Tournament: 000 | Round: 1 | Opponent: 000 | Judge: 000
For all cite requests (aff and neg), email me at jjkim96@gmail.com
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Tournament: Bronx | Round: 5 | Opponent: Brooklyn Tech CN | Judge: Matt Challes

Contention 1 is the State of Perpetual Oppression

The status quo creates institutional violence in order to bring the unkown, the cultures outside of the White identity into familiar spaces, to assimilate identities into recognizable “whites”
Dylan Rodríguez – Professor at University of California- Riverside- 2010 The Terms of Engagement: Warfare, White Locality, and Abolition- online- sage- http://crs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/36/1/151

Further, this logic of multiculturalist white supremacist inclusion does not exclusively rely on strategies
AND
rhetoric of diversity that is fundamentally inseparable from white supremacist nation-building.

The US Mexico border is a unique space for oppression – those who cross get shot, raped, maimed, strangled, and gassed, and only the whites are exempt
Anzaldúa 87 (Gloria, a scholar of Chicana cultural theory, feminist theory, and Queer theory, “Borderlands/La Frontera” pages 25-26)/AL

The U.S.-Mexico Border es una herida abierta where the Third World
AND
lo llevaron sin un centavo al pobre. Se vino andando desde Guadalajara.

Even more specifically, the mestiza/o is constantly marginalized, alienated even from academia
Pedraza 8 (Venetia June Pedraza, PhD. University of Texas at San Antonio, “Third Space Mestizaje as a Critical Approach to Literature”, 2008, Google Books | JJ)

Furthermore, Third Space Mestizaje as a theoretical approach to literature analyzes the identities and
AND
as promotes social change in regard to all third space mestizas/os. 

Contention 2 is the State of Intimate Terror

We start off with a poem from Borderlands/La Frontera, by Gloria Anzaldúa:

“She has this fear that she has no names that she has many names that she doesn’t know her names
She has this fear that she’s an image that comes and goes clearing and darkening the fear that she’s the dreamwork inside someone’s else’s skull
She has this fear that if she takes off her clothes shoves her brain aside peels off her skin that if she drains the blood vessels strips the flesh from the bone flushes out the marrow
She has this fear that when she does reach herself turns around to embrace herself a lion’s or witch’s or serpent’s head will turn around swallow her and grin
She has this fear that if she digs into herself she won’t find anyone that when she gets “there” she won’t find her notches on the trees the birds will have eaten all the crumbs
She has this fear that she won’t find the way back.”

The state of intimate terrorism has multiple selves. The self that is oppressed by the Mexican world, the self that is oppressed by the Anglo world, and the only place for resistance is the self in between. The woman of color does NOT FEEL SAFE WITHIN THE INNER LIFE OF HER SELF
Lugones 92 (Maria, an Argentine scholar, philosopher, feminist, and an Associate Professor of Comparative Literature and Philosophy, Interpretation, and Culture and of Philosophy and of Women's Studies at Binghamton University in New York, “On Borderlands/La Frontera: An Interpretive Essay”, Hypatia, Vol. 7, No. 4, Lesbian Philosophy (Autumn, 1992), pp. 31-37)AL

Anzaldua describes two states of the self being oppressed: the state of intimate terrorism
AND
give herself up, not to make full use of her faculties.

The 1AC creates an intellectual grounds for resistance – while other work focuses on the oppressed subject at the moment of being oppressed. This is incomplete because it lacks a theoretical base for rejection
Lugones 92 (Maria, an Argentine scholar, philosopher, feminist, and an Associate Professor of Comparative Literature and Philosophy, Interpretation, and Culture and of Philosophy and of Women's Studies at Binghamton University in New York, “On Borderlands/La Frontera: An Interpretive Essay”, Hypatia, Vol. 7, No. 4, Lesbian Philosophy (Autumn, 1992), pp. 31-37)AL

Borderlands has been a very important text for me. I have found company in
AND
been then that I decided to put stories on paper. (65) 

Thus Alex and I affirm a new identity, the opening up of a new world inside the US-Mexico border as a site of resistance, the Third World Mestizaje.

