Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Melany Campbell

1NC

The Affirmative regurgitates past pain and suffering to show themselves as a moral option in an immoral world. This action is a stimulant used to mask real pain with surplus enjoyment, creating charred men where we feel but are not alive.

Zupancic 03 ~alenka, "The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two," 47-49~
It might seem that the notion of the ascetic ideal, as well as Nietzsche’s
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it is that it mobilizes and motivates souls, and provides them with enjoyment

The desire to mask suffering with enjoyment is the ascetic ideal par excellence. the aff’s morals are employed to make one feel accomplished by their personal restraints.

Zupancic 03 ~alenka, "The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two," 47-49~
The ascetic ideal places the Real of pleasure in enjoyment (and posits enjoyment of
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neurosis, in which Freud recognizes the paradigm of "religious" thinking.  

Our alternative is to forget about the suffering in the 1ac. the pain cited by the 1ac is only attended to by the memory of the 1ac to further asceticism, only a break away from these memories solves.

Zupancic 03 ~alenka, "The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two," 57-60~
This is perhaps the moment to examine in more detail what Nietzschean "forgetting"
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—precisely through its "closure"—the possibility of a new one. 

Our interpretation is that the affirmative must advocate the resolution through an instrumental defense of economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela.

"economic engagement" is limited to expanding economic ties

Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement
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position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

"Substantial" must be at least 2

Words 26 Phrases 60

’Substantial" means "of real worth and importance; of considerable value; valuable." Bequest to charitable institution, making 1/48 of expenditures in state, held exempt from taxation; such expenditures constituting "substantial" part of its activities. Tax Commission of Ohio v. American Humane Education Soc., 181 N.E. 557, 42 Ohio App. 4.

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Turns the AFF – a predictable topic forces pre-round internal-reflective deliberation which is the only way to convince people of the legitimacy of the 1ac

Goodin and Niemeyer 03 – (Robert and Simon, Australian National University, "When Does Deliberation Begin, Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy" Political Studies, Volume 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience)

What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
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least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

That’s key to critical thinking which is a portable educational skill – outweighs your offense

Harrigan 08 – (Casey, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master’s in Communications – Wake Forest U., "A Defense of Switch Side Debate", Master’s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp. 6-9)

Additionally, there are social benefits to the practice of requiring students to debate both
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Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p.82).

political simulations are educationally valuable – deliberation is empowering and activates agency

Hanghoj 08 – Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant professor (http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity"
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the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.

critical approaches can’t resolve real world problems like poverty, racism, war and doom their project to irrelevance – political pragmatism solves your advocacy

McClean 01 – Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, Molloy College, New York
(David E., "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope," Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm, JMP)

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty’s Achieving Our Country
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to consciousness America’s own needs and its own implicit principle of successful action."
Those who suffer or have suffered from this disease Rorty refers to as the Cultural
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may also be disastrous for our social hopes, as I will explain.
Leftist American culture critics might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury
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one member in a community of nations under a "law of peoples?"
The new public philosopher might seek to understand labor law and military and trade theory
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critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Guidelines for dialogue are intersubjectively possible and desirable—-they are necessary to cultivate democratic habits and political judgment—-the affirmative’s rejection of normative constraints goes too far

Heimonet 9—Professor of French, American Catholic U (JEAN-MICHEL, THE SACRED: MYSTICISM AND PRAGMATISM, THE MAJOR TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY THEORY, http://www.crvp.org/book/Series07/VII-6/chapter-6.htm) 

Beginning with Foucault these were concerned with carrying out an archeology of knowledge with a
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efficacity and utility are understood on the basis of results in daily life.

Text: The United States federal government should legalize marijuana, cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine and the United States should withdraw its involvement in the war on drugs.

Solves the violent drug war

Brewer 08 (Stephanie Erin, 6/30/08, International Legal Officer at the Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez Human Rights Center in Mexico City, "Rethinking the Mérida Initiative: Why the U.S. Must Change Course in its Approach to Mexico’s Drug War," American University Washington College of Law, pdf)DR. H

The engine driving Mexican drug trafficking is demand for drugs in the United States,
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drugs ~in the U.S.~ fuels the drug trade."37 

Focusing on representations is bad.

Taft-Kaufman, 95  (Jill, professor, Department of Speech Communication And Dramatic Arts, at Central Michigan University, Southern Communication Journal, Spring, proquest)

The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "Otherness," and "difference," unsupported
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political agendas, institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.

US drug intervention is decreasing – Nieto’s rejecting the US.

Cave et al 13 (Randal C. Archibold and Damien Cave reported from Mexico City, and Ginger Thompson from New York, 4/30/13, "Mexico’s Curbs on U.S. Role in Drug Fight Spark Friction," http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/world/americas/friction-between-us-and-mexico-threatens-efforts-on-drugs.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)//DR. H

In their joint fight against drug traffickers, the United States and Mexico have forged an unusually close relationship in recent years, with the Americans regularly conducting polygraph tests on elite Mexican security officials to root out anyone who had been corrupted.
But shortly after Mexico’s new president, Enrique Peña Nieto, took office in December, American agents got a clear message that the dynamics, with Washington holding the clear upper hand, were about to change.
"So do we get to polygraph you?" one incoming Mexican official asked his American counterparts, alarming United States security officials who consider the vetting of the Mexicans central to tracking down drug kingpins. The Mexican government briefly stopped its vetted officials from cooperating in sensitive investigations. The Americans are waiting to see if Mexico allows polygraphs when assigning new members to units, a senior Obama administration official said.
In another clash, American security officials were recently asked to leave an important intelligence
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clear that they would put tighter reins on the sharing of drug intelligence.
There have long been political sensitivities in Mexico over allowing too much American involvement. But the recent policy changes have rattled American officials used to far fewer restrictions than they have faced in years.

Agamben’s biopower is over-simplified – takes out solvency.

Virno 02 (Paolo, PhD and Italian philosopher, "General intellect, exodus, multitude," Archipelago No. 54, June 2002, http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpvirno2.htm)
*becomes a buzzword that prevents us from confronting specific political circumstances 

Agamben is a thinker of great value but also, in my opinion, a thinker with no political vocation. Then, when Agamben speaks of the biopolitical he has the tendency to transform it into an ontological category with value already since the
archaic Roman right. And, in this, in my opinion, he is
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are, in all cases, instruments of work and not propaganda words.

No impact to modern biopolitics—modern power is more nuanced and responsible to the moral economy

Rabinow 26 Rose 03 (Paul, Professor of Anthropology at UC Berkeley, Nikolas, Professor of Sociology @ the London School of Economics, "Thoughts On The Concept of Biopower Today," December 10, 2003, http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/sociology/ pdf/RabinowandRose-BiopowerToday03.pdf, accessed July 07, pg. 8-9)

The interpretation of contemporary biopolitics as the politics of a state modeled on the figure
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time an element in this moral economy and an attempt to master it.

Scenario building is the best pedagogical method to engage and develop alternatives to flawed social and political systems – empirical evidence proves it’s uniquely successful in the area of international relations – not role playing simulation so it avoids all their offense.
Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E.
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Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)

This article introduces political scientists to scenarios—future counterfactuals—and demonstrates their value
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. The conclusion offers two detailed examples of the effective use of scenarios.
In his classic work on scenario analysis, The Art of the Long View,
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also are a common tool employed by the policymakers whom political scientists study.
This article seeks to elevate the status of scenarios in political science by demonstrating their
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their theories, propose falsifiable hypotheses, and design new empirical research programs.
Scenarios in the Discipline
What do counterfactual narratives about the future look like? Scenarios may range in length
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simple scenario regarding how a first use of a nuclear weapon might occur:
During the year 2023, the US military is ordered to launch air and sea
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yield nuclear device against a stationary US military asset in the Pacific region.
This short story reflects a future event that, while unlikely to occur and far
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to explain how future counterfactuals fit into the methodological canon of the discipline.

Block

Resolved means enact policy

Words and Phrases 64 – (Permanent Edition) 1964

Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law". 

Research – allowing non-economic engagement to be topical discourages research because it causes an overload in the neg burden – this encourages awful debates like process CPs and a generic disad – research outweighs – allows independent intelligence gathering and is a portable skill. Overburdening research loads also gut participation in debate.

Rowland 84 (Robert C., Baylor U., "Topic Selection in Debate", American Forensics in Perspective. Ed. Parson, p. 53-4)

The first major problem identified by the work group as relating to topic selection is
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of broad topics that has led some small schools to cancel their programs.
 

Dialogue – defending a topical advocacy allows argumentative roles on both sides – the aff’s interpretation allows monopolization of strategy and causes a one-sided discussion subverting any reason there’s a neg side in debate – that’s Galloway – that ruins any attempt to dismantle exclusionary practices of debate.

Gooding-Williams 03 Race, Multiculturalism and Democracy Robert Gooding-Wiliams   Robert Gooding
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IssueConstellations Volume 5, Issue 1, pages 18–41, March 1998 

 I begin with the assumption that fostering the capacity for democratic deliber- ation
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justifies a form of multicultural education that is, specifically race-conscious.

Discourse doesn’t shape policymaking – material structure are more important

Tuathail 96 – ~Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct~

While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns
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needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

Decision-making turns and outweighs their framework impacts

Steinberg 26 Freeley 08 – *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg is a Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
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support the military action, and in the face of significant international opposition.
Meanwhile, and perhaps equally difficult for the parties involved, a young couple deliberated
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made. Each decision maker worked hard to make well-reasoned decisions.
Decision making is a thoughtful process of choosing among a variety of options for acting
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decision making, as do our school, community, and social organizations.
We all make many decisions even- day. To refinance or sell one’s home, to buy a high-performance SUV or an economical hybrid car. what major to select, what to have for dinner, what candidate CO vote for. paper or plastic, all present lis with choices. Should the president deal with an international crisis through military invasion or diplomacy? How should the U.S. Congress act to address illegal immigration?
Is the defendant guilty as accused? Tlie Daily Show or the ball game?
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do we sort through it and select the best information for our needs?
The ability of every decision maker to make good, reasoned, and ethical decisions relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to evaluate its relative validity and strength. Critical thinkers are better users of information, as well as better advocates.
Colleges and universities expect their students to develop their critical thinking skills and may require students to take designated courses to that end. The importance and value of such study is widely recognized.
Much of the most significant communication of our lives is conducted in the form of debates. These may take place in intrapersonal communications, in which we weigh the pros and cons of an important decision in our own minds, or they may take place in interpersonal communications, in which we listen to arguments intended to influence our decision or participate in exchanges to influence the decisions of others.
Our success or failure in life is largely determined by our ability to make wise
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customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Agonism is essential to critical thinking and preventing atrocity

Roberts-Miller 03 – Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003

Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
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not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric. 

Arguing that language determines reality is reductionist and simplistic—there are too many alternate factors that are more important—language is a trivial factor in constructing reality
Rodwell 05  (Jonathan, PhD student at Manchester Met. researching U.S. Foreign Policy, 49th parallel,  Spring, "Trendy but empty: A Response to Richard Jackson", http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm)

However, having said that, the problem is Jackson’s own theoretical underpinning, his
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value post-structural approaches are at best a footnote in our understanding .

