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm~~
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to AND and mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations
And, independently, industrial ag will cause extinction -the biosphere will be destroyed by abrupt environmental change -human activity will cease to function properly Rockström et al 9 ~Environmental Professor in natural resource management at Stockholm University, and the Executive Director of the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Stockholm Resilience Centre, along with 27 other members of the SEI and SRC, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature 461, 472-475 (24 September 2009), www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html~ Crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous consequences for humanity Three of nine interlinked planetary AND components of Earth-system functioning. Here we describe these three processes.
The plan solves—two internal links: First, it provides massive capital King ’12 ~March 2012, Dawn M, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Studies at Lehigh University, "Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy," http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf~~ The "special period in peacetime" transformed Cuban agricultural practices toward a more sustainable AND – an institutional change that may also aid in increasing total food production.
That spillsover—access to new techniques and farm expansion -American investment allows Cuban farmers to explore new techniques like using plants as natural pesticides -No incentive to invest now bc of laws that prevent return on investment Shkolnick ’12 ~fall 2012, Jacob, J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES"~ VI. New Opportunities While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban AND may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.
1AC—Cuban Economy (1:56)
Contention X is the Cuban Economy
Cuba’s current reforms are slow, contradictory, and insufficient—the plan is key -reforms don’t solve monopolies which my econ teacher said hinders growth -w/o us capital the jobs are mostly for unskilled meaning university grads can’t innovate -cuban tax code is still terrible -the government sends wishy washy and contradictory messages through the reforms—no concrete way to solve their economy Shifter ’13 ~October 15th, 2013, Michael, Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, "Are Raul Castro’s Reforms Helping Cuba’s Economy?"~ In late September, Cuba’s government announced the legalization of 18 new categories of private AND of U.S.-Cuba relations during the presidency of Barack Obama."
And, the embargo destroys Cuba’s economy—6 warrants -hampers development of services and exportations -crushes commercial flows -limits growth on goods and services -restricts monetary flows -incentivizes emigration -creates social damages CETIM ’3 ~2003, Centre Europe Tiers Monde, independent research and political organization working at the UN, "THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT," http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm~~ The harmful economic effects of the embargo From an official Cuban source, the direct AND of raw materials (New York), of nickel, tobacco, rum.
And, that causes civil war exasperating hotspots -exiles return to try and claim authority -dissidents try to claim power -current us policy encourages anarchy -extremist groups use cuba as a base—it’s close enough for an attack to succeed -regional instability causes state failure throughout the region because it collapses economic growth—causes draw in -draw in causes worse anti-americanism because it’s perceived as imperialism -detracts focus—causes instability in the following regions: Iran, North Korea, China/Taiwan, Africa, the Caucuses, Gorrell ’5 ~2005, Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074~~ Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
And, each of those hotspots escalate -iran = Israel first strikes w/o American security guarantee -noko = brinksmanship with south korea allows china to come in -terror = loose nukes in an unstable middle east Bosco ’6 ~July 2006, David, assistant professor at American University’s School of International Service and a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, "Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III" http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm-http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_~~ The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the AND not even a hint that France, Russia or China would respond militarily.
And, normalized relations with Cuba are key to resolving structural issues in Cuba’s economy -resolves the structural problems in cuba by using laws to allow capital influx and expertise to Cuban industries which allows an economic restructuring Ashby 13 ~April 1st, 2013, Timothy, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US", http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html~~ Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and AND unwise to treat Cuba differently from its stated models, China and Vietnam.
And, it entrenches long-term economic stability—the current reform process is failing -it’s long term—trade, financial assistance, and the ABILITY TO USE CREDIT all are necessary for continued growth -here’s the kicker—without a us signal, the effective reforms that experts want will be vetoed because they will be spun as American imperialism Piccone ’13 ~January 17th, 2013, Joseph, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, "Opening to Havana," http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana-http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana~~ Under Raul Castro, the Cuban government has continued to undertake a number of important AND Cuban government to engage constructively alongside an effort to empower the Cuban people.
Additionally, more moderate approaches comparatively fail to stabilize Cuba -institutional legitimacy is incredibly necessary—without having the largest and closest economy helping out, the Cuban government can continue to bullshit reforms -gradualism FAILS—the us will continue to be scapegoated for the economic farce that is cuba—that means there will never be a sweeping reform that is nescesary Koenig ’10 ~March 11th, 2010, Lance, US Army Colonel, "Time for a New Cuba Policy," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130~~ The United States requires a policy that will lead to better relations between the United AND guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas.
3/1/14
1AC Harvard Round 5
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrolton GR | Judge: Matthew Pesce
1AC Advantages—Harvard—NTR
1AC—Plan Text
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba
And, now is key—a managed decline ushers in the new system and prevents a US lashout and nuclear war -smooth transition or "rage against the dying of the light" -institutions - influence w/o military involvement -escalation with china, afghan instability, north african democracy Quinn ’11 ~2011, Adam, Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Birmingham, "The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/87_4quinn.pdf~~ Captain of a shrinking ship As noted in the opening passages of this article, AND seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.
And, unilateralism fails and triggers every impact—Multilateralism is key -economic collapse -terrorism -water, -AIDS, -mass migration of people, -desertification, -poverty, -hunger, -disease Montalvan 10 ~a 17-year veteran of the U.S. Army including multiple combat tours in Iraq, master’s of science from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism Luis, "Multilateralism is Essential for Peace in the 21st Century" Huffington Post, 4/23, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/luis-carlos-montalvan/multilateralism-is-essent_b_550332.html~~ Unilateralism is the wrong approach for American Diplomacy. There is nothing to suggest its AND us. Now is the time to create rather than divide common ground.
Additionally, multilateralism solves great power wars, warming, and nuclear terrorism -cooperation removes the impetus for escalation—embracing political diversity rather than coercive unilateralism creates legitimacy -China and Russia want us to GTFO their biz—legitimate engagement does that -terror and climate change need global solutions that can be addressed via a larger partnership of nations rather than unilateral shots in the dark Kupchan ’12 ~2012, Charles Kupchan is professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn"~ Although Western hegemony is in its waning days, it still provides a significant level AND if they are to agree on an ideological foundation for the next world.
And, warming leads to extinction -brutal draughts, floods, violent storms -sea temperature - hurricanes -disease spreads -akin to russian roulette with humanity Deibel ’7 ~2007, Terry Deibel is a Prof IR @ National War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today~ Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.
And, nuclear terrorism leads to extinction -for once an internal link crosses the threshold for being what this evidence is about—china and russia are threats now—perceptionally logical for the us to assume they facilitated the nukes -the us primes its weapons in the aftermath—that pisses off russia and china—escalation Ayson ’10 ~Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Vol. 33 Iss. 7, July~ But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
The plan solves—three internal links: First, it flips the perception of American policy -184 nations in the UN have consistently voted against it -we have relations with others we should hate (china, saudis, ect.) -it’s a cold war relic that has no purpose as is—lifting it flips the perception because it shows we are willing to listen to others and not continue our outdated policies -ntr in and of itself is key because it goes a step further than just ending past mistakes, but making new partnerships Dickerson ’10 ~January 14th, 2010, Sergio M, Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army, "UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA," http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf~~ At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a AND foregone diplomatic engagement and chosen coercive economic power as our only political tool.
Second, Cuba is the test case for multilateralism -historic ties with things like gitmo -makes iran and noko see engagement is best -proves Obama is legitimate because he isn’t sticking with the "old grudge" Hinderdael ’11 ~2011, Klaas, M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, "Breaking the Logjam: Obama’s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership," http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true-http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true~~ Conclusion The two countries’ histories have long been intertwined, particularly after the Monroe Doctrine AND truly willing to extend his hand once America’s traditional adversaries unclench their fists.
Finally, Latin America overall is necessary for a global transition to multilat -it’s our backyard, yet they are ideologically inconsistent with us—makes us look terrible -most countries want the same end goal—want a different approach—the plan is an olive branch signaling the want for cooperation -frees up foreign capital for global issues as opposed to regional ones Grandin 10 ~winter 2010, Greg, history teacher at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Empire’s Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America," New Labor Forum, 19:1, winter 2010, pg. 14-23~ Washington’s relations with Latin America—particularly in terms of the gap between what its AND embrace a new era of engagement based on mutual interest and mutual respect."
1AC—Agriculture (2:11)
Contention X is Agriculture
Cuba is reverting back to industrial farming—now is key to stave off agriculture collapse and transition to a sustainable model -cuba is adopting industrial methods now -cuba is the last nation that still uses that model and is instructive Patel ’12 ~April 2012, Raj, Fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change?" www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.single.html~ The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and AND to the future, even if their automobiles are stuck in the past.
And, that collapses the environment -industrialized methods degrade soil, water and dna -degrade land, species diversity, and diseases -decimates natural resources Wright ’9 ~Deputy Director of Coventry University’s Centre for Agroecology and Food Security (Julia, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity, p. 15-16~ Although successful in enabling the availability of a narrow range of foods to a wide AND if they are feeding on legume pasture (Hamer and Anslow, 2008).
And, environmental collapses causes extinction and nuclear resource wars -ecosystem collapse and climate change that results, decimate reserves of food and other vital resources -nations will go to war for these because the natural deterrents to war are displaced Takacs 96 ~Instructor in Department of Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State-Monterey Bay 96 David, Philosophies of Paradise, Available online at www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm-http://www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm, Accesssed 07/13/2012~ More often, however, humans are said to benefit from such ecosystem services. AND the end of the next century not with a bang but a whimper.
And, resource wars are likely and escalate -resource wars collapse rationality and guarantee that nations will fight for necessary things -human mindset shifts are all predicated off this line of thinking—makes the impact uniquely likely Klare 13 ~professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College Michael, April 23rd, "Entering A Resource-Shock World: How Resource Scarcity And Climate Change Could Produce A Global Explosion" http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm-http://www.countercurrents.org/klare230413.htm~~
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to AND and mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations
And, independently, industrial ag will cause extinction -the biosphere will be destroyed by abrupt environmental change -human activity will cease to function properly Rockström et al 9 ~Environmental Professor in natural resource management at Stockholm University, and the Executive Director of the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Stockholm Resilience Centre, along with 27 other members of the SEI and SRC, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature 461, 472-475 (24 September 2009), www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html~ Crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous consequences for humanity Three of nine interlinked planetary AND components of Earth-system functioning. Here we describe these three processes.
The plan solves—two internal links: First, it provides massive capital King ’12 ~March 2012, Dawn M, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Studies at Lehigh University, "Cuban Sustainability: The Effects of Economic Isolation on Agriculture and Energy," http://wpsa.research.pdx.edu/meet/2012/kingmdawn.pdf~~ The "special period in peacetime" transformed Cuban agricultural practices toward a more sustainable AND – an institutional change that may also aid in increasing total food production.
