Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: Baltimore Polytechnic CM | Judge: Toby Jacob Posted Below
9/30/13
Glenbrooks Round 2 - 1NC
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina PH | Judge: Eric Short
1NC – CA
Isabel and I embrace the narrative of the Asian body as a counter-methodology to expose the myth of the model minority through a process of conscientization
Our counter-methodology is a better to liberate oppressed groups—their role of the ballot is exclusionary and perpetuates the myth of the modern minority
First – they are wrong – racism has moved beyond society and biological roots and is now rooted within differentialist racism – a neo-racism targeted against immigrants – challenging this racism is critical to spurring more effective movements against racism Balibar ’5 teaches philosophy @ the University of Paris 2k5 Etienne-; RACE, NATION, CLASS: Ambiguous identities; published 1988 reprinted 1992,1993,1995,1996,1998,2000,2002,2005; p. 20-21. We can now turn our attention to ’neo-racism’. What seems to AND is what P.A. Taguieff has rightly called a differentialist racism.
This new racism has manifested the MYTH OF THE MODEL MINORITY – the myth of portraying Asian americans solely as hardworking others – A methodology focused on the Asian body and exposing this myth is critical
There are 3 impacts
The oppression of Asian Americans continues 2. The Asian body is used to justify the oppression of other minorities 3. Resentment and tensions are created between minority groups ?’93 ~1993, ? Robert S. is a Professor of Law and an Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, He also serves on the advisory board of Berkeley’s Asian American Law Journal. "Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-Structuralism, and Narrative Space", 81 Cal. L. Rev. 1241~ B. The Model Minority Myth This history of discrimination and violence, as well AND Americans while simultaneously legitimizing the oppression of other racial minorities and poor whites.
And our performance solves – conscientization – a process to name our world and understand forces of oppression – results in real world change Conscientization allows us to NAME the world, a meaningful education that helps RECOGNIZE and UNDERSTAND the impact that societal conditions and oppression have on our lives, a constant clarification of what remains hidden within us that sees the world dynamically in the making, inspiring us to work against oppression and become active in efforts to TRANSFORM the world. Osajima ’7 ~2007, Keith Osajima is a professor and Director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Program at the University of Redlands. REPLENISHING THE RANKS: Raising Critical Consciousness Among Asian Americans; JOURNAL OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES (JAAS), February, Volume 10, No. 1; p. 64~ Conscientization for these respondents meant being able to "name their world." That is AND world. Naming the world was an important step toward actively changing it.
1NC – K
Our role of the ballot and framework—competing methodologies for reducing the exclusive practices of debate and encouraging real world change—this debate should come down to who invites the most pedagogical practice
The affirmative has failed to switch sides in debate. It’s not that they don’t "affirm" and "negate" the federal government, but rather they fail to switch between performative and traditional debate
Exploring from multiple viewpoints key to true performative pedagogy—the fact that they fail to do so is a reason that their pedagogy is meaningless since every aff debate is a repetition of an argument they’re well familiar with—only multiple tests of argument can create relevant knowledge—vote neg on presumption Medina and Perry ’11 Mia, University of British Columbia, Carmen, Indiana University "Embodiment and Performance in Pedagogy Research: Investigating the Possibility of the Body in Curriculum Experience" Journal of Curriculum Theorizing Volume 27, Number 3, 2 http://www.academia.edu/470170/Embodiment_and_performance_in_pedagogy_The_possibility_of_the_body_in_curriculum The body in pedagogy and research is a site of learning, of experiencing, AND , a continuation of the inquiry put forwardhere, becomes ever more relevant.
Our stance is not a view from nowhere but rather provisional engagement through a plurality of historically situated positions. Their insistence on proximity to oppression as a yardstick for authenticity turns the case and dooms solvency Disch 93 (Lisa J.; Professor of Political Theory – University of Minnesota, "More Truth Than Fact: Storytelling as Critical Understanding in the Writings of Hannah Arendt," Political Theory 21:4, November) What Hannah Arendt called "my old fashioned storytelling"7 is at once the AND facts but to tell provocative stories that invite contestation form rival perspectives.15
The linkage between contradictions and racism is a logical fallacy—just because some white supremacists use them doesn’t mean contradictions are white supremacist. HOWEVER, this argument is uniquely debilitating for debate — no one can change their minds, construct "even if" statements, or test arguments from multiple positions — this makes them complicit with the stereotyping they criticize
This will link worse to them —perms and competition arguments effectively attempt to agree with our arguments while denying them on other flows —if they win this it’s an independent reason to vote negative
Performative pedagogy fails in the context of a competitive debate —there is no rigorous criteria for deciding whether or not we have sufficiently "performed" X or Y pedagogy, and a focus on embodiment collapses in rhetorical futility Medina and Perry ’11 Mia, University of British Columbia, Carmen, Indiana University "Embodiment and Performance in Pedagogy Research: Investigating the Possibility of the Body in Curriculum Experience" Journal of Curriculum Theorizing Volume 27, Number 3, 2 http://www.academia.edu/470170/Embodiment_and_performance_in_pedagogy_The_possibility_of_the_body_in_curriculum Jean-Luc Nancy (1994) reminds us that our endeavour to write about AND , beyond this study, and beyond the modalities of written andvisual texts.
Refuse any affirmative claim to "starting point" or "prerequisite" —those notions erect a hierarchy that makes true performative pedagogy impossible Medina and Perry ’11 Mia, University of British Columbia, Carmen, Indiana University "Embodiment and Performance in Pedagogy Research: Investigating the Possibility of the Body in Curriculum Experience" Journal of Curriculum Theorizing Volume 27, Number 3, 2 http://www.academia.edu/470170/Embodiment_and_performance_in_pedagogy_The_possibility_of_the_body_in_curriculum The notion of assemblage with Deleuze and Guattari’s nomadic thought can be understood as the AND but as emerging, evolving, and unfinished within the experience under analysis.
Specifically effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003 Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins AND not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.
This agnosim solves critical thinkign – the process of switch side debate offers reasonable reflective thinking in making decisions—placing someone outside of their intial beliefs forces them to assess all possible outcomes and arrive at decisions—abdicating this process has grave consequences and risks a multitude of existential risks Harrigan, ’08 ~Casey Harrigan is an NDT champion, debate coach at UGA, thesis submitted to Wake Forest Graduate Faculty for Master of Arts in Communication, "A defense of switch side debate", http://dspace.zsr.wfu.edu/jspui/bitstream/10339/207/1/harrigancd052008, p. 57-59~ Along these lines, the greatest benefit of switching sides, which goes to the AND Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p. 82).
1NC – Case
The 1AC’s race neutral approach to economic relations recreates racism and noeliberalism Ward Univ. of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign ,’07 Robert Anthony-; Neoliberal Silences, Race, 26 The Hope of CRT; A paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association; April Draft; http://www.urban.illinois.edu/apa-pw/APA07/Neoliberal20Silences_Robert20Ward.pdf-http://www.urban.illinois.edu/apa-pw/APA07/Neoliberal Silences_Robert Ward.pdf Neoliberalism fosters an economic theory of democracy. The idea is that democracy is commodified AND for the conditions in which they exist (Anderson, 2005, 133)."
Class analysis that attempts to eschew identity is just an excuse for white middle class males to try and slip identity through the back door of anti capitalist movements
Aff fails to build coalitions and leads to racial suppression. Ross Assc. Director of the Center for AfroAmerican and African Studies @ U Mich 2000 Marlon-Professor of English; Pleasuring Identity, or the Delicious Politics of Belonging; NEW LITERARY HISTORY, Vol. 31, No. 4, Is There Life after Identity Politics?; Autumn, 2000; pp.827-850. Although in his contribution Eric Lott targets Professor Michaels’s comments and his own recent feud AND working" and "unemployed" if not class-based identity formations?
