Tournament: Bronx | Round: 3 | Opponent: Brooklyn Technical DD | Judge: Miles Owens
Open Source

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 5 | Opponent: NFA HS | Judge: Isaac Marshall
Open Source

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Lincoln Garrett
1NC
1NC Framework
The Aff’s failure to defend benefits of United States Federal Government economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela undermines debate’s transformative and intellectual potential
Resolved requires a policy
Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies,
AND
, 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
Federal government is the national government
Black’s Law 4 (Dictionary, 8th Edition, June 1, 2004, pg.716.)

Federal government. 1. A national government that exercises some degree of control over
AND
C.J.S. United States - - 2-3
 “Economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Celik 11 (Arda Can Çelik, graduate M.A in political science and international relations at Uppsala University Sweden, 2011, “Economic sanctions and engagement policies,” http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)

Introduction¶ Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference with fairly and predictably divided ground in order to promote effective exchange – that’s key to inculcate decision making and advocacy skills
Steinberg and Freeley 13, * David, Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League. Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA. And  Austin, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, JD, Suffolk University, Argumentation and Debate, Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, 121-4
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
That’s key to social improvements in every and all facets of life – only portable skill means our framework turns case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Their framework’s exclusive, moralizing presupposition that they have to be outside of the state prevents self-reflexivity and results in the total breakdown of dialogue and engagement
Keenan, 1998 (Alan, Ph.D., Member of the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies at Harvard University, Theory and Event, Vol. 2 No. 1, http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v002/2.1keenan.html)

The anti-political nature of guilt, in turn, helps explain the political
AND
their belief in the futility, aggressivity, and dreariness of political action.
Self-reflexivity is vital to preventing mass violence and genocide
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism

Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Switch-side is key to effective deliberative discourse – forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions
Keller et al 1 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

That’s the lynchpin of solving all existential problems ---our K turns the whole case
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.
And independently a voting issue for fairness – monopolizing strategy makes discussion one-sided and subverts inclusion of the neg – it’s a prior question and means they shouldn’t get to weigh the aff
Galloway 7—Samford Comm prof (Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007)
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.
Fairness matters – only way to access social justice and a better debate community
Rawls 99
John Rawls, Professor of Political Philosophy at Harvard University “A Theory of Justice. Revised ed.” Harvard University Press, 1999.

One should not be misled, then, by the somewhat unusual conditions which characterize
AND
women at odds and allows them to be guided by their prejudices.  
Engagement
Latin America improving now – inequality and poverty decreasing
Ferreira 12 (Francisco H. G. , head Economist at the World Bank's Research Department and a Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA, Bonn). During his World Bank career, he has also served as Deputy Chief Economist for Latin America and the Caribbean, and as a co-Director of the World Development Report 2006, on Equity and Development. He has published widely in the fields of poverty, inequality, and the political economy of development, and serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Economic Inequality, the Review of Income and Wealth, the World Bank Economic Review and the Economic Analysis Review, Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class, Julian Messina, Jamele Rigolini, Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva, Maria Ana Lugo, Renos Vakis, Luis Felipe Ló, pez-Calva, Page xi, http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=BfGvmd4mSe0Candoi=fndandpg=PP1anddq=latin+america+progress+socioeconomicandots=rAMn0rJqxVandsig=AKE8fOjyIlvJ2pqz3tpkluCV4os#v=snippetandq=22decline20in20poverty22andf=false)

That remains true today: apart from South Africa and Swaziland. all other countries
AND
millennium. The year 2003 stands out as a break in the series.

