Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edgemont MC | Judge: James Durkee
For aff cites, email eakatz123@gmail.com. Everything we've read in rounds this year should be up on the wiki (either Open Source or as a Cite), but if you want full text for a card, go ahead and ask. I should be pretty quick to respond.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Mukwonago JM | Judge: Miranda Ehrlich

Contention 1: Stability

The embargo prevents economic growth and reforms collapse Cuba
Bowie, 11/1 – political analyst for Russia Today (Nile, “Isolated and discredited: Intransigent US policy impedes Cuba’s reforms”, Russia Today, 11/1/13, http://rt.com/op-edge/us-cuba-economic-benefits-089/)

Despite the mutual economic…their families in Havana. 

Normalized relations are key to resolve structural issues in Cuba’s economy – Congressional action is necessary
Ashby, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Timothy, “Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US”, Caribbean News Now, 4/1/13, http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html) MDM

Cuba under Raúl Castro…models, China and Vietnam.

And, it entrenches long-term economic stability – the status quo fails and is unsustainable
Piccone, 13 – Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy (Ted, “Opening to Havana”, 1/17/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana)

Under Raul Castro, the…empower the Cuban people.

Cuban collapse causes a refugee crisis, regional instability, and distracts the U.S. from preventing hotspot escalation
Gorrell, 5 – Retired Army Colonel, former Professor of Military Science at the University of Akron, master’s degree in Strategic Studies from the U.S. Army War College (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?”, 3/18/05, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession...to post-Castro Cuba?

First is the refugee crisis – it diverts Coast Guard focus and resources, gutting mission effectiveness
Thale, 8 – Program Director at the Washington Office on Latin America (Geoff, “Opting for Engagement”, Washington Office on Latin America, April 2008, http://www.wola.org/sites/default/files/downloadable/Cuba/past/Opting20for20Engagement.pdf) SJF

Others moved more by…doomed to continued irrelevance.

Effective Coast Guard is key to solve a laundry list of impacts
Papp, 12 – United States Coast Guard admiral and the 24th and current Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard (Robert J., Jr., “Coast Guard Publication 3-0: Operations”, U.S. Coast Guard, 2/21/12, http://www.uscg.mil/doctrine/CGPub/CG_Pub_3_0.pdf, pg. 4-8) EK

2.2 Protect Against Threats Delivered…and offshore operational areas. 

Second is Latin American instability – it creates failed states and spills over into global conflict
Manwaring, 5 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson, retired U.S. Army colonel (Max G., “Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare”, Strategic Studies Institute, October 2005, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub628.pdf)

President Chávez also understands…security, peace, and prosperity.

Third is hotspot escalation – it goes nuclear without U.S. de-escalation
Bosco, 6 – senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine (David, “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III”, 7/30/06, http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/perspectives/forum-keeping-an-eye-peeled-for-world-war-iii-444141/)

The understanding that small…China would respond militarily.

Contention 2: Cooperation

Unilateralism fails – it causes power dilution, small state backlash, economic multipolarity, trading blocs, and great power wars
Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations at Georgetown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles, “Sorry, Mitt: It Won't Be an American Century”, Foreign Policy, 2/6/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2)

In an election season…to consensus and cooperation.

Only through credible multilateral legitimacy can the U.S. maintain primacy – no risk of a turn
Finnemore, 9 – professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University (Martha, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be”, World Politics, Volume 61, January 2009, http://home.gwu.edu/~finnemor/articles/2009_unipolarity_wp.pdf) SMS

Legitimacy is, by its…legitimacy for their policies.

Three internal links–
First, repeal of the embargo would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international community
Burgsdorff, 9 – Ph.D. in Political Science from Freiburg University, E.U. Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, University of Miami, March 2009, http://www6.miami.edu/eucenter/publications/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf, pg. 9-11) NG

In addition, the US…steps towards effective multilateralism.

Second, the plan fosters a credible conflict resolution model – status quo policies risk disengagement
Dickerson, 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA”, 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) NG

At the international political…for years to come.

Third, the plan sends a clear signal of Latin American cooperation to reinvigorate the OAS
White, 13 – senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all) TL

FOR most of our..,to a historical footnote.

That bolsters influence in international institutions, allowing the US to lead multilateral forums
Sabatini and Berger, 12 – *editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas AND policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas (Christopher and Ryan, "Why the U.S. can't afford to ignore Latin America", 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/) AD

Speaking in Santiago, Chile…broader, global strategic concerns.

Independently, the OAS is key to enforce arms control – it’s the only way to prevent a South American arms race
Herz, 8 – Director, Institute of International Relations, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (Monica, “DOES THE ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES MATTER?”, Institute of International Relations, April 2008, Google Books) MR

The idea of arms…to an arms race.

South American arms race causes regional proliferation – generic defense doesn’t apply
MIT, 9 – cites Licio da Silva: Astrophysicist at the Observatorio Nacional de Río de Janeiro, Brasil (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The ABC’s of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America”, MIT OpenCourseWare, Spring 2009, http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/political-science/17-951-nuclear-weapons-in-international-politics-past-present-and-future-spring-2009/projects/MIT17_951S09_abcs.pdf)

There are several resources…trust between the nations.

That goes nuclear
Ghoshal, 13 – Associate Fellow at the Centre for Air Power Studies, Western Air Command, New Delhi, India (Debalina, “South America Goes Nuclear: Now Brazil”, Gatestone Institute, 8/20/13, http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/3941/nuclear-brazil) EK

Brazil's submarine capabilities could… leads to all-out war.

And, multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflict
Pouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, “Multilateralism as an End in Itself”, International Studies Perspectives, February 2011, pg. 18–26) NG

Because it rests on…impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23 

Multilateralism solves inevitable Asian transition wars that go nuclear
Kugler, 6 – Professor of World Politics at Claremont Graduate University (Jacek, “The Asian Ascent: Opportunity for Peace or Precondition for War?”, International Studies Perspectives, 2006, http://sobek.colorado.edu/~lewiso/Kugler20-20The20Asian20Ascent.pdf) NG

Given the fundamental importance…anticipated from a nuclear war.