Their focus on class only addresses a conflict within America and renders them incapable of addressing an antagonism WILDERSON Associate Professor @ UC IRVINE 2k5 Frank-Drama Department at UC Irvine; "Gramsci’s Black Marx: Whither the Slave in Civil Society?;" WE WRITE; January 2(1). The scandal with which the Black subject position threatens Gramscian discourse is manifest in the AND is a structural consistency which elaborates all organic intellectuals and undergirds all resistance.
The only acceptable policy option is a rejection of racism. Memmi 2k Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris 2000 Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission AND . True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.
Objective, detached epistemologies produce the worst kind of violence: they reinforce privilege and justify atrocities. Stone-Mediatore ’7 ~2007, Shari, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Ohio Wesleyan University, "Challenging Academic Norms: An Epistemology for Feminist and Multicultural Classrooms", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/v019/19.2stone-mediatore.html~~ Even if objectivity is a myth, the valorization of traits associated with objectivity can AND to pain and suppressing compassionate impulses that would otherwise be troubled by violence.
Their objective epistemology is an illusion: we need to acknowledge our own perspectives to be able to challenge prejudice Stone-Mediatore ’7 ~2007, Shari, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Ohio Wesleyan University, "Challenging Academic Norms: An Epistemology for Feminist and Multicultural Classrooms", http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/v019/19.2stone-mediatore.html~~ Continued appeals to objectivity as a touchstone of legitimacy in many academic and professional circles AND cleansing our knowledge practices of all emotional, social, and cultural factors. Critics of objectivity argue that the demand to eradicate subjective influences from knowledge is incoherent AND idea that we have done so usually leaves our most entrenched prejudices intact.
This reduces suffering to objects for our passive knowledge consumption—this is the worst form of violence Baudrillard 94 ~Jean, "The Illusion of the End" p. 66-71~ We have long denounced the capitalistic, economic exploitation of the poverty of the ’other AND demographic catastrophe, a veritable epidemic which we deplore each day in pictures.
1/22/14
Glenbrooks Round 2 - 1NR
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina PH | Judge: Eric Short
2NC Neoliberalism—AT Class — Race
We must focus on neo-liberalism is FUNDAMENTALLY RACED. Roberts 26 Mahtani Dpt. Of Geography and Planning Univ of Toronto ,’10 David J. and Minelle- Neoliberalizing Race, Racing Neoliberalism: Placing "Race" in Neoliberal Discourse; a paper first presented in 2008 at the AAGs in Boston, MA in April; published online February 18th; ANTIPODE, Vol. 42, Issue 2; pp. 248-257, March. http://ccrri.ukzn.ac.za/docs/Neoliberalizing_Race,_Racing_Neoliberalism_Placing_Race_In_Neoliberal_Discourses_.pdf-http://ccrri.ukzn.ac.za/docs/Neoliberalizing_Race,_Racing_Neoliberalism_Placing_Race_In_Neoliberal_Discourses_.pdf We concur that it is important to analyze the processes through which the ideology neoliberalism AND race as has been recommended by geographers (McKittrick 2006, Pulido 2000).
MUST EXAMINE NEOLIBERALISM THROUGH A RACIAL LENS Must move BEYOND examining just the MOMENTARY ERUPTIONS of race or racism from seemingly neoliberal policy reforms and consider race as an organizing principle of society that neoliberalism REINFORCES and MODIFIES. Neoliberalism MASKS and EFFECTIVELY ERADICATES racism, creating a UTOPIC non-racialized vision of society and forces the hand of apparent race blindness. Race is both EVOKED and SUPPRESSED under neoliberal discourse. Liberalism SANCTIONS racist institutions, REPRODUCES racial knowledge and works to NORMALIZE racism ROBERTS 26 MAHTANI ’10 ~March 2010, David J. and Minel Dpt. Of Geography and Planning Univ of Toronto.1le- Neoliberalizing Race, Racing Neoliberalism: Placing "Race" in Neoliberal Discourse; a paper first presented in 2008 at the AAGs in Boston, MA in April; published online February 18th; ANTIPODE, Vol. 42, Issue 2; pp. 248-257, http://ccrri.ukzn.ac.za/docs/Neoliberalizing_Race,_Racing_Neoliberalism_Placing_Race_In_Neoliberal_Discourses_.pdf~ As a consequence, neoliberalism effectively masks racism through its value-laden moral project AND of apparent raceblindness by insisting that race does not play an important role.
We must begin the process of racing neoliberalism ROBERTS 26 MAHTANI ’10 ~March 2010, David J. and Minel Dpt. Of Geography and Planning Univ of Toronto.1le- Neoliberalizing Race, Racing Neoliberalism: Placing "Race" in Neoliberal Discourse; a paper first presented in 2008 at the AAGs in Boston, MA in April; published online February 18th; ANTIPODE, Vol. 42, Issue 2; pp. 248-257, http://ccrri.ukzn.ac.za/docs/Neoliberalizing_Race,_Racing_Neoliberalism_Placing_Race_In_Neoliberal_Discourses_.pdf~ We draw from these two examples to demonstrate that while they both should be lauded AND fruitfulness of this way of understanding race and neoliberalism in our case study.
2NC Ross—AT Identity Politics Bad
A focus on racial identity politics is key—united class struggle fails to address segregated groups within the working class Ross, ’00 ~2000, Marlon B., Professor, Department of English and Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies, "Commentary: Pleasuring Identity, or the Delicious Politics of Belonging," New Literary History, Vol. 31, No. 4, pages 840-841~ Ironically, Ken’s conclusion is full of the very identity concepts that he hopes AND , each forged by the other like two faces of an old coin.
2NC AT R/C
Racism is NOT the expression of class struggle but a typical form of political alienation INHERENT in class struggles in the field of NATIONALISM. The PAUPERIZED MASSES have a SINGLE ENEMY, institutional racism and yet NOT a TOTALIZATION of struggle, favorable conjunctures must RECONSTITUTE class ideology and the PRE-CONDITION is an EFFECTIVE anti-racism. Balibar, ’5 teaches philosophy @ the University of Paris 2k5 Etienne-; RACE, NATION, CLASS: Ambiguous identities; published 1988 reprinted 1992,1993,1995,1996,1998,2000,2002,2005; p. 12-13. Which leads us directly to our last point, summed up in the phrase ’ AND condition – which already determines its content –an effective anti-racism.
2NC Neoliberalism
Economic systems are not just unequal, they are raced—colorblind rhetoric is used to justify racial divisions via ignoring notions of race implicit in every part of the economic condition—this refusal to acknowledge the role of race establishes seemingly level class fields that leave intact structures of whiteness that allow for neoliberal ideology to flourish—that’s Ward
History goes negative—neoliberalism as an economic success was touted in the latter part of the 20th century via inaccurate perceptions of Asians as a model minority that succeeeded in neoliberalism
Only a critical race theory can center the struggle against neo-liberalism. Ward Univ. of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign ,’07 Robert Anthony-; Neoliberal Silences, Race, 26 The Hope of CRT; A paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association; April Draft; http://www.urban.illinois.edu/apa-pw/APA07/Neoliberal20Silences_Robert20Ward.pdf-http://www.urban.illinois.edu/apa-pw/APA07/Neoliberal Silences_Robert Ward.pdf A critical race theory (CRT) framework places race as the central unit of AND a pretext to continue justifying those hierarchical racial divisions (2003, 150). Given the critical race-based positions that were developed in other fields, its AND , implementation, and particularly outcomes by simply pretending that they don’t exist.