That spillsover—access to new techniques and farm expansion -American investment allows Cuban farmers to explore new techniques like using plants as natural pesticides -No incentive to invest now bc of laws that prevent return on investment Shkolnick ’12 ~fall 2012, Jacob, J.D. Candidate, Drake University Law School, "SIN EMBARGO: n1 THE CUBAN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE UNITED STATES"~ VI. New Opportunities While investment in Cuban businesses and sales or purchases of Cuban AND may be just what is needed to allow for urban agriculture to flourish.
1AC—Cuban Economy (1:56)
Contention X is the Cuban Economy
Cuba’s current reforms are slow, contradictory, and insufficient—the plan is key -reforms don’t solve monopolies which my econ teacher said hinders growth -w/o us capital the jobs are mostly for unskilled meaning university grads can’t innovate -cuban tax code is still terrible -the government sends wishy washy and contradictory messages through the reforms—no concrete way to solve their economy Shifter ’13 ~October 15th, 2013, Michael, Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, "Are Raul Castro’s Reforms Helping Cuba’s Economy?"~ In late September, Cuba’s government announced the legalization of 18 new categories of private AND of U.S.-Cuba relations during the presidency of Barack Obama."
And, the embargo destroys Cuba’s economy—6 warrants -hampers development of services and exportations -crushes commercial flows -limits growth on goods and services -restricts monetary flows -incentivizes emigration -creates social damages CETIM ’3 ~2003, Centre Europe Tiers Monde, independent research and political organization working at the UN, "THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT," http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm~~ The harmful economic effects of the embargo From an official Cuban source, the direct AND of raw materials (New York), of nickel, tobacco, rum.
And, that causes civil war exasperating hotspots -exiles return to try and claim authority -dissidents try to claim power -current us policy encourages anarchy -extremist groups use cuba as a base—it’s close enough for an attack to succeed -regional instability causes state failure throughout the region because it collapses economic growth—causes draw in -draw in causes worse anti-americanism because it’s perceived as imperialism -detracts focus—causes instability in the following regions: Iran, North Korea, China/Taiwan, Africa, the Caucuses, Gorrell ’5 ~2005, Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074~~ Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
And, each of those hotspots escalate -iran = Israel first strikes w/o American security guarantee -noko = brinksmanship with south korea allows china to come in -terror = loose nukes in an unstable middle east Bosco ’6 ~July 2006, David, assistant professor at American University’s School of International Service and a senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine, "Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III" http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm-http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_~~ The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the AND not even a hint that France, Russia or China would respond militarily.
And, normalized relations with Cuba are key to resolving structural issues in Cuba’s economy -resolves the structural problems in cuba by using laws to allow capital influx and expertise to Cuban industries which allows an economic restructuring Ashby 13 ~April 1st, 2013, Timothy, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US", http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html~~ Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and AND unwise to treat Cuba differently from its stated models, China and Vietnam.
And, it entrenches long-term economic stability—the current reform process is failing -it’s long term—trade, financial assistance, and the ABILITY TO USE CREDIT all are necessary for continued growth -here’s the kicker—without a us signal, the effective reforms that experts want will be vetoed because they will be spun as American imperialism Piccone ’13 ~January 17th, 2013, Joseph, Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, "Opening to Havana," http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana-http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana~~ Under Raul Castro, the Cuban government has continued to undertake a number of important AND Cuban government to engage constructively alongside an effort to empower the Cuban people.
Additionally, more moderate approaches comparatively fail to stabilize Cuba -institutional legitimacy is incredibly necessary—without having the largest and closest economy helping out, the Cuban government can continue to bullshit reforms -gradualism FAILS—the us will continue to be scapegoated for the economic farce that is cuba—that means there will never be a sweeping reform that is nescesary Koenig ’10 ~March 11th, 2010, Lance, US Army Colonel, "Time for a New Cuba Policy," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130~~ The United States requires a policy that will lead to better relations between the United AND guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas.
Plan: The United States federal government should provide technical assistance to the United Mexican States for the implementation of domestic intellectual property protections modeled after the United States federal government’s implementation of intellectual property law, including but not limited to, the Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act of 1980
1ac ip leadership
Contention one is ip leadership
Current USTR IP promotion relies on coercive "301 reports"—this prompts international backlash and delegitimizes US efforts Sutton, ’12 ~May 2nd, 2012, Maria Sutton writes for the Electronic Frontier Federation, "Special 301 Report 2012: The USTR’s Bogus List of Countries That "Don’t Enforce" Copyrights," https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/05/special-301-report-2012-ustrs-absurd-list-international-disappointments~~ The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) released its annual Special AND with Public Knowledge to the USTR this year. It said ~pdf~:
IP enforcement with China is key to maintain and prevent the collapse of relations and war over Taiwan—our internal link is reverse causal Thomson, ’6 ~September 15th, 2006, Tom Thompson is the Executive Director at the Coalition for Intellectual Property Rights, "U.S. Policy Roadmap: Moving China from a Haven for Pirates to a Country of IPR Stakeholders," http://www.tthomsonassociates.com/2006/09/u-s-policy-roadmap-moving-china-from-a-haven-for-pirates-to-a-country-of-ipr-stakeholders/~~ What are the Consequences to U.S. Policy of not Realizing Improved IPR AND relationship is truly generational and demands a long-term strategic economic engagement."
Bayh Dole is the crucial model—fundamentally changes the perception of our IP programs and restores IP credibility—specifically with China Espinel, ’7 ~October 18th, 2007, Victoria A. Espinel is an Assistant US Representitive for Intellectual Property and Innovation at the Office of the US Trade Representative, "INTERNATIONAL PIRACY: THE CHALLENGES OF PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE 21ST CENTURY", http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg38337/html/CHRG-110hhrg38337.htm~~ So I would direct this to Ms. Espinel and to Mr. Smith. AND having a greater stake in the international system for protecting intellectual property.
Only the plan solves—cooperative efforts and an extensive use of "carrots" result in effective adoption by the Chinese Government Thomson, ’6 ~September 15th, 2006, Tom Thompson is the Executive Director at the Coalition for Intellectual Property Rights, "U.S. Policy Roadmap: Moving China from a Haven for Pirates to a Country of IPR Stakeholders," http://www.tthomsonassociates.com/2006/09/u-s-policy-roadmap-moving-china-from-a-haven-for-pirates-to-a-country-of-ipr-stakeholders/~~ Unlike Russia, the PRC’s actions have appeared to be more forthright than the Russians AND enforcement practices to protect patents, trademarks and copyrights must be in place.
US Mexican IP cooperation gets modeled Zagaris, ’94 ~1994, Bruce Zagaris, George Washington University, B.A., J.D., LL.M.; adjunct professor, Washington College of Law, American University, and Fordham University School of Law; chair, Committee on International Criminal Law, Section of Criminal Law, American Bar Association, "Enforcement of Intellectual Property Protection Between Mexico and the United States: A Precursor of Criminal Enforcement for Western Hemispheric Integration?," Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal, http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1098andcontext=iplj~~ The increase in trade liberalization and the negotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement AND model for future Western hemispheric, as well as global, economic integration.
Relations solve US-China conflict and arms race Roy 12 ~November 2012, J. Stapleton Roy is a senior US diplomat specializing in Asian affairs, "DEALING WITH A RISING CHINA," The Wilson Center, November 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/policy_brief_dealing_with_a_rising_china.pdf~~ The Policy Context: Sustainable U.S. Engagement with East Asia The United AND . This challenge will be the critical test of leaders in both countries.
Taiwain war goes nuclear Hunkovic, ’9 ~2009, Lee Hunkovic is a Professor of Military Studies at the American Military University, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict – Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan, and the United States of America" www.lampmethod.com~ A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate AND outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.
1ac biotechnology
Contention two is biotech
The plan is key to US and Mexican biotech development—revolutionizes the manufacturing industry Surpin, ’7 ~October 2007, Beni Surpin is the CEO of Biocom with a Master of Public Health from the University of Pittsburgh, "Moving Technology Across the Border: The Future of Biotech for the U.S. and Mexico,", http://www.latinolawblog.com/2007/10/articles/crossborder-insolvency/moving-technology-across-the-border-the-future-of-biotech-for-the-us-and-mexico/~~ With so many research institutions, universities, and biotechnology companies located in the U AND the two countries, as well as the region as a whole.
IP modeling is the vital internal link to cooperation and innovation in the life sciences Surpin, ’7 ~October 2007, Beni Surpin is the CEO of Biocom with a Master of Public Health from the University of Pittsburgh, "Moving Technology Across the Border: The Future of Biotech for the U.S. and Mexico,", http://www.latinolawblog.com/2007/10/articles/crossborder-insolvency/moving-technology-across-the-border-the-future-of-biotech-for-the-us-and-mexico/~~ Historically, the collaborative efforts between the U.S. and Mexico in the AND regional biotech partners and collectively push the biotechnology industry to new levels.
Crossborder cooperation catalyzes biotech innovation—that spillsover internationally and establishes an international model for life sciences SDD, ’7 ~June 2007, The San Diego Dialogue is a division of the a division of University of California San Diego Extension which contributes to the advancement of research, "Borderless Biotech and Mexico’s Emerging Life Sciences Industry," http://www.sandiegodialogue.org/pdfs/Borderless_Biotech.pdf~~ This document is yet another part of a continuing effort to describe Mexico’s evolution in AND job growth, new discoveries, and a world of borderless biotech.
Mexico is key—has expertise and a strong base that is necessary to spur innovation SDD, ’7 ~June 2007, The San Diego Dialogue is a division of the a division of University of California San Diego Extension which contributes to the advancement of research, "Borderless Biotech and Mexico’s Emerging Life Sciences Industry," http://www.sandiegodialogue.org/pdfs/Borderless_Biotech.pdf~~ In most discussions about the global life sciences industry, Mexico is not usually considered AND and microbial genomes of potential use for agricultural, medical and industrial applications. Expansion of the life sciences solve multiple scenarios for extinction NAS, ’8 ~December 3rd, 2008, National Academy of Sciences, "The Role of the Life Sciences in Transforming America’s Future Summary of a Workshop", Board on Life Sciences Division on Earth and Life Studies~ A Critical Time for the Life Sciences Speaker after speaker at the Summit agreed: AND biological processes at work in the oceans can humans live sustainably on earth.
Biotech solves extinction Trewavas, ’2k ~June 5th, 2000, Anthony Trewavas is from the Institute of cell and molecular biology at the University of Edinburgh, "GM Is the Best Option We Have," www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html In 535A.D. a volcano near the present Krakatoa exploded with the force AND principle in recent years; my version of it is "be prepared".
Robust IP protection for University scientists is necessary to spur genomic medicine in Mexico March et al, ’8 ~August 18th, 2013, Gerardo Jimenez-Sanchez, Irma Silva-Zolezzi, Alfredo Hidalgo, and Santiago March from the National Institute of Genomic Medicine, "Genomic medicine in Mexico: Initial steps and the road ahead," http://genome.cshlp.org/content/18/8/1191.full~~ Developing genomic medicine in Mexico and taking it to a leadership level where medical applications AND and public research institutions for specific projects, including those in genomic medicine.