No prior questions
Owen 2 (David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
No intervention impact
Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration”, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)

7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.
No impact to the environment
Holly Doremus 2k Professor of Law at UC Davis, "The Rhetoric and Reality of Nature Protection: Toward a New Discourse," Winter 2000 Washington and Lee Law Review 57 Wash and Lee L. Rev. 11, lexis
Reluctant to concede such losses, tellers of the ecological horror story highlight how close
AND
material benefits of destructive decisions frequently will exceed their identifiable material costs.  n221
Pedagogy
Simulation of Latin American policymaking is key to social progress – prefer specificity
Giordano and Li 12 - *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB
(“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)BB

Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still ¶
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.
Even if the judge is an educator that’s not a reason to vote affirmative – our method solves skills better
Their use of decolonization as a metaphor for debate is only a way to assuage our guilt--- it doesn’t create change and is an independent reason to reject the aff because it makes us LESS likely to change our own role in the system
Tuck 12—Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations at the State University of New York at New Paltz.  (Eve, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)
Decolonization as metaphor allows people to equivocate. In reality, the tracks walk all
AND
unsettle innocence, which we discuss in the final section of this article.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 2 | Opponent: ACORN Community AJ | Judge: Sean Hammond
Open Source

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wilson JS | Judge: Erin Dinser
Open Source

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 6 | Opponent: River Hill SS | Judge: Kyla Sommers
Open Source

Tournament: Yale | Round: Quarters | Opponent: La Salle GH | Judge: Sergio Lopez, De Matteis Giuse, Jim Murphy
XO 1NC
The President of the United States should 

Observation 1: Competition
A. The federal government includes all three branches -- prefer a definition from legal code
US Code no date (“United States Federal Government Law and Legal Definition,” http://definitions.uslegal.com/u/united-states-federal-government/)

The United States Federal
AND
President and Vice president of the US and iii) Judiciary.

B.  Resolutional – Resolved means legislative action
Lousiana House of Representatives 5  (http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm)

Resolution   A legislative instrument that generally is
AND
introduction nor to governorand#39;s veto. 

Observation 2: Solvency

The CP solves
Hsu 12 (David T. Hsu - Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Browne Center for International Politics, “Executive Discretion, Domestic Constraints, and Patterns of Post-9/11 U.S. Foreign Economic Policy”, September 2012, Pg 6, http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf) MaxL

The specific empirical puzzle
AND
motivations for manipulating foreign economic policies.

XOS Shape American Policy – they are key to prez powers
McCormick 10 (James M. McCormick, , “American Foreign Policy and Process,” http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=m_MOrBfBEmYCandoi=fndandpg=PR5anddq=executive+orders+quick+processandots=HTAhZJp2qWandsig=7FfCHf0qgQRvKqDAEbGC_c-Dmw0#v=onepageandq=eecutive20orderandf=false)

Other executive orders in the past s
AND
yet another avenue of influence on foreign affairs.
Obama needs to take unilateral action to solve warming
Westmoreland 10 (Joshua Westmoreland, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 1/1/10 “Global Warming and Originalism: The Role of the EPA in the Obama Administration:” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027andcontext=ealrandsei-redir=1#search=22presidential20power20global20warming20obama22)

Mapping the national and international
AND
GHG-emission-limiting regulations pursuant to the CAA.

4. Warming causes extinction
Tickell8–EnvironmentalResearcher(Oliver,8/11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange) Quals Added

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming
AND
propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.

Neolib K (Cuba Embargo)
Cuba is insulated from neoliberal pressures now-eliminating the embargo reverses that
Barra, UNICEF international development consultant, 2010
Sacrificing Neoliberalism to Save Capitalism: Latin America Resists and Offers Answers to Crises”, Critical Sociology, 36.5, SAGE)

We may start by highlighting
AND
international relations in order to trade with dignity.
Neoliberalism specifically in Latin America exacerbates inequality and justifies endless intervention — causes extinction – moral obligation to put those oppressed by the West at the center of decision making
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

The goal of neoliberal economic globalization
AND
market prices, are both likely causes
Reject neoliberalism to embrace Cubanalismo – endorsing Cuba’s economic model is key to demonstrate that alternatives exist outside dominant Western ideology  
Fanelli 8(Carlo Fanelli, Department of Sociology, York University, November 2008, “‘Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism”, https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=2andik=ca602910b8andview=attandth=1402883ba36493eeandattid=0.1anddisp=inlineandrealattid=f_hjp4psz20andsafe=1andzwandsaduie=AG9B_P_TyPHIjOArXXGZNtwjo8L5andsadet=1375382083142andsads=e9iC4I3SMN1yjSDGkdM0Hnivuwo) ZA