Contention 3 is the State of Transformation

The mestiza consciousness creates a new value system that uproots dualistic thinking
Lugones 92 (Maria, an Argentine scholar, philosopher, feminist, and an Associate Professor of Comparative Literature and Philosophy, Interpretation, and Culture and of Philosophy and of Women's Studies at Binghamton University in New York, “On Borderlands/La Frontera: An Interpretive Essay”, Hypatia, Vol. 7, No. 4, Lesbian Philosophy (Autumn, 1992), pp. 31-37)AL

The new mestiza, an ambiguous being, is the borderdwelling self that emerges from
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new value system through an "uprooting of dualistic thinking" (80)

This round is key - The new mestiza consciousness and process of the métissage enables resistance to hegemony and oppression by accessing the third space but a continuous theorizing is key – this card subsumes all of your offense
Feghali 11 (Zalfa, PhD from Nottingham University, writing for Journal of International Women's Studies, “Re-articulating the New Mestiza”, JIWS, Vol 12, #2 2011, http://www.bridgew.edu/soas/jiws/vol12_no2/pdfs/6_zalfa.pdf)//AL

Refiguring the mestiza In the previous section, I presented several weaknesses in Anzaldúa?
AND
, nor are they interdependent. They are simply means of elucidating identity.

Tournament: Crestian | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek DX | Judge: Libby Mandarino

Terrorism

Contention 1 is Terrorism –

Venezuela is a critical nexus for narco-trafficking – leads to Iranian influence and makes the war on terror inevitably fail

Neumann 11 – Senior Fellow of the Foreign Policy Research Institute and is co-chair of FPRI’s Manhattan Initiative (Vanessa, “THE NEW NEXUS OF NARCOTERRORISM:
HEZBOLLAH AND VENEZUELA”, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Dec, 2011, http://www.fpri.org/enotes/2011/201112.neumann.narcoterrorism.html, Daehyun)

Press stories, as well as a television documentary, over the past two months
AND
to contend with these, whether or not President Chávez remains in power.

Venezuela plays a make or break role --- it’s key to end the growing narco alliance

Farah 11 - Senior Fellow, International Assessment and Strategy Center  Adjunct Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies (Douglas, “The U.S.?Caribbean Shared Security Partnership: Responding to the  Growth of Trafficking and Narcotics in the Caribbean”, Dec 15, 2011, http://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20111216_Farah_CaribbeanNarcotics_1215.pdf, Daehyun)
*ALBA= Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America

In 2004, presidents Hugo Chávez of Venezuela and Fidel Castro of Cuba announced  the
AND
laundering of narcotics proceeds in exchange for payments to corrupt government officials.7

The impact is a nuclear attack on US soil – it’s a top threat

Shinkman, 13 --- national security reporter at U.S. News and World Report (4/24/2013, Paul D., “Iranian-Sponsored Narco-Terrorism in Venezuela: How Will Maduro Respond? New Venezuelan president at a crossroads for major threat to U.S.,” http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/04/24/iranian-sponsored-narco-terrorism-in-venezuela-how-will-maduro-respond, JMP)

At a conference earlier this month, top U.S. military officers identified
AND
chummy a relationship" as they enjoyed with the ever-charismatic Chavez.

Terrorism causes extinction – comparatively outweighs state-based warfare

Myhrvold 13 (Nathan Myhrvold, Phd in theoretical and mathematical physics from Princeton,  and founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft Corporation , July 2013, "Stratgic Terrorism: A Call to Action," The Lawfare Research Paper Series No.2, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf | JJ)

Several powerful trends have aligned to profoundly change the way that the world works.
AND
us with our shortcomings by repeatedly attacking us or hectoring us for decades. 

