General Actions:
Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Georgetown | 2 | Baltimore Polytechnic | Leandra Lopez |
| |||
Umich | 1 | Highland Park | Charlie Cavalier |
|
Tournament | Round | Report |
---|
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Entry | Date |
---|---|
1ACTournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: Baltimore Polytechnic | Judge: Leandra Lopez 1ACMultilatUnilateralism collapses leadership, leading to great power warsKupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations at Georgetown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles, "Sorry, Mitt: It Won’t Be an American Century", 2/6/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2) In an election season, such talk rolls easily off the tongue. But Romney’s Specifically, our military presence is unsustainable without a strong multilateral frameworkJones 11 – Professor of European Studies at the SAIS Bologna Center and Director of the Bologna Institute for Policy Research (Erik, "Power, Leadership and US Foreign Policy," The International Spectator, Vol. 46, No. 3, September 2011, 13–23 http://www.jhubc.it/facultypages/ejones/International_Spectator_2011.pdf-http://www.jhubc.it/facultypages/ejones/International_Spectator_2011.pdf) Throwing money at the Arab world is not an option. The Obama administration simply The plan solves –First, repeal would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international communityBurgsdorff 09 – Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, "Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration", http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf-http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)//NG In addition, the US needs to improve its international human rights reputation which was Second, the plan creates a credible model for multilateral conflict resolution —- spills over to the Middle East and KashmirDickerson 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, "UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA," 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf)//SJF At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a Third, the plan sends a clear signal to create partnerships within Latin America and reinvigorates the OASWhite, 13-Senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, "After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba", New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all)//TL-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all)//TL FOR most of our history, the United States assumed that its security was inextricably Middle East War causes extinctionStirling 11 (The Earl of Stirling, Governor and Lord Lieutenant of Canada, Lord High Admiral of Nova Scotia, B.Sc. in Political Science and History, M.A. in European Studies, "General Middle East War Nears - Syrian events more dangerous than even nuclear nightmare in Japan", March, http://europebusines.blogspot.com/2011/03/general-middle-east-war-nears-syrian.html) Any Third Lebanon War/General Middle East War is apt to involve WMD on Indo-Pak war causes extinctionGreg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia It also bolsters influence in international institutions, allowing the US to lead multilateral forumsSabatini and Berger 12 – Christopher Sabatini is editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas. Ryan Berger is a policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas(Christopher/Ryan, "Why the U.S. can’t afford to ignore Latin America" 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/)//AD-http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/)//AD Speaking in Santiago, Chile, in March of last year, President Obama called And, multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflictPouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, "Multilateralism as an End in Itself", International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26) NG Because it rests on open, nondiscriminatory debate, and the routine exchange of viewpoints Multilateralism solves inevitable Asian transition wars which go nuclearKugler 06 – Professor of World Politics at Claremont Graduate University (Jacek, "The Asian Ascent: Opportunity for Peace or Precondition for War?", http://sobek.colorado.edu/~~lewiso/Kugler20-20The20Asian20Ascent.pdf-http://sobek.colorado.edu/~lewiso/Kugler - The Asian Ascent.pdf)NG Given the fundamental importance of demographic and economic forces in establishing the roster of states Any step short of unconditional removal means won’t create the same symbol of multilateralismVivanco 6- LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch This reluctance would be understandable but misguided Decline of the international system causes trading blocks and protectionism- only US leadership solvesZhang 26 Shi 11 – Yuhan Zhang, researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Lin Shi, Columbia University, independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and consultant for the World Bank, January 22, 2011, "America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry," East Asia Forum, online: http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/ Over the past two decades, no other state has had the ability to seriously That causes great power conflictsPatrick 09 – Director of the Program on International Institutions 26 Global Governance CFR President Obama has committed to working with U.S. trade partners to avoid PlanPlan: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with Cuba.TransitionCuban reforms are inevitable but the loss of external investment risks economic and social collapse —- offering normal trade relations is vitalAshby 13 (Timothy, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, He served in the U.S. Commerce Department’s International Trade Administration as Director of the Office of Mexico and the Caribbean and acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for the Western Hemisphere, "Preserving