Changing representational practices hinders understanding of policy by overlooking questions of agency and material structures

Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  are important to academics, the discourse and concerns
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needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

Reps don’t influence reality—they’re just descriptive

Hans Mouritzen 97, Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of International Studies, cites Kenneth Waltz, father of structural realism and Ford Professor Emeritus of political science @ University of California (The Future of International Relations, edited by Iver B. Neumann and Ole Wæver. Page 70.)

The doctrine of metaphysical realism asserts that reality exists indepen¬dently from our language and theories
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or lack of relation) with the segment of reality at stake.7

Ignore their Agamben Kritiks of the state – they’re contradictory.

Passavant 07, Paul, April, "The Contradictory State of Giorgio Agamben," Vol. 35, No. 2, p. 147, JSTOR)DR. H 

I argue that Giorgio Agamben employs two, contradictory theories of the state in his
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his later works provides passage beyond state sovereignty without violating his philosophical commitments. 

Agamben’s critique is too totalizing—accepting appeals to some sovereign power does not cause the negative impacts of sovereignty in every instance.

Hussain, 2k (Department of History at Berkeley Nasser, 34 Law 26 Soc’y Rev. 495, lexis). 

Here once again we are forced to question Agamben’s teleological mode of thought. Is
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this regard, we find his concluding musings on Heidigger to be suggestive.

Agamben’s methodology is flawed—his argument is a giant assertion with no proof.

Lewis, 99 (Stephen, "Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Review)", Modernism/Modernity 6.3, p. 165, Project MUSE, Humanities Professor at Chicago,)

There are a number of objections one could raise to specific aspects of the book
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present book Agamben tends to employ in conjunction with discussions of Benjamin’s messianism.  

Agamben ignores the actual differences between democracy and totalitarianism—his failure to engage in cost-benefit assessment means he’s a fanatic who only thinks in absolutes.

Heins, 05  (Volker, visiting professor of political science at Concordia University and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, 6 German Law Journal No. 5, May,
http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=598)

Agamben is not interested in such weighing of costs and benefits because he assumes from
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a problematic way fanatical if one were to ignore this difference."~54~

Biopolitics is an empty term that is deployed in the place of actual analysis of material conditions—their impact representations block useful criticism.
Virno, 02 (Paolo, University of Cosenza, ’General intellect, exodus, multitude. Interview with Paolo Virno’, Archipélago number 54, published in English at http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpvirno2.htm) professor of linguistic philosophy

Agamben is a problem. Agamben is a thinker of great value but also,
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are, in all cases, instruments of work and not propaganda words. 

Not all biopolitics bring about genocide—

Rabinow 26 Rose 03 (Paul, Professor of Anthropology at UC Berkeley, Nikolas, Professor of Sociology @ the London School of Economics, "Thoughts On The Concept of Biopower Today," December 10, 2003, http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/sociology/ pdf/RabinowandRose-BiopowerToday03.pdf, pg. 8-9)

Agamben takes seriously Adorno’s challenge "how is it possible to think after Auschwitz?"
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must be its capacity to make distinctions that can facilitate judgment and action.

Barelife impacts over-determine the power of the state.

Cesarino 26 Negri 04 (Cesare, associate professor of cultural studies, Antonio, professor emeritus @ the Collège International de Philosophie, "It’s a Powerful Life: A Conversation on Contemporary Philosophy," Cultural Critique, Vol. 57, Spring 2004, pg. 172-173)

I believe Giorgio is writing a sequel to Homo Sacer, and I feel that
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of the process of constitution, from the standpoint of power ~potenza~? 

Liberal democratic protections prevent military action and the slide to totalitarianism—Agamben ignores the actual practice of humanitarianism.

Heins, 05  (Volker, visiting professor of political science at Concordia University and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, 6 German Law Journal No. 5, May,
http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=598)

According to this basic Principle of Distinction, modern humanitarian action is directed towards those
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possible to identify reliable evidence for war crimes from exhumed bodies.~39~

Nieto administration is strictly opposed to us intervention in the Mexican drug war.

Priest, 13 Dana, national security reporter for the Washington Post whose work focuses on intelligence and counterterrorism, Washington Post, 4/27, http://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/us-role-at-a-crossroads-in-mexicos-intelligence-war-on-the-cartels/2013/04/27/b578b3ba-a3b3-11e2-be47-b44febada3a8_print.html, "U.S. role at a crossroads in Mexico’s intelligence war on the cartels," ADM
MEXICO CITY — For the past seven years, Mexico and the United States have
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, according to several U.S. officials familiar with the meeting.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt CC | Judge: Garcia, Juan

1NC

Obama is spending all of his political capital on preventing a new Iran sanctions vote – he’ll win, but it’s reversible

Sargent, 12/11/13 (Greg, "White House to Senate Dems: Your Iran sanctions bill makes war more likely" The Plum Line – a Washington Post blog, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/12/19/white-house-to-senate-dems-your-iran-sanctions-bill-makes-war-more-likely/)

With Senate Dems increasingly likely to introduce and even vote on a bill imposing new sanctions on Iran, the White House is escalating its behind the scenes pressure on them to hold off, warning them that in moving such a measure, they are making war with Iran more likely.
"Members of Congress pressing for this bill are effectively choosing to close the door on diplomacy, making it far more likely that we’ll be left only with a military option," one senior administration official tells me, characterizing the message that’s being delivered directly to Senators. "You close the door on diplomacy, and you’re left only with a choice between a possible military option or Iran steadily advancing its nuclear program."
National Journal reported today that Senator Bob Menendez, the chairman of the Foreign Relations
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sit back and wait to see whether a comprehensive agreement can be reached."
The bill Dems may introduce would impose sanctions after the six month deadline in the
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by dangling the threat of sanctions later, to increase pressure on Iran.
But the administration has told these Democrats — publicly and privately — that their bill
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argue that the U.S. is not negotiating in good faith.
"It is not necessary for Congress to pass this bill, because we are enforcing existing sanctions and can move to sanctions if negotiations don’t succeed or if Iran cheats," the senior administration official says. "The fact is, passing new sanctions now would split the international community, embolden Iranian hard-liners, and likely derail any prospect of a diplomatic resolution."
The push for a new sanctions bill is also splitting Democrats. While Senators like
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and could "bolster the efforts of Iran’s militants to kill the deal."
With some Senate Dems coming out against Congressional action — and with the administration lobbying hard behind the scenes – it’s possible that a sanctions bill could actually go down to defeat in the Senate, which would be a rebuke to the hawks. But it’s very possible one could pass, and if the White House is right, it would put the prospects of a long term diplomatic breakthrough in doubt.

Bipartisan efforts in house and senate support Guantanomo

AP 7/5
~Cassata, Donna, "Obama’s toughest sell on Guantanamo: Senate Dems," Lexis, accessed 7-6-13 Uhttp://www.news-star.com/article/20130705/NEWS/130709838R~~

President Barack Obama’s hardest sell in his renewed push to close the U.S. detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, may be members of his own party moderate Senate Democrats facing tough re-election bids next year in the strongly Republican South.
Obama has stepped up the pressure to shutter the naval facility, driven in part by his revised counterterrorism strategy and the 4-month-old stain of the government force-feeding Guantanamo prisoners on hunger strikes to prevent them from starving to death. Civil liberties groups and liberals have slammed Obama for failing to fulfill his 2008 campaign promise to close the installation and find another home for the 166 terror suspects being held there indefinitely.
Republicans and some Democrats in Congress have repeatedly resisted the president’s attempts to close the facility, arguing that the prisoners are too dangerous to be moved to U.S. soil, that Guantanamo is a perfectly adequate prison and that the administration has failed to offer a viable alternative.
White House counterterrorism adviser Lisa Monaco lobbied House members in advance of several votes last month to no avail. The House delivered strong votes to keep Guantanamo open and to prevent Obama from transferring detainees to Yemen. Separately, the president’s recent appointment of a special envoy on Guantanamo, Cliff Sloan, has met with a collective shrug on Capitol Hill.
In the coming weeks, the Senate will again vote on the future of Guantanamo. All signs point to a bipartisan statement to keep the facility open despite a recent vow to end detention at the installation by two national security leaders Sens. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., and John McCain, R-Ariz.
"When you go out, you talk to average Americans about it, they want to keep them there, they want to keep the terrorists there, they don’t necessarily want to hold them here," said Sen. Kelly Ayotte, R-N.H., a fierce proponent of keeping Guantanamo open.
Ayotte, who plans to push legislation on a sweeping defense policy bill later this summer, is likely to attract support from Republicans as well as several Democrats looking ahead to tight Senate races next year in Arkansas, Louisiana and North Carolina. Votes on the detention center will give these Democrats a high-profile chance to split with a president who is extremely unpopular in parts of the South.
Consider Sen. Mark Pryor of Arkansas, one of the most vulnerable incumbents in next year’s congressional elections.
Last November, he was one of nine Democrats to vote for prohibiting the use of any money to transfer terror suspects from Guantanamo, backing an amendment by Ayotte. The Senate easily passed the measure, 54-41, as part of the defense policy bill.
Last month, a potential Republican challenger to Pryor, Arkansas Rep. Tom Cotton, was one of a handful of speakers during House debate on Guantanamo. Obama is pushing to transfer approved detainees there are 86 to their home countries and lift a ban on transfers to Yemen. Fifty-six of the 86 are from Yemen.
Cotton, an Iraq and Afghanistan war veteran, pleaded with his colleagues to "ensure that terrorists at Guantanamo Bay do not escape back onto the battlefronts of the war on terror."
Asked recently whether he favors keeping Guantanamo opened or closed, Pryor said simply, "Open."
Louisiana Sen. Mary Landrieu, another Democrat who voted last year to keep the facility open, indicated she’s unlikely to change her position.
"Honestly, I have mixed feelings about it," she said in a recent interview. "First of all, it’s hard to imagine that people should be detained indefinitely without formal charges being brought. On the other hand, you know, some of the people there are potential serious threats to national security."
Democratic Sen. Kay Hagan of North Carolina, who faces re-election next year, also voted with Pryor and Landrieu to keep Guantanamo open. Her office had no comment on how she might vote later this summer.

Diminished capital means Obama will lose the Iran vote

Krasuhaar, 11/21/13 (Josh, National Journal, "The Iran Deal Puts Pro-Israel Democrats in a Bind" http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-iran-deal-puts-pro-israel-democrats-in-a-bind-20131121)

All of this puts Democrats, who routinely win overwhelming support from Jewish Americans on
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Foreign Relations committees to dissuade them from their efforts while diplomacy is underway.
"There’s a fundamental disagreement between the vast majority of Congress and the president when it comes to increasing Iran sanctions right now," said one Democratic operative involved in the advocacy efforts. "Pro-Israel groups, like AIPAC, try to do things in a bipartisan way; they don’t like open confrontation. But in this instance, it’s hard."
That awkwardness has been evident in the lukewarm reaction from many of Obama’s Senate Democratic
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court press from Secretary of State John Kerry, a former congressional colleague.
On Tuesday, after meeting with Obama, Menendez and Schumer signed a bipartisan letter to Kerry warning the administration about accepting a deal that would allow Iran to continue its nuclear program. The letter was also signed by Sens. John McCain, R-Ariz., Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., Susan Collins, R-Maine, and Robert Casey, D-Pa.
Democrats, of course, realize that the president plays an outsized role in the
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, without fear of getting their tuchus kicked by the organized Jewish community."
A Gallup survey conducted this year showed 55 percent of Democrats sympathizing with the Israelis
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because enough Jewish voters wanted to rebuke the president’s perceived hostility toward Israel.
Pro-Israel advocacy groups rely on the mantra that support for Israel carries overwhelming
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against Iran," the group wrote in an action alert to its members.
Some supporters of Israel view J Street with concern. "There’s a small cadre of people that comes from the progressive side of the party that are in the business of blaming Israel first. There’s a chorus of these guys," said a former Clinton administration foreign policy official. "But that doesn’t make them the dominant folks in the policy space of the party, or the Hill."
Pro-Israel activists worry that one of the ironies of Obama’s situation is that
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off on any sanctions legislation until there’s a resolution to the Iranian negotiations.
But if Obama’s standing continues to drop, and negotiations produce a deal that Israel doesn’t like, don’t be surprised to see Democrats become less hesitant about going their own way.