Mexico is a KEY knowledge center for industrial enzymes and genomics—eliminating IPR issues creates opportunities for U.S. Cooperation and development of alternative energy and pharmaceutical products on a large scale—that solves diseases Quezada, ’6 ~April 2006, Fernando Quezada is Executive Director of the Biotechnology Center of Excellence Corporation, a Massachusetts-based organisation advising international public and private sector agencies in biotechnology development programmes, Commercial biotechnology in Latin America: Current opportunities and challenges~ Mexico Mexico represents the tenth biggest economy in the world today and is a destination AND leadership among the countries of the region and among the industrial sectors themselves.
H5N1 and other deadly pathogens will escape from BSL-4 labs—the impact is extinction Wilson, ’13 ~April 15th, 2013, Grant Wilson is a Professional Associate at the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and J.D. from Lewis and Clark Law School, "Minimizing Global Catastrophic and Existential Risks from Emerging Technologies through International Law," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2179094~~** NOTE: GCR/ER = Global Catastrophic and Existential Risk An accidental release of a bioengineered microorganism during legitimate research poses a GCR/ER AND with unknown but potentially catastrophic consequences, thus establishing a GCR/ER.
There are no vaccines for H5N1 Begley 12 ~February 16th, 2012, Sharon Begley, "How secure are labs handling world’s deadliest pathogens?," http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/16/us-health-biosecurity-idUSTRE81E0R420120216~~** Last year, labs at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Erasmus MC AND , at a symposium at the New York Academy of Sciences this month.
Drug-resistant TB strains are developing in Mexico—spreads quickly and is airborne Wall Street Journal 13 ~March 8th, 2013, Wall Street Journal is a new source, "Risk of Deadly TB Exposure Grows Along U.S.-Mexico Border," https://groups.google.com/forum/~~2321topic/tb-roundtable/N3ec0AnfzZA~~ The Tijuana General Hospital TB Clinic in Mexico is working to treat drug-resistant AND , then spearheaded India’s TB-fighting program for the World Health Organization.
And, XDR TB spread risks becoming a pandemic—puts the global population at risk Bio-Medicine, ’7 ~2007, one of the Internet’s leading online Organizations devoted to biology and medicine (s/o to erin), "The Dreaded Disease Tuberculosis Raises Its Ugly Head", http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/The-Dreaded-Disease-Tuberculosis-Raises-Its-Ugly-Head-20674-1/~~ When Mr. Andrew Speaker and his wife returned to United States from Europe they AND more difficult and expensive to treat, the highly lethal XDR-TB.
Reject your cognitive bias—we have been extremely lucky in the past Klotz, ’12 ~August 7th, 2012, Lynn C. Klotz is a Senior Science Fellow at the Center for Arms Control and Non Proliferation and a long-time member of the Scientists’ Working Group on Chemical and Biological Weapons, "The unacceptable risks of a man-made pandemic," http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/the-unacceptable-risks-of-man-made-pandemic~~** What is the likelihood that the virus’s escape could lead to a pandemic? Too AND an average of two to three others, the key measure of contagiousness.
Breakthroughs are crucial—their defense doesn’t assume mutation, population size, bio-engineering, or globalization Darling, ’12 ~March 18th, 2012, David Darling is a British Astronomer, "9 Strange Ways the World Really Might End," http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/03/18/9-strange-ways-the-world-really-might-end/?fb_xd_fragment~~ Catastrophometer Scale 7.5: The enemy within (Pandemics) Our body is AND marsupial in Australia) the very survival of our species could be threatened.
Burnout theory is a fallacy Casadevall 12 ~March 21st, 2012, Arturo Casaveall is a professor of Microbiology and Immunology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Arturo, "The future of biological warfare," http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00340.x/full~~** In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile AND acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering.
1ac mexican economy
Contention three is the Mexican Economy
Brain drain collapses Mexico’s economy Arenas, ’12 ~April 20th, 2012, Gabriel Arenas is a journalist, "Flip Side of Mexican Immigration: Brain Drain," http://cojmc.unl.edu/mosaic/2012/04/20/1642/~~ "The problem is very serious," said Alejandro Diaz-Bautista, an economics AND "Their migration needs to be reversed, or Mexico risks its future."
It’s not getting better—current Mexican economic forecasts are bleak Rindebro, ’13 ~August 27th, 2013, Ulric Rindebro is a writer at BN Americas, "Market may be overly optimistic on Mexico’s economic recovery potential", http://www.bnamericas.com/news/banking/market-may-be-overly-optimistic-on-mexicos-economic-recovery- unemployed potential-ing~ The market may be overly optimistic on the potential recovery of the Mexican economy in AND results in a sharp increase in the tax burden," ING pointed out.
Only the plan Solves—RandD, Domestic Innovation, Preventing Brain Drain, Technology Transfers, and Job Creation Schiappacasse 04 ~2004, Mikhaelle Schiappacasse acts for investment funds and their managers on general corporate, regulatory and compliance matters as well as negotiating prime brokerage and derivatives documentation, "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN CHINA: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT", http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/biplj/biplj224.pdf~~ THE CORRELATION BETWEEN IPRs AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT There is a robust dialogue concerning the effect AND are unlikely to register where there is a high risk of infringement. 29
Two Impacts – First, The US Economy: Mexico’s economy is critical to the US – collapse causes decline of US economy and competitiveness O’Neal ’13 ~2013, Shannon K. O’Neil is a senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization, "Two Nations Indivisible", it’s a book~ The Binational Road Forward. Mexico has come a long way in the last three AND already seen both sides of the border before hitting the showroom down south.
And, the US is key to the global economy Caploe 9 ~David is the Chief Political Economist at Economy Watch and holds a PhD in International Political Economy from Princeton. April 7, 2009, The Straits Times, "Focus still on America to lead global recovery," http://acalaha.com/STarticle07Apr09.pdf~~ IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have AND - has cascaded into the worst global economic crisis since the Great Depression.
And, global economic decline leads to miscalculation – that escalates Harris and Burrows, ’09 ~Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf~~ Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and AND within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
And, broad studies prove our argument Royal, ’10 ~2010, Jedediah Royal is the Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives", ed. By Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215~ Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
And, competitiveness solves Great power war Baru, ’9 ~March 2009, Sanjaya Barus is visiting Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009, pages 163 – 168~ Hence, economic policies and performance do have strategic consequences. In the modern era AND nations to project power by mobilizing and deploying financial resources to that end.
Second, US Isolationism: Mexican collapse causes U.S. isolationism Haddick 8 ~Robert, Managing Editor, Small Wars Journal, former U.S. Marine Corps officer, advisor for the State Department and the National Intelligence Council on irregular warfare issues, former Director of Research at the Fremont Group, http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html~~ There is one dynamic in the literature of weak and failing states that has received AND Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.
And, hegemony prevents multiple nuclear conflicts Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth, ’13 ~Stephen, Associate Professor of Government AND . 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51~ A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far AND that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85
And, US engagement and reintervention are inevitable – it’s only a question of making it effective – the plan prevents failed engagement that triggers their turns Kagan, ’11 ~Robert, contributing editor to The Weekly Standard and a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution. "The Price of Power". The Weekly Standard, Jan 24, 2011, Vol. 16, No. 18. http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3~~ In theory, the United States could refrain from intervening abroad. But, in AND in the kind of international system that American power has built and defended.
12/24/13
MBA Round 3 - 1AC
Tournament: MBA | Round: 3 | Opponent: GBN GH | Judge: Andrew Spomer
1AC—MBA
1AC—Plan Text
Plan: The Department of Commerce, through the United States Trade and Patent Office, should provide technical assistance to the United Mexican States for the implementation of domestic intellectual property protections modeled after the United States federal government’s implementation of intellectual property law, including but not limited to, the Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act of 1980
Bayh Dole is the crucial model—fundamentally changes the perception of our IP programs and restores IP credibility—specifically with China Espinel, ’7 ~October 18th, 2007, Victoria A. Espinel is an Assistant US Representitive for Intellectual Property and Innovation at the Office of the US Trade Representative, "INTERNATIONAL PIRACY: THE CHALLENGES OF PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE 21ST CENTURY", http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg38337/html/CHRG-110hhrg38337.htm-http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg38337/html/CHRG-110hhrg38337.htm~~ So I would direct this to Ms. Espinel and to Mr. Smith. AND having a greater stake in the international system for protecting intellectual property.
US Mexican IP cooperation gets modeled Zagaris, ’94 ~1994, Bruce Zagaris, George Washington University, B.A., J.D., LL.M.; adjunct professor, Washington College of Law, American University, and Fordham University School of Law; chair, Committee on International Criminal Law, Section of Criminal Law, American Bar Association, "Enforcement of Intellectual Property Protection Between Mexico and the United States: A Precursor of Criminal Enforcement for Western Hemispheric Integration?," Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal, http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=109826context=iplj~~ The increase in trade liberalization and the negotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement AND model for future Western hemispheric, as well as global, economic integration.
Taiwain war goes nuclear Hunkovic, ’9 ~2009, Lee Hunkovic is a Professor of Military Studies at the American Military University, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict – Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan, and the United States of America" www.lampmethod.com~ A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate AND outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.
Crossborder cooperation catalyzes biotech innovation—that spillsover internationally and establishes an international model for life sciences SDD, ’7 ~June 2007, The San Diego Dialogue is a division of the a division of University of California San Diego Extension which contributes to the advancement of research, "Borderless Biotech and Mexico’s Emerging Life Sciences Industry," http://www.sandiegodialogue.org/pdfs/Borderless_Biotech.pdf-http://www.sandiegodialogue.org/pdfs/Borderless_Biotech.pdf~~ This document is yet another part of a continuing effort to describe Mexico’s evolution in AND job growth, new discoveries, and a world of borderless biotech.
Mexico is key—has expertise and a strong base that is necessary to spur innovation SDD, ’7 ~June 2007, The San Diego Dialogue is a division of the a division of University of California San Diego Extension which contributes to the advancement of research, "Borderless Biotech and Mexico’s Emerging Life Sciences Industry," http://www.sandiegodialogue.org/pdfs/Borderless_Biotech.pdf-http://www.sandiegodialogue.org/pdfs/Borderless_Biotech.pdf~~ In most discussions about the global life sciences industry, Mexico is not usually considered AND and microbial genomes of potential use for agricultural, medical and industrial applications. Expansion of the life sciences solve multiple scenarios for extinction NAS, ’8 ~December 3rd, 2008, National Academy of Sciences, "The Role of the Life Sciences in Transforming America’s Future Summary of a Workshop", Board on Life Sciences Division on Earth and Life Studies~ A Critical Time for the Life Sciences Speaker after speaker at the Summit agreed: AND biological processes at work in the oceans can humans live sustainably on earth.
Biotech solves extinction Trewavas, ’2k ~June 5th, 2000, Anthony Trewavas is from the Institute of cell and molecular biology at the University of Edinburgh, "GM Is the Best Option We Have," www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html In 535A.D. a volcano near the present Krakatoa exploded with the force AND principle in recent years; my version of it is "be prepared".