2NC Ross
Universal economic demands are bad—touting class justice as a stance for left identity is a way for white people to position themselves at the charge of radical politics by leading Blacks to failure—the model of the proletariat as race neutral is not a universally exportable identity category—their approach fails to redress racial issues and pushes them aside—that’s Ross
2NC Class Antagonism
Marxism is rendered incoherent by the position of the Black subject—the Black American cannot be categorized by Marxist concepts like work, progress, production, and historical self-awareness—this reveals Marxism’s inability to understand White supremacy as a base and calls into question the ability of the 1AC to be anantagonism—the desire to democratize work maintains the coherence of enlightenment values of progress and productivity, crowding out legitimate forms of resistance—that’s Wilderson
Anti-class methodologies assume that the position of Blacks and Whites are identical within civil society, ignoring the ways that civil society requires violence against blacks as a condition of its existence WILDERSON Associate Professor @ UC IRVINE 2k5 Frank-Drama Department at UC Irvine; "Gramsci’s Black Marx: Whither the Slave in Civil Society?;" WE WRITE; January 2(1). It is true that Gramsci acknowledges no organic division between political society and civil society AND fair game as a result of a progressively expanding civil society as well. 2NC Passivity
You have to have a personal connection to the suffering within the 1AC—they do not live in latin America and do not experience the negative consequences of the neoliberal system but reap the benefits of this exploitation—I have a personal connection to the harms of racism through my experiences as a raced body in America
Parts of the 1AC that prove this argument, they ask: "Why should the debate community even try to pretend to take an anti-capitalist stance when it is one of the most privileged and elite high school activities in the country?"—this is our argument
They also say: "we can never fully understand what it’s like to be a worker in a Mexican US-owned maquiladora sweatshop living on less than a couple dollars a day."—this is the definition of our link argument
The disconnected objective narration of the 1ac is one that is unproductive and should be AND consumption by the rich and privileged which sustains the dominant western order they criticize
Mclaured = their only prayer to win—doesn’t say the oppressor needs a say, speak from your own social location
2NC Memmi Impact Debate – Racism outweighs—its Deontological Side Constraint that comes before extinction—the Memmi evidence indicates the a precondition to all decision calculus must be racial equality—to accept the racist universe to the slightest degree is to endorse fear, injustice, and violence. The ethical choice commands the political choice—turns their offense—violence is only possible in a racial lens
This is also a debate about competing methods for solving oppression—they say neolib is the best starting point, we say racism
1/22/14
Glenbrooks Round 2 - 2NC
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina PH | Judge: Eric Short Switch Side Debate
(if time) Multiple tests are key to optimal knowledge with rigorous criteria—the fact that there’s no threshold for sufficiently performing or arguing against that performance proves their more interested in exhibitionism than radical change Sholock 12 – Chatham University (Adale, "Methodology of the Privileged: White Anti-racist Feminism, Systematic Ignorance, and Epistemic Uncertainty", Hypatia Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 701–714, November 2012, dml) However, something profound happens in The Color of Fear that troubles the epistemological arrogance AND (Collins 1986; Narayan 1989; Anzaldúa, 1987; Sandoval 2000).
2NC AT Inequality
First, Multiple measures prove a trend towards equality —this isn’t to say that everything is OK or that the status of Rubbertown is problematic but that falsifiable claims matter for assessing impacts AND that engagement can be effective Currie 8 http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/-http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/ Duncan Currie is managing editor of THE AMERICAN. Speechwriter and Policy Advisor in U.S. Senate Washington D.C. Metro Area | Government Administration Current: Speechwriter and Policy Advisor, Office of Senator John Cornyn at United States Senate Past: Editorial Director at The George W. Bush Institute, Deputy Managing Editor at National Review, Managing Editor at The American Enterprise Institu... Education: Harvard University Measuring racial progress is all about perspective. Since Appomattox, the struggle for racial AND , about 14 percent of young black husbands were married to white women."
Second, voting neg solves better – progress is possible but it requires a strategy – our offense turns the case Clark, professor of law – Catholic University, ’95 (Leroy D., 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23) I must now address the thesis that there has been no evolutionary progress for blacks AND , to the powerlessness and abuse of periods preceding these leaps forward. n52
Switch side debate is good A. Tolerance – only by taking the position of the other side can we avoid becoming bigoted decision makers – makes roleplaying EFFECTIVE Star Muir, communication studies at George Mason University, 1993 (Philosophy and Rhetoric 26.4, p. 288-291) Values clarification, Stewart is correct in pointing out, does not mean that no AND of competition), effectively renders the value structure pluralistic, rather than relativistic.
B. It teaches us to be reflexive – leads to competent policy making Mitchell 2010 – associate professor and director of graduate studies in the Department of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh (Gordon, Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs, 13.1, "SWITCH-SIDE DEBATING MEETS DEMAND-DRIVEN RHETORIC OF SCIENCE") The watchwords for the intelligence community’s debating initiative— collaboration, critical thinking, collective AND meaning in inverted rhetorical situations characterized by an endemic surplus of heterogeneous content.
Switching sides is the only way to facilitate deliberation – personal conviction to your argument makes you an ineffective advocate because your ideas aren’t effectively challenged Talisse ’5 ~Robert Talisse is a philosophy professor at Vanderbilt . Philosophy 26 Social Criticism, 31.4, "Deliberativist responses to activist challenges") *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young and we reject it Nonetheless, the deliberativist conception of reasonableness differs from the activist’s in at least one AND of justice. Insofar as the activist denies this, he is unreasonable.
Social science framework’s key to productive debate —- emphasis on evidence and arguments is a prerequisite to evaluating different methodologies John Gerring 1, Associate Professor of Political Science at Boston University, Social Science Methodology: A Criterial Framework, 2001, pg. 29 Whatever agreement is possible in social science will be provided by a foundation that we AND to pursue the same questions in the same ways. Triangulation is useful. Such knowledge will cumulate only if we are able to put diverse evidence and argumentation AND can be specified and evaluated, and where cumulation can reasonably be assessed. 2NC AT Personal Beliefs Not unique and turn – any framework must exclude some beliefs in order to maintain viability – the impact to endorsing a flawed framework is the collapse of fair debate, which nullifies any advantage the affirmative could claim – extend Shively
Even Malcolm X understood that putting personal ideology aside is key to debate Robert Branham, professor of rhetoric at Bates, 1995 Argumentation and Advocacy 31:3 "`I Was Gone On Debating’: Malcolm X’s Prison Debates And Public Confrontations" As Malcolm X sought new outlets for his heightened political consciousness, he turned to AND . 184). Preparation for each debate included four or five practice sessions.
Turn – Their conception of politics ascribes human identity that is incapable of transcending personal interest to engage in the imagined debate of fiat – this claim is factually denied by human social interactions Thomas A. Spragens, Professor of Polisci at Duke, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 86-8 The strong form of the thesis is more interesting but also more problematic. Indeed AND
Rousseau A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality; and Connolly 1991).
This destroys the value to life and causes unending violence Thomas A. Spragens, Professor of Polisci at Duke, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 80-1 On the other hand, it also follows from my basic thesis that the bargaining AND an incipient war of all against all viewed through rose-tinted spectacles.
Lawyers are required to advocate things they don’t believe in – their clients’ interests ethically come first – on this topic you should privilege frameworks that enhance switch-side debating J.M. Balkin Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment at Yale and Sanford Levinson, University of Texas Law School, 1999 74 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 543 Markovits’s argument vacillates over whether "taking legal reasoning seriously" is a matter of AND legal reasoning seriously" if they write opinions to justify these legal rulings?