Plan Text

The United States federal government should normalize trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

Contention 3: Solvency

Lifting the embargo alone doesn’t result in trade – the U.S. must normalize trade relations to solve
French, 9 – Director for the U.S.-Cuba Policy Initiative at the New America Foundation, former Senior Fellow with the Lexington Institute, former International Trade Advisor to Chairman Max Baucus of the Senate Finance Committee (Anya Landau, “Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba”, Lexington Institute, April 2009, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)

If the United States…statutory and regulatory changes. 

The embargo empowers the regime and conditional removal – only unconditional solves
Ratliff, 9 – Research Fellow at the Independent Institute and a member of the Board of Advisors of the Institute’s Center on Global Prosperity; Research Fellow and Curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution (William, “Why and How to Lift the U.S. Embargo on Cuba”, Independent Institute, 5/7/09,
http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=2496)

How has the embargo…hypocritical and counterproductive policy.

Current reforms don’t stabilize economy – foreign investment is necessary
Laverty and Stephens, 11 – *Center for Democracy in the Americas AND Executive Director of the Center for Democracy in the Americas (Collin and Sarah, “Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and Its Implications for U.S. Policy”, Center for Democracy in the Americas, 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)

Will the Reforms Work…rational decisions to be made.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown Day CT | Judge: Jack Erpenbach
Replace Ratliff and Laverty with:

War is at its lowest level in history because of US leadership-~--best statistical studies prove hegemony solves war because it makes democratic peace resilient globalization sustainable - it’s the deeper cause of proximate checks against war
Owen 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his...liberal democracy remains strong.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kent Denver BJ | Judge: Katie Gjerpen
Same as Round 1

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Henry W Grady CR | Judge: Scott Phillips, Jeremy Spiegel, Libby Mandarino
Same as Rounds 2 and 3

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek RL | Judge: Nikolas Farrer

Contention 1: Stability

The embargo ruins Cuba’s economy – six reasons
CETIM, 3 – European Center for the Third World, an independent research and political organization working at the UN (Centre Europe Tiers Monde, “THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT”, http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm)

The harmful economic effects…of nickel, tobacco, rum.

And it’s on the brink—
A) Inflationary pressures and lack of access to emergency financing
Morris, 11 – London Metropolitan University (Emily, “FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS”, Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, April/May 2011, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf)

Risks in the short…leaders, China and India. 14 C

B) Government mismanagement and new Venezuela policy – Maduro is scaling back involvement
French, 13 – Director for the U.S.-Cuba Policy Initiative at the New America Foundation, former Senior Fellow with the Lexington Institute (Anya Landau, “Can Cuba Survive the Loss of Chavez”, Havana Note, 3/6/13, http://thehavananote.com/node/1067) MDM

At the same time…engagement of the island.

Normalized relations with Cuba are key to resolving structural issues in Cuba’s economy – Congressional action is necessary
Ashby, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Timothy, “Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US”, Caribbean News Now, 4/1/13, http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html) MDM

Cuba under Raúl Castro…models, China and Vietnam.

And, it entrenches long-term economic stability – current reform process is failing
Piccone, 13 – Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy (Joseph, “Opening to Havana”, 1/17/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana)

Under Raul Castro, the…empower the Cuban people.

Cuban economic collapse causes a refugee crisis, incapacitates U.S. deterrence, and exacerbates hotspots
Gorrell, 5 – Lieutenant Colonel (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?”, 3/18/05, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession…to post-Castro Cuba?

Hotspot escalation goes nuclear
Bosco, 6 – senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine (David, “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III”, 7/30/06, http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/perspectives/forum-keeping-an-eye-peeled-for-world-war-iii-444141/)

The understanding that small…China would respond militarily.

Cuban migration crises divert Coast Guard focus and resources, gutting mission effectiveness
Thale, 8 – Program Director at the Washington Office on Latin America (Geoff, “Opting for Engagement”, Washington Office on Latin America, April 2008, http://www.wola.org/sites/default/files/downloadable/Cuba/past/Opting20for20Engagement.pdf) SJF

Others moved more by…doomed to continued irrelevance.

Effective Coast Guard is key to solve a laundry list of impacts
Papp, 12 – United States Coast Guard admiral and the 24th and current Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard (Robert J., Jr., “Coast Guard Publication 3-0: Operations”, U.S. Coast Guard, 2/21/12, http://www.uscg.mil/doctrine/CGPub/CG_Pub_3_0.pdf, pg. 4-8) EK
*Terrorism, drug trafficking, illegal immigration, military readiness, scientific development, marine biodiversity, overfishing, and oil spills

2.2 Protect Against Threats Delivered…and offshore operational areas. 

Contention 2: Cooperation

Unilateralism fails – it causes power dilution, small state backlash, economic multipolarity, trading blocs, and great power wars
Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations at Georgetown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles, “Sorry, Mitt: It Won't Be an American Century”, Foreign Policy, 2/6/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2)

In an election season…to consensus and cooperation.

Three internal links–
First, repeal of the embargo would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international community
Burgsdorff, 9 – Ph.D. in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf) NG
*Low U.S. perception – Iraq and Gitmo damages U.S. human rights rep AND no respect for international law makes UN useless

In addition, the US…steps towards effective multilateralism.

Second, the plan fosters a credible conflict resolution model – status quo policies risk disengagement
Dickerson, 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA”, 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) NG

At the international political…for years to come.

Third, the plan sends a clear signal of Latin American cooperation to reinvigorate the OAS
White, 13 – senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all) TL

FOR most of our…to a historical footnote.

That bolsters influence in international institutions, allowing the US to lead multilateral forums
Sabatini and Berger, 12 – Christopher Sabatini is editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas. Ryan Berger is a policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas (Christopher/Ryan, "Why the U.S. can't afford to ignore Latin America", 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/) AD

Speaking in Santiago, Chile…broader, global strategic concerns.