Robust IP protection for University scientists is necessary to spur genomic medicine in Mexico March et al, ’8 ~August 18th, 2013, Gerardo Jimenez-Sanchez, Irma Silva-Zolezzi, Alfredo Hidalgo, and Santiago March from the National Institute of Genomic Medicine, "Genomic medicine in Mexico: Initial steps and the road ahead," http://genome.cshlp.org/content/18/8/1191.full-http://genome.cshlp.org/content/18/8/1191.full~~ Developing genomic medicine in Mexico and taking it to a leadership level where medical applications AND and public research institutions for specific projects, including those in genomic medicine.
Mexico is a KEY knowledge center for industrial enzymes and genomics—eliminating IPR issues creates opportunities for U.S. Cooperation and development of alternative energy and pharmaceutical products on a large scale—that solves diseases Quezada, ’6 ~April 2006, Fernando Quezada is Executive Director of the Biotechnology Center of Excellence Corporation, a Massachusetts-based organisation advising international public and private sector agencies in biotechnology development programmes, Commercial biotechnology in Latin America: Current opportunities and challenges~ Mexico Mexico represents the tenth biggest economy in the world today and is a destination AND leadership among the countries of the region and among the industrial sectors themselves.
H5N1 and other deadly pathogens will escape from BSL-4 labs—the impact is extinction Wilson, ’13 ~April 15th, 2013, Grant Wilson is a Professional Associate at the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and J.D. from Lewis and Clark Law School, "Minimizing Global Catastrophic and Existential Risks from Emerging Technologies through International Law," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2179094-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2179094~~** NOTE: GCR/ER = Global Catastrophic and Existential Risk An accidental release of a bioengineered microorganism during legitimate research poses a GCR/ER AND with unknown but potentially catastrophic consequences, thus establishing a GCR/ER.
There are no vaccines for H5N1 Begley 12 ~February 16th, 2012, Sharon Begley, "How secure are labs handling world’s deadliest pathogens?," http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/16/us-health-biosecurity-idUSTRE81E0R420120216~~** Last year, labs at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Erasmus MC AND , at a symposium at the New York Academy of Sciences this month.
Drug-resistant TB strains are developing in Mexico—spreads quickly and is airborne Wall Street Journal 13 ~March 8th, 2013, Wall Street Journal is a new source, "Risk of Deadly TB Exposure Grows Along U.S.-Mexico Border," https://groups.google.com/forum/~~2321topic/tb-roundtable/N3ec0AnfzZA-https://groups.google.com/forum/~~ The Tijuana General Hospital TB Clinic in Mexico is working to treat drug-resistant AND , then spearheaded India’s TB-fighting program for the World Health Organization.
Reject your cognitive bias—we have been extremely lucky in the past Klotz, ’12 ~August 7th, 2012, Lynn C. Klotz is a Senior Science Fellow at the Center for Arms Control and Non Proliferation and a long-time member of the Scientists’ Working Group on Chemical and Biological Weapons, "The unacceptable risks of a man-made pandemic," http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/the-unacceptable-risks-of-man-made-pandemic~~** What is the likelihood that the virus’s escape could lead to a pandemic? Too AND an average of two to three others, the key measure of contagiousness.
Breakthroughs are crucial—their defense doesn’t assume mutation, population size, bio-engineering, or globalization Darling, ’12 ~March 18th, 2012, David Darling is a British Astronomer, "9 Strange Ways the World Really Might End," http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/03/18/9-strange-ways-the-world-really-might-end/?fb_xd_fragment~~ Catastrophometer Scale 7.5: The enemy within (Pandemics) Our body is AND marsupial in Australia) the very survival of our species could be threatened.
Burnout theory is a fallacy Casadevall 12 ~March 21st, 2012, Arturo Casaveall is a professor of Microbiology and Immunology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Arturo, "The future of biological warfare," http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00340.x/full~~** In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile AND acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering.
1/22/14
MBA Round 3 - 2AC
Tournament: MBA | Round: 3 | Opponent: GBN GH | Judge: Andrew Spomer
Moreover, fears that the world’s population would continue to increase exponentially have failed to AND ) — not climate change — is already the greatest threat to biodiversity21
Neo-Malthusians believe that humanity is doomed unless it reins in population, affluence AND down (see, e.g., the previous post and here).
2AC—T Only Economic
2AC—T Only Economic
W/M—Providing technical assistance is trade and economic development UN 5 ~"Promotion of WTO-trade related Technical Assistance and Capacity Building", http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view26type=100626menu=134826nr=1611~~ International trade plays an important role in the promotion of economic development and poverty reduction. From this perspective, we have to make efforts in providing technical assistance and promoting capacity building in order that developing countries may benefit from the multilateral trading system.
C/I—Economic engagement is expanding economic ties Kahler 4 ~Miles Kahler, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at the University of California, San Diego, and Scott L. Kastner Department of Government and Politics University of Maryland, "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies in South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan", November, http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/kastner/KahlerKastner.doc~~ Economic engagement—a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order AND power politics; instead, it may be more widespread than previously recognized.
Prefer
Conflation DA—They exclude all affs—Economic engagement inevitably carries other engagement Niblock 10 ~Tim Niblock, Director of the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies at the University of Exeter, former Director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Durham, 2010 ("China’s Growing Involvement in the Gulf: The Geopolitical Significance," Multidimensional Diplomacy of Contemporary China, Edited by Simon Shen and Jean-Marc F. Blanchard, Published by Lexington Books, ISBN 0739139940, p. 207~ The assumption is usually made in international relations that substantial economic engagement between countries carries AND engagement is frequent and logical enough for the underlying presumption to be sustained.
Predictability—expanding economic ties is most prolific in policy literature—all affs have some form of political engagement
Topic education—Tech assistance and other programs are key to engagement knowledge
Substantial and literature check—no limits explosion when there is a cap on what is written about
Ground inevitable—generics are all perception based
Default to reasonability—judge intervention is inevitable, competing interpretation leads to race the bottom
2AC—CP
2AC—Biotech Advantage CP
CP doesn’t solve biotech cooperation—2 reasons A. Mexico is key—only Mexico has an existing relationship with the US industry that is both necessary and sufficient to spur a revolution in the industry—that’s SDD B. International spillover—Mexico’s inclusion in NAFTA has made its relationship with the US the standard for the international community—the CP does not send this signal—that’s Zagaris
2AC—International Fiat
International fiat is bad and a voting issue to deter the practice Interpretation—the negative is limited to fiating USFG action Decisionmaking education—No real world actor is given the choice of multiple nations doing one action—even if they win the CP is the best option, it is not on opportunity cost to the USFG Regression—too many countries and permutations of multiple countries make the aff research burden impossible Depth of education—limiting counterplans to just one actor forces indepth research, forcing innovative and more education strategies
2AC—GBN CP
Solvency deficit time— First plank: our internal link is not predicated off increased manufacturing, but by shifting the industry to create cross border biotech hubs—which means the CP is net worse for the advantage—that’s 1AC Surpin
Second plank: closing BSL labs would not contain the strains of H5N1—there would be nowhere for them to go which obviously means they would escape easier in the world of the CP—that’s 1AC Wilson
Third plank: credibility cannot solve the advantage—the 1AC has outlined two scenarios for diseases in which vaccines do not exist—the aff is necessary to create the vaccines that only cross border collaboration can resolve—that’s 1AC Bergly, Surpin, SDD, and Wall Street Journal
Fourth Plank: they have misunderstood the affirmative—manufacturing is not bolstered but fundamentally changed—the 1AC is fundamentally an impact turn to the NB—that’s Surpin
China planks: 301 doesn’t change bc not change into a domestic model = Thompson
Military is high now—no uq for this
Permutation do both—
Permutation do the CP
2AC—Solvency Advocate Theory
The BSL plank didn’t have a solvency advocate
Counterplans without solvency advocates are a voting issue to deter the practice Interpretation—a CP must have evidence that makes a normative recomendation Reciprocal—we have a normative solvency advocate, so should they Ground—no advocates guarantees an absence of good counter-advocates and kills in-depth clash Research—finding normative advocates builds research skills and critical thinking Artificial education—no literature assumes policymaker choice between plan and counterplan No solvency—lack of peer-reviewed analysis makes solvency a shot in the dark
2AC—CP
2AC—Top Level
Prez = key all our ev about agencies CA solvency advocate theory
Links to tix
Permutation do the CP – The CP cannot compete off the normal means – they must be both textually and functionally competitive A. Predictability – normal means is a POSSIBLE outcome, not a DIRECT mandate—defending all possible outcomes puts a unfair research burden on the aff
B. Should doesn’t imply certainty nor immediatecy Atlas Collaboration ’99 "Use of shall, should, may can," http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html ’shall’ describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses ’shall’, then that AND to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what ’thoroughly’ means).
C. "Toward" doesn’t require certainty Lofaso 10 – Anne Marie Lofaso, Associate Professor at the West Virginia University College of Law, "Talking is Worthwhile: The Role of Employee Voice in Protecting, Enhancing, and Encouraging Individual Rights to Job Security in a Collective System", Employee Rights 26 Employment Policy Journal, 14 Empl. Rts. 26 Employ. Pol’y J. 55, Lexis The obligations placed on employers are significant in two ways. First and significantly, AND to come close to agreement but not a duty to close the deal.
D. "Resolved" doesn’t require certainty Webster’s 9 – Merriam Webster 2009 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolved) ~23 Main Entry: 1re•solve ~23 Pronunciation: \ri-?zälv, -?zo?lv also -?zäv or -?zo?v\ ~23 Function: verb ~23 Inflected Form(s): re•solved; re•solv•ing 1 : to become separated into component parts; also : to become reduced by dissolving or analysis 2 : to form a resolution : determine 3 : consult, deliberate
Or immediacy PTE 9 – Online Plain Text English Dictionary 2009 (http://www.onelook.com/?other=web191326w=Resolve) Resolve: "To form a purpose; to make a decision; especially, to determine after reflection; as, to resolve on a better course of life."
CP’s that have the possibility of resulting in the aff are bad and a voting issue to deter the practice Interpretation—CPs must be both textually and functionally competitive A. Education—debates devolve into trivial net benefits that trade off with topic education B. Fairness—they moot 8 minutes of aff offense—unpredictable Interpretation—normative solvency advocate in the context of the aff
Permutation do both—
Certainty is key to both advantages A. China—a strong signal is necessary to cause reforms—China is skeptical now—only a hard signal can solve—that’s Thompson B. Biotech—the Mexican industry is skeptical of how genuine US interaction will be—only a firm signal transitions the manufacturing industry into a biotech stalwart—that’s SDD
QPQs fail—perceived as coercive which empirically gets rejected Sell 95 ~Spring 1995, Susan K. Sell is a PhD Political Science, University of California Berkeley, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, "Intellectual Property Protection and Antitrust in the Developing World: Crisis, Coercion, and Choice,"~ These Section 301 and OSP cases demonstrate that the U.S. strategy has AND of the norm of intellectual property protection is still a long way off.