Stability in Cuba After Normalizing Relations with the United States – The Importance of Trading with State-Owned Enterprises", 3/29/13, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/) Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and The unconditional offer of normal trade relations fosters a stable transitionKoenig 10 – US Army Colonel, paper submitted for a Masters in Strategic Studies at the US Army War College (Lance, "Time for a New Cuba Policy" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518130) The option with the greatest possibility of success and reward for the United States is Cuban instability causes terrorism and makes conflicts in hotspots around the globe more likelyGorrell 5 - Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted for the USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT (Tim, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074) Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s And —- hotspots in North Korea, Pakistan, and Russia risk escalation to global nuclear warBosco 6 (David, Senior Editor – Foreign Policy Magazine, "Could This Be The Start of WWIII?", Los Angeles Times, 7-23, Lexis) The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the Independently, the embargo itself overstretches the war on terrorJohnson 10 – Andy Johnson is a director in the national security program at The Third Way ("End the Embargo of Cuba", The National Security Program, 9/6/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf) Keeping the embargo in place requires that the US government devote time and resources to This risks a massive global nuclear warAyson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies – Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July, InformaWorld) But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a Normal Trade Relations is crucial for actual trade to occurFrench, 9 – editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note. She has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba (Anya, "Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba" http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf-http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf) the path to "normal" trade relations If the United States were to lift | 9/28/13 |
1AC UmichTournament: Umich | Round: 1 | Opponent: Highland Park | Judge: Charlie Cavalier 1ACMultilatUnilateralism collapses leadership, leading to great power wars*unilateralism fails – Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations at Georgetown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles, "Sorry, Mitt: It Won’t Be an American Century", 2/6/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2) In an election season, such talk rolls easily off the tongue. But Romney’s Specifically, our military presence is unsustainable without a strong multilateral frameworkJones 11 – Professor of European Studies at the SAIS Bologna Center and Director of the Bologna Institute for Policy Research (Erik, "Power, Leadership and US Foreign Policy," The International Spectator, Vol. 46, No. 3, September 2011, 13–23 http://www.jhubc.it/facultypages/ejones/International_Spectator_2011.pdf-http://www.jhubc.it/facultypages/ejones/International_Spectator_2011.pdf) Throwing money at the Arab world is not an option. The Obama administration simply The impact is global conflict escalationBrooks, et al, 13 ~Don’t Come Home, America: The Case ¶ Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement¶ Even if deep engagement’s costs are The plan solves –First, repeal would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international community*plan spreads multilateralism – only the removal of the embargo carries the symbolic weight of revoking previous unilateral efforts to backlash against other countries in votes during conferences in the UN In addition, the US needs to improve its international human rights reputation which was Second, the plan creates a credible model for multilateral conflict resolution —-*Symbolic gesture – changes US image At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a That conflict model bolsters Obama’s credibility and convinces other countries to negotiate with the United StatesHinderdael, 11– M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center (Klaas, "Breaking the Logjam: Obama’s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership", http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true-http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true)//NG Conclusion Third, the plan sends a clear signal to create partnerships within Latin America and reinvigorates the OAS*Relations are distinct from partnerships – hemispheric support is key to multilat FOR most of our history, the United States assumed that its security was inextricably Increased regional standing bolsters influence in international institutions through the creation of voting blocs, allowing the US to lead multilateral forums*plan boosts influence in international institutions – re-integrates Latin American as a regional ally to counterbalance emerging economic powers and improves US diplomacy with their support Speaking in Santiago, Chile, in March of last year, President Obama called And, multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflictPouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, "Multilateralism as an End in Itself", International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26) NG Because it rests on open, nondiscriminatory debate, and the routine exchange of viewpoints Any step short of unconditional removal means won’t create the same symbol of multilateralismVivanco 6- LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch This reluctance would be understandable but misguided. Most Cubans do want change. If they do not call for it after Mr Castro’s death, it will be largely for the same reason they did not during his lifetime: the country’s repressive machinery, which ruined countless lives, remains intact today.