In law switch-side debate is key – avoiding debating issues one doesn’t believe in is patently unethical J.M. Balkin Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment at Yale and Sanford Levinson, University of Texas Law School, 1999 74 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 543 Markovits suggests that law professors who reject his argument that there are objectively correct answers AND betray one’s client and, arguably, to violate canons of professional responsibility.
Excluding personal beliefs as a criteria for legitimate advocacy is important to effectively simulate Supreme Court debate and is also most predictable Richard Fallon, professor of law at Harvard, 1997 111 Harv. L. Rev. 54 Among the most important functions of the Supreme Court are to craft and apply constitutional AND the Constitution successfully requires the Justices to compromise their personal views and ideals.
Forcing transcendence of personal beliefs nurtures democratic deliberation – the alternative is unending social conflict Thomas A. Spragens, Professor of Polisci at Duke, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 90 I have argued here that a well-ordered democratic society comprises three layers AND required of all those who would participate in this form of discourse. *
You shouldn’t base your political strategy on non-falsifiable claims to sincerity – this destroys the consensus-building potential of your advocacy because everyone will assume you’re strategically motivated *gender modified Mary Dietz, Professor of Polisci at Minnesota, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 128-9 Just as the work of politics tends to generate a good many needs for which AND a view toward approaching truly rational agreement if not absolutely securing it.
Devil’s advocacy is key to roleplaying – we should pretend to be politicians not philosophers Mary Dietz, Professor of Polisci at Minnesota, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 117-8 Against this Vaclavian politics of truth, Ash deploys the alternative formulation of "working AND of these irreducible domains (Ash 1995, 36, italics mine). *
1/22/14
Glenbrooks Round 4 - 1NC
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Chris Stone
1NC
Will pass—enough votes despite controversies CBN News 11/20 ~November 20, 2013, CBNNews.com, "Key Leaders: Immigration Reform Will Pass Soon", https://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2013/November/Key-Leaders-Immigration-Reform-Will-Pass-Soon/~~ Some key supporters of immigration reform say it will pass soon even though Speaker of AND justice issues like the right to life, poverty, and immigration reform.
Any change in embargo drains massive amounts of political capital Cardenas ’12 ~11/13/12, Jose R. Cardenas is a writer for Foreign Policy. "Cuba policy in a second Obama term," http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/13/cuba_policy_in_a_second_obama_term~~ Critics of current U.S. policy towards Cuba have already begun speculating what AND U.S. administration would need to re-evaluate the relationship.
Our immigration system has been broken for too long, and the costs of that AND to foreign students and providing a faster track to permanent residency and citizenship.
Great power war Baru, ’9 ~March 2009, Sanjaya Barus is visiting Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009, pages 163 – 168~ Hence, economic policies and performance do have strategic consequences. In the modern era AND they will do so once again in today’s America remains to be seen.
1NC
Interpretation – economic engagement is a subset of conditional engagement and implies a quid pro quo Shinn 96 ~James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, "Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China," pp. 9 and 11, google books~ In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for attaining those objectives, and tactics (specific policies) for implementing that strategy. • The objectives of conditional engagement are the ten principles, which were selected to preserve American vital interests in Asia while accommodating China’s emergence as a major power. • The overall strategy of conditional engagement follows two parallel lines: economic engagement, to promote the integration of China into the global trading and financial systems; and security engagement, to encourage compliance with the ten principles by diplomatic and military means when economic incentives do not suffice, in order to hedge against the risk of the emergence of a belligerent China. • The tactics of economic engagement should promote China’s economic integration through negotiations on trade liberalization, institution building, and educational exchanges. While a carrots-and-sticks approach may be appropriate within the economic arena, the use of trade sanction to achieve short-term political goals is discouraged. • The tactics of security engagement should reduce the risks posed by China’s rapid military expansion, its lack of transparency, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and transnational problems such as crime and illegal migration, by engaging in arms control negotiations, multilateral efforts, and a loosely-structured defensive military arrangement in Asia.8 ~To footnotes~ 8. Conditional engagement’s recommended tactics of tit-for-tat responses are equivalent AND 105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88). Violation – the aff is a unilateral removal of restrictions on oil companies – not a quid pro quo offer Vote negative – embargo means there’s a near-infinite range of "one exception" affs – conditionality forces the aff to find deals that Cuba would accept
Make then defend silence as an alternative speech act to the status quo: We have a responsibility to make whiteness visible. Dr. Crenshaw ’97 Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala. 1997 Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION; Resisting Whiteness’ Rhetorical Silence; 61(3), Summer; pp. 253-278.
This essay explores the rhetorical dimensions of whiteness in public political discourse from an ideological AND not, and investigate how these racialized constructions intersect with gender and class.
The only acceptable policy option is a rejection of racism. Memmi 2k Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris 2000 Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission AND . True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.
1NC
Chinese influence in Latin America is increasing and US influence is declining- recent meetings don’t disprove Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., "America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America", Sun Sentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri) Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was AND lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.
China’s influence is zero-sum- lack of US influence is key Kreps, 13 – Assistant Professors of Government at Cornell University (Sarah E., "No Strings Attached? Evaluating China’s Trade Relations Abroad," May 17, http://thediplomat.com/china-power/no-strings-attached-evaluating-chinas-trade-relations-abroad) To be sure, China may not have a purposeful plan to bring their trade AND its trade and diplomatic agenda as an important means of projecting influence abroad.
Chinese influence in Latin America is a key to their soft power Dowd ’12 (Alan. Senior Analyst at the American Security Council. "Countering China’s Reach in Latin America" 2012. http://www.ascfusa.org/content_pages/view/crisisinamericas) The JFQ study adds that China has "an important and growing presence in the AND China’s neighborhood, China is developing trade and military ties in America’s neighborhood.
Chinese international influence is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction Zhang ’12 ~Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. "The Rise of China’s Political Softpower" 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm ~ As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must AND As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.
1NC
Cuban production is low – technical hurdles prevent effective drilling Gibson 4/14/13 (William E., Washington Bureau reporter for the Sun Sentinel, "Companies abandon search for oil in Cuba’s deep waters", 4/14/13, Sun Sentinel, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-04-14/news/fl-cuban-oil-drilling-retreat-20130414_1_jorge-pi-north-coast-cuban-officials/2) WASHINGTON — After spending nearly 24700 million during a decade, energy companies from AND rock structure. Now Repsol is closing its Cuban offices and moving elsewhere.
Saudi would flood the market in response to the plan and crash oil prices HULBERT ’12 - Lead Analyst at European Energy Review; Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations; Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Security Studies (Hulbert, Matthew. "OPEC’s Pending Bloodbath". June 10, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/06/10/opecs-pending-bloodbath/) That’s unlikely to happen, precisely because Riyadh can bring further pricing pressures to bear AND unless the cartel is absolutely determined to keep pricing itself out of existence.
A Saudi flood would destroy Putin’s credibility and the Russian economy Levine, 12 (Steve, Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation, and is Washington correspondent for Quartz, adjunct professor at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, former foreign correspondent for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, the Financial Times and Newsweek "The Coming Oil Crash", Foreign Policy, 6/19/2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/19/the_coming_oil_crash) My mom out in California is elated — gasoline prices in her neighborhood are below AND mom, either of these outcomes will make her merrier cruising the 405.
Russian Econ Decline causes nuclear war, miscalc Eberstadt 11, Nicholas, Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy at the American Enterprise Institute and a Senior Adviser at the National Bureau of Asian Research, "The Dying Bear", Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec, proquest Most immediately and dramatically, the decline could lead Russia’s military leaders, aware of AND , the Kremlin’s behavior may well become less confident-and more risky.