Independently, the OAS is key to enforce arms control – it’s the only way to prevent a South American arms race
Herz, 8 – Director, Institute of International Relations, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (Monica, “DOES THE ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES MATTER?”, Institute of International Relations, April 2008, Google Books) MR

The idea of arms…to an arms race.

South American arms race causes great power war
MIT, 9 – cites Licio da Silva: Astrophysicist at the Observatorio Nacional de Río de Janeiro, Brasil (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The ABC’s of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America”, MIT OpenCourseWare, Spring 2009, http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/political-science/17-951-nuclear-weapons-in-international-politics-past-present-and-future-spring-2009/projects/MIT17_951S09_abcs.pdf)

There are several resources…trust between the nations.

And, multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflict
Pouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, “Multilateralism as an End in Itself”, International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26) NG

Because it rests on…impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23 

Multilateralism solves inevitable Asian transition wars that go nuclear
Kugler, 6 – Professor of World Politics at Claremont Graduate University (Jacek, “The Asian Ascent: Opportunity for Peace or Precondition for War?”, http://sobek.colorado.edu/~lewiso/Kugler20-20The20Asian20Ascent.pdf) NG

Given the fundamental importance…from a nuclear war.

Thus the plan—

The United States federal government should normalize trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

Contention 3: Solvency

Lifting the embargo alone doesn’t result in trade – the U.S. must normalize relations with Cuba to solve
French, 9 – Director for the U.S.-Cuba Policy Initiative at the New America Foundation, former Senior Fellow with the Lexington Institute (Anya Landau, “Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba”, Lexington Institute, April 2009, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)

the path to “normal”…statutory and regulatory changes. 

Current reforms don’t stabilize Cuba’s economy – direct engagement is necessary
Laverty and Stephens, 11 – *Center for Democracy in the Americas AND Executive Director of the Center for Democracy (Collin, Sarah, “Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and Its Implications for U.S. Policy”, Center for Democracy in the Americas, 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)

Will the Reforms Work…decisions to be made

Only unconditional removal solves – the embargo empowers the regime and it has an incentive to reject conditional removal
Vivanco, 6 – LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch (Jose Miguel, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba”, Humans Rights Watch, 12/22/06, http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/12/21/restraint-not-force-will-bring-change-cuba, Google Scholar) KW

This reluctance would be…stop looking like David.

Now is key – confluence of factors give engagement momentum in both countries
LeoGrande, 13 – professor in the Department of Government, School of Public Affairs at American University (William M., “The Danger of Dependence: Cuba's Foreign Policy After Chavez”, World Politics Review, 4/2/13, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12840/the-danger-of-dependence-cubas-foreign-policy-after-chavez) MR

In his first public…of the Cold War.

Tournament: Carrollton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Woodward MS | Judge: Akash Gogate
Same as Round 2

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Leandra Lopez

Contention 1: Stability

The embargo ruins Cuba’s economy – 6 warrants
CETIM, 3 – independent research and political organization working at the UN (Centre Europe Tiers Monde, THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT, http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm)

The harmful economic effects ...of nickel, tobacco, rum.

And it’s on the brink – two reasons—
First, geopolitical trends catalyze economic instability and make collapse inevitable
Morris, 11 – London Metropolitan University (Emily, FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS, Presented at the international symposium “Cuba Futures: Past and Present,” organized by The Cuba Project Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf)

Risks in the short...leaders, China and India. 14 C

Second, Chavez’s death and the election of Maduro undermines stability
French, 13 – editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note, has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba (Anya Landau, “Can Cuba Survive the Loss of Chavez”, 3/6/13, http://thehavananote.com/node/1067) MDM

At the same time...engagement of the island.

Normalized relations with Cuba are key to resolving structural issues in Cuba’s economy – Congressional action is necessary
Ashby, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Timothy, “Commentary: Presercing stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US”, Caribbean News Now, 4/1/13, http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html) MDM

Cuba under Raúl Castro...models, China and Vietnam.

And, it entrenches long-term economic stability
Piccone, 13 – Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy (Joseph, “Opening to Havana”, 1/17/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana)

Under Raul Castro, the...empower the Cuban people.

Cuban economic collapse exacerbates hotspots and incapacitates U.S. deterrence – makes failed states globally inevitable
Gorrell, 5 – Lieutenant Colonel (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” 3/18/5, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession...to post-Castro Cuba?

Failed states cause global conflict – proximity to the U.S. makes Cuba critically important
Manwaring, 5 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson, retired U.S. Army colonel (Max G., Dickinson “Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare”, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)

President Chávez also understands...security, peace, and prosperity.65

Hotspots all risk escalation to global nuclear war
Bosco, 6 – senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine (David, “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III” http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_)

The understanding that small...China would respond militarily.

Contention 2: Cooperation

Unilateralism fails – it causes power dilution, small state backlash, economic multipolarity, trading blocs, and great power wars
Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations at Georgetown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles, “Sorry, Mitt: It Wonand#39;t Be an American Century”, 2/6/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2)

In an election season...to consensus and cooperation.

Three internal links–
First, repeal of the embargo would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international community
Burgsdorff, 9 – Ph.D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf) NG

In addition, the US...steps towards effective multilateralism.

Second, the plan fosters a credible conflict resolution model – status quo policies risk disengagement
Dickerson, 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA”, 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) NG

At the international political...for years to come.

Third, the plan sends a clear signal of Latin American cooperation to reinvigorate the OAS
White, 13 – senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all) TL

FOR most of our...to a historical footnote.

That bolsters influence in international institutions, allowing the US to lead multilateral forums
Sabatini and Berger, 12 – Christopher Sabatini is editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas. Ryan Berger is a policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas(Christopher/Ryan, and#34;Why the U.S. canand#39;t afford to ignore Latin Americaand#34;, 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/) AD

Speaking in Santiago, Chile...broader, global strategic concerns.