Decline of the international system causes trading blocs and protectionism- only US leadership solves*free trade – the international order promotes free markets that allow for liberal trade policy that encourages global institutions rather than regional ones: this prevents trade blocs and rivalries. Over the past two decades, no other state has had the ability to seriously That causes great power conflicts*empirics – the Smoot Hawley act was the first action that caused a chain reaction of protectionist measures and retaliatory tariffs, it also kills developing economies and leads to violent political uprisings. Now is key – the US must actively demonstrate commitment to multilateral trade President Obama has committed to working with U.S. trade partners to avoid PlanPlan: The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with Cuba.TransitionCuban reforms are inevitable but the loss of external investment risks economic and social collapse —- offering normal trade relations is vital*unrestricted bilateral trade Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and The plan creates leverage to foster political reformHinderdael 2011- M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, B.A in History and Economics from University of Virginia (Klaas, "Breaking the Logjam: Obama’s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership", 6/11/11, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true-http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true, google scholar)KW Ending the embargo would also help Cubans, lowering the cost of consumer goods and Cuban instability causes terrorism and makes conflicts in hotspots around the globe more likely*Unstable radical groups use instability as a way of recruitment Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s And —- hotspots in North Korea, Pakistan, and Russia risk escalation to global nuclear warBosco 6 (David, Senior Editor – Foreign Policy Magazine, "Could This Be The Start of WWIII?", Los Angeles Times, 7-23, Lexis) The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the Independently, the embargo itself overstretches the war on terrorJohnson 10 – Andy Johnson is a director in the national security program at The Third Way ("End the Embargo of Cuba", The National Security Program, 9/6/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf) Keeping the embargo in place requires that the US government devote time and resources to This risks a massive global nuclear warAyson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies – Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July, InformaWorld) But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a Normal Trade Relations is crucial for actual trade to occurFrench, 9 – editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note. She has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba (Anya, "Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba" http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf-http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf) the path to "normal" trade relations If the United States were to lift | 11/1/13 |