That collapses negotiations

Gharib, 12/18/13 (Ali, The Cable – a Foreign Policy blog, "Exclusive: Top Senate Democrats Break with White House and Circulate New Iran Sanctions Bill" http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/12/18/exclusive_top_senate_democrats_break_with_white_house_and_circulate_new_iran_sancti)

Critics of imposing new sanctions fear that the bill will violate either the spirit or
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Iran’s Foreign Minister Javad Zarif said, "The entire deal is dead."
"The law as written comes close to violating the letter ~of the Geneva
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ammunition to hard-liners and other spoilers looking to derail further progress."
Though a fact-sheet circulating with the new bill says it "does not violate the Joint Plan of Action," critics allege it would mark a defeat for the administration and the broader push for a diplomatic solution to the Iran crisis.
"It would kill the talks, invalidate the interim deal to freeze Iran’s nuclear
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, and ensure that this standoff ends with war instead of a deal."
The bill would in effect set up a direct confrontation with the White House,
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a deal that eliminated Iran’s entire nuclear program or its domestic enrichment capabilities.
"If we could create an option in which Iran eliminated every single nut and
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are a lot of things that I can envision that would be wonderful."
Alireza Nader, an Iran analyst at the RAND Corporation, agreed dismantling Iran’s entire nuclear program would be "pretty unrealistic." He added such an aim would be moving "backward": "The Geneva agreement basically states that if Iran is more transparent regarding its nuclear program and intentions, then it can be met with sanctions relief. That’s the goal: transparency."
Nader said that diplomacy required flexibility from both sides, something the legislation doesn’t seem to contain. "When you have these kinds of bills, it shows that there are those in the U.S. who don’t want to be flexible," he said.

That accelerates Iranian prolif and causes Israeli strikes

Stephens, 11/14/13 – columnist for the Financial Times (Phillip, Financial Times, "The four big truths that are shaping the Iran talks" http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2kkvx15JT

The first of these is that Tehran’s acquisition of a bomb would be more than
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This is not a region obviously susceptible to cold war disciplines of deterrence.
The second ineluctable reality is that Iran has mastered the nuclear cycle. How far
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known unknowns that have often wreaked havoc in this part of the world.
Israel points to an imminent threat. European agencies are more relaxed, suggesting Tehran is still two years or so away from a weapon. Western diplomats broadly agree that Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has not taken a definitive decision to step over the line. What Iran has been seeking is what diplomats call a breakout capability – the capacity to dash to a bomb before the international community could effectively mobilise against it.
The third fact – and this one is hard for many to swallow – is that neither a negotiated settlement nor the air strikes long favoured by Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel’s prime minister, can offer the rest of the world a watertight insurance policy.
It should be possible to construct a deal that acts as a plausible restraint – and extends the timeframe for any breakout – but no amount of restrictions or intrusive monitoring can offer a certain guarantee against Tehran’s future intentions.
By the same token, bombing Iran’s nuclear sites could certainly delay the programme, perhaps for a couple of years. But, assuming that even the hawkish Mr Netanyahu is not proposing permanent war against Iran, air strikes would not end it.
You cannot bomb knowledge and technical expertise. To try would be to empower those in Tehran who say the regime will be safe only when, like North Korea, it has a weapon. So when Barack Obama says the US will never allow Iran to get the bomb he is indulging in, albeit understandable, wishful thinking.
The best the international community can hope for is that, in return for a relaxation of sanctions, Iran will make a judgment that it is better off sticking with a threshold capability. To put this another way, if Tehran does step back from the nuclear brink it will be because of its own calculation of the balance of advantage.
The fourth element in this dynamic is that Iran now has a leadership that, faced with the severe and growing pain inflicted by sanctions, is prepared to talk. There is nothing to say that Hassan Rouhani, the president, is any less hard-headed than previous Iranian leaders, but he does seem ready to weigh the options.
Seen from this vantage point – and in spite of the inconclusive outcome – Geneva
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secretary of state understands that serious diplomacy demands a willingness to take risks.
The Geneva talks illuminated the shape of an interim agreement. Iran will not surrender
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with Tehran about the speed and scope of a run down of sanctions.

An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy

Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, "Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression" Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/~~23sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including a regional war, global economic collapse and a major power clash.
For an Israeli campaign to succeed, it must be quick and decisive. This requires an attack that would be so overwhelming that Iran would not dare to respond in full force.
Such an outcome is extremely unlikely since the locations of some of Iran’s nuclear facilities are not fully known and known facilities are buried deep underground.
All of these widely spread facilities are shielded by elaborate air defense systems constructed not only by the Iranians but also the Chinese and, likely, the Russians as well.
By now, Iran has also built redundant command and control systems and nuclear facilities, developed early warning systems, acquired ballistic and cruise missiles and upgraded and enlarged its armed forces.
Because Iran is well-prepared, a single, conventional Israeli strike—or even numerous strikes—could not destroy all of its capabilities, giving Iran time to respond.
Unlike Iraq, whose nuclear program Israel destroyed in 1981, Iran has a second-strike capability comprised of a coalition of Iranian, Syrian, Lebanese, Hezbollah, Hamas, and, perhaps, Turkish forces. Internal pressure might compel Jordan, Egypt and the Palestinian Authority to join the assault, turning a bad situation into a regional war.
During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, at the apex of its power, Israel was saved from defeat by President Nixon’s shipment of weapons and planes. Today, Israel’s numerical inferiority is greater, and it faces more determined and better-equipped opponents. After years of futilely fighting Palestinian irregular armies, Israel has lost some of its perceived superiority—bolstering its enemies’ resolve.
Despite Israel’s touted defense systems, Iranian coalition missiles, armed forces, and terrorist attacks would likely wreak havoc on its enemy, leading to a prolonged tit-for-tat.
In the absence of massive U.S. assistance, Israel’s military resources may quickly dwindle, forcing it to use its alleged nuclear weapons, as it had reportedly almost done in 1973.
An Israeli nuclear attack would likely destroy most of Iran’s capabilities, but a crippled Iran and its coalition could still attack neighboring oil facilities, unleash global terrorism, plant mines in the Persian Gulf and impair maritime trade in the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
Middle Eastern oil shipments would likely slow to a trickle as production declines due to the war and insurance companies decide to drop their risky Middle Eastern clients. Iran and Venezuela would likely stop selling oil to the United States and Europe.
From there, things could deteriorate as they did in the 1930s. The world economy would head into a tailspin; international acrimony would rise; and Iraqi and Afghani citizens might fully turn on the United States, immediately requiring the deployment of more American troops.
Russia, China, Venezuela, and maybe Brazil and Turkey—all of which essentially support Iran—could be tempted to form an alliance and openly challenge the U.S. hegemony.
Russia and China might rearm their injured Iranian protege overnight, just as Nixon rearmed Israel, and threaten to intervene, just as the U.S.S.R. threatened to join Egypt and Syria in 1973. President Obama’s response would likely put U.S. forces on nuclear alert, replaying Nixon’s nightmarish scenario.
Iran may well feel duty-bound to respond to a unilateral attack by its Israeli archenemy, but it knows that it could not take on the United States head-to-head. In contrast, if the United States leads the attack, Iran’s response would likely be muted.
If Iran chooses to absorb an American-led strike, its allies would likely protest and send weapons but would probably not risk using force.
While no one has a crystal ball, leaders should be risk-averse when choosing war as a foreign policy tool. If attacking Iran is deemed necessary, Israel must wait for an American green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

 "Engagement" requires increasing economic contacts – plan isn’t engagement
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I propose that we define engagement as the attempt to influence the political behavior of a target state through the comprehensive establishment and enhancement of contacts with that state across multiple issue-areas (i.e. diplomatic, military, economic, cultural). The following is a brief list of the specific forms that such contacts might include:
DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS
Extension of diplomatic recognition; normalization of diplomatic relations
Promotion of target-state membership in international institutions and regimes
Summit meetings and other visits by the head of state and other senior government officials of sender state to target state and vice-versa
MILITARY CONTACTS
Visits of senior military officials of the sender state to the target state and vice-versa
Arms transfers
Military aid and cooperation
Military exchange and training programs
Confidence and security-building measures
Intelligence sharing
ECONOMIC CONTACTS
Trade agreements and promotion
Foreign economic and humanitarian aid in the form of loans and/or grants
CULTURAL CONTACTS
Cultural treaties
Inauguration of travel and tourism links
Sport, artistic and academic exchanges (n25)
Engagement is an iterated process in which the sender and target state develop a relationship
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hope that this will precipitate political change from below within the target state.
This definition implies that three necessary conditions must hold for engagement to constitute an effective
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, and the near-total collapse of its national economy.(n28)
Third, the target state must perceive the engager and the international order it represents as a potential source of the material or prestige resources it desires. This means that autarkic, revolutionary and unlimited regimes which eschew the norms and institutions of the prevailing order, such as Stalin’s Soviet Union or Hitler’s Germany, will not be seduced by the potential benefits of engagement.
This reformulated conceptualization avoids the pitfalls of prevailing scholarly conceptions of engagement. It considers the policy as a set of means rather than ends, does not delimit the types of states that can either engage or be engaged, explicitly encompasses contacts in multiple issue-areas, allows for the existence of multiple objectives in any given instance of engagement and, as will be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Focus on detention in the war on terror erases the everyday violence of the American carceral machine
Veeren 12
(Elspeth Van Veeren is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in International Relations at the University of Sussex, ’Clean War, Invisible War, Liberal War: The Clean and Dirty Politics of Guantánamo’, Chapter in Democracies at War, http://academia.edu/1990191/Clean_War_Invisible_War_Liberal_War)

In that sense, Guanta?namo, defined as exceptional, also helped to erase and
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historical and more everyday sights and spaces, ones often based on race.
For example, many of the guards who worked at Guanta?namo were part of a
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to be a scene of so much (often invisible) violence.37

Despite their best intentions, the Aff simply works to shore up the crumbling myth of US moral virtue that enables endless war, global structural violence and simply shifts the prison to the global scale
McCulloch (Professor of Criminology at Monash University, Melbourne) 10
(Jude, From garrison state to garrison planet: state terror, the War on Terror and the rise of a global carceral complex, Contemporary State Terrorism Theory and practice, 196-213) 

In the same way that neoliberalism and punitive penal policy have marched hand-in-hand domestically the spread of neoliberal globalization has extended and intensified this process throughout the world. As Naomi Klein noted, there is a direct connection between military ’shock and awe’, the economic shock treatment of coerced neoliberal restructuring and the physical and psychological shock delivered through mass incarceration and endemic torture in the War on Terror (2007: 7).
Internationally, the United States suffers from a ’superiority complex’ which provides it with
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carried out in putative liberal democracies, may be problematic but not defining.
The failure to consider uncivil practices of state terror through mass incarceration to be defining
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the inception of modern penal systems (Hudson 2003: 35–6).
Imperialist narratives have also incorporated the idea of Western liberal markets as fair, open
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post invasion corruption, as ’breathtakingly hypocritical’ (Whyte 2007b: 160).
Conclusion
The War on Terror, and specifically the expansion of US mass incarceration to encompass
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encompasses the entire globe: a move from garrison state to garrison planet.