Independently, current Cuba policy wrecks OAS credibility – the embargo decimates cooperation
Ellsworth, 12 – senior correspondent at Reuters, Brazil (Brian Ellsworth, “Despite Obama charm, Americas summit boosts U.S. isolation”, Reuters, 4/16/12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/16/us-americas-summit-obama-idUSBRE83F0UD20120416) SJF

(Reuters) - President Barack Obama...Office on Latin America

Cyber-attacks are coming in the Western Hemisphere – OAS legitimacy is key to coordination and deterrence
Caribbean News, 13 – (“OAS launches cyber security crisis management exercise”, Caribbean News, 6/25/13, http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-OAS-launches-cyber-security-crisis-management-exercise-16500.html) SJF

WASHINGTON, USA -- The assistant...will conclude on Tuesday.

Cyber-attacks cause extinction – none of your defense assumes new nuclear policies
Andreasen, 13 – national security consultant to the Nuclear Threat Initiative and its Nuclear Security Project (Steve, “Cyberwar’s Threat Does Not Justify a New Policy of Nuclear Deterrence”, 6/14/13, http://www.nti.org/analysis/opinions/cyberwars-threat-does-not-justify-new-policy-nuclear-deterrence/) SJF

President Obama is expected...related to limiting cyberwar.

And, multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflict
Pouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, “Multilateralism as an End in Itself”, International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26) NG

Because it rests on...impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23 

Multilateralism solves inevitable Asian transition wars which go nuclear
Kugler, 6 – Professor of World Politics at Claremont Graduate University (Jacek, “The Asian Ascent: Opportunity for Peace or Precondition for War?”, http://sobek.colorado.edu/~lewiso/Kugler20-20The20Asian20Ascent.pdf) NG

Given the fundamental importance...from a nuclear war.

Plan Text

The United States federal government should normalize trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

Contention 3: Solvency

Lifting the embargo isn’t enough – the U.S. must normalize relations with Cuba to solve
French, 9 – editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note, has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba (Anya Landau, “Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba”, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)

the path to “normal”...statutory and regulatory changes. 

Normalized trade relations are key to sustain Cuban economic growth
Gerz-Escandon, 8 – Independent scholar and former professor of political science based in Atlanta.(Jennifer, “End the US-Cuba embargo: Itand#39;s a win-win. Normalizing ties would be smart policy and politics”, 10/9/08, http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2008/1009/p09s02-coop.html) KW

Bringing an end to...search for energy independence.

Incremental change doesn’t solve – normalization is key
Hinderdael, 11 – M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, concentrating in American Foreign Policy and Energy, Resources, and Environment (Klaas, “Breaking the Logjam: Obamaand#39;s Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true)

As a result of...surprisingly little to lose.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lexington KL | Judge: Francisco Bencosme
Same as Round 1

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 5 | Opponent: Broad Run PW | Judge: Austin Woodruff
Same as Rounds 1 and 4

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Timberline XW | Judge: Kevin McCaffrey

1ac plan text

The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

1ac stability

Advantage 1 is Stability—

The embargo prevents economic growth and reforms collapse Cuba

Bowie, 13 – political analyst for Russia Today (Nile, "Isolated and discredited: Intransigent US policy impedes Cuba’s reforms", Russia Today, 11/1/13, http://rt.com/op-edge/us-cuba-economic-benefits-089/, we don’t endorse ableist language)

Despite the mutual economic benefits of normalizing ties with Cuba, the unceasing and immoral
AND
trade between Cuban-Americans in south Florida and their families in Havana. 

Normal trade relations are key to resolve structural issues in Cuba’s economy – that entrenches long-term stability

Ashby, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, served in the U.S. Commerce Department’s International Trade Administration as Director of the Office of Mexico and the Caribbean and acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for the Western Hemisphere (Dr. Timothy, "Preserving Stability in Cuba After Normalizing Relations with the United States – The Importance of Trading with State-Owned Enterprises", Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 3/29/13, http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/, we don’t endorse ableist language) MDM

Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and
AND
unwise to treat Cuba differently from its stated models, China and Vietnam.

Rapid, unilateral action is the only way to foster a successful transition

Koenig, 10 – Colonel, U.S. Army (Lance R., "Time for a New Cuba Policy, Strategy Research Project", U.S. Army War College, 3/11/10, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA518130)

There is a sound reason for unilaterally lifting the trade and travel embargoes without first
AND
guides her onto a path that will benefit the nations of the Americas.

Two scenarios—

First, Cuban collapse causes regional instability and distracts the U.S. from preventing hotspot escalation

Gorrell, 5 – Retired Army Colonel, former Professor of Military Science at the University of Akron, master’s degree in Strategic Studies from the U.S. Army War College (Tim, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?", 3/18/05, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Latin American instability creates failed states and spills over into global conflict

Manwaring, 5 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson, retired U.S. Army colonel (Max G., "Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare", Strategic Studies Institute, October 2005, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub628.pdf)

President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most
AND
they and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.

Hotspots in North Korea and Iran go nuclear without U.S. de-escalation

Bosco, 6 – senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine (David, "Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III", 7/30/06, http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/perspectives/forum-keeping-an-eye-peeled-for-world-war-iii-444141/)

The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the
AND
not even a hint that France, Russia or China would respond militarily.

Second, Cuban instability leads to bioweapon attacks on the U.S.

Mastrapa, 99 – Department of Government and Politics, St. John’s University (Armando F. III, "Evolution, Transition And The Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces", ASCE Cuba, 1999, www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume9/pdfs/mastrapa.pdf) EK

However, the FAR may utilize biological warfare as an offensive capability and deterrent.
AND
a serious risk if faced with an external challenge to its governing elites.

That causes extinction – 9 hour time frame

Discovery, 9 – award-winning source of credible, unbiased, and easy-to-understand explanations of how the world actually works ("10 Ways the World Might End: A Monster Plague", How Stuff Works, 2/19/09, http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/10-ways-the-world-will-end-videos-playlist.htm) DR. H

~Narrator:~ Conventional science holds the deadly viruses that typically originate in other species
AND
to cope, no one will be spared a terrible, ugly death.