As this paper has attempted to integrate throughout
AND
polices can and do continue to exist.
T Sanctions
Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement
Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as and#34;granting
AND
better to define the word.
“Engagement” is distinct from “appeasement” — the plan must mandate long term interaction
Rock 2k — Stephen R. Rock, Associate Professor of Political Science at Vassar College, 2000 (“The Study of Appeasement,” Appeasement in International Politics, Published by the University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0813132282, p. 22-23)

Appeasement and engagement are
AND
of conflict and reduce tensions.
Debt Ceiling
Will Pass – renewed interest in politically difficult compromises
Bowles and Simpson 9/16 (Erskine Bowles and Alan Simpson co-chaired the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform and now co-chair the Moment of Truth Project, and are guest writers for CSM, 9/16/13, and#34;Government shutdown? A leap of trust can seal a budget dealand#34;, http://news.yahoo.com/government-shutdown-leap-trust-seal-budget-deal-144702994~-~-politics.html)

For their part, a growing
AND
of raising new revenue.

Cuba policy is a political firestorm — the plan angers congressional hardliners and causes Obama’s agenda to be taken hostage.
LeoGrande 12 — William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where
AND
forces policymakers to take action.
The plan would trade off with Congress’s ability to avert the shutdown - GOP has momentum and will, but they need literally every hour to get it done
Frank James, 9-13-2013, “Congress Searches For A Shutdown-Free Future,” NPR, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/09/13/221809062/congress-searches-for-a-shutdown-free-future

The only thing found Thursday
AND
report, weand#39;ll let you know.and#34;
Government shutdown wrecks CDC disease monitoring – key to check outbreaks
Emily Walker, 4-8-2011, and#34;Both Sides Claim Win as Shutdown Averted,and#34; Med Page Today, http://www.medpagetoday.com/Washington-Watch/Washington-Watch/25826

The vast majority of employees at
AND
right now,and#34; the HHS spokesman said.
Extinction
Quammen 12 David, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harperand#39;s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis

Infectious disease is all around
AND
is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.
Communism DA
Reforms now because of economic pressure – it will end Cuban communism
Sadowski, 11 – JD, Hofstra University School of Law, and Managing Editor of the Journal of International Business and Law (Richard, “Cuban Offshore Drilling: Preparation and Prevention within the Framework of the United States’ Embargo”, 12 Sustainable Dev. L. and Pol’y 37, lexis)KW

RECENT ECONOMIC POLICY CHANGES
AND
released prisoners, and commuted death sentences.86
Expanding economic engagement provides profits to the regime to finance the expansion of communism globally and strengthen Cuban alliances with rogue states
Brookes, 9 - Senior Fellow, National Security Affairs at the Heritage Foundation (Peter, “Keep the Embargo, O” 4/16, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)

Of course, the big empanada is
AND
the leverage the embargo provides.
The spread of communism causes mass exterminations globally
Kors, Professor of History at University of Pennsylvania and Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, 2001  (Alan Charles, “Triumph without Self-Belief,” Orbis, Summer, ebsco)

The most that can be
AND
 fact survive the twentieth century.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science GK | Judge: Ellie Boswell
XO 1NC
The President of the United States should 

Observation 1: Competition
A. The federal government includes all three branches -- prefer a definition from legal code
US Code no date (“United States Federal Government Law and Legal Definition,” http://definitions.uslegal.com/u/united-states-federal-government/)

The United States Federal
AND
President and Vice president of the US and iii) Judiciary.

B.  Resolutional – Resolved means legislative action
Lousiana House of Representatives 5  (http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm)

Resolution   A legislative instrument that generally is
AND
introduction nor to governorand#39;s veto. 