They have the technical capacity – Intel assessments prove and it’s not that hard

John P. Holdren 7, et al * Former prof at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at the School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, and Director of the Woods Hole Research Center; currently senior advisor to President Barack Obama on science and technology issues.  Anthony Wier, Former Research Associate, Project on Managing the Atom/Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. *Matthew Bunn, Professor of Practice; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom,  Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.  "Securing The Bomb: 2007” September, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Commissioned by the Nuclear Threat Initiative, www.nti.org/securingthebomb
*elipses in orig
If terrorists could obtain the HEU or plutonium that are the essential ingredients  of a
AND
—and the world might never  know until it was too late.27

The plan creates an explicit incentive for Venezuela to implement effective port security standards – the alternative is continued terrorism

Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun) WE DON’T ENDORSE ABLEIST LANGUAGE)

Improving national security in the United States requires increasing our efforts in some of the
AND
the major exports of Venezuela, and the major American imports from Venezuela.
?

The plan spills over to energy and anti-terror cooperation – it overcomes alt causes

Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun)

Implementing a security cooperative with Venezuela will bring auxiliary benefits to United States industry and
AND
of the negative effects by providing immediate economic gratification for making security upgrades.

Expanded energy cooperation ensures Venezuelan stability and Maduro’s grip on power

Campbell, 13 (4/16/2013, Darren, “A new leader could signal change for Venezuela’s troubled oil and gas sector; If Nicolas Maduro can reverse the industry's decline, it could siphon off investment in Alberta's oil sands,” http://www.albertaoilmagazine.com/2013/04/a-new-leader-could-signal-change-for-venenzuelas-oil-and-gas-sector/, JMP)

That’s because Venezuelan heavy oil is a competitor to the bitumen and heavy oil Alberta
AND
deep is something that will depend on how Mr. Maduro’s administration performs.

That solves nuclear war

Manwaring ‘5 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson
(Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel, Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf, Wake Early Bird File)

President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most
AND
and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

Maduro is pragmatic on economic matters and will say yes – boosting his credibility is the only way to ensure reform

Mander 13 – Journalist at the Financial Times, his father’s a British Baronet and has a Wikipedia Page(Benedict, “Hugo Chávez: His legacy at stake”, Aug 19, 2013, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e5ca6e64-05ce-11e3-8ed5-00144feab7de.html#axzz2de2NyO4W, Daehyun)

But since Chávez’s death in March, there are tentative signs that the political winds
AND
that Mr Maduro may compromise the revolution’s socialist goals have paralysed decision making.

There’s a high risk of nuke terror—an attack turns multilat and makes the US hardline

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ‘12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html

Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Legitimacy

Contention 2 is Legitimacy –

It’s a try or die for the affirmative – the plan is necessary to reverse the militarization of US foreign policy and the subsequent loss of credibility – Venezuela is key

Petras 10 – retired Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York and adjunct professor at Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada who has published prolifically on Latin American and Middle Eastern political issues(James, “US-Venezuela: The Empire Strikes Back (and Loses)”, Global Policy Forum, Aug 12, 2010, http://www.globalpolicy.org/us-military-expansion-and-intervention/venezuela/49400-us-venezuela-the-empire-strikes-back-and-loses.html, Daehyun)

US policy toward Venezuela has taken many tactical turns, but the objective has been
AND
diversified markets, have weakened Washington's diplomatic and political attempts to isolate Venezuela.

Engagement sends a critical signal and boosts US legitimacy globally – it reduces the US perception as a bully and creates a credible model of conflict resolution

LeMaster 9 – Lieutenant Colonel of the US Army (Dennis P., “US POLICY OPTIONS MITIGATING VENEZUELAN SPONSORED SECURITY CHALLENGES”, Dec 3, 2009, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA497699, Daehyun)

US Policy Alternatives The US could adopt three potential options for future relations with Venezuela
AND
bridges the differences of the two nations and ultimately strengthens the Western Hemisphere.

Positive engagement is the only solution – Venezuela is key

Griffin 13 — editorial writer for the Harvard Crimson (John Griffin, The Harvard Crimson, 04-03-13, “Engage with Venezuela”, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/4/3/Harvard-Venezuela-Chavez-death/#, Accessed 07-01-2013 | AK)

When Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez died in early February, his country was thrown into
AND
vinegar—it’s high time we started trying to catch them with honey.