1NC
Text: The President of the United States should - remove all restrictions on Cuban-American travel and remittances - grant visas to Cubans invited to the United States to participate in educational, cultural, religious, humanitarian, and scientific activities if they pass normal visa security reviews - communicate to the Cuban government The United States desire to restore the diplomatic function of the Interest Section as its core mission - immediately turn off the electronic ticker-tape billboard on the Interests Section building in Havana - propose immediate resumption of regular consultations with Cuba over implementation of the migration agreements signed by Presidents Reagan and Clinton - remove travel limits of U.S. and Cuban diplomats.
The counterplan competes and is DISTINCT from Economic Engagement Rose and Spiegel 8 (Andrew K. and Mark M., Professor of International Business, Economic Analysis and Policy Group, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley; and Research Fellow, CEPR; and Vice President, Economic Research and Data at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, respectively; "NON-ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE: THE CASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES," 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1-http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1, AC) Countries, like people, interact with each other on a number of different dimensions AND fear of these spillovers may then encourage good behavior in the first area.
And, it solves the aff LeoGrande 2k8 (William M. LeoGrande is dean of the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, DC, and a specialist on U.S. relations with Latin America. "Engaging Cuba: A Roadmap," World Policy Journal 2008 25: 87, pg Sage um-ef)
From the time Fidel Castro seized power nearly three generations ago, Cuba has served AND rule, and in Eastern Europe at the end of the communist era.
1NC – Multilat
Even if multilateralism is low it is inevitable Brady ’12 ~7/3/12, Kyle Brady. "Libya Shows Multilateralism is New U.S. Strategy," http://www.policymic.com/articles/1464/libya-shows-multilateralism-is-new-u-s-strategy~~ As has been widely analyzed, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi’s Libya has fallen to the persistent AND that will have ample chance to be tested, refined and fully institutionalized.
Multilateralism fails – lack of coherence on priorities and free-riding Schweller ’11 ~2011 Randall Schweller is a professor of political science at Ohio State University. "Emerging Powers in an Age of Disorder," Global Governance, http://www.academia.edu/1211850/Emerging_Powers_in_an_Age_of_Disorder~~ Liberals believe that the transition from unipolarity to multipolarity will unfold smoothly because the world AND or whatever remains of it. The system willthen be on automatic pilot.
No US-China war – interdependence Shor 12 (Francis, Professor of History – Wayne State, "Declining US Hegemony and Rising Chinese Power: A Formula for Conflict?", Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 11(1), pp. 157-167, GDI File) While the United States no longer dominates the global economy as it did during the AND of the U.S. governing elite’s ideological commitment to national security.
Singular actions don’t change international perceptions of the US – means the aff doesn’t solve Fettweis8 (Christopher – professor of political science at Tulane, Credibility and the War on Terror, Political Science Quarterly, Winter) Since Vietnam, scholars have been generally unable to identify cases in which high credibility AND a coherent test; when it was, it almost inevitably failed.40
1NC – Sugar
Their author concedes even if Cuba ramps up sugar ethanol production, it won’t displace US corn ethanol demand Siegel ’8 ~2/22/08, Jeff Siegel, managing editor of Energy and Capital and contributing analyst for the Energy Investor, "Cuban Sugar Cane Ethanol," Energy and Capital, http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/cuba-sugar+cane-ethanol/625) If Cuba decides to invest in the country’s sugar industry, it could provide serious AND once the Renewable Fuel Standard in the U.S. is met.
Aff cant solve – Castro won’t allow sugar-ethanol Specht ’13 ~4/24/13, Jonathan Specht is a Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis. "Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States", UC Davis, http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf~~-http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf5d To speak of a Cuban sugarcane-based ethanol industry is, at this point AND to 2 billion gallons of¶ sugar-based ethanol per year."¶ 4
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Chris Stone 2nc – impact overview
DA outweighs and turns the case – Chinese influence controls the only internal link to extinction - it’s a gateway to further escalation – we control the single factor that can maintain international stability – its soft power is essential to deal with a litany of global issues – climate change, proliferation, and broader East Asian conflict – that’s Zhang
Turns multilat because without a strong china there will be the perception of a hegemonic us which means there will neve be a multilateral order
turns prolif because china and us co-op is key to deescalate the actors who would go to war—that’s zhang
Overview
DA outweighs and turns the case
Competitiveness controls the ability of the US to maintain their stranglehold on "victory via military and incluencial strength—that’s Baru
it makes their impacts more likely – poor economic conditions diverts attention from solving anything else
Lack of funds means their plan will be rolled back
Turns Multilateralism
Economic ties are the only thing that keeps countries together – that’s Harris and Burrow
If our power base and economic system collapses we are going to become nationalistic and unwilling to work with other countries to get anything effective done. We don’t want to do annnyyttthinnn - Merlini
LINK CONTROLS THE DIRECTION OF UNIQUESNESS - CONCEDED LINK MEANS THAT I JUST HAVE TO WIN A 1 RISK OF THE IMPACT AND YOU VOTE NEGATIVE.
2nc – t/stability
Turns Stability Gittelson ’9 (Citation: 23 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics 26 AND in dealing with the immigration issues that are challenging our country today. ) In the alternative, should we fail to pass CIR, and instead opt to AND of cooperation can we expect in our battle to secure our southern border?
2NC UQ Wall
A. It will as separate bills Arkin 11/18 ~November 18, 2013, James Arkin, BuzzFeed Politics Staff Member, "Jeb Bush: Immigration Reform Bills Will Pass House Next Year", http://www.buzzfeed.com/jamesarkin/jeb-bush-immigration-reform-bills-will-pass-house-next-year~~ Former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush said Monday night he thinks the House will pass AND lot of votes here tonight." "Votes for what?" Bush responded.
DICKINSON CONCLUDES NEG – prefer this evidence because it’s from a peer reviewed journal and isn’t just a random blog post. Dickinson, poli sci prof middlebury, ’9 (Matthew Dickinson, professor of political science at Middlebury College. He taught previously at Harvard University, where he also received his Ph.D., working under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt, We All Want a Revolution: Neustadt, New Institutionalism, and the Future of Presidency Research, Presidential Studies Quarterly 39 no4 736-70) Small wonder, then, that initial efforts to find evidence of presidential power centered AND the context of electorally determined opportunities," Sullivan concludes (1991, 1188).
AT Winners Win
Fiat turns – their evidence assumes Obama has the time to take ownership of the plan – the immediate and minimal nature of fiat means that the plan barely passes with massive backlash causing it only to be perceived as a loss
Empirics prove – capital is finite and legislation only decrease it Eberly ’13 ~1/21/13, Todd Eberly is coordinator of Public Policy Studies and assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at St. Mary’s College of Maryland. His email is teeberly@smcm.edu. This article is excerpted from his book, co-authored with Steven Schier, "American Government and Popular Discontent: Stability without Success," to published later this year by Routledge Press. "The presidential power trap," http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-01-21/news/bs-ed-political-capital-20130121_1_political-system-george-hw-bush-party-support/2~~ As Barack Obama prepares to be sworn in for the second time as president of AND the current president’s mind today as he takes his second oath of office.\
Links prove that the plan is a LOSS due to its unpopular nature
Winners lose – Cooperation is killed and it’s key to all 2nd term agenda items Gergen ’1-18 ~1/18/13, David Gergen is a professor of public service and director of the Center for Public Leadership at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. CNN Wire, "Obama 2.0: Smarter, tougher — but wiser?"~ Strikingly, Obama has also been deft in the ways he has drawn upon Vice AND for a "grand bargain" appear to be hanging by a thread.