Observation 2: Solvency

The CP solves
Hsu 12 (David T. Hsu - Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Browne Center for International Politics, “Executive Discretion, Domestic Constraints, and Patterns of Post-9/11 U.S. Foreign Economic Policy”, September 2012, Pg 6, http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf) MaxL

The specific empirical puzzle
AND
motivations for manipulating foreign economic policies.

XOS Shape American Policy – they are key to prez powers
McCormick 10 (James M. McCormick, , “American Foreign Policy and Process,” http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=m_MOrBfBEmYCandoi=fndandpg=PR5anddq=executive+orders+quick+processandots=HTAhZJp2qWandsig=7FfCHf0qgQRvKqDAEbGC_c-Dmw0#v=onepageandq=eecutive20orderandf=false)

Other executive orders in the past s
AND
yet another avenue of influence on foreign affairs.
Obama needs to take unilateral action to solve warming
Westmoreland 10 (Joshua Westmoreland, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 1/1/10 “Global Warming and Originalism: The Role of the EPA in the Obama Administration:” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027andcontext=ealrandsei-redir=1#search=22presidential20power20global20warming20obama22)

Mapping the national and international
AND
GHG-emission-limiting regulations pursuant to the CAA.

4. Warming causes extinction
Tickell8–EnvironmentalResearcher(Oliver,8/11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange) Quals Added

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming
AND
propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.

China SOI 1NC
China’s expanding into Latin America-~--US influence is key to crowd them out
Dowd 12 (Alan, Senior Fellow with the American Security Council Foundation, “Crisis in the Americaand#39;s,” http://www.ascfusa.org/content_pages/view/crisisinamericas)

Focused on military operations in the Middle East
AND
one great power in the Western Hemisphere.
The plan limits China’s influence in the region – restarts U.S. – Latin Ties
Pham 10
Dr. J. Peter Pham is senior vice president of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy and the incoming editor of American Foreign Policy Interests., China’s Strategic Penetration of Latin America: What It Means for U.S. Interests, 2010, American Foreign Policy Interests, 32: 363–381

All of this led to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham
AND
punitive sanctions against American products.89
Chinese influence is existential– it controls every extinction scenario
Zhang ‘12
Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm 

As China plays an increasingly
AND
it will continue to surprise the world.
Neolib K (Mexico)
Notions if energy are informed by neoliberalism-assumes energy is an external input necessary for human growth—this creates omnipresent scarcity and pre-determines outcomes by not questions the ends to which energy is used.
Hildyard, Corner House director, 2012
(Nicholas, Corner House has aimed to support democratic and community movements for environmental and social justice, former co-editor of the Ecologist, “Energy Security For What?  For Whom?”, February, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy20Security20For20Whom20For20What.pdf, DOA: 7-5-12)

Clearly, like “security”, “energy” is
AND
initiating any discussion of energy security
Neoliberalism specifically in Latin America exacerbates inequality and justifies endless intervention — causes extinction – moral obligation to put those oppressed by the West at the center of decision making
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

The goal of neoliberal economic globalization
AND
market prices, are both likely causes.

Vote negative to endorse a world of Mexican labor sovereignty in the face of the neoliberal globalization of North American trade
Otero 11 (Gerardo, department of sociology and anthropology at Simon Fraser University, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Journal of Poverty, 15:384 – 402, October 17, 2011, “Neoliberal Globalization, NAFTA, and Migration: Mexico’s Loss of Food and Labor Sovereignty,” http://www.sfu.ca/~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf, alp)

An alternative policy conclusion could be as
AND
 the world economy from the bottom up.
Util
Existence outweighs other impacts. It is necessary for the “I” that can behave ethically or create meaning.
Gelven ’94 (Michael, Prof. Phil. – Northern Illinois U., “War and Existence: A Philosophical Inquiry”, p. 136-137)

The personal pronouns, like and#34;Iand#34; and and#34;We
AND
beyond human appeal or persuasion.