Legitimacy solves global peace — the alternative is great power transition wars

Kromah 9February 2009, Masters in IR, Lamii Moivi Kromah at the Department of International Relations
University of the Witwatersrand, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR2009.pdf?sequence=1
A final major gain to the United States from the benevolent hegemony has perhaps been
AND
to facilitate its ability to extract contributions from other members of the system.

Independently, absent renewal of rule of law principles, multilateral cooperation to solve warming and disease is impossible

John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, “A World of Our Making”, http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all
Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building American dominance of the global system will eventually yield
AND
liberal order building, it can begin the process of gaining it back. 

Warming causes extinction

Don Flournoy 12, Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight Center and Don is a PhD and MA from UT, former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, former Associate Dean at SUNY and Case Institute of Technology, Former Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications, Ohio University, “Solar Power Satellites,” January 2012, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-11
In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
AND
simply too high for us to take any chances” (Hsu 2010 ).

Diseases end civilization

David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis

Infectious disease is all around us. It's one of the basic processes that ecologists
AND
collapses? One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

Thus the Plan:

The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the  Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela if, and only if, it complies with the standards of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Program code set by the International Maritime Organization.

Solvency

Contention 3 is Solvency –

The plan boosts trade relations and avoids political confrontation with Venezuela – none of their “Say No” cards assume this

Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun)

Abstract: Trade with Venezuela has risen to the top 15 nations with which the
AND
comparing similar case studies as well as noting inherent benefits of trade systems.

The plan provides the critical incentive for Venezuela to adopt the ISPS standards

Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun)

It is widely believed that increased security at a country’s borders facilitates an increase in
AND
become secure, even those who may be exempt from IMO’s ISPS code.
?

Venezuela will say yes – it prioritizes trade relations

Jamison 13 – writer, studying international politics at Georgetown (Anne, “Maduro Venezuela: He Won't Usher in a New Era Of U.S.-Venezuela Relations, and That's OK”, April, Policy Mic Network)

The April 19 inauguration of Nicolás Maduro, vice president of Venezuela under the recently
AND
death. Their trade relationship is intact, and that is their priority.

?

Counternarcotics cooperation gives Venezuela the oversight – they’ll say yes

Mannes 9 – American writer, former Director of Research at the Middle East Media Research Institute(Aaron, “Mind the Gap: Reinstituting Counternarcotics Cooperation with Venezuela”, Jul 22, 2009, http://terrorwonk.blogspot.com/2009/07/mind-gap-reinstituting-counternarcotics.html, Daehyun)

The GAO’s recent report U.S. Counternarcotics Cooperation with Venezuela Has Declined provides
AND
might leave him speechless, and fill a real gap in hemispheric security.

The ISPS is successful – it fosters international cooperation and provides regional flexibility

Timien 7 - Head of the Baltic and International Maritime Council’s (BIMCO)  Security and International Affairs  Department(Thomas, “The ISPS Code: Where are we now?”, Apr, 2007, http://www.fswg.org/files/DDF/ISPS20Code20-20Where20are20we20now20-20Cargo20Security20International20CSIA20204-5200720(article).pdf, Daehyun)

Beginning with the former, the  United States Coast Guard (USCG) is  mandated
AND
which, in comparison, still  have quite some catching up to do.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: BCC GM | Judge: Sumon Chaki
Terrorism
Venezuela is a critical nexus for narco-trafficking – leads to Iranian influence and makes the war on terror inevitably fail
Neumann 11 – Senior Fellow of the Foreign Policy Research Institute and is co-chair of FPRI’s Manhattan Initiative (Vanessa, “THE NEW NEXUS OF NARCOTERRORISM:
HEZBOLLAH AND VENEZUELA”, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Dec, 2011, http://www.fpri.org/enotes/2011/201112.neumann.narcoterrorism.html, Daehyun)

Press stories, as well as a television documentary, over the …Chávez remains in power.