Our alternative is that the judge should embrace abolition as a pedagogical method.

The Aff’s gesture towards reform merely locks in genocide management as the new center of debate ~and makes extinction inevitable~ – their liberal pragmatic blackmail is especially absurd in the context of the debate classroom where the debate should be judged on competing visions of liberatory social formations
Rodríguez 10
(Dylan, The Disorientation of the Teaching Act:  Abolition as Pedagogical Position, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, MUSE)

I have had little trouble "convincing" most students—across distinctions of race
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dependent on our willing- ness to embrace this form of pedagogical audacity.    

No warming and it’s definitely not anthro – WE control quals, bias and recency

Burnett, 12 – Sterling, Ph.D., Senior Fellow in Environment and Energy at the National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA), "Fraud and Heartland: A Scandal for Climate Alarmists, not Skeptics," 2-22, http://environmentblog.ncpa.org/fraud-and-heartland-a-scandal-for-climate-alarmists-not-skeptics/.
Sadly (for him), Peter Gleick, the researcher at issue, could have
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," behind global warming skepticism. Who says the Progressive era has passed?

Even if it is, it’s irreversible - past the tipping point

Spaeth, 12/5/12 ~"Why it’s probably too late to roll back global warming", Ryu,The Week News,  http://theweek.com/article/index/237392/why-its-probably-too-late-to-roll-back-global-warming~~
Two degrees Celsius. According to scientists, that’s the rise in global temperature,
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2100 — at which point, we can expect even worse environmental catastrophes.

====No extinction from climate change ====
NIPCC 11 – the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, an international panel of nongovernment scientists and scholars, March 8, 2011, "Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC," online: http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html

In a paper published in Systematics and Biodiversity, Willis et al. (2010
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the fossil record indicates remarkable biotic resilience to wide amplitude fluctuations in climate."

no conflagration—national incentives and history

Maloney and Takeyh 07 – *senior fellow for Middle East Policy at the Saban Center for Middle East Studies at the Brookings Institution AND senior fellow for Middle East Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Susan and Ray, International Herald Tribune, 6/28, "Why the Iraq War Won’t Engulf the Mideast",
http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2007/0628iraq_maloney.aspx)

Yet, the Saudis, Iranians, Jordanians, Syrians, and others are very unlikely to go to war either to protect their own sect or ethnic group or to prevent one country from gaining the upper hand in Iraq.
The reasons are fairly straightforward. First, Middle Eastern leaders, like politicians everywhere, are primarily interested in one thing: self-preservation. Committing forces to Iraq is an inherently risky proposition, which, if the conflict went badly, could threaten domestic political stability. Moreover, most Arab armies are geared toward regime protection rather than projecting power and thus have little capability for sending troops to Iraq.
Second, there is cause for concern about the so-called blowback scenario in which jihadis returning from Iraq destabilize their home countries, plunging the region into conflict.
Middle Eastern leaders are preparing for this possibility. Unlike in the 1990s, when Arab fighters in the Afghan jihad against the Soviet Union returned to Algeria, Egypt and Saudi Arabia and became a source of instability, Arab security services are being vigilant about who is coming in and going from their countries.
In the last month, the Saudi government has arrested approximately 200 people suspected of ties with militants. Riyadh is also building a 700 kilometer wall along part of its frontier with Iraq in order to keep militants out of the kingdom.
Finally, there is no precedent for Arab leaders to commit forces to conflicts in
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Lebanese. The civil war in Lebanon was regarded as someone else’s fight.
Indeed, this is the way many leaders view the current situation in Iraq. To Cairo, Amman and Riyadh, the situation in Iraq is worrisome, but in the end it is an Iraqi and American fight.
As far as Iranian mullahs are concerned, they have long preferred to press their interests through proxies as opposed to direct engagement. At a time when Tehran has access and influence over powerful Shiite militias, a massive cross-border incursion is both unlikely and unnecessary.
So Iraqis will remain locked in a sectarian and ethnic struggle that outside powers may abet, but will remain within the borders of Iraq.
The Middle East is a region both prone and accustomed to civil wars. But given its experience with ambiguous conflicts, the region has also developed an intuitive ability to contain its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.

no global escalation

Dyer 02 – Ph.D. in Military and Middle Eastern History from the University of London and former professor at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and Oxford University (Gwynne, Queen’s Quarterly, "The coming war", December, questia)

All of this indicates an extremely dangerous situation, with many variables that are impossible
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. But the good news is: we are out of the business.

Dominant states replace international law with domestic law which is comparatively more effective in promoting stability

Krisch 05 – PhD in Law from University of Heidelberg, professor of international law at the Hertie School of Governance, Senior Lecturer at the Law Department of the London School of Economics and Political Science, Research Fellowship at the Max Planck Institute for International Law, ICREA Research Professor, Diploma of European Law of the Academy of European Law (Nico Krisch, The European Journal of International Law Vol. 16 no.3, "International Law in Times of Hegemony: Unequal Power and the Shaping of the International Legal Order"2005, http://insct.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Krisch-Nico.International-Law-in-Times-of-Hegemony.pdf)  CB

In this paper, I seek to go beyond these positions and try to analyse
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which makes it easier to establish hierarchies and to directly govern other states.  
My inquiry focuses on dominant states in the international order – on hegemons – and
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effective international legal order in a world inextricably bound up with power asymmetries.
The analysis proceeds from a theoretical basis in international relations theory that is spelt out
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international governance. 2 International Law and Dominant States: Elements of a Theory
Quite surprisingly, the role of power inequality in the international legal system has rarely
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framework for the further inquiry into the relationship of international law and hegemony.
A The Value of Multilateral Institutions for Dominant States
International law is a multilateral institution (broadly understood as including formal and informal norms
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others will go along with, even in the absence of institutions.14
1 Rationalism, Constructivism, and the Functions of Multilateral Institutions
The importance of institutions for dominant states is thus likely to lie elsewhere. On
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some time preserve an order that reflects the hegemon’s preferences (stabilization).18
Yet such a rationalist approach is unable to capture the distinctive value of international institutions
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the provision of incentives and the solution of problems of free-riding.
Instead, stable systems of rule, both domestically and internationally, usually  involve more
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last 15 years have mounted an influential challenge to standard rationalist assumptions.21

No scenario for nuclear terror—-consensus of experts

Matt Fay 13, PhD student in the history department at Temple University, has a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from St. Xavier University and a Master’s in International Relations and Conflict Resolution with a minor in Transnational Security Studies from American Military University, 7/18/13, "The Ever-Shrinking Odds of Nuclear Terrorism", webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HoItCUNhbgUJ:hegemonicobsessions.com/3Fp3D902+26cd=126hl=en26ct=clnk26gl=us26client=firefox-a

For over a decade now, one of the most oft-repeated threats raised
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terrorism hardly warrants the type of exertions many alarmist assessments indicate it should.

No risk of nuclear terror – assumes every warrant

Mueller, 10 (John, professor of political science at Ohio State, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, http://www.issues.org/26.2/mueller.html)

Politicians of all stripes preach to an anxious, appreciative, and very numerous choir
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above: one in a million or one in three billion per attempt.

No lashout - US will be forced to focus inward

Montgomery, ’10 ~Evan B., Research Fellow — Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, "Understanding the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," http://www.csbaonline.org/publications/2010/04/understanding-the-threat-of-nuclear-terrorism/~~
The aftermath of a terrorist attack would involve response efforts both at home and abroad
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weapons or material, decreasing the likelihood that they could be recovered safely.

Block

 "Cuba" does not include the Guantanamo base
CFR 6 – Code of Federal Regulations, 19CFR Ch. 1(4-1-06 Edition), p. 634

Subpart O—Flights to and From Cuba
§122.151   Definitions.
Under this subpart, the following definitions apply:
(a) United States. The term "U.S." includes the several States, the District of Columbia, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico.
(b) Cuba. The term "Cuba" does not include the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station.

Guantanamo Bay is U.S. territory – strongest legal arguments are neg
Richey 2 – Warren Richey, Staff Writer of The Christian Science Monitor, "Detainees’ Future May Hinge on Cuba Lease", The Christian Science Monitor, 3-20, http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0320/p03s01-usju.html

Simply put, the issue is whether the naval base is sovereign US territory or
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States. To say it is equivalent to a foreign country is preposterous."

Plan is military engagement – military engagement is non-economic because it has no intrinsic monetary value – prefer exclusive evidence from the preeminent author on the topic
Steil 6 – Dr. Benn Steil, Senior Fellow and Director of International Economics at the Council on Foreign Relations and Robert E. Litan, Senior Fellow in Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution, Financial Statecraft: The Role of Financial Markets in American Foreign Policy, p. 1
*Note – "pecuniary" means "of, relating to, or consisting of money"

As long as the world remains divided into sovereign nations, there will always be
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accommodating the broadest possible range of measures that could usefully be called economic.

our interpretation allows sufficient AFF flexibility
Bayne 07 – Sir Nicholas Bayne, Fellow at the International Trade Policy Unit of the London School of Economics, and Stephen Woolcock, Lecturer in International Relations at The London School of Economics, The New Economic Diplomacy: Decision-making and Negotiation in International Economic Relations, p. 4

Economic diplomacy is best defined not by its instruments but by the economic issues that
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popular concern and bring out well the interplay between different actors in economic diplomacy

defining engagement overly broadly ruins the quality of debate – vote them down
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

While the term "engagement" enjoys great consistency and clarity of meaning in the
AND
between engagement and alternative policy approaches, especially appeasement, isolation and containment.
In the contemporary lexicon of United States foreign policy, few terms have been as frequently or as confusingly invoked as that of engagement.(n1) A growing consensus extols the virtues of engagement as the most promising policy for managing the threats posed to the US by foreign adversaries. In recent years, engagement constituted the Clinton administration’s declared approach in the conduct of bilateral relations with such countries as China, Russia, North Korea and Vietnam.
Robert Suettinger, a onetime member of the Clinton administration’s National Security Council, remarked that the word engagement has "been overused and poorly defined by a variety of policymakers and speechwriters" and has "become shopworn to the point that there is little agreement on what it actually means."(n2) The Clinton foreign policy team attributed five distinct meanings to engagementn3)
A broad-based grand strategic orientation: In this sense, engagement is considered synonymous with American internationalism and global leadership. For example, in a 1993 speech, National Security Advisor Anthony Lake observed that American public opinion was divided into two rival camps: "On the one side is protectionism and limited foreign engagement; on the other is active American engagement abroad on behalf of democracy and expanded trade."(n4)
A specific approach to managing bilateral relations with a target state through the unconditional provision of continuous concessions to that state: During the 1992 presidential campaign, candidate Bill Clinton criticized the Bush administration’s "ill-advised and failed" policy of "constructive engagement" toward China as one that "coddled the dictators and pleaded for progress, but refused to impose penalties for intransigence."(n5)
A bilateral policy characterized by the conditional provision of concessions to a target state:
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in exchange for a freeze in the North’s nuclear weapons program.(n7)
A bilateral policy characterized by the broadening of contacts in areas of mutual interest with
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areas of agreement and...develop policies to manage our differences."(n9)
A bilateral policy characterized by the provision of technical assistance to facilitate economic and political
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and~ to advance human rights and the rule of law."(n10)
Unfortunately, scholars have not fared better than policymakers in the effort to conceptualize engagement because they often make at least one of the following critical errors: (1) treating engagement as a synonym for appeasement; (2) defining engagement so expansively that it essentially constitutes any policy relying on positive sanctions; (3) defining engagement in an unnecessarily restrictive manner.