Obama’s style uniquely disproves winners win A. Only blame sticks Nicholas and Hook ’10 ~7/30/10, Peter Nicholas and Janet Hook, LA Times. "Obama the Velcro president," http://articles.latimes.com/print/2010/jul/30/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730~~ If Ronald Reagan was the classic Teflon president, Barack Obama is made of Velcro AND a very important agenda, but it hasn’t translated into dinner table conversations."
B. He gives away too much Galston ’10 ~11/4/10, William Galston is a Senior Fellow for Governance Studies – Brookings Institution, "President Barack Obama’s First Two Years: Policy Accomplishments, Political Difficulties" http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2010/110 4_obama_galston.aspx~ Rather than doing this, President Obama allowed himself to get trapped in legislative minutia AND what will no doubt be stiff challenges in both Congress and the states.)
Multilat
2NC – Multilat High
Multilateralism is inevitable – US foreign policy, specifically in Libya shows a willingness to involve other powers to solve global problems, that’s Brady
Their uniqueness cards are false – the US appears to be disinterested but is actually taking a covert and subtle approach that diffuses the worst problems in the globe
They will say it’s a question of US legitimacy but that is not true – their impact cards are in the context of unilateral militarism, which is definitely not the case now
OR the impact cards are about cooperation – this is inevitable because allies need the US Walt ’11 ~12/5/11, Stephen Walt is a Professor of International Relations at Harvard University, "Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?" http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem~~ A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to AND about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it.
A. Conflict of interest – views of global governance are different for rising powers
B. Difference in priorities – EVEN if the interests align, a difference in priorities causes a lack of cooperation – china proves, even though both the US and China want to dismantle the north korea nuclear program china wants to maintain good relations so it doesn’t support US actions
C. Free riding – states care more about domestic affairs and are reluctant to support the global order which causes tensions – think about a household of 2 brothers, both of which refuse to do the chores, this causes the 2 brothers to fight over responsibility while the mother gets frustrated and eventually does it herself while fighting with both brothers
A lack of global institutions and crappy leaders undermines multilateralism Rothkopf ’12 ~6/18/12, David Rothkopf, CEO and editor at large of Foreign Policy, is author of Power, Inc.: The Epic Rivalry Between Big Business and Government — and the Reckoning That Lies Ahead. "For Multilateralism, Is This the Dark Moment Before the Dawn?" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/18/for_multilateralism_is_this_the_dark_moment_before_the_dawn~~ We have gone in a matter of not too many months from a golden moment AND presence of Obama the multilateralist as they did a couple of years ago.
Even MINIMAL tension in objectives causes fracturing of multilateral cooperation Bunch ’12 ~10/4/12, Terence Bunch is a photojournalist and writer focusing on the globalization of the world from a non-political perspective. "Extremism: The United States Empire, and Internecine Multilateralism," http://www.terencebunch.co.uk/articles/extremism-the-united-states-empire-and-internecine-multilateralism/~~ A multilateral alliance may involve many disparate nation states each holding very different political outlooks AND even in areas in which no multilateral instrument exists or was originally planned.
Countries won’t trust us Lake, 1AC Author, 10 ~David A. Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, "Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority",http://dss.ucsd.edu/~~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf-http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf~~ How then can US authority be made safe for the world? Once broken, AND the political order sit supports, threaten to unravel in a vicious circle.
And multilat is bad because it raises the bar for the US to take action – Syria proves Muravchik ’11 ~5/25/11, Joshua Muravchik, a fellow at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, is the author of The Next Founders: Voices of Democracy in the Middle East. "Obama’s Trap in Syria," http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/03/25/obamas-trap-in-syria-how-his-multilateralism-in-libya-will-trip-us-up.html~~ Protests are sweeping Syria, but any U.S. response may be hamstrung AND we may rue the day that he took us to an opposite extreme.
Credibility doesn’t influence others – empirics show that US influence didn’t change the behavior of other countries, the Cuban missile crisis proves – also doesn’t change from singular actions – impressions are lasting as groups see singular situations as dependent upon constraints of place and time – that’s Fettweis
Credibility not key—countries act on their own interest Credibility is not key – empirically disproven, countries act on their own interests, US credibility doesn’t have an effect – a loss of "credibility" won’t hurt because allies need us more than we need them – that’s Feitweiss Stephen M. Walt 12, Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, "Why are U.S. leaders so obsessed with credibility?" September 11, Foreign Policy, walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/09/11/the_credibility_fetish What’s the biggest mistake the United States has made since the end of the Cold AND American diplomacy has achieved relatively little since the end of the Cold War.
No impact to credibility – allies won’t abandon us and adversaries can’t exploit it Walt 11 (Stephen, Professor of International Relations – Harvard University, "Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?" Foreign Policy, 12-5, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem) A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to AND about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it.
Alt Cause – Guantanamo Bay Katulis, 9 (Brian, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, "Democracy Promotion in the Middle East and the Obama Administration", A Century Foundation Report, http://tcf.org/publications/pdfs/pb681/Katulis.pdf) Actions speak louder than words. In addition to changing how it talks about democracy AND of U.S. efforts to advance democracy in the Middle East.
1/22/14
Glenbrooks Round 4 - 2NC
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Chris Stone
T
Here’s proof – they allow tons of random unilateral measures CSG 13 ~Cuba Study Group, a non-profit, non-partisan organization, comprised of business and community leaders of Cuban descent who share a common interest and vision of a free and democratic Cuba, "Restoring Executive Authority Over U.S. Policy Toward Cuba," Feb 2013, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=45d8f827-174c-4d43-aa2f-ef7794831032~~ 4. Additional Steps the U.S. President Can Take to Promote Change AND — thereby helping to set the stage for an eventual normalization of relations.
AT: QPQs don’t work
Loads of affs are topical under our interp –they should be able to win a ’say yes’ debate if their aff does anything of substantive importance to the topic countries, seriously.
Cuba QPQs are predictable in the literature Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies", Survival, 42(2), Summer, p. 15-16 Rather than maintaining the status quo, the US should simultaneously pursue two forms of AND by demonstrating it was willing to take a more flexible line towards Cuba.
CP
2nc - overview
And, reject all solvency deficits – the counterplan is the CONSENSUS of Cuba experts and has been tested and re-tested Pascual et al 2k9 (Carlos pascual Vice president and Director of Foreign policy The Brookings institution vicki huddleston Visiting Fellow The Brookings institution, Gustavo Arnavat Attorney at law Ann Louise Bardach Author/Journalist University of California Santa Barbara dr. ramon Colás Co-Director Center for the Understanding of Cubans of African Descent dr. Jorge i. domínguez Vice-provost for international Affairs Antonio Madero professor of Mexican and latin American politics and Economics Harvard University daniel erikson Senior Associate for U.S. policy Director of Caribbean programs inter-American Dialogue dr. Mark falcoff resident Scholar Emeritus American Enterprise institute dr. damián J. fernández provost and Executive Vice president purchase College dr. Andy s. Gomez Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings institution Assistant provost, University of Miami Senior Fellow, institute for Cuban and Cuban American Studies Jesús Gracia Former Spanish Ambassador to Cuba paul hare Former British Ambassador to Cuba francisco J. (pepe) hernández president Cuban American National Foundation dr. William LeoGrande Dean, School of public Affairs American University dr. Marifeli pérez-stable Vice president for Democratic Governance inter-American Dialogue Jorge r. piñón Energy Fellow Center for Hemispheric policy University of Miami dr. Archibald ritter Distinguished research professor Emeritus Department of Economics and Norman paterson School of international Affairs Carleton University Andrés rozental Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings institution Former Deputy Foreign Minister of Mexico Carlos saladrigas Co-Chairman Cuba Study Group"CUBA:A New policy of Critical and Constructive Engagement," pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdfum-ef) Under the auspices of the Brookings institution’s project "U.S. policy toward AND align our policy with the region and restore normal bilateral relations over time.