Venezuela plays a make or break role -~-- it’s key to end the growing narco alliance
Farah 11 - Senior Fellow, International Assessment and Strategy Center  Adjunct Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies (Douglas, “The U.S.?Caribbean Shared Security Partnership: Responding to the  Growth of Trafficking and Narcotics in the Caribbean”, Dec 15, 2011, http://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20111216_Farah_CaribbeanNarcotics_1215.pdf, Daehyun)
*ALBA= Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America

In 2004, presidents Hugo Chávez of Venezuela … in exchange for payments to corrupt government officials.7

Narco-terror groups will strike the U.S. – the military establishment has already identified it as a top threat
Shinkman, 13 -~-- national security reporter at U.S. News and World Report (4/24/2013, Paul D., “Iranian-Sponsored Narco-Terrorism in Venezuela: How Will Maduro Respond? New Venezuelan president at a crossroads for major threat to U.S.,” http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/04/24/iranian-sponsored-narco-terrorism-in-venezuela-how-will-maduro-respond, JMP)

At a conference earlier this month, top U.S. … with the ever-charismatic Chavez.

The impact is an attack on US soil
NTA 8 (National Terror Alert, “U.S. Officials Worry Terrorists Could Align With Drug Cartels,” 10-9, http://www.nationalterroralert.com/2008/10/09/us-officials-worry-terrorists-could-align-with-drug-cartels/)

There is real danger that … in the Middle East and elsewhere.

Nuclear War
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-…probably still meet with a devastating response.

The plan creates an explicit incentive for Venezuela to implement effective port security standards – the alternative is continued terrorism
Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun) WE DON’T ENDORSE ABLEIST LANGUAGE)

Improving national security in …Venezuela, and the major American imports from Venezuela.

The plan spills over to energy and anti-terror cooperation – it overcomes alt causes
Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun)

Implementing a security …security upgrades.
Expanded energy cooperation ensures Venezuelan stability and Maduro’s grip on power
Campbell, 13 (4/16/2013, Darren, “A new leader could signal change for Venezuela’s troubled oil and gas sector; If Nicolas Maduro can reverse the industryand#39;s decline, it could siphon off investment in Albertaand#39;s oil sands,” http://www.albertaoilmagazine.com/2013/04/a-new-leader-could-signal-change-for-venenzuelas-oil-and-gas-sector/, JMP)

That’s because Venezuelan heavy oil is a …Mr. Maduro’s administration performs.

That solves nuclear war
Manwaring ‘5 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson
(Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel, Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf, Wake Early Bird File)

President Chávez also understands … security, peace, and prosperity.65
Maduro is pragmatic on economic matters and will say yes – boosting his credibility is the only way to ensure reform
Mander 13 – Journalist at the Financial Times, his father’s a British Baronet and has a Wikipedia Page(Benedict, “Hugo Chávez: His legacy at stake”, Aug 19, 2013, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e5ca6e64-05ce-11e3-8ed5-00144feab7de.html#axzz2de2NyO4W, Daehyun)

But since Chávez’s death in March, …have paralysed decision making.
There’s a high risk of nuke terror—an attack turns multilat and makes the US hardline
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ‘12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, and#34;What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat,and#34; belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html

Hundreds of scientific papers and … understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Legitimacy
It’s a try or die for the affirmative – the plan is necessary to reverse the militarization of US foreign policy and the subsequent loss of credibility – Venezuela is key
Petras 10 – retired Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York and adjunct professor at Saint Maryand#39;s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada who has published prolifically on Latin American and Middle Eastern political issues(James, “US-Venezuela: The Empire Strikes Back (and Loses)”, Global Policy Forum, Aug 12, 2010, http://www.globalpolicy.org/us-military-expansion-and-intervention/venezuela/49400-us-venezuela-the-empire-strikes-back-and-loses.html, Daehyun)

US policy toward …political attempts to isolate Venezuela.
Engagement sends a critical signal and boosts US legitimacy globally – it reduces the US perception as a bully and creates a credible model of conflict resolution
LeMaster 9 – Lieutenant Colonel of the US Army (Dennis P., “US POLICY OPTIONS MITIGATING VENEZUELAN SPONSORED SECURITY CHALLENGES”, Dec 3, 2009, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA497699, Daehyun)