Topic education – blurring the line of "economic" creates definitional chaos that precludes any understanding of engagement – here is intent to define
van Bergeijk 11 – Dr. Peter A.G. van Bergeijk, Professor of International Economics and Macroeconomics at the Institute of Social Studies at Erasmus University, Economic Diplomacy: Economic and Political Perspectives, p. 8-9

Clearly, there is a need for improved understanding of economic diplomacy’s activities, tools
AND
use economic tools and commercial relations to strengthen their position in international politics.
The proposed (re)definition of economic diplomacy adds to the existing literature by
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1R), economics, international political economics (IPE), and diplomatic studies.

Impossible to prove warming due to fluctuation - talk is just politics

Darwall, 7/18 - graduate of Cambridge and author of The Age of Global Warming (Rupert, "Global Warming- From Science to Agitprop", July 18^th, 2013, Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/rupert-darwall/global-warming_b_3615720.html)//SQR
’We seem to be losing the communications battle,’ the Met Office’s chief scientist
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and include the demotion of the scientific standards established by the Scientific Revolution. 

No scientific support for global warming hypothesis

Armstong 11 – Professor @ U Wharton School
J. Scott Armstrong, Professor of Marketing specializing in forecasting technology, 3-31-2011, "Climate Change Policy Issues," CQ Congressional Testimony, Lexis

Global warming alarmists have used improper procedures and, most importantly, have violated the
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product of advocacy, rather than of the scientific testing of multiple hypotheses.

Warming inevitable even if we cut emissions to zero—multiple studies confirm

Gillett et al 10—director @ the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Nathan, "Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions". Nature Geoscience 

Several recent studies have demonstrated that CO2-induced 17 global mean temperature change is
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several centuries owing to the long delay associated with 42 subsurface ocean warming.

Agricultural crises are creating global food shortages – that kills a billion people – increased CO2 is key to solve
Idso’s 11 – ~Sherwood PhD and former research physicist for the Department of Agriculture, Keith PhD Botany, Craig PhD Geography, 6/6/2011, "Meeting the Food Needs of a Growing World Population",  http://www.co2science.org/articles/V14/N27/EDIT.php~~ DHirsch

Parry and Hawkesford (2010) introduce their study of the global problem by noting
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with more people "hungrier now than at the start of the millennium." 

Elevated CO2 key to cotton
Kakani et al 04 – Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, and USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (Vijaya Gopal Kakani, Kambham Raja Reddy, Duli Zhao and Wei Gao, 2004, "Senescence and hyperspectral reflectance of cotton leaves exposed to
ultraviolet-B radiation and carbon dioxide", PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 121: 250–257. 2004, pubmed.gov | JJ)

Considerable growth and developmental variations occur in plants exposed to UV-B radiation and
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. Thus, the UV-B radiation resulted in accelerated leaf ageing.

Cotton’s key to the Pakistani economy – we control uniqueness
Nadeem et al, 10 - Department o f Agronomy, University o f Agriculture, Faisalabad , Pakistan, 1 = University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences , Islamia University, Bahawalpur , Pakistan (Muhammad Ather Nadeem, Asghar Ali, Muhammad Tahir , Muhammad Naeem 1 , Asim Raza Chadhar and Sagheer Ahmad, 2010, "Effect of Nitrogen Levels and Plant Spacing on Growth and Yield of Cotton", Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, Vol. 8 No. 2, http://www.pjlss.edu.pk/sites/default/files/121-12420(dr.20Athar202).pdf | JJ)

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is considered as mainstay of Pakistan’s economy. It
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influenced by plant density in upland cotton (Buxton et al., 1977).

Nuclear War
Guthrie 2k – (Grant, J.D. candidate, 2000, University of California, Hastings College of the Law., Hastings International and Comparative Law Review "Nuclear Testing Rocks the Sub-Continent: Can International Law Halt the Impending Nuclear Conflict Between India and Pakistan?" Spring/Summer 2000, pg lexis wyo-ef)

Nuclear testing creates political instability because it requires a substantial economic investment. One,
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rogue nuclear state. The effect on the world could be incredibly destabilizing.

Cooperation solves escalation

Hossein-zadeh 9 - An Iranian-born Kurd, Ismael Hossein-zadeh
AND
economic expansion and decline, and the Soviet model of non-capitalist development
 The Political Economy of US Wars of Choice: Are They Really Oil Wars? Author:   Hossein-Zadeh, Ismael Journal:   Perspectives on global development and technology ISSN:   1569-1500   Date:   04/2009 Volume:   8   Issue:   2   Page:   295 DOI:   10.1163/156914909X423908

 Despite the fact that oil companies nowadays view war and political turmoil in the
AND
sold, and still sells, services to oil companies and the Pentagon . 

Lack of military means prevent escalation

Yglesias, 07 - Associate Editor of The Atlantic Monthly. (Matthew, "Containing Iraq", 9/12,
http://matthewyglesias.theatlantic.com/archives/2007/09/containing_iraq.php)

Kevin Drum tries to throw some water on the "Middle East in Flames"
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has witnessed over the past half-century led to a regional conflagration."
Also worth mentioning in this context is the basic point that the Iranian and Syrian
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US Marines to wander around the desert hunting a possibly mythical terrorist organization.

Alt cause—Yemen

AP 11/6/2009 (AHMED AL-HAJ and SALAH NASRAWI, "Saudis Attack Yemen Rebels", http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1935862,00.html, WEA)

(SAN’A, Yemen) — Saudi Arabia sent fighter jets and artillery bombardments across
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-Yemeni border with further reinforcements sent to the rugged, mountainous area.

Withdrawal from international law has forced a shift to domestic law which solves all their impacts

Krisch 05 – PhD in Law from University of Heidelberg, professor of international law at the Hertie School of Governance, Senior Lecturer at the Law Department of the London School of Economics and Political Science, Research Fellowship at the Max Planck Institute for International Law, ICREA Research Professor, Diploma of European Law of the Academy of European Law (Nico Krisch, The European Journal of International Law Vol. 16 no.3, "International Law in Times of Hegemony: Unequal Power and the Shaping of the International Legal Order"2005, http://insct.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Krisch-Nico.International-Law-in-Times-of-Hegemony.pdf)  CB

Withdrawal is, however, not just an abdication of law. Much in contrast
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.  Unlike international law, domestic law is openly an instrument of government.
However, it only becomes an instrument of international government if it is able to
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law from a policy tool among equals into an instrument of international government.
A International Government: Ruling Others through Domestic Law
Difficulties with jurisdictional limits do not arise in the most extreme form of using  domestic
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intra-imperial level provided central legal tools for the exercise of control.
The use of domestic law was, however, also widespread in informal empires,
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a global appeals court for large parts of the former  British empire.160
Both the projection of domestic law worldwide and the establishment of global appeals courts reappear
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can (and do) also sit in judgment over  other states.171  

Zero risk of nuclear terrorism

Chapman 12 5/22, *Stephen Chapman is a columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, "CHAPMAN: Nuclear terrorism unlikely," http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html, AJ
Ever since Sept. 11, 2001, Americans have had to live with the
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, it appears, the worst eventuality is one that will never happen. 

The threat of a nuclear retaliation is exaggerated – even stolen material can be easily traced

Lieber and Press 13 Received his M.A. and Ph.D.
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38, No. 1, Pages 80-104, MITPress)js

This gloomy picture overstates the dif ficulty of determining the source of stolen material after
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terror attack, a lack of full cooperation in showing all materials accounted for

terrorism is not an existential risk

Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33.7, Francis 26 Taylor)VP
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
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a truly awful nuclear exchange taking place precipitated entirely by state possessors themselves.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: SF Lincoln RW | Judge: Brown, Scott

1NC

resolved requires a policy

Louisiana House 05 – 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm 

Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

"United States federal government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental action

Ericson 03 – (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
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compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

"economic engagement" is limited to expanding economic ties

Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement
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position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

Resolutional basis—substantially means in substance, not illusory

Merriam-Webster, 8 ("substantial", 2008, http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary26va=substantially)

Main Entry: sub•stan•tial
1 a: consisting of or relating to substance b: not imaginary or illusory : real, true c: important, essential

They undermine clash—it’s impossible to engage their ideas if we don’t know what they are—that clash is critical to develop strategies and test ideas which eventually result in social change

Branham 1995 (Robert, Professor of Rhetoric at Bates College, Argumentation and Advocacy, Winter)

In the years following his release from prison, Malcolm X honed his speaking skills
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his own, which shone most brightly in the light generated by confrontation.

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

A predictable topic forces pre-round internal-reflective deliberation which is the only way to convince people of the legitimacy of the 1ac

Goodin and Niemeyer 03 – (Robert and Simon, Australian National University, "When Does Deliberation Begin, Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy" Political Studies, Volume 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience)

What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
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least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

That’s key to critical thinking which is a portable educational skill – outweighs your offense

Harrigan 08 – (Casey, Director of Debate at MSU, Master’s in Communications – Wake Forest U., "A Defense of Switch Side Debate", Master’s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp. 6-9)

Additionally, there are social benefits to the practice of requiring students to debate both
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Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p.82).

political simulations are educationally valuable – deliberation is empowering and activates agency

Hanghoj 08 – Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant professor (http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity"
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the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.

critical approaches can’t resolve real world problems like poverty, racism, war and doom their project to irrelevance – political pragmatism solves your advocacy

McClean 01 – Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, Molloy College, New York
(David E., "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope," Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm, JMP)

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty’s Achieving Our Country
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to consciousness America’s own needs and its own implicit principle of successful action."
Those who suffer or have suffered from this disease Rorty refers to as the Cultural
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may also be disastrous for our social hopes, as I will explain.
Leftist American culture critics might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury
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one member in a community of nations under a "law of peoples?"
The new public philosopher might seek to understand labor law and military and trade theory
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critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Plan texts are key —failure guarantees that oppression continues and efforts for change backfire

STEVE 2007  (Anonymous member of Black Block and Active Transformation who lives in East Lansing, MI, Date Last Mod. Feb 8, http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/global/a16dcdiscussion.htm)

What follows is not an attempt to discredit our efforts. It was a powerful
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others will be prepared to build up the state or a new state.

Text: The United States federal government should dissolve the US-Mexican border

Anonymity in social movements is crucial to prevent the movement from becoming identified with individuals rather than the overall cause and therefore preventing marginalization of social movements.
Public Sphere Project, ’08 – (an initiative of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) to help promote more effectiveand equitable public spheres all over the world, "Liberating Voices21  A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution," http://www.publicsphereproject.org/patterns/pattern.pl/public?pattern_id=379)

By refusing to put a face on those in a group or movement, the
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the fight for peace and democracy for the marginalized populations of the world.