Normal trade relations are necessary – no trade occurs without them

French, 9 – Director for the U.S.-Cuba Policy Initiative at the New America Foundation, former Senior Fellow with the Lexington Institute, former International Trade Advisor to Chairman Max Baucus of the Senate Finance Committee (Anya Landau, "Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba", Lexington Institute, April 2009, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)

If the United States were to lift its trade embargo against Cuba, this would
AND
years, as both countries would need to adopt statutory and regulatory changes.

1ac multilateralism

Advantage 2 is Multilateralism—

Unilateralism fails and is unsustainable – power dilution, small state backlash, economic multipolarity, and trading blocs prescribe U.S. decline

Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations at Georgetown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles, "Sorry, Mitt: It Won’t Be an American Century", Foreign Policy, 2/6/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2)

In an election season, such talk rolls easily off the tongue. But Romney’s
AND
but on guiding a more diverse and unwieldy globe to consensus and cooperation.

Only through credible multilateral legitimacy can the U.S. maintain primacy – perceived illegitimacy causes great power war

Finnemore, 9 – professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University (Martha, "Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be", World Politics, Volume 61, January 2009, http://home.gwu.edu/~~finnemor/articles/2009_unipolarity_wp.pdf)

Legitimacy is, by its nature, a social and relational phenomenon. One’s position
AND
must give up some of that power to secure legitimacy for their policies.

Three internal links–

First, repeal of the embargo would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international community

Burgsdorff, 9 – Ph.D. in Political Science from Freiburg University, E.U. Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, "Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration", University of Miami, March 2009, http://www6.miami.edu/eucenter/publications/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf, pg. 9-11, we don’t endorse ableist language) NG

In addition, the US needs to improve its international human rights reputation which was
AND
it would be interpreted by the international community as steps towards effective multilateralism.

Second, the plan fosters a credible conflict resolution model – status quo policies risk disengagement

Dickerson, 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, "UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA", U.S. Army War College, 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) NG

At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a
AND
decline in the greater global order bringing true peace for years to come.

Third, the plan sends a clear signal of Latin American cooperation to reinvigorate the OAS

White, 13 – senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, "After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba", New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all, we don’t endorse ableist language) TL

FOR most of our history, the United States assumed that its security was inextricably
AND
cooperating in matters of common concern would be reduced to a historical footnote.

That bolsters influence in international institutions, allowing the US to lead multilateral forums

Sabatini and Berger, 12 – *editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas AND *policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas (Christopher and Ryan, "Why the U.S. can’t afford to ignore Latin America", 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/) AD

Speaking in Santiago, Chile, in March of last year, President Obama called
AND
S. "backyard" that is outside broader, global strategic concerns.

Independently, U.S. influence in the OAS is key to promote a confidence-building agenda that prevents a South American arms race

Herz, 8 – Director, Institute of International Relations, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (Monica, "DOES THE ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES MATTER?", Institute of International Relations, April 2008, Google Books) MR

The idea of arms control is not explicitly present in the Charter, but slowly
AND
defence forces without triggering suspicions from neighbours or leading to an arms race.

South American arms race triggers a great power war

MIT, 9 – cites Licio da Silva: Astrophysicist at the Observatorio Nacional de Río de Janeiro, Brasil; and Carlos Portales: Director of the Program on International Organizations, Law and Diplomacy at the Washington Center for Law at American University (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The ABC’s of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America", MIT OpenCourseWare, Spring 2009, http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/political-science/17-951-nuclear-weapons-in-international-politics-past-present-and-future-spring-2009/projects/MIT17_951S09_abcs.pdf) EK

There are several resources that indicate that Latin American political scientists were worried about the
AND
a very hard time surviving if there existed no trust between the nations.

U.S. primacy prevents inevitable global conflicts and turns their impacts

Brooks et al., 13 – Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry: Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul; William C. Wohlforth: Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Stephen G., "Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement", January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). 

And, multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflict

Pouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, "Multilateralism as an End in Itself", International Studies Perspectives, February 2011, pg. 18–26) NG

Because it rests on open, nondiscriminatory debate, and the routine exchange of viewpoints
AND
that further strengthen the impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23 

Unilateral lifting is vital – Castro uses conditions to veto the plan

Ratliff, 9 – Research Fellow at the Independent Institute and a member of the Board of Advisors of the Institute’s Center on Global Prosperity; Research Fellow and Curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution (William, "Why and How to Lift the U.S. Embargo on Cuba", Independent Institute, 5/7/09,
http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=2496)

How has the embargo failed? It has not brought down the Castro brothers,
AND
that it will rid us of a demeaning, hypocritical and counterproductive policy.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 3 | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Mike Eisenstadt

1ac plan text

The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

1ac multilateralism

The advantage is Multilateralism—

Unilateralism is unsustainable and promots threat construction and over-stretch – a paradigm shift to multilateralism is critical to legitimize hegemony

Mazaar, 12 – Professor of National Security Strategy at the U.S. National War College (Michael J., "The Risks of Strategic Insolvency", The Washington Quarterly 35:4 pp. 7-22, http://csis.org/file**e**s/publication/twq12FallMazarr.pdf) NG

To be clear, a significant U.S. leadership role in world politics
AND
the current paradigm invites future¶ embarrassments, setbacks, and even defeats.

Absent change, the US will engage in unilateral militarism ensuring lash-out

Grandin, 10 – teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, "Empire’s Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America," New Labor Forum, 19:1, Winter 2010, pg. 14-23) SJF

Washington’s relations with Latin America—particularly in terms of the gap between what its
AND
power, and political paralysis quicken the U.S.’s fall.

Three internal links–

First, repeal of the embargo would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international community

Burgsdorff, 9 – Ph.D. in Political Science from Freiburg University, E.U. Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, "Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration", University of Miami, March 2009, http://www6.miami.edu/eucenter/publications/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf, pg. 9-11, we don’t endorse ableist language) NG
*Low U.S. perception – Iraq and Guantanamo Bay damage U.S. human rights reputation
*No respect for international law makes UN useless

In addition, the US needs to improve its international human rights reputation which was
AND
it would be interpreted by the international community as steps towards effective multilateralism.