US Policy Alternatives The US could …and ultimately strengthens the Western Hemisphere.
Legitimacy’s the fundamental internal link to effective hegemony – power distributions perceived as illegitimate are the most likely causes of great power war
Martha Finnemore 9, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, January 2009, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be,” World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1

Legitimacy is, by its nature, a social and …and few unipoles have tried to do so.
Nuclear war
Zhang and Shi 11 Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., 1/22, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic …inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.
Material power’s irrelevant – lack of legitimacy makes heg ineffective
Barak Mendelsohn 10, assistant professor of political science at Haverford College and a senior fellow of FPRI. Author of Combating Jihadism: American Hegemony and Interstate Cooperation in the War on Terrorism, June 2010, “The Question of International Cooperation in the War on Terrorism”, http://www.fpri.org/enotes/201006.mendelsohn.cooperationwarterror.html
Going against common conceptions, I …the hegemon’s actions and prevents the uninhibited exercise of power.
Independently, absent renewal of rule of law principles, multilateral cooperation to solve warming and disease is impossible
John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, “A World of Our Making”, http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all
Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building …of liberal order building, it can begin the process of gaining it back.
Warming causes extinction
Don Flournoy 12, Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight Center and Don is a PhD and MA from UT, former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, former Associate Dean at SUNY and Case Institute of Technology, Former Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications, Ohio University, “Solar Power Satellites,” January 2012, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-11
In the Online Journal of Space …that is simply too high for us to take any chances” (Hsu 2010 ).
Diseases end civilization
David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harperand#39;s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis

Infectious disease is all around …disease, and viruses in particular.

Plan
The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the  Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela if, and only if, it complies with the standards of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Program code set by the International Maritime Organization.
Solvency
The plan boosts trade relations and avoids political confrontation with Venezuela – none of their “Say No” cards assume this
Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun)

Abstract: Trade with Venezuela …inherent benefits of trade systems.

The plan provides the critical incentive for Venezuela to adopt the ISPS standards
Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun)

It is widely believed that …who may be exempt from IMO’s ISPS code.

Venezuela will say yes – it prioritizes trade relations
Jamison 13 – writer, studying international politics at Georgetown (Anne, “Maduro Venezuela: He Wonand#39;t Usher in a New Era Of U.S.-Venezuela Relations, and Thatand#39;s OK”, April, Policy Mic Network)

The April 19 inauguration of …is intact, and that is their priority.

Boosting counter narcotics cooperation is feasible – it would put the ball in Venezuela’s court
Mannes 9 – American writer, former Director of Research at the Middle East Media Research Institute(Aaron, “Mind the Gap: Reinstituting Counternarcotics Cooperation with Venezuela”, Jul 22, 2009, http://terrorwonk.blogspot.com/2009/07/mind-gap-reinstituting-counternarcotics.html, Daehyun)

The GAO’s recent report U.S. …gap in hemispheric security.
The ISPS is successful – it fosters international cooperation and provides regional flexibility
Timien 7 - Head of the Baltic and International Maritime Council’s (BIMCO)  Security and International Affairs  Department(Thomas, “The ISPS Code: Where are we now?”, Apr, 2007, http://www.fswg.org/files/DDF/ISPS20Code20-20Where20are20we20now20-20Cargo20Security20International20CSIA20204-5200720(article).pdf, Daehyun)

Beginning with the former, the  United …still  have quite some catching up to do.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Walter Payton BJ | Judge: Connor OBrien

Terrorism

Venezuela is a critical nexus for narco-trafficking – leads to Iranian influence and makes the war on terror inevitably fail

Neumann 11 – Senior Fellow of the Foreign Policy Research Institute and is co-chair of FPRI’s Manhattan Initiative (Vanessa, “THE NEW NEXUS OF NARCOTERRORISM:
HEZBOLLAH AND VENEZUELA”, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Dec, 2011, http://www.fpri.org/enotes/2011/201112.neumann.narcoterrorism.html, Daehyun)

Press stories, as well as a television documentary, over the past two months
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to contend with these, whether or not President Chávez remains in power.