Like the masks of the Zapatistas, our anonymity represents the struggle against co-option.  We wear masks and do not use our names in order to avoid becoming reduced to a photo on the t-shirt of a rich white teenager in America who calls for revolution while knowing nothing of hardship.
Elmer, ’02 – (Greg, Ph.D. in Communications, Bell Globe media Research Chair, Associate Professor of Radio TV Arts, and Director of the Infoscape Research Lab at Ryerson University, 2002. "Critical Perspectives on the Internet," pp. 116-17)

The masked commander Marcos’s mestizo ethnicity affirms this fluidity of Zapatista identity. While "
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, which is in turn, enacted through the movement’s centralized organizational structure. 

Just like our embrace of anonymity, the masks of the Zapatistas prevent the development of a cult of personality around any particular leader in their movement and preserve their cause from marginalization and commodification by the system against which they fight.
Pitawanakwat, ’2k– (Brock,University of Victoria, "The Mirror of Dignity: Zapatista Communications 26Indigenous Resistance" pp. 10-11)

Perhaps the most visible and well-known Zapatista symbol is the ski mask,
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government attempts to secure first world status with trade deals such as NAFTA.

But every one of these lines is different, it requires different practices and different words to be reproduced and given force. The affirmative’s representations ultimately homogenize all borders into one metaphorical border, taking the uniqueness and difference present at every border and reducing it to something analogous to themselves. THEIR particular border becomes ALL borders. This ideological imperialism not only reduces the diversity of the other to what is analogous to the self, it also produces a utopian politics that ignores the complex ways resistance itself is produced in power relations, and reproduces a universalist politics that replicates colonialist practices

Vila ’05 - , Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Texas at San Antonio, 2005 ~Pablo, "Conclusion: The Limits of American Border Theory," Ethnography at the Border, Ed. Pablo Vila, p.307-315~

After dominating the field for some time, this corpus of work has come under
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, the border-crossing experience is in some instances assumed to be similar

Treating debate itself as a borderland that links geographically and ideologically different borders leads to a shallow politics that cannot produce change—instead of contact with actual others, debate becomes a detour that teaches us to enjoy communicating this metaphor of the border, while flattening out and detaching us from specific political contests

Ang, Prof. of Cultural Studies at the  University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1998 ~Ien, "Doing cultural studies at the crossroads," European Journal of Cultural Studies 1(1), p. 18-20~
It is this paradox that I find myself in need of coming to terms with
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the heterogeneous field of cultural studies also depends on the right rhetorical strategies.
Let me give you a concrete example to clarify what kind of difficulties I have
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than with a particular reference to the uncommon specificities of the Australian context.
The paradox, then, is that while cultural studies has staked so much on
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always in danger of being ghettoized in their own field of particularity.4

this reduction of diverse borders to a universal metaphor is a smoothing out of differences to make compelx lives fit into our politics. This smoothing out of all differences is precisely what authorizes the normalizing violence of societies—this fantasy world has always been the ideology that begins to eliminate that which does not fit—like Stalin and Hitler, we begin by eliminating groups, and end by wishing for the elimination of everything

Bogard, Professor of Sociology at Whitman, 2000 ~William, "Smoothing Machines and the Constitution of Society," Cultural Studies 14 (2), 269-275~
Introduction
IMAGINE SOCIERY AT A production of ’smoothing machines’. In such a society,
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smooth bodies in its territory, in a smooth-running collective machine.
When I say society ’as the production’ of smoothing machines, I am referring
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of inscription, smoothing machines have a double function – extraction and deposition.

Block

Refusing to use the state empowers its worst aspects

Barbrook, professor at the Hypermedia Research Centre at the University of Westminster, 1997  (Richard, message to a list serve, http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9706/msg00034.html)

I thought that this position is clear from my remarks about the ultra-left
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can be a fun artistic pose. However, human suffering is not. 

Reasonability is impossible – it’s arbitrary and undermines research and preparation

Resnick 1 assistant professor of political science – Yeshiva University, ’1 (Evan, "Defining Engagement," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, Iss. 2)

In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition
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"engagement," they undermine the ability to build an effective foreign policy.

Using the border as a METAPHOR to connect distant situations severs them from their specific contexts, obscuring the specificity of distant modes of domination

Ang, Professor of Cultural Studies at the  University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1998 ~Ien, "Doing cultural studies at the crossroads," European Journal of Cultural Studies 1(1), p. 17-18~
I am invoking these divergent political and cultural significations of borderland existence to make the
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power can only be grasped in their concrete, particular and specific contexts?
I can now clarify why the metaphor of the crossroads signals a height¬ened sense of
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shouldn’t it be, equally central in the borderland world of cultural studies?
How, for example, would Gloria Anzaldúa and lain Chambers, coming from the
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on theorizing’ through ongoing contextualization that cultural studies purports to be committed to.

Their representations of the borderlands oversimplifies the violence of borders, eschewing deep political engagement for utopian politics—simply voting against border violence does nothing to remove the real structures that produce that violence, especially in places we have no real connection to

Ang, Professor of Cultural Studies at the  University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1998 ~Ien, "Doing cultural studies at the crossroads," European Journal of Cultural Studies 1(1), p. 14-16~
The importance of the ethic of the encounter is reflected in the current popularity within
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multiplicity, the supposed political radicalness of which mostly remains largely unquestioned.1
This utopic vision of the borderlands strikes me, ironically, as a postmodern version
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dislocates and displaces ’language’s apparently "finished" character’ (1996: 297).
Thus for the Chicana feminist poet Gloria Anzaldúa, author of the widely acclaimed Borderlands
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you must live sin fronteras, be a crossroads’ (1987: 195).
Writing from an entirely different socio-spatial positionality, Iain Chambers (1994) also emphasizes the transgressive and redemptive cultural effects of crossing borders. Entering the cultural borderlands, as he eloquently describes:
I perhaps learn to tread lightly along the limits of where I am speaking from
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, another world, another future. (Chambers, 1994: 5)
Yet we all know that traffic through a crossroads is never free flowing and uncontrolled
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is forged is not a matter of desire, but one of survival.

Their representation of the border romanticizes the good subject on the border, creating a utopian political position from whence resistance is always good, and should always be affirmed—this elides the complexities of power and produces new forms of domination

Vila, Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Texas at San Antonio, 2005 ~Pablo, "Conclusion: The Limits of American Border Theory," Ethnography at the Border, Ed. Pablo Vila, p.322-329~
THE "BORDER CROSSER" OR THE "HYBRID" AS THE NEW "PRIVILEGED SUBJECT"
Sometimes it seems that the search for the "privileged subject"—either in its
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allows them to act as facilitators of intercultural dialogue among ethnic groups.9
Hannerz (1997, 545) proposes a historical understanding of this type of stance
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also new combinatory rules may be introduced" (Hannerz 1997, 541).
This characterization of those living on borders, the hybrids, as having a kind
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of border existences, of subaltern identities as existing between two competing identities."
Images of a "third space" (as in Bhabha) portray subaltern identities
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constant border-crossing itself. (Grossberg 1996, 91-92)
Polkinhorn (1988) seems heavily influenced by these cultural studies images. According to Socorro Tabuenca:
Border literature, Chicano literature for Polkinhorn, is subversive because it is "bastard
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only "bastard," marginal and subversive. (1999, translation mine)
Clearly Anzaldúa works with this assumption too, as when she describes Aztlán as a
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. Borders took on a new meaning" (Alvarez 1995, 461).
At the same time, as Russ Castronovo points out:
Commentators who treat the distinct experiences of nationality, alternative permutations of sexuality, racial
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and hierarchized Texas and Mexico. . . . This critical account usually concludes

The homogenization of the border reduces our experience of the other to precisely that which can be tolerated by global capitalism—this flattening our separates the good other from the bad other, selling the culture of the former while demonizing the latter, and reproducing the very violence they try and resist

Vila, Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Texas at San Antonio, 2005 ~Pablo, "Conclusion: The Limits of American Border Theory," Ethnography at the Border, Ed. Pablo Vila, p.331-333~
To fully understand the complex relationship between culture and identity in current border situations, we must consider Žižek’s arguments.
Contemporary "postmodern" racism is the symptom of multiculturalist late capitalism. . . . Liberal "tolerance" condones the folklorist Other deprived of its substance—like the multitude of "ethnic cuisines" in a contemporary megalopolis; however, any "real" Other is instantly denounced for its "fundamentalism," since the kernel of Otherness resides in the regulation of its jouissance: the "real Other" is by definition "patriarchal," "violent," never the Other of ethereal wisdom and charming customs. (1997, 37)
This is so because despite what current border studies and theory claim, in some
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It is another to claim that such a country has a homogeneous identity.
The issue of the difference between culture and identity on the U.S.—
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capitalism performs to guarantee its world expansion. As Stuart Hall points out:
In one trip around the world, in one weekend, you can see every wonder of the ancient world. You take it in as you go by, all in one, living with difference, wondering at pluralism, this concentrated, corporate, over-corporate, over-integrated, over-concentrated, and condensed form of economic power which lives culturally through difference and which is constantly teasing itself with the pleasures of the transgressive Other. (1991a, 35)
But the "transgressive Other" must be tamed in order to be "safely
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Even as culture is increasingly shared, identities become more fixed and hostile.
To complicate matters further, the two halves into which the other split are not
AND

family values, respect for authority, nationalism, and the like.
As we can easily see, nothing is more removed from reality than the idea of a straightforward correspondence between culture and identity on the U.S.—Mexico border.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wayzata MK | Judge: McGrath, Michael

1NC

"Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives

Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2

The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the
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shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.

That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo

De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct)

Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you
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run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.

Security is a psychological construct—the aff’s scenarios for conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other

Mack 91 – Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, "The Enemy System" http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
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, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

It’s try or die—-orthodox IR’s atomistic approach to global problems makes extinction inevitable

Ahmed 12 – Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
3. From securitisation to militarisation 3.1 Complicity

This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the manner in which political actors construct discourses of ’scarcity’ in response to ecological, energy and economic crises (critical security studies) in the context of the historically-specific socio-political and geopolitical relations of domination by which their power is constituted, and which are often implicated in the acceleration of these very crises (historical sociology and historical materialism).
Instead, both realist and liberal orthodox IR approaches focus on different aspects of interstate
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the economy in society and the concomitant politically-constituted nature of economics.
Hence, they neglect the profound irrationality of collective state behaviour, which systematically erodes
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realism and liberalism are ideologically implicated in the acceleration of global systemic crises.
By the same token, the incapacity to recognise and critically interrogate how prevailing social
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fuels the proliferation of violent conflict and militarisation responsible for magnified global insecurity.
’Securitisation’ refers to a ’speech act’ - an act of labelling - whereby political authorities
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-legal military-police measures in purported response to an existential danger.
The problem in the context of global ecological, economic and energy crises is that
AND
responding to global systemic crises other than to reduce them to their symptoms.
Indeed, orthodox IR theory has largely responded to global systemic crises not with new
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capacities to maintain existing power structures, to keep the lid on.93
Global crises are thus viewed as amplifying factors that could mobilise the popular will in
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problematise potentially recalcitrant populations - rationalising violence toward them as a control mechanism.
Consequently, for the most part, the policy implications of orthodox IR approaches involve
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a ’threat-multiplier which exacerbates existing trends, tensions and instability’.95
In practice, this generates an excessive preoccupation not with the causes of global crisis
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stressors by generating humanitarian crises, population migrations and other complex emergencies.96
A similar study by the US Joint Forces Command draws attention to the danger of
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resources and skills to shape transnational processes in their own class interest.’99
Thus, the securitisation of global crisis leads not only to the problematisation of particular
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• by dominating a resource-rich region critical for global capitalism.100
  But even this does not go far enough, for arguably the construction of certain
  AND
  , religious, political or economic lines — eventually legitimising their annihilation.102
  In other words, genocidal violence is inherently rooted in a prior and ongoing ideological
  AND
  from which that programme derives can the emergence of genocidal intent become explicable.
  Building on this insight, Semelin demonstrates that the process of exclusionary social group construction
  AND
  genocide, can become legitimised as contributing to the resolution of crises.105
  This does not imply that the securitisation of global crises by Western defence agencies is
  AND
  for crisis onto a newly constructed ’outsider’ group vindicating various forms of violence.