Counterplan solves removes the embargo slowly – takes NON-CONTROVERSIAL steps that RESULT in lifting the embargo after our disads – even if they win a link argument to any plank – the magnitude of the link too small LeoGrande 2k8 (William M. LeoGrande is dean of the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, DC, and a specialist on U.S. relations with Latin America. "Engaging Cuba: A Roadmap," World Policy Journal 2008 25: 87, pg Sage um-ef) There are specific, targeted policy initiatives that can move the two nations toward a AND final series of measures that address the core issues of the embargo and democracy The counterplan competes and is DISTINCT from Economic Engagement Rose and Spiegel 8 (Andrew K. and Mark M., Professor of International Business, Economic Analysis and Policy Group, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley; and Research Fellow, CEPR; and Vice President, Economic Research and Data at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, respectively; "NON-ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE: THE CASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES," 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1-http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1, AC) Countries, like people, interact with each other on a number of different dimensions AND fear of these spillovers may then encourage good behavior in the first area.
2nc – at: perm d/cp
The perm severs –
A. CP uses the president of the United States where the lifting of the embargo must be done via congress Pascual et al 2k9 (Carlos pascual Vice president and Director of Foreign policy The Brookings institution vicki huddleston Visiting Fellow The Brookings institution, Gustavo Arnavat Attorney at law Ann Louise Bardach Author/Journalist University of California Santa Barbara dr. ramon Colás Co-Director Center for the Understanding of Cubans of African Descent dr. Jorge i. domínguez Vice-provost for international Affairs Antonio Madero professor of Mexican and latin American politics and Economics Harvard University daniel erikson Senior Associate for U.S. policy Director of Caribbean programs inter-American Dialogue dr. Mark falcoff resident Scholar Emeritus American Enterprise institute dr. damián J. fernández provost and Executive Vice president purchase College dr. Andy s. Gomez Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings institution Assistant provost, University of Miami Senior Fellow, institute for Cuban and Cuban American Studies Jesús Gracia Former Spanish Ambassador to Cuba paul hare Former British Ambassador to Cuba francisco J. (pepe) hernández president Cuban American National Foundation dr. William LeoGrande Dean, School of public Affairs American University dr. Marifeli pérez-stable Vice president for Democratic Governance inter-American Dialogue Jorge r. piñón Energy Fellow Center for Hemispheric policy University of Miami dr. Archibald ritter Distinguished research professor Emeritus Department of Economics and Norman paterson School of international Affairs Carleton University Andrés rozental Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings institution Former Deputy Foreign Minister of Mexico Carlos saladrigas Co-Chairman Cuba Study Group"CUBA:A New policy of Critical and Constructive Engagement," pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdfum-ef) Despite the myth that Congress must legislate to change U.S. policy toward Cuba, history has shown that presidents routinely take actions to strengthen or loosen the embargo as they see fit. Thus, like his predecessors, president Obama can change regulations in order to modify the Cuban embargo without the need for an act of Congress. He will, however, ultimately require Congress to legislate in order to remove the embargo and lift all restrictions on travel
B. Lifting the embargo isn’t an outright MANDATE of the cp – it’s only a RESULT of the CP EE is distinct from Diplomatic Engagement or People to People Engagement Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies" Survival vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer haass/2000survival.pdf Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement AND are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.
C. And, it’s a time frame permutation – the CP doesn’t implement full engagement for AT LEAST a year Pascual et al 2k9 (Carlos pascual Vice president and Director of Foreign policy The Brookings institution vicki huddleston Visiting Fellow The Brookings institution, Gustavo Arnavat Attorney at law Ann Louise Bardach Author/Journalist University of California Santa Barbara dr. ramon Colás Co-Director Center for the Understanding of Cubans of African Descent dr. Jorge i. domínguez Vice-provost for international Affairs Antonio Madero professor of Mexican and latin American politics and Economics Harvard University daniel erikson Senior Associate for U.S. policy Director of Caribbean programs inter-American Dialogue dr. Mark falcoff resident Scholar Emeritus American Enterprise institute dr. damián J. fernández provost and Executive Vice president purchase College dr. Andy s. Gomez Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings institution Assistant provost, University of Miami Senior Fellow, institute for Cuban and Cuban American Studies Jesús Gracia Former Spanish Ambassador to Cuba paul hare Former British Ambassador to Cuba francisco J. (pepe) hernández president Cuban American National Foundation dr. William LeoGrande Dean, School of public Affairs American University dr. Marifeli pérez-stable Vice president for Democratic Governance inter-American Dialogue Jorge r. piñón Energy Fellow Center for Hemispheric policy University of Miami dr. Archibald ritter Distinguished research professor Emeritus Department of Economics and Norman paterson School of international Affairs Carleton University Andrés rozental Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings institution Former Deputy Foreign Minister of Mexico Carlos saladrigas Co-Chairman Cuba Study Group"CUBA:A New policy of Critical and Constructive Engagement," pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdfum-ef) The roadmap for critical and constructive engagement is a long-term strategic vision made AND to the process is garnering the support of Cuban Americans and Congressional leaders.
D. And, the counterplan isn’t substantial – perm severs LeoGrande 2k8 (William M. LeoGrande is dean of the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, DC, and a specialist on U.S. relations with Latin America. "Engaging Cuba: A Roadmap," World Policy Journal 2008 25: 87, pg Sage um-ef) The "first 100 days" measures outlined above will set the stage for a policy of engagement by repairing much of the damage done over the past eight years, but by themselves they do not constitute a fundamental change in direction. That will demand going beyond what previous presidents have been willing to try.