Venezuela plays a make or break role --- it’s key to end the growing narco alliance

Farah 11 - Senior Fellow, International Assessment and Strategy Center  Adjunct Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies (Douglas, “The U.S.?Caribbean Shared Security Partnership: Responding to the  Growth of Trafficking and Narcotics in the Caribbean”, Dec 15, 2011, http://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20111216_Farah_CaribbeanNarcotics_1215.pdf, Daehyun)
*ALBA= Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America

In 2004, presidents Hugo Chávez of Venezuela and Fidel Castro of Cuba announced  the
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laundering of narcotics proceeds in exchange for payments to corrupt government officials.7

Narco-terror groups will strike the U.S. – the military establishment has already identified it as a top threat

Shinkman, 13 --- national security reporter at U.S. News and World Report (4/24/2013, Paul D., “Iranian-Sponsored Narco-Terrorism in Venezuela: How Will Maduro Respond? New Venezuelan president at a crossroads for major threat to U.S.,” http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/04/24/iranian-sponsored-narco-terrorism-in-venezuela-how-will-maduro-respond, JMP)

At a conference earlier this month, top U.S. military officers identified
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chummy a relationship" as they enjoyed with the ever-charismatic Chavez.

Nuclear War

Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
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be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

The plan creates an explicit incentive for Venezuela to implement effective port security standards – the alternative is continued terrorism

Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun) WE DON’T ENDORSE ABLEIST LANGUAGE)

Improving national security in the United States requires increasing our efforts in some of the
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the major exports of Venezuela, and the major American imports from Venezuela.
?

The plan spills over to energy and anti-terror cooperation – it overcomes alt causes

Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun)

Implementing a security cooperative with Venezuela will bring auxiliary benefits to United States industry and
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of the negative effects by providing immediate economic gratification for making security upgrades.

Expanded energy cooperation ensures Venezuelan stability and Maduro’s grip on power

Campbell, 13 (4/16/2013, Darren, “A new leader could signal change for Venezuela’s troubled oil and gas sector; If Nicolas Maduro can reverse the industry's decline, it could siphon off investment in Alberta's oil sands,” http://www.albertaoilmagazine.com/2013/04/a-new-leader-could-signal-change-for-venenzuelas-oil-and-gas-sector/, JMP)

That’s because Venezuelan heavy oil is a competitor to the bitumen and heavy oil Alberta
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deep is something that will depend on how Mr. Maduro’s administration performs.

That solves nuclear war

Manwaring ‘5 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson
(Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel, Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf, Wake Early Bird File)

President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most
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and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

Maduro is pragmatic on economic matters and will say yes – boosting his credibility is the only way to ensure reform

Mander 13 – Journalist at the Financial Times, his father’s a British Baronet and has a Wikipedia Page(Benedict, “Hugo Chávez: His legacy at stake”, Aug 19, 2013, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e5ca6e64-05ce-11e3-8ed5-00144feab7de.html#axzz2de2NyO4W, Daehyun)

But since Chávez’s death in March, there are tentative signs that the political winds
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that Mr Maduro may compromise the revolution’s socialist goals have paralysed decision making.

There’s a high risk of nuke terror—an attack turns multilat and makes the US hardline

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin ‘12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html

Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
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a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Legitimacy

It’s a try or die for the affirmative – the plan is necessary to reverse the militarization of US foreign policy and the subsequent loss of credibility – Venezuela is key

Petras 10 – retired Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York and adjunct professor at Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada who has published prolifically on Latin American and Middle Eastern political issues(James, “US-Venezuela: The Empire Strikes Back (and Loses)”, Global Policy Forum, Aug 12, 2010, http://www.globalpolicy.org/us-military-expansion-and-intervention/venezuela/49400-us-venezuela-the-empire-strikes-back-and-loses.html, Daehyun)

US policy toward Venezuela has taken many tactical turns, but the objective has been
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diversified markets, have weakened Washington's diplomatic and political attempts to isolate Venezuela.