Existence is a prerequisite to value
Wapner ‘3  (Paul, Associate Prof. and Dir. Global Env’t. Policy Prog. – American U., Dissent, “Leftist criticism of “nature””, Winter, 50:1, Proquest)

All attempts to listen to nature
AND
their fundamental moral commitment.
T Direct Talks
Interpretation – Engagement requires government to government DIRECT talks
Crocker ‘9 9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. “Terms of Engagement,” http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=1and

PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a
AND
modify its policies and its behavior.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stuyvesant HC | Judge: John Fowle
XO 1NC
The President of the United States should 

Observation 1: Competition
A. The federal government includes all three branches -- prefer a definition from legal code
US Code no date (“United States Federal Government Law and Legal Definition,” http://definitions.uslegal.com/u/united-states-federal-government/)

The United States Federal
AND
President and Vice president of the US and iii) Judiciary.

B.  Resolutional – Resolved means legislative action
Lousiana House of Representatives 5  (http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm)

Resolution   A legislative instrument that generally is
AND
introduction nor to governorand#39;s veto. 

Observation 2: Solvency

The CP solves
Hsu 12 (David T. Hsu - Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Browne Center for International Politics, “Executive Discretion, Domestic Constraints, and Patterns of Post-9/11 U.S. Foreign Economic Policy”, September 2012, Pg 6, http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf) MaxL

The specific empirical puzzle
AND
motivations for manipulating foreign economic policies.

XOS Shape American Policy – they are key to prez powers
McCormick 10 (James M. McCormick, , “American Foreign Policy and Process,” http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=m_MOrBfBEmYCandoi=fndandpg=PR5anddq=executive+orders+quick+processandots=HTAhZJp2qWandsig=7FfCHf0qgQRvKqDAEbGC_c-Dmw0#v=onepageandq=eecutive20orderandf=false)

Other executive orders in the past s
AND
yet another avenue of influence on foreign affairs.
Obama needs to take unilateral action to solve warming
Westmoreland 10 (Joshua Westmoreland, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 1/1/10 “Global Warming and Originalism: The Role of the EPA in the Obama Administration:” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027andcontext=ealrandsei-redir=1#search=22presidential20power20global20warming20obama22)

Mapping the national and international
AND
GHG-emission-limiting regulations pursuant to the CAA.

4. Warming causes extinction
Tickell8–EnvironmentalResearcher(Oliver,8/11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange) Quals Added

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming
AND
propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.

Appeasement 1NC
Hardline against Cuba now – terror list
Kasperowicz 5/30/13 Pete, Staff Writer for the Hill, and#34;State keeps Cuba on terror sponsors listand#34;, 5/30/13, http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/americas/302609-cuba-remains-a-state-sponsor-of-terror-despite-some-improvements, Accessed July 6,

As expected, the State Department on Thursday
AND
remove Cuba from the list.

Lifting the embargo is appeasement – emboldens adversaries and turns the case
Brookes 9 (Peter is a Heritage Foundation senior fellow and a former deputy assistant secretary of defense. “KEEP THE EMBARGO, O” April 15, 2009, http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_Oul9gWKYCFsACA0D6IVpvL)

In the end, though, itand#39;s still Fidel
AND
the leverage the embargo provides.

Appeasement kills credibility – it shows countries that the US isn’t hard line - playing a weak hand doesn’t work
Weissberg 10 - Professor of Political Science-Emeritus, University of Illinois-Urbana (Robert, “President Obamaand#39;s Compulsive Appeasement Disorder”, August 27 of 2010, American Thinker, http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/08/president_obamas_compulsive_ap.html)

Thereand#39;s a simple explanation:
AND
regardless of world outrage.

Obama’s credibility is uniquely key to solve conflict – prevents Iran prolif
Ben Coes 11, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 and author, “The disease of a weak president”, The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/

The disease of a weak president
AND
The status quo is simply not an option.