No risk of tyranny due to Separation of Power violations. Constitutional Commentary 1996 (Winter, pp. 343-5)
A second, perhaps more interesting, difficulty with the prophylactic approach is that it AND change its approach to separation of powers to prevent a slide into tyranny.
conditionality bad
2AC—Mexican Politics DA
2AC—Uniqueness
Energy Reform has passed - everything is OVERWHELMINGLY in the favor of Nieto which means AND which means pc is not necessary and the opposition is in the MINORITY.
Uniqueness overwhelms the link – the Mexican left is fractured and can’t take advantage of popular resistance Fausset ’9/7 (Richard, LA times author, "Mexico’s left wages campaign to derail Peña Nieto’s agenda", LA times, September 7 2013, http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-mexico-leftists-20130908,0,2402949.story ) They have taken to the streets by the thousands, generating headlines and dramatically disrupting AND The PRD is planning a separate energy reform protest on Sept. 15.)
And, Nieto’s recent PUBLIC calls for increased economic engagement with the US disprove the link O’reilly ’9/20 ~September 20, 2013, Andrew O’reilly is a reporter for Fox News, "Biden’s Mexico Trip To Focus On Economy, May Touch On NSA Spying And DEA Killer" pg online at http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/09/20/biden-mexico-trip-to-focus-on-economy-may-touch-on-nsa-spying-and-dea-killer~~ While economic issues between the countries will be the centerpiece of the public meeting Friday AND "However it is hard to keep the public attention away from security." ."
Disad isn’t logical—Nieto is campaigning for PEMEX reform in order to increase US investments Miroff ’9/28 ~Nick Miroff covers Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean for the Washington Post. He has been a staff writer since 2006, reporting on politics, immigration, crime, and development in northern Virginia for the Post’s Metro desk until 2009. He earned a Master’s degree at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism (2006), and studied Spanish and Latin American Literature at UC Santa Cruz (2000). "Mexican president’s agenda enters a decisive phase in push to remake institutions", http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-09-28/world/42469352_1_mexican-oil-pemex-state-oil-monopoly~~ A crucial test for Peña Nieto might come as soon as mid-October, AND March 18, 1938, an event celebrated here as Oil Expropriation Day.
No impact to opposition—Education reform passed despite heavy protests DW ’9/5 ~September 5, 2013, "Mexican Senate passes education reform as teachers continue to protest" pg online at http://www.dw.de/mexican-senate-passes-education-reform-as-teachers-continue-to-protest/a-17068473~~ Tens of thousands of teachers took to the streets of Mexico City again on Wednesday AND of reforms Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto has dubbed the "grand transformation."
Link inevitable: Merida funding is continued Seelke ’13 (Clare Ribando Seelke is a Specialist in Latin American Affairs and Kristin M. Finklea is an Analyst in Domestic Security "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond", June 12, 2013, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/210921.pdf-http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/210921.pdf, A.S.) Inaugurated on December 1, 2012, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto has vowed to AND whether Mexico is meeting the human rights conditions placed on Mérida Initiative funding.
Brain drain hinders Nieto’s reforms—aff solves Hennemuth ’13 ~Elizabeth Hennemuth, Fellow of The Project on International Peace and Security, think tank based in the College of William and Mary, William and Mary Institute for the Theory and Practice of International Relations, "Unintended Consequences: Considering Mexico’s Stability when Designing U.S. Immigration Reform," May 2013, http://www.wm.edu/offices/itpir/_documents/pips/2012-2013/hennemuth_e_brief.pdf-http://www.wm.edu/offices/itpir/_documents/pips/2012-2013/hennemuth_e_brief.pdf~~ More visas for highly skilled and educated workers would create opportunities for middle-class AND higher-earning migrants would leave the general Mexican population worse off economically.
2AC—Thumper
Nieto doesn’t have political capital and scandals thump it Ackerman ’5/1 ~May 1, 2013, John M., professor at the Institute for Legal Research of the National Autonomous University of Mexico and a visiting scholar at American University, "The Mexico Bubble," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/01/the_mexico_bubble_enrique_pena_nieto?wpisrc=obnetwork~~ According to the hype, Peña Nieto has already transformed the political landscape in Mexico AND Nieto to see whether he is able to prioritize accountability over political expediency.
Tournament: MBA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Jordana Sternberg
2AC—Conditions CP
2AC—Conditions Top Level
Permutation do the CP – The CP cannot compete off the normal means – they must be both textually and functionally competitive A. Predictability – normal means is a POSSIBLE outcome, not a DIRECT mandate—defending all possible outcomes puts a unfair research burden on the aff
B. Should doesn’t imply certainty nor immediatecy Atlas Collaboration ’99 "Use of shall, should, may can," http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html ’shall’ describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses ’shall’, then that AND to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what ’thoroughly’ means).
C. "Toward" doesn’t require certainty Lofaso 10 – Anne Marie Lofaso, Associate Professor at the West Virginia University College of Law, "Talking is Worthwhile: The Role of Employee Voice in Protecting, Enhancing, and Encouraging Individual Rights to Job Security in a Collective System", Employee Rights 26 Employment Policy Journal, 14 Empl. Rts. 26 Employ. Pol’y J. 55, Lexis The obligations placed on employers are significant in two ways. First and significantly, AND to come close to agreement but not a duty to close the deal.
D. "Resolved" doesn’t require certainty Webster’s 9 – Merriam Webster 2009 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolved) ~23 Main Entry: 1re•solve ~23 Pronunciation: \ri-?zälv, -?zo?lv also -?zäv or -?zo?v\ ~23 Function: verb ~23 Inflected Form(s): re•solved; re•solv•ing 1 : to become separated into component parts; also : to become reduced by dissolving or analysis 2 : to form a resolution : determine 3 : consult, deliberate
Or immediacy PTE 9 – Online Plain Text English Dictionary 2009 (http://www.onelook.com/?other=web191326w=Resolve) Resolve: "To form a purpose; to make a decision; especially, to determine after reflection; as, to resolve on a better course of life."
CP’s that have the possibility of resulting in the aff are bad and a voting issue to deter the practice Interpretation—CPs must be both textually and functionally competitive A. Education—debates devolve into trivial net benefits that trade off with topic education B. Fairness—they moot 8 minutes of aff offense—unpredictable Interpretation—normative solvency advocate in the context of the aff
Permutation do both—
Certainty is key to both advantages A. China—a strong signal is necessary to cause reforms—China is skeptical now—only a hard signal can solve—that’s Thompson B. Biotech—the Mexican industry is skeptical of how genuine US interaction will be—only a firm signal transitions the manufacturing industry into a biotech stalwart—that’s SDD
QPQs fail—perceived as coercive which empirically gets rejected Sell 95 ~Spring 1995, Susan K. Sell is a PhD Political Science, University of California Berkeley, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, "Intellectual Property Protection and Antitrust in the Developing World: Crisis, Coercion, and Choice,"~ These Section 301 and OSP cases demonstrate that the U.S. strategy has AND of the norm of intellectual property protection is still a long way off.
2AC—Conditionality (2+)
Conditionality is bad and is a voting issue—it’s not what you do, it’s what you justify Interpretation—one conditional advocacy and the status quo 2AC strategy skew—we can’t read our best offense because they can make strategic cross-applications to prove offense on other flows—the 2ac outweighs the 2nr, it sets the stage for the debate Argumentative responsibility—conditionality allows the negative to kick positions risk free which undermines the skills that argumentative consistency provides
2AC—Sea Turtles CP
Permutation do both— the NB is based off the addition to the plan—the CP does not compete off the plan
Mexico says no – corruption outweighs environmental interests, empirics prove, and international law’s too complex. San Carlos6-26 ~6/26/13,Vince San Carlos is awriter for San Carlos TV,. "H.R. 2706 BILLFISH CONSERVATION ACT vs THE LACEY ACT: What these laws could mean for the Sea of Cortes if they were enforced", http://www.sancarlos.tv/h-r-2706-billfish-conservation-act-vs-the-lacey-act-what-these-laws-could-mean-for-the-sea-of-cortes-if-they-were-enforced/~~ The Gulf of Ulloa covers roughly the northern half of the Pacific coastline of Southern AND appear that in America just as Mexico, money talks and bullshit walks.
Status quo solves – Mexican sea turtle protection now. Banderas News 5-8 ~5/8/13, Puerto Vallarta news source. "New Laws Protecting Sea Turtle Nesting Habitats Passed," http://www.banderasnews.com/1305/nr-mexicopasseslawstoprotectseaturtles.htm~~ New laws have taken a huge step forward in creating protections for sea turtle nesting AND that this new and unprecedented regulation has accomplished for sea turtle nesting habitat:
Attempting to use economic pressure fails to effectively enforce CITES. Cinnamon Pinon Carlarne, xx-xx-2005, Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies @ U-Cincinnati, "Saving the Whales in the New Millenium," 24 VA. ENVTL. L.J. 1
The United States’ attempts and threats to apply the Pelly and Packwood Amendments extraterritorially have AND conservation while seeking other ways to promote and ensure compliance with preservationist policies.
2AC—Solvency Advocate Theory
Counterplans without solvency advocates are a voting issue to deter the practice Interpretation—a CP must have evidence that makes a normative recomendation Reciprocal—we have a normative solvency advocate, so should they Ground—no advocates guarantees an absence of good counter-advocates and kills in-depth clash Research—finding normative advocates builds research skills and critical thinking Artificial education—no literature assumes policymaker choice between plan and counterplan No solvency—lack of peer-reviewed analysis makes solvency a shot in the dark
2AC—Amazon
New advancements in biotechnology key to check deforestation of the Amazon. Butler ’05 (Tina Butler, "Genetically modified agriculture and bioengineered food gains ground", May 15, http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0515-tina_butler.html-http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0515-tina_butler.html) Supporters argue that genetically enhanced crops are simply the next step in a natural progression AND saved an equivalent of 130 million acres of rainforest from being cut down.
Amazon deforestation leads to extinction Takacs, ’96 (Tteaches environmental humanities (history, ethics, justice, politics) in the Institute for Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State (David, "The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise," 1996, pg. 200-201)) So biodiversity keeps the world running. It has value and of itself, as AND end of the next century - not with a bang but a whimper.
2AC—K
2AC—F/W (Long)
Framework—the role of the ballot is to weigh the plan against a competitive policy option or the status quo
First—Decisionmaking skills are necessary to decide between individual courses of action that affect us on a daily basis—flexing our muscles in the high-stakes games of public policymaking is necessary to make those individual decisions easier
Second—Fairness—if we win a defense of our epistemology and outweigh the kritik then we should win the debate—anything else moots the 1AC offense—that’s critical to effective clash, teaches us to be progressive policymakers
Finally—The neg must connect their alternative to policy concerns and institutional practices—absent these questions shifts in knowledge production are useless – governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking Wight, ’6 – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney (Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50 One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as AND upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’. 2AC—Colonialism K Alt causes backlash and transition wars Anderson 84 Perry, professor of sociology at UCLA, In the tracks of historical materialism, p.102-103 That background also indicates, however, what is essentially missing from his work. AND —as this work does—is to locate it in thin air.