Engagement sends a critical signal and boosts US legitimacy globally – it reduces the US perception as a bully and creates a credible model of conflict resolution

LeMaster 9 – Lieutenant Colonel of the US Army (Dennis P., “US POLICY OPTIONS MITIGATING VENEZUELAN SPONSORED SECURITY CHALLENGES”, Dec 3, 2009, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA497699, Daehyun)

US Policy Alternatives The US could adopt three potential options for future relations with Venezuela
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bridges the differences of the two nations and ultimately strengthens the Western Hemisphere.

Legitimacy solves global peace — the alternative is great power transition wars

Kromah 9February 2009, Masters in IR, Lamii Moivi Kromah at the Department of International Relations
University of the Witwatersrand, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR2009.pdf?sequence=1
A final major gain to the United States from the benevolent hegemony has perhaps been
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to facilitate its ability to extract contributions from other members of the system.

Independently, absent renewal of rule of law principles, multilateral cooperation to solve warming and disease is impossible
John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, “A World of Our Making”, http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all
Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building American dominance of the global system will eventually yield
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liberal order building, it can begin the process of gaining it back. 

Warming causes extinction

Don Flournoy 12, Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight Center and Don is a PhD and MA from UT, former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, former Associate Dean at SUNY and Case Institute of Technology, Former Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications, Ohio University, “Solar Power Satellites,” January 2012, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-11
In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
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simply too high for us to take any chances” (Hsu 2010 ).

Diseases end civilization

David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis

Infectious disease is all around us. It's one of the basic processes that ecologists
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collapses? One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

Thus the Plan:

The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the  Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela if, and only if, it complies with the standards of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Program code set by the International Maritime Organization. 

Solvency

The plan boosts trade relations and avoids political confrontation with Venezuela – none of their “Say No” cards assume this

Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun)

Abstract: Trade with Venezuela has risen to the top 15 nations with which the
AND
comparing similar case studies as well as noting inherent benefits of trade systems.

The plan provides the critical incentive for Venezuela to adopt the ISPS standards

Edwards 8 – Edwards: double-majoring in International Affairs and Political Science at the University of Georgia, Dr. Christopher Allen was his faculty member, political science professor at the University of Georgia(Nathaniel and Christopher, “Increasing Trade Security: United States-Venezuelan Trade Incentives”, 2008, http://juro.uga.edu/2008/2008papers/Edwards2008.pdf, Daehyun)

It is widely believed that increased security at a country’s borders facilitates an increase in
AND
become secure, even those who may be exempt from IMO’s ISPS code.
?

Venezuela will say yes – it prioritizes trade relations

Jamison 13 – writer, studying international politics at Georgetown (Anne, “Maduro Venezuela: He Won't Usher in a New Era Of U.S.-Venezuela Relations, and That's OK”, April, Policy Mic Network)

The April 19 inauguration of Nicolás Maduro, vice president of Venezuela under the recently
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death. Their trade relationship is intact, and that is their priority.

?

Boosting counter narcotics cooperation is feasible – it would put the ball in Venezuela’s court

Mannes 9 – American writer, former Director of Research at the Middle East Media Research Institute(Aaron, “Mind the Gap: Reinstituting Counternarcotics Cooperation with Venezuela”, Jul 22, 2009, http://terrorwonk.blogspot.com/2009/07/mind-gap-reinstituting-counternarcotics.html, Daehyun)

The GAO’s recent report U.S. Counternarcotics Cooperation with Venezuela Has Declined provides
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might leave him speechless, and fill a real gap in hemispheric security.

The ISPS is successful – it fosters international cooperation and provides regional flexibility

Timien 7 - Head of the Baltic and International Maritime Council’s (BIMCO)  Security and International Affairs  Department(Thomas, “The ISPS Code: Where are we now?”, Apr, 2007, http://www.fswg.org/files/DDF/ISPS20Code20-20Where20are20we20now20-20Cargo20Security20International20CSIA20204-5200720(article).pdf, Daehyun)

Beginning with the former, the  United States Coast Guard (USCG) is  mandated
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which, in comparison, still  have quite some catching up to do.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oakton AS | Judge: Fernando Kirkman
Same as Crestian 1AC