Don’t call it an alternative—-our response is to interrogate the epistemological failures of the 1ac—-this is a prereq to successful policy

Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward
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of state security planning in the context of counter-terrorism operations abroad.
The intensifying problematisation and externalisation of Muslim-majority regions and populations by Western security
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the efficacy of the prevailing geopolitical and economic order is ideologically beyond question.
As much as this analysis highlights a direct link between global systemic crises, social polarisation and state militarisation, it fundamentally undermines the idea of a symbiotic link between natural resources and conflict per se. Neither ’resource shortages’ nor ’resource abundance’ (in ecological, energy, food and monetary terms) necessitate conflict by themselves.
There are two key operative factors that determine whether either condition could lead to conflict
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to externalisation of those groups, and the legitimisation of violence towards them.
Ultimately, this systems approach to global crises strongly suggests that conventional policy ’reform’ is
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of the post-carbon era through social, political and economic transformation.
Yet conventional theoretical and policy approaches fail to (1) fully engage with the
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, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

No bioweapons use—-barriers overwhelm

Ouagrham-Gormley, 12 Sonia Ben Ouagrham-Gormley is Assistant Professor in the Biodefense Program at George Mason University, "Barriers to Bioweapons: Intangible Obstacles to Proliferation," International Security, Volume 36, Number 4, Spring 2012, pp. 80-114, pdf, AJ
This article challenges the conventional wisdom by showing that the success of a bioweapons program
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the development of more effective ways to target and disrupt covert bioweapons programs.  

Bioweapons are useless – don’t kill anyone

Dove, 12 ~Alan Dove, PhD in Microbiology, science journalist and former Adjunct Professor at New York University, "Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?" Jan 24 2012, http://alandove.com/content/2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/~~

The second problem is much more serious. Eliminating the toxins, we’re left with
AND
biodefense industry is a far greater threat to us than any actual bioterrorists.

The term terror is a rhetorical tool to paper over the violence of US militarism that occurs on a daily basis. The terror expert industry is not academic but political—view their evidence with skepticism.

Greenwald 8/15/12 (Glenn, Glenn Greenwald is a former Constitutional and civil rights litigator and is the author of three New York Times Bestselling books: two on the Bush administration’s executive power and foreign policy abuses, and his latest book, With Liberty and Justice for Some, an indictment of America’s¶ two-tiered system of justice. Greenwald was named by The Atlantic as one of the 25 most influential political commentators in the nation. He is the recipient of the first annual I.F. Stone Award for Independent Journalism, and is the winner of the 2010 Online Journalism Association Award for his investigative work on the arrest and oppressive detention of Bradley Manning. "The sham "terrorism expert" industry", http://www.salon.com/2012/08/15/the_sham_terrorism_expert_industry/) 

But the most pernicious attribute of this "terror expert" industry, the aspect
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is a fraud, as are those who profit from and within it.

No CCP impact

Feng 2010 ~5/10, Zhu, PhD, Professor of School of International Studies and Director of the Center for International 26 Strategic Studies @ Peking University, has served as research fellow @ Washington based CSIS 26 Fairbank Center for East Asian Studies @ Harvard University, visiting scholar @ Durham University in UK, "An Emerging Trend in East Asia: Military Budget Increases and Their Impact", May 10, 2010, http://www.fpif.org/articles/an_emerging_trend_in_east_asia~~

Many China watchers in the West contend that the weak legitimacy of the Chinese Communist
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outward, even at the cost of effectively muting an assertive foreign policy. 

No Taiwan War

Saunders and Kastner 09 – *Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National
Defense University, *Assistant Professor in the Department of Government and Politics
at the University of Maryland and former China Security Fellow at the Institute for National
Strategic Studies (Phillip and Scott, International Security, 33.4, "Bridge over troubled water? Envisioning a China-Taiwan peace agreement", http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isec.2009.33.4.87, WEA)

Most observers agree that the issue of Taiwan’s status is not ripe for resolution.
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goal of deterring Taiwan independence, postponing unification into the indefinite future.3
On Taiwan, public opinion polls consistently show strong (more than 75 percent)
AND
Ma reiterated these points in his May 20, 2008, inaugural address.
Collectively, these positions suggest that China and Taiwan may be prepared to defer the
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semiofficial bodies that previously served as vehicles for cross-strait dialogue.10 

their representations of China being a threat result in a self-fulfilling prophecy turning their impacts – we become anxious and that shapes the way our policies play out increasing hostility between the US and China.

Pan 12 (Chengxin is IR @ Australian National University and a Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Deakin University, "GETTING EXCITED ABOUT CHINA")djm

Rudd’s concern about China was not just con?ned to stra- tegic matters. On
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of anxiety, and increasing the danger of the self-ful?lling prophecy.

No impact to economic decline

Barnett 09 – senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC and a contributing editor/online columnist for Esquire magazine, columnist for World Politics Review (8/25, Thomas P.M. "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis," World Politics Review, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
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great resilience of America’s post-World War II international liberal trade order.

Global economy resilient

Zakaria, 9 - PhD in pol sci from Harvard. Editor of Newsweek, BA from Yale, PhD in pol sci, Harvard. He serves on the board of Yale University, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and Shakespeare and Company. Named "one of the 21 most important people of the 21st Century" (Fareed, The Secrets of Stability, 12 December 2009, http://www.fareedzakaria.com/articles/articles.html)

One year ago, the world seemed as if it might be coming apart.
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forces for stability, each reinforcing the other and each historical in nature.

Market is decoupled from the US – BRICS prove

Smith, 12 – Economic reporter for Alt-Market website (Brandon, "Is The World Abandoning The U.S. Economy?," Alt-Market, 10-25-12, http://www.alt-market.com/articles/1108-is-the-world-abandoning-the-us-economy, SMS)

The possibility of a U.S. without financial hegemony is very real. To understand that this possibility exists is one thing; to understand that the process of destabilization has already begun is another. Many analysts with their heads stuck in the mainstream clouds attempt to argue against the "theory" of foreign markets decoupling from the U.S., not realizing that their entire debate platform is pointless because the decoupling is happening right under their noses… The recent press covering the ongoing plan by BRIC nations (or "BRICS" if you count the latest bilateral agreements with South Africa) to establish their own supranational banking hub merely highlights the fact that developing countries are not simply "talking" about decoupling from the United States, they are taking actions to make it happen: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-10-16/goldman-sachs-s-o-neill-sees-brics-bank-gathering-momentum-1-.html The response from mainstream financial analysts is, of course, that the project for a BRIC bank will fail. Their argument, however, usually revolves around the assumption that this new central bank is designed to "compete" with the IMF, and is a merely an overreaction to the IMF and World Bank’s failure to give developing nations more inclusion in decision making processes. I see no evidence that the BRICS are trying to create a counter-system which would conflict with IMF control. Instead, it would seem that the BRICS are much more interested in forcing the issue of greater inclusion, and garnering greater favor within the already existing IMF structure: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/19/imf-idUSL2E8FJ90K20120419 Last year the G20 discussed heightened participation by China and the BRICS in the IMF’s global basket currency, the SDR. French Finance Minister and later "elected" IMF chief Christine Lagarde agreed with the idea while stating that certain conditions, including appreciation of the Yuan’s value, would have to take place: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12905205 Contrary to the belief that the BRICS are building opposition to the IMF, China has on several occasions called for the EXPANSION of the IMF’s power, as well as widespread circulation of the SDR: http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-03/chinese-president-hu-calls-for-reform-of-imf-sdr-currency-basket.html How have the MSM talking heads missed this trend? Simply put: Bias, controlled and pre-written talking points from their editors, as well as many half-baked presumptions. The popular belief amongst financial academia is that the IMF is a product of American economic might, and that the organization will do whatever is in the best interests of the U.S. at all times. The reality is that the IMF is fast becoming the central authority of economic operations around the globe, and America just happens to be paying the largest "tithe" to the respective coffers of the banking syndicate. Do you get more control in the operations of the IRS when you pay more taxes? The IMF’s goal is world centralization of economic control. For them, any sovereign nation is expendable in pursuit of the end game, including the United States. The IMF would not be pushing the issuance of a new world reserve currency to unseat the dollar if they did not intend to follow through, and they certainly would not hobble the greenback if they cared in the slightest about American economic concerns. Rather than running counter to the IMF, BRIC partners and the newly realized ASEAN bloc are making themselves indispensible to the globalists, ensuring wider partnership in the near future. A BRIC central bank is, I believe, a bargaining chip to be used to open the door to more leadership in the IMF while reducing American influence. To summarize, the BRICS are not in conflict with the IMF, rather, they are in conflict with the U.S., and this conflict is coming to a climax… Trade amongst BRIC nations continues to climb while exports to the U.S. have diminished. Between 2001 and 2009, exports and imports between BRICS skyrocketed, even amidst the derivatives collapse:

Alt cause – the GOP hate education funding; this is the lynchpin to solve poverty

All Voices 8/1 – media site for Breaking News, Current Events, Latest News and World Events (Why conservatives will never end poverty in America, 8/1/12, http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/12700990-why-conservatives-will-never-end-poverty-in-america)  czhang
The very nature of poverty in America is counter to pro-big business conservative philosophy. Therefore, ever-deepening cuts to programs that help low and middle income people will only deepen the financial struggles of all but the very rich.
"The first thing needed if we’re to get people out of poverty is more
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So much for our founding fathers. Now we have the Tea Party.

We control uniqueness – all indicators of human well being are increasing

Goklany, 04 – Property and Environment Research Center, Julian Simon Fellow, Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Former Chief of Technical Assessment Division at National Commission on Air Quality (Indur, "It’s Getting Better", Ed. Terry Anderson, http://members.cox.net/igoklany/Economic20Growth20Tech20Change20and20Human20Well-being202004.pdf)

With this Neo-Malthusian vision of the future, the Global 2000 Report to
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remarkable cycle of progress that has accompanied modern economic growth. HUNGER AND UNDERNOURISHMENT
Concerns about the world’s ability to feed its burgeoning population have been around at least
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had life expectancies of approximately 69 and 62 years (World Bank 1999).

No CCP risk impact

Gardner, 9 (Dinah, "Chinese brace for financial fallout," 1/7, http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/01/20091782430904431.html

And it looks like 2009 will be another roller coaster ride for Beijing. On
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a pretty rosy future, even though the year ahead will be difficult." 