Iran prolif causes nuclear war
Jeffrey Goldberg 12, Bloomberg View columnist and a national correspondent for the Atlantic, January 23, 2012, “How Iran Could Trigger Accidental Armageddon,” online: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/how-iran-may-trigger-accidental-armageddon-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg.html
The experts who study this depressing issue
AND
with a nuclear weapons delivery capability.”
Neolib K (Cuba Oil)
Cuban oil is inevitable and solves the case BUT extending US control shuts down alternative social models
Sandels, former Quinnipiac University history professor, 2011
(Robert, “An Oil-Rich Cuba?”, September, http://monthlyreview.org/2011/09/01/an-oil-rich-cuba)

Cuba is about to begin drilling
AND
Venezuela came the importation of “neo-communism.”12
Neoliberalism specifically in Latin America exacerbates inequality and justifies endless intervention — causes extinction – moral obligation to put those oppressed by the West at the center of decision making
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

The goal of neoliberal economic globalization
AND
market prices, are both likely causes
Reject neoliberalism to embrace Cubanalismo – endorsing Cuba’s economic model is key to demonstrate that alternatives exist outside dominant Western ideology  
Fanelli 8(Carlo Fanelli, Department of Sociology, York University, November 2008, “‘Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism”, https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=2andik=ca602910b8andview=attandth=1402883ba36493eeandattid=0.1anddisp=inlineandrealattid=f_hjp4psz20andsafe=1andzwandsaduie=AG9B_P_TyPHIjOArXXGZNtwjo8L5andsadet=1375382083142andsads=e9iC4I3SMN1yjSDGkdM0Hnivuwo) ZA

As this paper has attempted to integrate throughout
AND
polices can and do continue to exist.
Oil DA
Cuban production is low – technical hurdles prevent effective drilling
Gibson 4/14/13 (William E., Washington Bureau reporter for the Sun Sentinel, “Companies abandon search for oil in Cubaand#39;s deep waters”, 4/14/13, Sun Sentinel, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-04-14/news/fl-cuban-oil-drilling-retreat-20130414_1_jorge-pi-north-coast-cuban-officials/2, JKahn)

WASHINGTON — After spending nearly $700 million
AND
its Cuban offices and moving elsewhere. 

The framework and motive for oil trade exists now – it’s just a question of the restrictions
WP, 09 (Nick Miroff, staff writer, “Cubaand#39;s Undersea Oil Could Help Thaw Trade With U.S.”, 5/16/2009, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/15/AR2009051503416.html, JKahn)

Deep in the Gulf of Mexico
AND
position toward the United States,and#34; he said.

Increasing Cuban oil production would drastically lower global oil prices
Belt, 9 (Juan A.B. Belt, Senior Economic Advisor for the U.S. Agency for International Development, former Chief Economist for the U.S. Agency for International Development, degrees from Harvard University Kennedy School of Government in Infrastructure in a Market Economy, Cornell University in Agricultural economics, American University in economics, and Georgetown University in economics, and#34;The Electric Power Sector in Cuba: Potential Ways to Increase Efficiency and Sustainabilityand#34;, USAID, pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO407.pdf kdh) 

TABLE 3.11 – SCENARIO SETS AND SENSITIVITY
AND
decreasing energy security concerns. 

High oil prices key to Putin’s political stability
Judah 13 (Ben, Fellow – European Stability Initiative, Moscow Correspondent – Reuters, Russian Politics Research Fellow – European Council on Foreign Relations, B.A. in Modern History and Politics – Oxford University, “Five Traps for Putin”, GLOBAL TRANSITIONS PROSPERITY STUDIES, Legatum Institute, March, http://www.li.com/docs/default-source/publications/five-traps-for-putin~-~~-~-ben-judah-march-2013-(legatum-institute).pdf, Deech)

More recently, Putin has
AND
president is vulnerable too.

Putinand#39;s leadership solves nuclear modernization
Bugriy 13 (Maksym, Correspondent – Ukrainian Week, “Russia is Arming Itself, but Against Whom?”, Ukrainian Week, 3-31, http://ukrainianweek.com/World/76030, Deech)

The intensification of military
AND
-priority regions for the Kremlin.