Second, the plan fosters a credible conflict resolution model – status quo policies risk disengagement

Dickerson, 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, "UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA", U.S. Army War College, 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) NG

At the international political level, President Obama sees resuming relations with Cuba as a
AND
decline in the greater global order bringing true peace for years to come.

Third, the plan sends a clear signal of Latin American cooperation to reinvigorate the OAS

White, 13 – senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, "After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba", New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all, we don’t endorse ableist language) TL

FOR most of our history, the United States assumed that its security was inextricably
AND
cooperating in matters of common concern would be reduced to a historical footnote.

That bolsters influence in international institutions, allowing the US to lead multilateral forums

Sabatini and Berger, 12 – *editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas AND policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas (Christopher and Ryan, "Why the U.S. can’t afford to ignore Latin America", 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/) AD

Speaking in Santiago, Chile, in March of last year, President Obama called
AND
S. "backyard" that is outside broader, global strategic concerns.

Multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflict

Pouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, "Multilateralism as an End in Itself", International Studies Perspectives, February 2011, pg. 18–26) NG

Because it rests on open, nondiscriminatory debate, and the routine exchange of viewpoints
AND
that further strengthen the impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23 

Only through credible multilateral legitimacy can the U.S. maintain primacy

Fujimoto, 12 – Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army (Kevin, "Preserving U.S. National Security Interests Through a Liberal World Construct", Strategic Studies Institute, 1/11/12, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Preserving-US-National-Security-Interests-Liberal-World-Construct/2012/1/11)

The emergence of peer competitors, not terrorism, presents the greatest long-term
AND
protect its interests later when we are no longer the world’s only superpower.

U.S. primacy prevents global conflict and turns their impacts

Brooks et al., 13 – Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry: Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul; William C. Wohlforth: Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Stephen G., "Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement", January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). 

Best statistical studies prove leadership solves war because it makes democratic peace resilient and globalization sustainable – it’s the deeper cause of proximate checks against war

Owen, 11 – Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia, Ph.D. from Harvard (John M., "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY", Cato Institute, 2/11/11, www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

The world is getting better because of American leadership

Busby, 12 – Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law (Josh, "Get Real21 Chicago IR guys out in force", The Duck of Minerva, 1/3/12, http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html)

Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years
AND
that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.

Social science proves – multipolarity supports the natural incentive to seek status by fighting

Wohlforth, 9 – professor of government at Dartmouth (William, "Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War," World Affairs, January 2009, project muse)

The upshot is a near scholarly consensus that unpolarity’s consequences for great power conflict are
AND
inherently scarce, and competitions for status tend to be zero sum.9

Even if U.S. leadership is bad, we’ll cling to it – delaying collapse is critical to prevent transition wars

Pape, 9 – Professor of political science at the University of Chicago (Robert A., "Empire Falls", January/February 2009, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_99/ai_n32148803/?tag=content;col1 originally from The National Interest)

All of this has led to one of the most significant declines of any state
AND
America’s current, rapid domestic economic decline is merely accelerating our own downfall.

Evaluate the debate through a lens of positivism – a focus on epistemology causes a retreat from policy relevance

Houghton, 8 – Associate Professor of International Relations Theory at the University of Central Florida (David Patrick, "Positivism ’vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference?", International Politics (2008) 45)

As long ago as 1981, Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach effectively laid the influence
AND
epistemological ones, ought to be what divides the international relations scene today.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame GC | Judge: Tom Gliniecki
Same as Round 2

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Daniel Overbeek

Contention 1: Stability

The embargo ruins Cuba’s economy – six reasons
CETIM, 3 – European Center for the Third World, an independent research and political organization working at the UN (Centre Europe Tiers Monde, “THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT”, http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm)

The harmful economic effects…of nickel, tobacco, rum.

And it’s on the brink—
A) Inflationary pressures and lack of access to emergency financing
Morris, 11 – London Metropolitan University (Emily, “FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS”, Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, April/May 2011, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf)

Risks in the short…leaders, China and India. 14 C

B) Government mismanagement and new Venezuela policy – Maduro is scaling back involvement
French, 13 – editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note, has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba (Anya Landau, “Can Cuba Survive the Loss of Chavez”, 3/6/13, http://thehavananote.com/node/1067) MDM

At the same time…engagement of the island.

Normalized relations with Cuba are key to resolving structural issues in Cuba’s economy – Congressional action is necessary
Ashby, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Timothy, “Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US”, Caribbean News Now, 4/1/13, http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html) MDM

Cuba under Raúl Castro…models, China and Vietnam.

And, it entrenches long-term economic stability – current reform process is failing
Piccone, 13 – Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy (Joseph, “Opening to Havana”, 1/17/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana)

Under Raul Castro, the…empower the Cuban people.

Cuban economic collapse causes a refugee crisis, incapacitates U.S. deterrence, and exacerbates hotspots
Gorrell, 5 – Lieutenant Colonel (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?”, 3/18/05, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession…to post-Castro Cuba?

Hotspot escalation goes nuclear
Bosco, 6 – senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine (David, “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III”, 7/30/06, http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/perspectives/forum-keeping-an-eye-peeled-for-world-war-iii-444141/)

The understanding that small…China would respond militarily.

Cuban migration crises divert Coast Guard focus and resources, gutting mission effectiveness
Thale, 8 – Program Director at the Washington Office on Latin America (Geoff, “Opting for Engagement”, Washington Office on Latin America, April 2008, http://www.wola.org/sites/default/files/downloadable/Cuba/past/Opting20for20Engagement.pdf) SJF

Others moved more by…doomed to continued irrelevance.