Extinction Kothari 82 (Rajni, Professor of political science at University of Delhi, Towards a Just Social Order, Alternatives, p. 571) Attempts at global economic reform could also lead to a world racked by increasing turbulence, a greater sense of insecurity among the major centres of power — and hence to a further tightening of the structures of domination and domestic repression – producing in their wake an intensification of the old arms race and militarization of regimes, encouraging regional conflagrations and setting the stage for eventual global holocaust.
Colonialism is a good thing— A. Promotes powerful long-term relations with developed and underdeveloped countries B. American intervention good—it helps sustain stability C. Increases under-developed countries economic, political, social and legal stability
Perm – do the plan and all non-mutually exclusive components of the alternative. Double bind – either the alternative should overcome all residual links or the status quo overwhelms the alternative
The permutation promotes a critical dialogue between multiple perspectives in the North and South – key to alt solvency Grosfoguel 08 (Ramon, Assistant Professor of Ethics at UC Berkeley, Transmodernity, border thinking, and global coloniality , http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2008-07-04-grosfoguel-en.html) However, my main points here are three: 1) that a decolonial epistemic AND of thought and practice a particular form of coloniality of power/knowledge.
Adopting a different mindset is enough to begin the decolonization process Martinot 04 (Steve, Adjunct Professor of Mixed Race Studies, UC San Francisco, Coloniality of Power, Oct 14, 2004, http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~~marto/coloniality.htm) One thing the hegemonic mind can do to dismantle or decolonize the structure of its AND them — and thereby to confront dominance or hegemony in one’s own person.
Revolution fails – it results in the same flawed systems they criticize Holloway 03 (John Holloway, ¬lawyer, Marxist sociologist, philosopher, and total baller, Change the World Without Taking Power: The Meaning of Revolution Today, "Beyond the State?", December 2003, pp. 5-6) There is an answer ready at hand. Do it through the state. Join AND very notion that society can be changed through the winning of state power.
2AC—Case O/W
Case outweighs the kritik A. Extinction turns the K ethics—life is a prerequisite for an ethical shift B. Low link threshold— the aff is a drop in the bucket—too many alt causes in the status quo to solve quickly
2AC—Utilitarianism
Evaluate consequences – allowing violence for the sake of moral purity is evil Isaac 2 (Jeffrey C., Professor of Political Science – Indiana-Bloomington, Director – Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, Ph.D. – Yale, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), "Ends, Means, and Politics", Spring, Proquest) As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
2AC—Perm Double Bind
Permutation—do the plan and all non-mutually exclusive components of the alternative. Double bind—either the alternative should overcome all residual links or the status quo overwhelms the alternative
2AC—Politics DA
2AC—Iran
No link read
No strike – no escalation anyway Elhusseini 13 (Fadi, Palestinian Diplomat and Journalist, 3/12/2013, "Will Israel attack Iran?", jordantimes.com/will-israel-attack-iran)
That red line is fast approaching, but is Israel going to really attack Iran AND eventual American intervention and an inevitable confrontation with the world’s biggest military might. a success until negotiators reach a permanent agreement to mothball Iran’s nuclear program.
Obama will veto new sanctions- capital isn’t key Sciutto, 12/19 (Jim Sciutto, "Senators propose new Iran sanctions bill; White House opposed" on December 19, 2013 from www.cnn.com/2013/12/19/politics/iran-sanctions-senate/) Bipartisan legislation was introduced in the U.S. Senate on Thursday that would AND who are most eager to see the negotiations fail," the letter states.
Congress would be on board with Obama waiving sanctions—avoids controversial votes and locks up a deal Patrick Clawson, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 10/17/13, Sanctions Relief for Iran Without Congressional Approval , www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/sanctions-relief-for-iran-without-congressional-approval
While the president may have to pay a heavy political price for not enforcing a AND law, they would have less bite if the administration stopped enforcing them. For instance, the Obama administration could turn a blind eye by following the ILSA AND the resources devoted to enforcing these sanctions, they would be less effective. To be sure, major businesses have changed their internal procedures and norms to comply with sanctions rules over the past decade. Given the large fines imposed for past violations, they may be hesitant to test U.S. laws against doing business with Iran even if the administration relaxes its enforcement efforts.
Talks are failing now—-Obama will veto sanctions, or they’re inevitable because of US Treasury circumvention Sara Rajabova 12-28, December 28th, 2013, "U.S. not likely to impose new sanctions on Iran: expert," www.azernews.az/analysis/62959.html There is a struggle between the White House and Congress, for a while, AND and the failure of the two rounds of technical negotiations supports the idea.
2AC—US Politics Top Level
DA not intrinsic—a logical policymaker could do the plan and pass bill—key to logical opportunity cost education
No Link Uniqueness—Increasing IPR enforcement and personnel in Mexico now Espinel ’13 ~June 2, 2013, Victoria A. Espinel is the U.S. Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator, Assistant U.S. Representative for Intellectual Property and Innovation, and part of Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, "2013 JOINT STRATEGIC PLAN ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ENFORCEMENT" U.S. Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator, pg online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/IPEC/2013-us-ipec-joint-strategic-plan.pdf~~ IPEC regularly communicates with these posts to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of U. AND the source, and to enhance international cooperation and capacity-building efforts.
Obama doesn’t get involved in controversial agency actions Herz ’12 ~Michael E., professor of law and co-director of the Floersheimer Center for Constitutional Democracy, "Political Oversight of Agency Decisionmaking", Administrative Law JOTWELL, 1-23-2012~ Mendelson begins with two important but often overlooked points. First, we know remarkably AND teeth who are dismayed by Congress’s desire to take credit but not blame.)
And its empirically proven he’ll avoid the fight William Howell and Jon Pevehouse, Associate Professors at the Harris School of Public Policy at the University of Chicago, 2007, When Congress Stops Wars, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO
After all, when presidents anticipate congressional resistance they will not be able to overcome AND Pace, so as to avoid a clash with Congress over his reappointment.
Fiat solves the link—no debate about the plan because immediate passage
USPTO has funding and full spending authority – doesn’t need Congressional approval Tran 12 ~Sarah has a B.S. in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley, J.D., Order of the Coif, Georgetown University Law Center, "Patent powers" in the Harvard Journal of Law 26 Technology,. Pg. 609 Vol. 25 No. 2 pg online at lexis~ More Resources, More Flexibility, More Power Congress designed the America Invents Act to rectify the two most blatant deficiencies in the AND patent applications, like setting patent policy and establishing substantive patent law standards.
IPR uses backdoor laws to avoid controversy Tech Crunch 12 ("Zombie SOPA? Congressman Introduces Pieces Of Defeated Bill, With Support From Former Opponent Issa" pg online at http://techcrunch.com/2012/07/10/sopa-intellectual-property-attache-act) It’s alive21 Hollywood darling U.S. Representative Lamar Smith is attempting to AND a particular point of view before there’s general public consensus on the issue.
Vote No—the 1AC was a simulation of congress—PC has already been drained
Obama unpopular now because of lack of IP protections—aff solves SIP 12 ~June 27, 2013, Subcommitte on Intellectual Property reports"INTERNATIONAL IP ENFORCEMENT: PROTECTING PATENTS, TRADE SECRETS AND MARKET ACCESS" in the hearing before the subcommittee on the intellectual property, competition, and the internet of the committee on the judiciary House of Representatives, one hundred twelfth Congress, second session pg online http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg74817/html/CHRG-112hhrg74817.htm~~ Some have argued that the Obama administration has taken a narrow approach when it comes AND enforcement includes the issues around patents, trade secrets, and market access.
2AC—Poundin’ ya
Laundry list —- thumpers Boyer 12-31 ("Obama’s liberal wish list for Congress likely to stall in election year") If President Obama thought 2013 was an unproductive year for his agenda in Congress, AND and I would put immigration in that category," Mr. Feehery said.
2AC—Winners Win
Obama has absolutely no PC in the status quo – means he cannot push things AND uniqueness evidence concludes that Obama doesn’t have any political capital – default neg.
The thesis of winners win is true (it was a dropped argument in the AND context of immigration, it still applies to how his political capital functions.
The focus arguments don’t mean that it circumvents winners win because an action by an agency of the executive branch doesn’t overload Obama’s focus drastically enough for him to lose all his political capital rapidly.
Idk what he was saying about parts of his agenda… we make IPR be on the agenda and obvi Iran already is
Mr. Obama’s job-approval ratings in most polls this month were 40 percent AND . You face the midterm election, which presidents always lose some seats."
Winners Win Hirsch 2/7 Michael Hirsh 2/7, Chief correspondent for National Journal. He also contributes to 2012 Decoded. Hirsh previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, based in its Washington bureau, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207 On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama will do AND but to move. It’s your choice. The future is wide open.
I acknowledge that I am privileged through my skin color and my position in society I will never be able to be able to feel the same things that people of color have But I stand in solidarity with a movement against the way race is viewed Am I allowed to speak up? Can I have something to say? The community I come from makes me realize that society’s messed up With parents who moved from Russia in ’91 with $40 dollars I grew up surrounded by culture The opportunities I have today I attribute to the long hours spent by my parents, constantly trying to make a better life for my sisters and me Being a Russian Jewish woman I have grown up continually learning and accepting I live in Howard County Maryland – a minority majority county The myth of the model minority thrives here – with Asian people constantly being described as perfect People paint Asians as if they have not been discriminated against or have not been a part of any struggle I am a part of Capitol Debate, one of the most diverse teams in the country - We are coached by Daryl Burch who teaches us of various forms of argumentation, always open to new points of view My growth as a debater has continually been coupled with race based arguments
In solidarity with the process of concientization, and a movement against the model minority I differ to the experiences of my partner Advait
Contention 2 is the resolution
The British held Latin American colony of Guyana had a problem—their parliament in London had just abolished official slavery—the solution was simple—trick the natives of their perceived exemplary colony in South Asia into "indentureship" Horizons 13 ~Accessed October 14th 2013, Guyana’s premier historical magazine, "The Arrival of East Indians In Guyana", http://www.horizonsguyana.com/the-arrival-of-east-indians-in-guyana/~~ Indentureship could be characterized as one of "struggle, sacrifice and resistance" where AND aligned with the plantocracy while the labourers had little opportunity of defending themselves.
Disregard your cognitive bias—indentured servitude was a clever euphemism for slavery Kaieteur 9 ~May 19th, 2009, Kaieteur News is an Indo-Guyanese news source, "Indentureship was a clever euphemism for slavery", http://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2009/05/19/indentureship-was-a-clever-euphemism-for-slavery/~~ What it implies is that indentureship shared some features that came to characterize slavery and AND such as "willful indolence," "feigned illness," and "impertinence."
This story is consistent throughout history—the hidden history of Asians in America unearths the discrimination that has been hidden behind the myth of the model minority Chang 93 ~1993, Robert S. Chang is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. "Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space", 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241~ A. Exclusion from Legal and Political Participation 1. Immigration and Naturalization America has AND were brave enough to raise their voices. We can do no less.