That prevents accidental nuclear use
Mosher 3 (David, Senior Policy Analyst in Nuclear Weapons Policy – RAND, “Excessive Force”, RAND Corporation, Fall, http://www.rand.org/pubs/periodicals/rand-review/issues/fall2003/force.html, Deech)

Russian strategic nuclear forces
AND
relationship forged during the Cold War.

Russian accidental launch causes extinction
Mintz 1 (Morton, Former Chair – Fund for Investigative Journalism and Reporter – Washington Post, “Two Minutes to Launch”, The American Prospect, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=two_minutes_to_launch)

Hair-trigger alert means this
AND
nuclear war by checklist, by rote.and#34;

Tournament: Yale | Round: 5 | Opponent: Eastside MW | Judge: David Weisberg
Buddhism K (AT Race)
The affirmatives separation of the world into racism creates a dualism that forgets over-arching nature of reality
Watts ’57 Alan Watts masters degree in theology and doctorate of divinity, 20 books on philosophy and religion, led an awakening of Eastern philosophy in the west. “The way of Zen” pages 39 and 40

To say, then, that the
AND
relative to our point of view.
The affirmative’s focus on a single story turns case and destroys any attempt at ethical action
Adichie 9 (Chimamanda, Nigerian/American, ethnically Igbo writer, Adichie studied medicine and pharmacy at the University of Nigeria for a year and a half. During this period, she edited The Compass, a magazine run by the universityand#39;s Catholic medical students. At the age of 19, Adichie left Nigeria and moved to the United States for college. After studying communications and political science at Drexel University in Philadelphia, she transferred to Eastern Connecticut State University. She received a bachelorand#39;s degree from Eastern, where she graduated summa cum laude in 2001. In 2003, she completed a masterand#39;s degree in creative writing at Johns Hopkins University. In 2008, she received a Master of Arts in African studies from Yale University. Adichie was a Hodder fellow at Princeton University during the 2005-2006 academic year. In 2008 she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship. She has also been awarded a 2011-2012 fellowship by the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University. Her first novel, Purple Hibiscus, was released in 2003. The book received wide critical acclaim; it was shortlisted for the Orange Prize for Fiction (2004) and was awarded the Commonwealth Writersand#39; Prize for Best First Book (2005). Her second novel, Half of a Yellow Sun, named after the flag of the short-lived nation of Biafra, is set before and during the Biafran War. It was awarded the 2007 Orange Prize for Fiction. Her third book, The Thing Around Your Neck, is a collection of short stories published in 2009. Adichieand#39;s story, and#34;Ceilingand#34;, was included in the 2011 edition of The Best American Short Stories. Chimamanda says her next major literary project will focus on the Nigerian immigrant experience in the United States., Transcripted verbatim from a Ted Talk (lecture) in Washington DC titled The danger of a single story: Chimamanda Adichie, Transcription provided by TED.com, Lecture was July 2009, accessible on http://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story.html under interactive transcription |AL|aztCL)

Years later, I thought about this
AND
It robs people of dignity.
The alternative to reject the affirmatives dualistic view, Zen is a key starting point to realize that each piece is part of the whole, the only way to solve
Watts ’57 Alan Watts masters degree in theology and doctorate of divinity, 20 books on philosophy and religion, led an awakening of Eastern philosophy in the west. “The way of Zen” pages 115 and 120

To see this is to see that
AND
jewel contains the reflection of all the others.
The alt solves the root cause of racism – the aff’s dualistic thinking is a virus that we must rid ourselves of – this means that the permutation wouldn’t solve
Senauke NO DATE Hozan Alan, Buddhist activist, “On Race and Buddhism” http://www.inebnetwork.org/news-and-medias/6-articles/58-on-race-a-buddhism- 

Seeing through and beyond
AND
damage caused is different. 