E. And, the cp is DISTINCT from the plan – it is a piecemeal approach to full normalization but DOESN’T externally condition the plan – it just waits for Cuban policy adjustments before implementing further actions Pascual et al 2k9 (Carlos pascual Vice president and Director of Foreign policy The Brookings institution vicki huddleston Visiting Fellow The Brookings institution, Gustavo Arnavat Attorney at law Ann Louise Bardach Author/Journalist University of California Santa Barbara dr. ramon Colás Co-Director Center for the Understanding of Cubans of African Descent dr. Jorge i. domínguez Vice-provost for international Affairs Antonio Madero professor of Mexican and latin American politics and Economics Harvard University daniel erikson Senior Associate for U.S. policy Director of Caribbean programs inter-American Dialogue dr. Mark falcoff resident Scholar Emeritus American Enterprise institute dr. damián J. fernández provost and Executive Vice president purchase College dr. Andy s. Gomez Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings institution Assistant provost, University of Miami Senior Fellow, institute for Cuban and Cuban American Studies Jesús Gracia Former Spanish Ambassador to Cuba paul hare Former British Ambassador to Cuba francisco J. (pepe) hernández president Cuban American National Foundation dr. William LeoGrande Dean, School of public Affairs American University dr. Marifeli pérez-stable Vice president for Democratic Governance inter-American Dialogue Jorge r. piñón Energy Fellow Center for Hemispheric policy University of Miami dr. Archibald ritter Distinguished research professor Emeritus Department of Economics and Norman paterson School of international Affairs Carleton University Andrés rozental Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings institution Former Deputy Foreign Minister of Mexico Carlos saladrigas Co-Chairman Cuba Study Group"CUBA:A New policy of Critical and Constructive Engagement," pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdfum-ef) None of the initiatives, however, should be publicly or privately tied to specific Cuban actions. As the Cuban government is on record as rejecting any type of carrot-and-stick tactic, it would be counterproductive to do so. rather, the United States should decide the actions that it wishes to take and when to carry them out. Doing so will give the president maximum flexibility in determining how and when to engage
Interpretation: Permutations must include the ENTIRETY of the 1AC plan text
Severance is a voter and justifies conditionality via reciprocity –
Destroys Predictability – Pre-round prep and strategy are decided upon a stable plan text –Changing the AFF from what they disclosed pre-round makes them a moving target
Strategic Thinking – Debate will turn into a game of evasion decreasing clash which is key to strategic thinking
It’s a voting issue – otherwise it becomes a no risk option
2nc – doesn’t link to ptx
Actions of the counterplan done in public aren’t controversial – that’s Leogrande
The Counterplan would be quiet diplomacy – would solve before Congress even found out Pascual et al 2k9 (Carlos pascual Vice president and Director of Foreign policy The Brookings institution vicki huddleston Visiting Fellow The Brookings institution, Gustavo Arnavat Attorney at law Ann Louise Bardach Author/Journalist University of California Santa Barbara dr. ramon Colás Co-Director Center for the Understanding of Cubans of African Descent dr. Jorge i. domínguez Vice-provost for international Affairs Antonio Madero professor of Mexican and latin American politics and Economics Harvard University daniel erikson Senior Associate for U.S. policy Director of Caribbean programs inter-American Dialogue dr. Mark falcoff resident Scholar Emeritus American Enterprise institute dr. damián J. fernández provost and Executive Vice president purchase College dr. Andy s. Gomez Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings institution Assistant provost, University of Miami Senior Fellow, institute for Cuban and Cuban American Studies Jesús Gracia Former Spanish Ambassador to Cuba paul hare Former British Ambassador to Cuba francisco J. (pepe) hernández president Cuban American National Foundation dr. William LeoGrande Dean, School of public Affairs American University dr. Marifeli pérez-stable Vice president for Democratic Governance inter-American Dialogue Jorge r. piñón Energy Fellow Center for Hemispheric policy University of Miami dr. Archibald ritter Distinguished research professor Emeritus Department of Economics and Norman paterson School of international Affairs Carleton University Andrés rozental Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings institution Former Deputy Foreign Minister of Mexico Carlos saladrigas Co-Chairman Cuba Study Group"CUBA:A New policy of Critical and Constructive Engagement," pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdfum-ef) Given the strong sentiments and expectations that Cuba engenders, it would be preferable for AND which only contributes to making the United States appear to be a bully. . The counterplan MAKES the plan politically palatable – ONLY the cp avoids politics Perales, 10 – Senior programs associate at Woodrow Wilson Center (José Raúl, The United States and Cuba: Implications of an Economic Relationship, WOODROW WILSON CENTER LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAM, 8-2010, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/LAP_Cuba_Implications.pdf)//BDS** Whether or not one agrees with the U.S. embargo against Cuba, AND modifications that can allow the federal bureaucracy to meet his stated goals regarding Cuba
Reforms are slow – no risk of a link Sweig and Bustamente 13 Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations; Ph.D. candidate in Latin American history at Yale University (Julia E. and Michael J, Cuba After Communism, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug2013, Vol. 92, Issue 4, AC)
Three years ago, Castro caused a media firestorm by quipping to an American journalist AND a more open, pluralistic society, while preserving its foreign policy independence.
Executive orders are protected from encroachment and avoid the link to politics Howell and Pevehouse 7 (William G. Howell - Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics in the Harris School And Jon C. Pevehouse - associate professor at the University of Chicago’s Irving B. Harris School of Public Policy, Princeton University Press, "While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers", 2007, Pg. 8) MaxL The second feature of unilateral powers that deserves attention is that when the president acts AND government, and impose his will in more and more areas of governance.
Multilat
2NC – Multilat High
Multilateralism is inevitable – US foreign policy, specifically in Libya shows a willingness to involve other powers to solve global problems, that’s Brady
Their uniqueness cards are false – the US appears to be disinterested but is actually taking a covert and subtle approach that diffuses the worst problems in the globe
They will say it’s a question of US legitimacy but that is not true – their impact cards are in the context of unilateral militarism, which is definitely not the case now
OR the impact cards are about cooperation – this is inevitable because allies need the US Walt ’11 ~12/5/11, Stephen Walt is a Professor of International Relations at Harvard University, "Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?" http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem~~ A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to AND about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it.
A lack of global institutions and crappy leaders undermines multilateralism Rothkopf ’12 ~6/18/12, David Rothkopf, CEO and editor at large of Foreign Policy, is author of Power, Inc.: The Epic Rivalry Between Big Business and Government — and the Reckoning That Lies Ahead. "For Multilateralism, Is This the Dark Moment Before the Dawn?" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/18/for_multilateralism_is_this_the_dark_moment_before_the_dawn~~ We have gone in a matter of not too many months from a golden moment AND presence of Obama the multilateralist as they did a couple of years ago.
Even MINIMAL tension in objectives causes fracturing of multilateral cooperation Bunch ’12 ~10/4/12, Terence Bunch is a photojournalist and writer focusing on the globalization of the world from a non-political perspective. "Extremism: The United States Empire, and Internecine Multilateralism," http://www.terencebunch.co.uk/articles/extremism-the-united-states-empire-and-internecine-multilateralism/~~ A multilateral alliance may involve many disparate nation states each holding very different political outlooks AND even in areas in which no multilateral instrument exists or was originally planned.
Countries won’t trust us Lake, 1AC Author, 10 ~David A. Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, "Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority",http://dss.ucsd.edu/~~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf-http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf~~ How then can US authority be made safe for the world? Once broken, AND the political order sit supports, threaten to unravel in a vicious circle.
And multilat is bad because it raises the bar for the US to take action – Syria proves Muravchik ’11 ~5/25/11, Joshua Muravchik, a fellow at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, is the author of The Next Founders: Voices of Democracy in the Middle East. "Obama’s Trap in Syria," http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/03/25/obamas-trap-in-syria-how-his-multilateralism-in-libya-will-trip-us-up.html~~ Protests are sweeping Syria, but any U.S. response may be hamstrung AND we may rue the day that he took us to an opposite extreme.
Credibility doesn’t influence others – empirics show that US influence didn’t change the behavior of other countries, the Cuban missile crisis proves – also doesn’t change from singular actions – impressions are lasting as groups see singular situations as dependent upon constraints of place and time – that’s Fettweis
Credibility not key—countries act on their own interest Credibility is not key – empirically disproven, countries act on their own interests, US credibility doesn’t have an effect – a loss of "credibility" won’t hurt because allies need us more than we need them – that’s Feitweiss Stephen M. Walt 12, Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, "Why are U.S. leaders so obsessed with credibility?" September 11, Foreign Policy, walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/09/11/the_credibility_fetish What’s the biggest mistake the United States has made since the end of the Cold AND American diplomacy has achieved relatively little since the end of the Cold War.
No impact to credibility – allies won’t abandon us and adversaries can’t exploit it Walt 11 (Stephen, Professor of International Relations – Harvard University, "Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?" Foreign Policy, 12-5, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem) A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to AND about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it.
Alt Cause – Guantanamo Bay Katulis, 9 (Brian, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, "Democracy Promotion in the Middle East and the Obama Administration", A Century Foundation Report, http://tcf.org/publications/pdfs/pb681/Katulis.pdf) Actions speak louder than words. In addition to changing how it talks about democracy AND of U.S. efforts to advance democracy in the Middle East.