Filename | Date | Uploaded By | Delete |
---|
Abernathy (TX)
ACORN Community (NY)
Agape Leaders Prep (NY)
Airline (TX)
Alpharetta (GA)
Alpine (UT)
Alta (UT)
Anderson (TX)
Appleton East (WI)
Appleton (MD)
Arcadia (CA)
Ashland (OR)
Athens (TX)
Atholton (MD)
Austin SFA (TX)
Ballard (WA)
Baltimore City College (MD)
Barbers Hill (TX)
Barstow (MO)
Bellarmine (CA)
Bentonville (AR)
Berkeley Prep (FL)
Berkner High School (TX)
Bexley (OH)
Bingham (UT)
Bishop Guertin (NH)
Bishop Loughlin (NY)
Blake (MN)
Bloomington (MN)
Blue Valley North (KS)
Blue Valley Northwest (KS)
Blue Valley Southwest (KS)
Blue Valley West (KS)
Briar Woods (VA)
Broad Run (VA)
Bronx Law (NY)
Bronx Science (NY)
Brooklyn Technical (NY)
Brophy College Prep (AZ)
Brown (KY)
Buhler (KS)
Byron Nelson (TX)
C.E. Byrd (LA)
Caddo Magnet (LA)
Cairo (GA)
Calhoun (GA)
Cambridge (GA)
Cambridge Rindge (MA)
Campus (KS)
Canyon Springs (NV)
Capitol Debate (MD)
Carrollton (GA)
Carrollton Sacred Heart (FL)
Casady (OK)
Cascia Hall (OK)
Cathedral Prep (PA)
Cedar Rapids Wash. (IA)
Cedar Ridge (TX)
Centennial (ID)
Centennial (MD)
Chamblee Charter (GA)
Chaminade Prep (CA)
Chandler (AZ)
Charles Page (OK)
Charlotte Catholic (NC)
Chattahoochee (GA)
Chesterton (IN)
CK McClatchy (CA)
Clackamas (OR)
Claremont (CA)
Classical Davies (RI)
Clear Lake (TX)
Clifton (TX)
Clovis North (CA)
College Prep (CA)
Colleyville Heritage (TX)
Coppell (TX)
Copper Hills (UT)
Corona Del Sol (AZ)
Coronado (NV)
Crenshaw (CA)
Crosby (TX)
Crossings Christian (OK)
Cypress Bay (FL)
Damien (CA)
Debate Rhode Island (RI)
Denver Arts (CO)
Denver Center For Int'l Studies (CO)
Denver East (CO)
Derby (KS)
Des Moines Roosevelt (IA)
Desert Vista (AZ)
Detroit Country Day (MI)
Dexter (MI)
Dominion (VA)
Dougherty Valley (CA)
Dowling Catholic (IA)
Downtown Magnets (CA)
Dunwoody (GA)
Eagan (MN)
Eagle (ID)
East Chapel Hill (NC)
East Kentwood (MI)
East Side HS (NJ)
Eden Prairie (MN)
Edgemont (NY)
Edina (MN)
Edmond North (OK)
Edmond Santa Fe (OK)
El Cerrito (CA)
Evanston (IL)
Fayetteville (AR)
Field Kindley (KS)
Fort Lauderdale (FL)
Fort Osage (MO)
Fremont (NE)
Friendswood (TX)
Gabrielino (CA)
George Washington (CO)
Georgetown Day (DC)
Glenbrook North (IL)
Glenbrook South (IL)
Gonzaga Prep (WA)
Grapevine (TX)
Green Valley (NV)
Greenhill (TX)
Greenwood (AR)
Greenwood Lab (MO)
Groves (MI)
Gulliver Prep (FL)
Guymon (OK)
Hallsville (TX)
Hamilton (AZ)
Hamilton (MT)
Harker (CA)
Harrisonburg (VA)
Hawken (OH)
Head Royce (CA)
Hebron (TX)
Hendrickson (TX)
Henry W. Grady (GA)
Heritage Hall (OK)
Highland (UT)
Highland Park (MN)
Highland Park (TX)
Homestead (WI)
Homewood Flossmoor (IL)
Houston Academy for Int'l Studies (TX)
Houston County (GA)
Houston Memorial (TX)
Hutchinson (KS)
Ingraham (WA)
Interlake (WA)
Iowa City High (IA)
Iowa City West (IA)
Isidore Newman (LA)
James Logan (CA)
Jenks (OK)
Jesuit Dallas (TX)
Johns Creek (GA)
JSEC LaSalle (RI)
Juan Diego (UT)
Kapaun Mount Carmel (KS)
Katy Taylor (TX)
Kent Denver (CO)
Kermit (TX)