No CCP collapse

Pei 09 (Minxin, Senior Associate in the China Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 3/12. "Will the Chinese Communist Party Survive the Crisis?" Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64862/minxin-pei/will-the-chinese-communist-party-survive-the-crisis)

It might seem reasonable to expect that challenges from the disaffected urban middle class,
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and-true practices to ward off any organized movement against the regime.

Economic growth causes global warming and poverty
Cavanagh 3/15 Cites most recent UN Environmental Report (Susan, 3/15/13, "UN report: human progress may be reversed by climate change," http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/un-report-human-progress-may-be-reversed-by-c/blog/44364/?utm_source=dlvr.it26utm_medium=twitter26utm_campaign=Feed3A+GreenpeaceNews+28Greenpeace+News29)//DR. H

When it comes to political action on climate change, it’s the richest nations in the North that demand developing nations also act, which seems fair at first glance.
But it’s the rich nations of the North that reaped the benefits of industrialisation leaving the rest of the world in an economic backwater. And it’s the polluting gases from that industrialisation that’s driving the climate change now reigning down on the developing nations in the global South.
Now that the developing nations are doing just that – developing – they have become the engine of the global economy. Or put another way, unlike when the North jumped ahead economically, the progress in the South benefits the world as a whole.
It’s a cruel irony that now that those developing nations have raised their economic game to claw back some of the gains made by the North, the impact of climate change from industrialisation should be visited upon them most.
The 2013 United Nations Human Development Report released yesterday warns that "environmental inaction, 

Block

their epistemic certainty in the assumptions that create these threats makes extinction inevitable and collapses value to life

Burke 06 – PhD, appointed to UNSW @ ADFA after three years in UNSW Sydney’s School of Social Sciences and International Studies (Anthony, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory 26 Event, MUSE)

Bacon thought of the new scientific method not merely as way of achieving a purer
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human lives are reduced to tools, obstacles, useful or obstinate matter. 

Prefer our disjunctive scenarios to their short-term conjunctive scenarios – most qualified analysis is on our side

Yudkowsky 06 – Eliezer Yudkowsky, 8/31/2006, Singularity Institute for
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futurist, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.

Bioterror security discourse compels us to wage precautionary warfare that increases the likelihood of an attack – turns case

Kittelsen 09 – Researcher for the Security programme @ the International Peace Research Institute in Oslo (Sonja, "Conceptualizing Biorisk: Dread Risk and the Threat of Bioterrorism in Europe," Security Dialogue vol. 40, no. 1, February)

The dread that the prospect of bioterrorism elicits thus not only compounds the distinction between
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and perpetuation, as well as with the constitution of ’security’ itself.

It’s impossible to know the reality of China – predictions themselves craft Chinese identity and extinguish other possibilities guaranteeing perpetual warfare

Pan 04 – (Chengxin Pan, Chengxin Pan is Lecturer in International Relations at Deakin University, Australia. He received his B.A. and M.A. from Peking University and Ph.D. from the Australian National University. His research interests include Chinese foreign policy, Sino-American relations, and Australia-China relations.  "The "China Threat" in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics"; Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29, 2004, via Academic OneFile)

Having examined how the "China threat" literature is enabled by and serves the
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the containment perspectives and hegemonic ambitions of U.S. foreign policy. 

Economic security puts a happy face on violent practices that slaughter those who fail to conform – turns the AFF. Star this card because it slays your AFF

Neocleous 08 – professor of government at Brunel (Mark, "Critique of Security", pages 101-105)

In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection
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by using notions such as ’personal freedom’ and ’social equality’.101
Marx and Engels once highlighted the historical role of the bourgeoisie in shaping the world
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In one word, it creates a world after its own image.102
In the second half of the twentieth century this ability to ’batter down all
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only nestled, settled and established connections, but also ’secured’ everywhere.
Security politics thereby became the basis of a distinctly liberal philosophy of global ’intervention’
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rogue’ or ’outlaw’ states on the ’wrong side of history’.104
’Extrapolating the figures as best we can’, one CIA agent commented in 1991
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world was to be included in the new ’secure’ global liberal order.
The result has been the slaughter of untold numbers. John Stock well, who was part of a CIA project in Angola which led to the deaths of over 20,000 people, puts it like this:
Coming to grips with these U.S./CIA activities in broad numbers and
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I was part of – and 22,000 killed in Nicaragua.109
Note that the six million is a minimum figure, that he omits to mention
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the world, and launched a new round of slaughtering to prove it.
While much has been made about the supposedly ’new’ doctrine of preemption in the
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, the United States will, if necessary, act pre emptively.110
In other words, the security policy of the world’s only superpower in its current ’war on terror’ is still underpinned by a notion of liberal order-building based on a certain vision of ’economic order’. The National Security Strategy concerns itself with a ’single sustainable model for national success’ based on ’political and economic liberty’, with whole sections devoted to the security benefits of ’economic liberty’, and the benefits to liberty of the security strategy proposed.111
Economic security (that is, ’capitalist accumulation’) in the guise of ’
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apparatus intimately bound up with national identity and thus the politics of loyalty.

Their input-output understanding of the economy doesn’t account for the complexity of human behavior – their predictions become self-referential and fail

Arthur 95 – W. Brian, Morrison Professor of Economics and Population Studies, Stanford University ("Complexity in Economic and Financial Markets," Complexity, vol. 1, no. 1, April 1995, https://www.google.com/search?num=10026hl=en26q=E2809CComplexity+in+Economic+and+Financial+MarketsE2809D26oq=E2809CComplexity+in+Economic+and+Financial+MarketsE2809D26aq=f26aqi=g-K2g-mK126aql=26gs_l=serp.3..0i30l2j0i5i30.286168.287687.0.288309.2.2.0.0.0.0.135.258.0j2.2.0...0.0.cIhmcawH2B4)RK

One way to look at the economy, the standard way in fact, is
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expectations are mediated and sculpted by the physical economy they find themselves in.
Why might a psychological or cognitive view of the economy be useful? Economic agents
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the economy becomes inevitable; and it leads to a world of complexity.
The standard way to handle predictive beliefs in economic analysis is to assume identical agents
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unravel easily. Unless there are special circumstances, they are not robust.
There is a game in economics that illustrates this unraveling of rational expectations beautifully.
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deductively indeterminate, no matter how logical or rational the agents are.1
Consider as a second example my Bar Problem (Arthur ~2~). One hundred
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there is no rational means to arrive at deduced a-priori predictions.
These two problems are of course toy problems, concocted like the famous Prisoner’s Dilemma
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. On the contrary, it pervades all of economics and game theory.

education

Smith 97 - professor of political science at the University of Wales (Steve, Review of International Studies, Cambridge journals online)

By focusing on the policy debate, we restrict ourselves to the issues of the
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the political being seen as either natural or a matter of common sense.

representations are a prior question

Hinds 26 Windt Jr 91 – (1991, Lynn Boyd, is Associate Professor
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language guides our understanding about rhetoric’s role in the political construction of reality.

Not utopian fiat and not even that radical

Burke 07 – senior lecturer in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of New South Wales (Anthony, "Beyond security, ethics and violence", pages 67-68, WEA) 

To ask the question what comes after security may seem curious, quixotic, or
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forms and containers for life that apparently pre-exist and require security. 

Resistance generates genuine political thought

Neoclous 08 – Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, 2008 ~Critique of Security, 185-6~

The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
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it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."’

we agree threats exist but the aff’s practices make them meaningful

Mack 1991, MD, Psychodynamics of International Relationships Vol 1 p. 58-59 1991

Attempts to explore the psychological roots of enmity are frequently met with an argument that
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motives and we never labor to asses his will with anything approaching objectivity."
Individuals may have little to do with the choice of national enemies. Most Americans
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taught to think critically about how our assigned enemies are selected for us.
In the relations between potential adversarial nations there will have been, inevitably, real grievances that are grounds for enmity. But the attitude of one people towards another is usually determined by leaders who manipulate the minds of citizens for domestic political reasons which are generally unknown to the public. As Israeli sociologist Alouph Haveran has said, in times of conflict between nations historical accuracy is the first victim.~8~
 

we don’t deny the obvious or say discourse created nukes

Weldes 99 – (professor of IR at the University of Bristol, 1999  (Cultures of Insecurity, p. 12-13)

At this point it is important to clarify what we mean in referring to insecurities
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constructivism is interested in how one gets from here to such widely shared propositions 

we question the very need for a policy – the perm assumes we can just reform security logic and this mentality is why the AFF will inevitably fail

Cheeseman and Bruce 96 - *lecturer in politics and defense studies at The University College, Australian Defense Force Academy, Associate Professor in Social Sciences at the Curtin University of Technology in Perth (Graeme and Robert, "Discourses of Danger 26 Dread Frontiers", pages 5-9)

This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of
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and essential if Australia’s thinking on defence and security is to be invigorated.
This is not a conventional policy book; nor should it be, in the
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underlines the importance of Antonio Gramsci and Edward Said’s ’critical intellectuals’.15
The demand, tacit or otherwise, that the policy-maker’s frame of reference
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Australia’s security community continues to invoke closed monological narratives on defence and security.
This book also questions the distinctions between policy practice and academic theory that inform conventional
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awareness of the need for new perspectives, then specific policies may follow.
As Jim George argues in the following chapter, we need to look not so
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resistant to them, or choose not to understand them, and why?

it’s about thinking differently to ask the right questions, not the right answer to overwhelm every past mistake

Dillon 96 – Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Lancaster (Michael, "The politics of security", page 2, Google Books)

Reimagining politics is, of course, easier said than done.  Resistance to it
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Moreover, the project of that thinking differently leads to thinking ’difference’ itself.
Thought is therefore required if politics is to contribute to out-living the modern
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with the subject of security which commits its politics to securing the subject.  
Motivated, therefore, by a certain sense of crisis in both philosophy and politics
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upon International Relations if the political thought of that thought remains largely unthought.  

Trying to rewrite security fails—it puts a happy face on it but maintains the same core assumptions

Burke 07 – senior lecturer in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of New South Wales (Anthony, "Beyond security, ethics and violence", page 31, WEA) 

This chapter remains focused on the aporias that lie at the heart of security,
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our relationships and our available images of political, social and economic order.
This, as Walker intriguingly hints, is also to explore the aporetic distance that modernity establishes between our ’humanity’ and a secure identity defined and limited by the state. In short, security needs to be placed alongside a range of other economic, political, technological, philosophic and scientific developments as one of the central constitutive events of our modernity, and it remains one of its essential underpinnings. 

Bioterrorism is a constructed threat—they fetishize a miniscule risk of an attack that security policies create.

Loeppky 2004 – PhD in political science from York University, member of Comparative Program on Health and Society since 2003 (3/17, Rodney, paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association in Montreal, "The New ’Biomania’ and US Foreign Policy", pg. 12, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p72793_index.html, MT)

Over the past few years, and especially pronounced since the US mobilization for war
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, requiring concerned officials to shed the strategic fetters of Cold War thought.
Equipped with a bevy of threatening potentialities, analysts and policymakers alike urge the American
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premised on a powerful threat discourse which is, at once, highly problematic

The China threat label is counterproductive and inaccurate

Pan, 04  (Political Science, Australian National U, Chengxin, Department of Political Science at Australian National University, "The ’China Threat’ in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics", Alternatives, June-July, ebscohost)

I have argued above that the "China threat" argument in mainstream U.
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, and less dangerous ways of interpreting and debating China might become possible.