This narrative continues today—modern day South Asians are touted as the model minority of modern day suburbia—the group that succeeded where other minorities have failed Subramanian 12 ~June 15th, 2012, Anand Subramanian is an attorney and program manager for the Closing the Racial Wealth Gap Initiative at the Insight Center for Community Economic Development, "Those Indian kids sure spell well: Yes, they’re inspiring, but don’t buy into the ’model minority’ myth", http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/perspectives/those-indian-kids-sure-spell-well-yes-theyre-inspiring-but-dont-buy-into-the-model-minority-myth-640496/~~ The myth of the "model minority," typically applied to Asian-Americans ( AND this segment of the community when crafting policies to help Americans get by.
The Presence of minorities is policed by hostility and discrimination—the Asian body is licked between inclusion and ostracism—a position between the dominant and the subordinate which is unjust in a nation that promises immigrants a dream Peffer 7 Ohio University Eastern 2k7 Tony-; Editor’s Preface; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. Minority peoples, whatever their location, struggle with the process of relating to and AND so great and whose ideals promise the possibility of realized dreams to all.
This manifestation of the model minority – portraying Asian Americans solely as hardworking others – without exposure of plight makes people resent and become unsympathetic This has 3 implications.
The oppression of the Asian American continues. 2. The Asian body is used to justify oppression of other minorities. 3. Asians are viewed as privileged by other minorities when in reality that is not true. Chang 93 ~1993, Robert S. Chang is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. "Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space", 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241~ B. The Model Minority Myth This history of discrimination and violence, as well AND Americans while simultaneously legitimizing the oppression of other racial minorities and poor whites.
Thus, in order to expose the invisibility of South Asian Americans, Advait and I economically engage with Guyana by exposing the history of South Asian Immigrants. Advait and I affirm a process of conscientization to break down the myth of the model minority and serve as a praxis to bring the South Asian identity into the light.
Contention 3 is our methodology
We often competitively participate in debate without ever considering the possibility for how debate can CHANGE the world – how the critical thinking and research skills we develop can provide MEANING and advance methodologies to liberate oppressed people often within our social location. – Our speech act focuses on the EPISTEMOLOGICAL GROWTH occurring from the activity and the development of critical consciousness –Debate becomes more than a game but a process of life leading to CONSCIENTIZATION Osajima 7 professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program @ Univ of Redlands 2k7 Keith-; REPLENISHING THE RANKS: Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64 The fact that these young Asian Americans, from widely varying class, geographic, AND and conditions that contribute to the development of an Asian American critical consciousness.
Debate is key—social activities that can allow individuals to see themselves in relation to the world, breaking away from binary constructions that separate academia from the social experience of individuals allows the rise of criticalconsciousness necessary to make social change Osajima 7 professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program @ Univ of Redlands 2k7 Keith-; REPLENISHING THE RANKS: Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 74-78 From the interviews, we can identify critical elements that contribute to conscientization. While AND along with greater coordination of influences, is an important dimension of conscientization.
My parents emigrated to the US in the 90s with $100 and a potential residency opportunity in an inner city Detroit hospital I lived the first 7 years of my life in the projects, this reality was never reflected through my debating I joined debate in 9th grade, lauded by the upperclassmen as joining a pedagogically valuable activity However, as each tournament went on, I began to realized that my position within debate did not reflect the true me I was thrust into the position of the 4.0, NHS, debating Indian that everyone wanted me to be, this ignored my personal experiences and my true identity While I began debate to expand my epistemological horizons, I never expected to end up a guardian of hegemony and policy options Our performance within these round is a necessary first step to combat the oppression Asians face each and every day, hidden behind the invisibility of our stereotypical identity
Our role of the ballot who best per formatively and methodologically breaks down whiteness
2ac visibility k
Our framework – Debate is a cultural performance – only testing our policies with the intention of cultural reflection and broader audience engagement can train us for the future – the ballot serves as the judge’s approval that our education and advocacy are good and that this form of debate would be beneficial on a larger scale. MITCHELL26 SUZUKI’4 ~August, Gordon R. Univ of Pitt 26 Takeshi- ; Tsuda College in Tokyo "Beyond the Daily Me: Argumentation In an Age of Enclave Deliberation" ; Paper presented at the 2nd Tokyo Conference on Argumentation August 2-5; http://www.pitt.edu/~~gordonm/JPubs/MitchellSuzuki3.rtf~~ However, the political efficacy of competitive debating as a remedy for group polarization AND their ability to use argumentation skills to impact wider spheres of public deliberation.
Perm – do the plan and all non-competitive parts of the alternative.
Social movements and a new form of intellectualism in PUBLIC spaces are critical Giroux 9/25 ~September 25th, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University "Beyond Savage Politics and Dystopian Nightmares", http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19025-beyond-savage-politics-and-dystopian-nightmares-http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19025-beyond-savage-politics-and-dystopian-nightmares~~ There is a need for a systemic alternative to the existing system of global capitalism AND everyone else who believes that equality and democracy inform and enrich each other. Martin Luther King Jr. railed against the triple evils of racism, militarism and AND continue unabated and the winds of authoritarianism will gain in speed and destructiveness.
THE KRITIK IS A COP OUT – SILENCE IS NOT THE ANSWER – white debaters must find ways to SPEAK ABOUT RACE or else they REPRODUCE OPPRESSION. Dr. Crenshaw ’97 Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278. Another difficulty related to talking about race is what Alcoff has called "the problem AND and political work of resisting racism is left solely to people of color.
alt is net worse, no talk about racism which means the myth continues
Silence is never the answer—our pedagogical performance is productive Giroux ’9/4 ~September 4, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; "Hope in a Time of Permanent War"; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war~~ War has become not simply a strategy but a way of life in the United AND which the struggle for a new democratic global social order can be constructed.
. To say we cannot win because we are Asian is exclusionary. Vote the AND drop or they will all be policy neocons because our identity is inherently bad
3. This is white supremacist. White supremacy always tries to silence our voices and saying we commodify a ballot is a slippery way to do it. Saying that we cannot tell about the oppressions of Asians means that our personel narratives are excluded and never brought to light
6. The Ballot makes other teams take the myth of the model minority seriously. Even Asains always lose because they commodify the ballot, then teams never do the research and engagement with our advocacy. That perpetuates the whiteness and invisibility of whiteness
The alt’s individualized affirmation leads to ethical solipsism, where the subject believes they are the only one who matters – this internal link turns their impacts and propagates racism. Sullivan, ’6 ~2006; Shannon Sullivan; Penn State, Professor of Philosophy, Women’s Studies, and African and African American Studies, Philosophy Department Head; Ph.D., Vanderbilt University; Indiana University Press; "Revealing Whiteness: The Unconscious Habits Of Racial Privilege"~ Phenomenological philosophy needs modification on this point. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, for example AND ethic of settlement that white people must combat in their fight against whiteliness.
Their "radical" performance links HARDER to their evidence they will read in the block—the judges and academia latch on to this "new and radical" performance and coopt it
2ac afropess k
No link – we agree that the black body should be a starting point but AND Alternative does not stop civil society from using this justification as a weapon.
GOLDBERG- First of all, we can’t do nothing, and we can’t tell folks who AND attempts to overhaul this status quo is to call for the continuity of oppression
C. Argument Liability –The negative needs to be liable for the representations they bring into the debate. Contradictions sustain racism. Nakayama 26 Krizek ’95 Asst Prof, Dept of Communication @ Arizona State Univ. Asst Prof, Dept of Communication @ St. Louis Univ. 1995 Thomas K. -26 Robert L.-; "WHITENESS: A Strategic Rhetoric"; QUATERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH 81, 291-309 Whether or not one discursively positions oneself as "white," there is little room AND yet resilient as ever. This also has significant implications for communication researchers.
No link – Wilderson says minorities should not use the state. We don’t
No link- we are not the universal ethic. We are speaking from our identity. They have no cards about the Asian identity
No link – your own winter card sates that we must have liminal groups. This is your card from the 1NC He notes, however, that the liminal groups of any order are the ones AND al call the "outer view," from which perspective the grammars of regularities
The Asian identity is the liminal group that should be used Prashad 2 (Vijay Prashad, George and Martha Kellner Chair in South Asian History and Professor of International Studies, 2002, "Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting," pp. 40-46 The moral and political weight of the civil rights movement forced a recalcitrant U. AND idea of the color-blind state policy, itself a divisive instrument cloaked
as unifying one, it’s important to offer an account of the affirmative privilege AND perhaps further from King’s ’’content of their character’’ message than we suspect.
Permutation do both
The black body can engage in consciousness hooks, 2003 (bell, Rock My Soul: Black People and Self-Esteem) No black person in the United States can have any measure of self-esteem AND Choosing to be unconscious or unaware easily led to severe punishment or death.
Perm do both – An intersectional approach to solving race solves all their offense. Dr. Crenshaw ’97 Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278.
Stuart Hall’s work is useful for grasping the rhetorical nature of ideology in general and AND our understanding of the intersections among racialized, gendered, and class discourses.
Permutation do both—the k creates hierarchies of oppression that devolves critical struggles into "oppression olympics" McDonald 26 Coleman, 1999, Co-Founders of Umbrella Equality Services 26 Senior Social Work Lecturer ~Peter 26 Mikki, "Deconstructing hierarchies of oppression and adopting a ’multiple model’ approach to anti-oppressive practice," Social Work Education 18.1, informa, 24-26~ The competition between the members of oppressed groups for what they might perceive as a AND carry power and privilege, as well as attributes which render us oppressed.
We solve for the Black White Binary – the negative operates within the framework of anti-blackness within civil society – this causes racial scapegoating that undermines anti-racism coalitions – the Aff solves because it takes a prior interrogation of racism of Asians that prop up the black white binary Hutchinson ’4 ~August/2004, Darren Lenard Hutchinson is a professor of Law at Washington College of Law, "Critical Race Theory: History, Evolution, and New Frontiers," American University Law Review, LN~ Ultimately, however, the exclusive deployment of a binary black/white paradigm artificially AND that disparages blacks’ assertions of racial injustice by deploying model minority constructs. n111
This silence smooths over different forms of racism and either discards them as irrelevant or integrates them within the logic of antiblackness. Asians are "whitening" or "assimilating" to whiteness rather than facing distinct problems. This recreates the uncritical universalism of whiteness and makes alleviating certain racial harms impossible. Alcoff 3 (Linda Alcoff, professor of philosophy at CUNY, "LATINO/AS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND THE BLACK-WHITE BINARY", The Journal of Ethics 7: 5–27, 2003 In fact, in Texas not only were Mexicans subject to Jim Crow in public AND helps at least on occasion. But it leaves everyone else unprotected.25
Deconstructing the black/white binary means neither embracing liberal/multicultural color-blindedness, nor advocating a primordial position of absolute difference between races. Instead it begins from an understanding of race for the complex phenomenon that it is Prashad 2 (Vijay Prashad, George and Martha Kellner Chair in South Asian History and Professor of International Studies, 2002, "Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting," pp. 38-40 The problem of the twenty-first century, then, is the problem of AND of universal, and nonembodied, values. But more on that later.