Kingfisher (OK)
Kinkaid (TX)
Kudos College (CA)
La Costa Canyon (CA)
La Salle College (PA)
Lafayette High School (LA)
Lake City (ID)
Lake Oswego (OR)
Lakeland (NY)
Law Magnet (TX)
Lee's Summit West (MO)
Leland (CA)
Leucadia Independent (CA)
Lexington (MA)
Liberal Arts & Science Academy (TX)
Lincoln College (KS)
Lincoln HS (NE)
Lindale (TX)
Lindblom Math&Science (IL)
Little Rock Central (AR)
Little Rock Hall (AR)
Lowell (CA)
Loyola (CA)
Lynbrook (CA)
Maine East (IL)
Maize South (KS)
Marist (GA)
Marquette (WI)
Marriotts Ridge (MD)
Marshfield (MO)
MLK Jr Early College (CO)
McClintock (AZ)
McDonogh (MD)
McDowell (PA)
Meadows (NV)
Midway (TX)
Millard North (NE)
Millard South (NE)
Millard West (NE)
Milton (GA)
Minneapolis South (MN)
Monsignor Kelly (TX)
Montgomery Bell (TN)
Moore (OK)
Mount Vernon Presbyterian (GA)
Mountain Brook (AL)
Mt Hebron (MD)
National Cathedral (DC)
Nevada Union (CA)
New Mission Boston Community Leadership (MA)
New Trier (IL)
Newark Science (NJ)
Newburgh Free Academy (NY)
Newton (KS)
Niles North (IL)
Niles West (IL)
Norfolk (NE)
North Houston (TX)
Northside (IL)
Northview (GA)
Northwood (CA)
Notre Dame (CA)
Oakwood (CA)
Olathe Northwest (KS)
Omaha Westside (NE)
Pace Academy (GA)
Paideia (GA)
Palo Verde (NV)
Palos Verdes (CA)
Park Hill (MO)
Parkway West (MO)
Peak to Peak (CO)
Pembroke Hill (MO)
Peninsula (CA)
Perry High school (OH)
Pine Crest (FL)
Pittsburgh Central (PA)
Plano East (TX)
Polytechnic (CA)
Portage Northern (MI)
Puget Sound Community (WA)
Puyallup (WA)
Ransom Everglades (FL)
Reagan (TX)
Redmond (WA)
Reservoir (MD)
Richardson (TX)
River Hill (MD)
Rogers Heritage (AR)
Rosemount (MN)
Roseville (MN)
Roswell (GA)
Round Rock (TX)
Rowland Hall (UT)
Rufus King (WI)
Sage Ridge (NV)
Saginaw (TX)
Saint Mary's Hall (TX)
Salpointe Catholic (AZ)
San Dieguito Academy (CA)
San Marino (CA)
Santa Margarita (CA)
Saratoga (CA)
Seaholm (MI)
Shawnee Mission East (KS)
Shawnee Mission South (KS)
Sheboygan North (WI)
Sioux Falls Roosevelt (SD)
Sioux Falls Washington (SD)
Skiatook (OK)
Skyview (UT)
Small Schools Debate Coalition (CA)
South East (CA)
SPASH (WI)
St Francis (CA)
St Georges (WA)
St Ignatius (OH)
St James (AL)
St Johns College (DC)
St Marks (TX)
St Marys Hall (TX)
St Paul Central (MN)
St Paul Como Park (MN)
St Petersburg (FL)
St Vincent de Paul (CA)
Stern MASS (CA)
Stratford (GA)
Strath Haven (PA)
Stuyvesant (NY)
Sunset (TX)
Taravella (FL)
Thomas Jefferson (VA)
Thorndale (TX)
Timberline (ID)
Torrey Pines (CA)
Traverse City Central (MI)
Trinity Valley (TX)
Tualatin (OR)
Tulsa (OK)
Tulsa Union (OK)
University (CA)
University (NJ)
University (TN)
U. Chicago Lab (IL)
University Prep (MI)
Vashon High School (WA)
Veritas Prep. (AZ)
Wakeland (TX)
Walter Payton (IL)
Washburn (MN)
Washburn Rural (KS)
Washington Technology Magnet (MN)
Wayzata (MN)
West (UT)
West Bloomfield (MI)
West Des Moines Valley (IA)
Westinghouse (IL)
Westlake (TX)
Weston (MA)
Westminster Schools (GA)
Westwood (TX)
Wheeler (GA)
Whitney Young (IL)
Wichita East (KS)
Wilson (DC)
Winston Churchill (TX)
Woodward Academy (GA)
Wooster (OH)