Nieto Good DA
Nieto’s energy reform will pass now – his credibility is key
Hernandez 6/20/13 (Maria Jose, analyst in Eurasia Groupand#39;s Latin America practice, holds a masterand#39;s degree in public administration and economic policy analysis from the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) at Columbia University, “Politics and Oil: Mexicoand#39;s Road to Reform,” 2013, http://eurasia.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/20/politics_and_oil_mexicos_road_to_reform)

Is Mexico finally on the
AND
test the new presidentand#39;s political skills.
Plan causes massive opposition – engagement with the US is an insurmountable obstacle which tanks Nieto’s cred
Starr 12 - Director, U.S.-Mexico Network Associate Professor (NTT) University Fellow, Center on Public Diplomacy University of Southern California (Pamela, “U.S.-Mexico Relations and Mexican Domestic Politics”, October 6 of 2012, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=3andcad=rjaandved=0CD4QFjACandurl=http3A2F2Fcollege.usc.edu2Fusmexnet2Fwp-content2Fuploads2F20102F102FCamp-Oxford-paper-final.docandei=mTLYUZTDMbOLyQGT14GwCQandusg=AFQjCNH_cqiYTQRo7SFmpfWugH9ABshhCgandsig2=_M2KmLNnt3e8v4vVshc_fQ)

The final implication of Mexican
AND
from north of the border.
Reform is key to the Mexican and global economies – investment
Siskind 6/25/13 (Cory, Research analyst, Control Risks, “Mexico Plays the Waiting Game on Big Reforms” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cory-siskind/mexico-plays-the-waiting-_b_3493542.html)

Early 2013 saw one of the most
AND
private sector in the Americas.
Nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf

Of course, the report encompasses
AND
a more dog-eat-dog world.
XO 1NC
The President of the United States should 

Observation 1: Competition
A. The federal government includes all three branches -- prefer a definition from legal code
US Code no date (“United States Federal Government Law and Legal Definition,” http://definitions.uslegal.com/u/united-states-federal-government/)

The United States Federal
AND
President and Vice president of the US and iii) Judiciary.

B.  Resolutional – Resolved means legislative action
Lousiana House of Representatives 5  (http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm)

Resolution   A legislative instrument that generally is
AND
introduction nor to governorand#39;s veto. 

Observation 2: Solvency

The CP solves
Hsu 12 (David T. Hsu - Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Browne Center for International Politics, “Executive Discretion, Domestic Constraints, and Patterns of Post-9/11 U.S. Foreign Economic Policy”, September 2012, Pg 6, http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf) MaxL

The specific empirical puzzle
AND
motivations for manipulating foreign economic policies.

XOS Shape American Policy – they are key to prez powers
McCormick 10 (James M. McCormick, , “American Foreign Policy and Process,” http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=m_MOrBfBEmYCandoi=fndandpg=PR5anddq=executive+orders+quick+processandots=HTAhZJp2qWandsig=7FfCHf0qgQRvKqDAEbGC_c-Dmw0#v=onepageandq=eecutive20orderandf=false)

Other executive orders in the past s
AND
yet another avenue of influence on foreign affairs.
Obama needs to take unilateral action to solve warming
Westmoreland 10 (Joshua Westmoreland, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 1/1/10 “Global Warming and Originalism: The Role of the EPA in the Obama Administration:” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027andcontext=ealrandsei-redir=1#search=22presidential20power20global20warming20obama22)

Mapping the national and international
AND
GHG-emission-limiting regulations pursuant to the CAA.

4. Warming causes extinction
Tickell8–EnvironmentalResearcher(Oliver,8/11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange) Quals Added

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming
AND
propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.
Util
Existence outweighs other impacts. It is necessary for the “I” that can behave ethically or create meaning.
Gelven ’94 (Michael, Prof. Phil. – Northern Illinois U., “War and Existence: A Philosophical Inquiry”, p. 136-137)

The personal pronouns, like and#34;Iand#34; and and#34;We
AND
beyond human appeal or persuasion.

Existence is a prerequisite to value
Wapner ‘3  (Paul, Associate Prof. and Dir. Global Env’t. Policy Prog. – American U., Dissent, “Leftist criticism of “nature””, Winter, 50:1, Proquest)

All attempts to listen to nature
AND
their fundamental moral commitment.