2. We control uniqueness, Debaters are just now coming in terms with their Asianess. We are starting grow through a process of conscientization. The K only has a risk of excluding them from the discussion and crushing them This racism has perpetuated the myth of the minority – the myth of the model minority is the process by which the right points to the success of certain Asians to use as ammunitions against other groups; that their poverty must be explained by their own values – this strategically ignores the policing of SOUTHEAST Asian immigrants Thrupkaew ’2 Prospect Senior Correspondent 2k2 Noy-; The Myth of the Model Minority; THE AMERICAN PROSPECT; April 7; http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority-http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_myth_of_the_model_minority The model-minority myth has persisted in large part because political conservatives are so AND , so people don’t know the specific needs and contributions of our communities."
The impact is collateral damage – the failure to expose the racism against SouthEast Asians makes it invisible to society and perpetuates their suffering Tang 2k TANG Assistant Professor in the Department of African American Studies and the Asian American Studies Program at the University of Illinois at Chicago 2000 Eric-; COLLATERAL DAMAGE: Southeast Asian Poverty in the United States; SOCIAL TEXT 62; Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring; p.58-59. Following my discussion of the formation of an immigrant culture of poverty, I discuss AND fully exposed-reveals that there is no such thing as the unintended.
their k agrees with the aff: Bobo "surveys (pdf) continue to reveal commonly held stereotypes of African Americans as less hardworking and less intelligent than whites. Political resentments of blacks remain a centerpiece"
Goldberg says "Don’t you dare for a minute try to silence movements which call attention to race by shaking your white liberal finger at them and telling them that they’re naïve and we should all really be talking about class. Instead, we must ask ourselves what we can do to actively resist a system"
winter: "He notes, however, that the liminal groups of any order are the ones most able to "free us" from these prescriptions, since it is they who existentially experience the "injustice inherent in structure"
The Narratives of Asian Americans are unique and different. Dominant groups concede that blacks are oppressed while the plights of Asians go under the radar ?’93 ~1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. "Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space", 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241~ B. Resistance to Narrative Although more scholars are beginning to use personal narrative, AND of knowledge largely determines what counts as knowledge and what counts as evidence.
3. The Aff needs to be weighed in the culture of debate. The Kritik is an exclusion of the different identities in debate. That will lead to its extinction Valdivia-Sutherland ’98 Prof and Director of Forensics @Butte Community College 1998 Cynthia-Celebrating Differences: Successfully Diversifying Forensics Programs; National Communication Association’s 84th Annual Meeting, November 22; http://www.phirhopi.org/phi-rho-pi/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm-http://www.phirhopi.org/phi-rho-pi/spts/spkrpts05.2/sutherland.htm, A Multicultural Communicative Style Although the foundation of forensics events may have been grounded in the ancient rhetoric of AND , and for us. Now, let the celebration of differences begin21
1/22/14
Scranton Round 6 - 2AC
Tournament: Scranton | Round: 6 | Opponent: NYCUDL | Judge: Paul Johnson 2AC—Case O/V My parents emigrated to the US in the 90s with $100 and a potential residency opportunity in an inner city Detroit hospital I lived the first 7 years of my life in the projects, this reality was never reflected through my debating I joined debate in 9th grade, lauded by the upperclassmen as joining a pedagogically valuable activity However, as each tournament went on, I began to realized that my position within debate did not reflect the true me I was thrust into the position of the 4.0, NHS, debating Indian that everyone wanted me to be, this ignored my personal experiences and my true identity While I began debate to expand my epistemological horizons, I never expected to end up a guardian of hegemony and policy options Our performance within these round is a necessary first step to combat the oppression Asians face each and every day, hidden behind the invisibility of our stereotypical identity
Our role of the ballot who best per formatively and methodologically breaks down whiteness
2AC—Secrecy Alt
Alt Fails – secrecy can never be kept and will be released sooner or later. When that happens the white supremacist will fall with all their force and violently.
Vote Aff Presumption – you as the judge do not have an alternative method in order to solve for the 1AC. If you do not know what the Neg does, then their K is just a strategic FYI. They will say no one knows, which means that you prefer the Aff.
This is colorblindness, white supremacists always say "We’ll talk later" and it never happens. Saying there is a secret place is the white supremacist making a terrible excuse to coopt our Aff.
Permutation do both—The permutation should be able to resolve this because what we really do is done in secret, you don’t know what we’re doing
Secrecy doesn’t solve the Impacts of the Aff because we must rethink public awareness.
Silence is never the answer—our pedagogical performance is productive Giroux ’9/4 ~September 4, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University; "Hope in a Time of Permanent War"; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18578-hope-in-a-time-of-permanent-war~~ War has become not simply a strategy but a way of life in the United AND which the struggle for a new democratic global social order can be constructed.
Social movements and a new form of intellectualism in PUBLIC spaces are critical Giroux 9/25 ~September 25th, 2013, Henry A., currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University "Beyond Savage Politics and Dystopian Nightmares", http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19025-beyond-savage-politics-and-dystopian-nightmares-http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19025-beyond-savage-politics-and-dystopian-nightmares~~ There is a need for a systemic alternative to the existing system of global capitalism AND everyone else who believes that equality and democracy inform and enrich each other. Martin Luther King Jr. railed against the triple evils of racism, militarism and AND continue unabated and the winds of authoritarianism will gain in speed and destructiveness.
We as members of a pedagogical activity of debate are resisting the oppression isolated by the 1AC and opening up space for the perspectives of the oppressed – we link turn the K Giroux 11 ~2011, Henry A. Giroux works for the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department. Left Behind? American Youth and the Global Fight for Democracy, truth-out.org/opinion/item/68:left-behind-american-youth-and-the-global-fight-for-democracy~ Within the last few months, we have seen an outpouring of student protests from AND increasingly imperiled democracy. Sheldon Wolin is instructive in his insistence that the creation
2AC—Messiah Mentality
No link – we can speak out against oppression without being the Messiah
This is dumb – Obama will not walk into the room, hear about the oppression of Mexico and then bomb them. This is a drawn out improbable link chain. That means speaking out in this debate round will outweigh
Speaking for Others is inevitable and can be productive – the affirmative is a prerequisite to hearing the voice of the marginalized Marino, 5 (Lauren Marino, Macalester Department of Philosophy; "Speaking for Others," Macalester Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 14: Iss. 1, Article 4) If the self is located within language games the there is a commonality between those AND best to be hoped for is cooption forcing the margins into the mainstream.
2AC—Ballot Bad
Opportunity Cost DA – everyone is here to win a debate. If performative teams are dropped because they are commodifying a ballot, then there is no competitive incentive to debate. They will leave the activity which means that debate remains a white supremacist haven or there is a conservative backlash and teams like us just revert back to our own traditional notions of debate.
This argument is white supremacist because they silence our voices just because we are Asians. White supremacy is slippery and will try to exclude voices that speak out against it. It justifies this by saying that we should not speak out because we will commodify ourselves. They should be voted down because there is no secret meeting place. There is no discussion out of this round
They link to their own K. Their secret movement gets commodified when they win and get more attention. Spies will infiltrate you, stalk you because you are seen as a threat to white supremacy. If white supremacy can commodify everything, then your secret is inevitably going down
2AC—Floating PIPs
Permutation do the alternative—it’s justified Floating PIPs are bad and a voting issue to deter the practice
First—Steals Aff ground—Floating PIPs steal the only option that affs have to generate offense, the advocacy.
Second—Not educational—Floating PIPs justify negatives defending the plan and criticizing the spelling of our tags, crushing education.
Finally—-We turn their offense—they sidestep a discussion of epistemology and its effects on the aff, not defending the advocacy provides more meaningful education.
2AC—Confession Commodification
We control fundamental uniqueness—debate is coopted now— debaters right now are disconnected from academia i.e. speaking for other people—speaking from your own social location through the 3 tier process (organic intellectuals, academic intellectuals and personal experience) is the only way for us as intellectuals to epistemologically grow to prevent the extinction of debate—Dr. Shaneria Reid-Brinkley
No link – we are a restructuring of (What the Aff is) not a confession of suffering, we present something that is a good idea.
DEBATE SHOULD NOT OVERLOOK THE PERSUASIVE POTENTIAL OF FIRST PERSON NARRATIVES A rhetoric of possibility is created at the intersection between minority advocacy and the unrepresented narrative of another’s life story and can evince palpable change in debate. Gregory and Alimahomed 01 ~2001, Josh Gregory and Kasim Alimahomed are professors of Comm @ CAL ST FULLERTON, EMPOWERING NARRATIVES; Narrative Voice and the Urban Debater: An Investigation into Empowerment; paper submitted to the Urban Debate League Panel at the Western States Communication Association Conference, Coeur ’d Alene, Idaho February 23-27, http://communications.fullerton.edu/forensics/SCUDL.htm-http://communications.fullerton.edu/forensics/SCUDL.htm~~ This paper will discuss the empowerment of voice in the urban debate league. The AND created pathos and creates identification to reality for the speakers and the judges.
The Ideal narrative for debate is an oppressive tragic story that is distinct from the master narrative found within postmodern philosophical criticism Gregory and Alimahomed 01 ~2001, Josh Gregory and Kasim Alimahomed are professors of Comm @ CAL ST FULLERTON, EMPOWERING NARRATIVES; Narrative Voice and the Urban Debater: An Investigation into Empowerment; paper submitted to the Urban Debate League Panel at the Western States Communication Association Conference, Coeur ’d Alene, Idaho February 23-27, http://communications.fullerton.edu/forensics/SCUDL.htm-http://communications.fullerton.edu/forensics/SCUDL.htm~~ The term "narrative" can be defined in many different ways. A liberal AND power, and this tool should not be shunned out of academic debate.
Turn advocacy skills – competitive nature of debate and set speech times makes debaters refine their arguments. When there is a winner and loser, the loser thinks more reflexively about their arguments to make it better, and the next time speak more effectively to put across their point.
Debate is a place where we can learn to break down white supremacy. We learn the tactics of the oppressor and infiltrate them. Confessions do not get coopted by the system, but we are the ones who coopt the system through our style of debate
Debate is not policymaking – We must invoke the power of whiteness Dr. Crenshaw ’97 Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278. Because discursive constructions of whiteness are typically un-marked and unnamed in personal, AND criticism is an appropri-ate avenue for analyzing interactions like this one.
No Offense – Confessions are bad in status quo debate but we diverge from traditional norms. There evidence is in the context of a regular Aff
Confession is good like the Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle Polson ’12 ~2012, Dana Roe Polson is a Co-Director, teacher, and founder of ConneXions Community Leadership Academy, ""Longing for Theory:" Performance Debate in Action", http://gradworks.umi.com/3516242.pdf-http://gradworks.umi.com/3516242.pdf~~ I think that the talented tenth is actually the wrong metaphor for leadership in the AND and meetings not only to help out but as a form of leadership training