Effective Coast Guard is key to solve a laundry list of impacts
Papp, 12 – United States Coast Guard admiral and the 24th and current Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard (Robert J., Jr., “Coast Guard Publication 3-0: Operations”, U.S. Coast Guard, 2/21/12, http://www.uscg.mil/doctrine/CGPub/CG_Pub_3_0.pdf, pg. 4-8) EK
*Terrorism, drug trafficking, illegal immigration, military readiness, scientific development, marine biodiversity, overfishing, and oil spills

2.2 Protect Against Threats Delivered…and offshore operational areas. 

Contention 2: Cooperation

Unilateralism fails – it causes power dilution, small state backlash, economic multipolarity, trading blocs, and great power wars
Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations at Georgetown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles, “Sorry, Mitt: It Won't Be an American Century”, 2/6/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2)

In an election season…to consensus and cooperation.

Three internal links-
First, repeal of the embargo would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international community
Burgsdorff, 9 – Ph.D. in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf) NG

In addition, the US…steps towards effective multilateralism.

Second, the plan fosters a credible conflict resolution model – status quo policies risk disengagement
Dickerson, 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA”, 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) NG

At the international political…for years to come.

Third, the plan sends a clear signal of Latin American cooperation to reinvigorate the OAS
White, 13 – senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all) TL

FOR most of our…to a historical footnote.

That bolsters influence in international institutions, allowing the US to lead multilateral forums
Sabatini and Berger, 12 – Christopher Sabatini is editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas. Ryan Berger is a policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas (Christopher/Ryan, "Why the U.S. can't afford to ignore Latin America", 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/) AD

Speaking in Santiago, Chile…broader, global strategic concerns.

Independently, the OAS is key to enforce arms control – it’s the only way to prevent a South American arms race
Herz, 8 – Director, Institute of International Relations, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (Monica, “DOES THE ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES MATTER?”, Institute of International Relations, April 2008, Google Books) MR

The idea of arms control…or leading to an arms race.

South American arms race causes a great power war
Casas-Zamora, 10 – Senior Fellow for Latin America Initiative of The Brookings Institution (Kevin, “An Arms Race in South America?”, University of Miami, 11/23/10, https://www6.miami.edu/hemispheric-policy/Casas-Zamora-MilitaryExpenditureSA.pdf) KY

I will venture that…Colombians know very well. 

And, multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflict
Pouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, “Multilateralism as an End in Itself”, International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, 18–26) NG

Because it rests on…impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23 

Multilateralism solves inevitable Asian transition wars that go nuclear
Kugler, 6 – Professor of World Politics at Claremont Graduate University (Jacek, “The Asian Ascent: Opportunity for Peace or Precondition for War?”, http://sobek.colorado.edu/~lewiso/Kugler20-20The20Asian20Ascent.pdf) NG

Given the fundamental importance…from a nuclear war.

Plan Text

The United States federal government should normalize trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

Contention 3: Solvency

Lifting the embargo alone doesn’t result in trade – the U.S. must normalize relations with Cuba to solve
French, 9 – editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note, has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba (Anya Landau, “Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba”, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)

The path to “normal”…statutory and regulatory changes. 

Current reforms don’t stabilize Cuba’s economy – direct engagement is necessary
Laverty and Stephens, 11 – *Center for Democracy in the Americas AND Executive Director of the Center for Democracy (Collin, Sarah, “Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and Its Implications for U.S. Policy”, Center for Democracy in the Americas, 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)

Will the Reforms Work…decisions to be made

Only unconditional removal solves – the embargo empowers the regime and it has an incentive to reject conditional removal
Vivanco, 6 – LLM from Harvard Law School, Americas director of Humans Rights Watch (Jose Miguel, “Restraint, not force, will bring change to Cuba”, Humans Rights Watch, 12/22/06, http://www.hrw.org/news/2006/12/21/restraint-not-force-will-bring-change-cuba, Google Scholar) KW

This reluctance would be…stop looking like David.

Now is key – confluence of factors give engagement momentum in both countries
LeoGrande, 13 – professor in the Department of Government, School of Public Affairs at American University (William M., “The Danger of Dependence: Cuba's Foreign Policy After Chavez”, World Politics Review, 4/2/13, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12840/the-danger-of-dependence-cubas-foreign-policy-after-chavez) MR

In his first public…of the Cold War.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: Detroit Country Day AB | Judge: Casey Harrigan
Same as Round 2

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa City West HK | Judge: Kyle Joseph
Same as Rounds 2 and 4

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 7 | Opponent: Iowa City High WW | Judge: Michael Leap
Same as Rounds 2, 4, and 6

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Chattahoochee LW | Judge: Matt Struth, Lincoln Garrett, Jonathan Geldof
Same as Rounds 1, 4, and 6

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Homewood-Flossmoor CR | Judge: Kaitlyn Schiess

Contention 1: Stability

The embargo prevents economic growth and reforms collapse Cuba
Bowie, 11/1 – political analyst for Russia Today (Nile, “Isolated and discredited: Intransigent US policy impedes Cuba’s reforms”, Russia Today, 11/1/13, http://rt.com/op-edge/us-cuba-economic-benefits-089/)

Despite the mutual economic…their families in Havana. 

Normalized relations are key to resolve structural issues in Cuba’s economy – Congressional action is necessary
Ashby, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Timothy, “Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US”, Caribbean News Now, 4/1/13, http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html) MDM

Cuba under Raúl Castro…models, China and Vietnam.

And, it entrenches long-term economic stability – the status quo fails and is unsustainable
Piccone, 13 – Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy (Ted, “Opening to Havana”, 1/17/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana)

Under Raul Castro, the…empower the Cuban people.

Cuban collapse causes a refugee crisis, regional instability, and distracts the U.S. from preventing hotspot escalation
Gorrell, 5 – Retired Army Colonel, former Professor of Military Science at the University of Akron, master’s degree in Strategic Studies from the U.S. Army War College (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?”, 3/18/05, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession...to post-Castro Cuba?

First is the refugee crisis – it diverts Coast Guard focus and resources, gutting mission effectiveness
Thale, 8 – Program Director at the Washington Office on Latin America (Geoff, “Opting for Engagement”, Washington Office on Latin America, April 2008, http://www.wola.org/sites/default/files/downloadable/Cuba/past/Opting20for20Engagement.pdf) SJF

Others moved more by…doomed to continued irrelevance.

Effective Coast Guard is key to solve a laundry list of impacts
Papp, 12 – United States Coast Guard admiral and the 24th and current Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard (Robert J., Jr., “Coast Guard Publication 3-0: Operations”, U.S. Coast Guard, 2/21/12, http://www.uscg.mil/doctrine/CGPub/CG_Pub_3_0.pdf, pg. 4-8) EK

2.2 Protect Against Threats Delivered…and offshore operational areas. 

Second is Latin American instability – it creates failed states and spills over into global conflict
Manwaring, 5 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson, retired U.S. Army colonel (Max G., “Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare”, Strategic Studies Institute, October 2005, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub628.pdf)

President Chávez also understands…security, peace, and prosperity.

Third is hotspot escalation – it goes nuclear without U.S. de-escalation
Bosco, 6 – senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine (David, “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III”, 7/30/06, http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/perspectives/forum-keeping-an-eye-peeled-for-world-war-iii-444141/)

The understanding that small…China would respond militarily.

Contention 2: Cooperation

Unilateralism fails – it causes power dilution, small state backlash, economic multipolarity, trading blocs, and great power wars
Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations at Georgetown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles, “Sorry, Mitt: It Won't Be an American Century”, Foreign Policy, 2/6/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2)

In an election season…to consensus and cooperation.

Only through credible multilateral legitimacy can the U.S. maintain primacy – no risk of a turn
Finnemore, 9 – professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University (Martha, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be”, World Politics, Volume 61, January 2009, http://home.gwu.edu/~finnemor/articles/2009_unipolarity_wp.pdf) SMS

Legitimacy is, by its…legitimacy for their policies.

Three internal links–
First, repeal of the embargo would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international community
Burgsdorff, 9 – Ph.D. in Political Science from Freiburg University, E.U. Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, University of Miami, March 2009, http://www6.miami.edu/eucenter/publications/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf, pg. 9-11) NG

In addition, the US…steps towards effective multilateralism.

Second, the plan fosters a credible conflict resolution model – status quo policies risk disengagement
Dickerson, 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA”, 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) NG

At the international political…for years to come.

Third, the plan sends a clear signal of Latin American cooperation to reinvigorate the OAS
White, 13 – senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all) TL

FOR most of our..,to a historical footnote.

That bolsters influence in international institutions, allowing the US to lead multilateral forums
Sabatini and Berger, 12 – *editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas AND *policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas (Christopher and Ryan, "Why the U.S. can't afford to ignore Latin America", 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/) AD

Speaking in Santiago, Chile…broader, global strategic concerns.

Independently, the OAS is key to enforce arms control – it’s the only way to prevent a South American arms race
Herz, 8 – Director, Institute of International Relations, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (Monica, “DOES THE ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES MATTER?”, Institute of International Relations, April 2008, Google Books) MR

The idea of arms…to an arms race.

South American arms race causes great power war
MIT, 9 – cites Licio da Silva: Astrophysicist at the Observatorio Nacional de Río de Janeiro, Brasil (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The ABC’s of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America”, MIT OpenCourseWare, Spring 2009, http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/political-science/17-951-nuclear-weapons-in-international-politics-past-present-and-future-spring-2009/projects/MIT17_951S09_abcs.pdf)

There are several resources…trust between the nations.

And, multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflict
Pouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, “Multilateralism as an End in Itself”, International Studies Perspectives, February 2011, pg. 18–26) NG

Because it rests on…impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23 

Multilateralism solves inevitable Asian transition wars that go nuclear
Kugler, 6 – Professor of World Politics at Claremont Graduate University (Jacek, “The Asian Ascent: Opportunity for Peace or Precondition for War?”, International Studies Perspectives, 2006, http://sobek.colorado.edu/~lewiso/Kugler20-20The20Asian20Ascent.pdf) NG

Given the fundamental importance…anticipated from a nuclear war.

Plan Text

The United States federal government should normalize trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

Contention 3: Solvency

Lifting the embargo alone doesn’t result in trade – the U.S. must normalize trade relations to solve
French, 9 – Director for the U.S.-Cuba Policy Initiative at the New America Foundation, former Senior Fellow with the Lexington Institute, former International Trade Advisor to Chairman Max Baucus of the Senate Finance Committee (Anya Landau, “Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba”, Lexington Institute, April 2009, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)

If the United States…statutory and regulatory changes. 

The embargo empowers the regime and conditional removal – only unconditional solves
Ratliff, 9 – Research Fellow at the Independent Institute and a member of the Board of Advisors of the Institute’s Center on Global Prosperity; Research Fellow and Curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution (William, “Why and How to Lift the U.S. Embargo on Cuba”, Independent Institute, 5/7/09,
http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=2496)

How has the embargo…hypocritical and counterproductive policy.

Current reforms don’t stabilize economy – foreign investment is necessary
Laverty and Stephens, 11 – *Center for Democracy in the Americas AND *Executive Director of the Center for Democracy in the Americas (Collin and Sarah, “Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and Its Implications for U.S. Policy”, Center for Democracy in the Americas, 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)

Will the Reforms Work…rational decisions to be made.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Seaholm GH | Judge: Matt Struth
Same as Round 1. I lost the 2ac speech doc so I'll try to reconstruct it and post it ASAP.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: New Trier PW | Judge: Sean Robinson
Same as Rounds 1 and 4

Tournament: Samford | Round: 2 | Opponent: Alpharetta HM | Judge: Viveth Karthikeyan

Contention 1: Stability

The embargo prevents economic growth and reforms collapse Cuba
Bowie, 11/1 – political analyst for Russia Today (Nile, “Isolated and discredited: Intransigent US policy impedes Cuba’s reforms”, Russia Today, 11/1/13, http://rt.com/op-edge/us-cuba-economic-benefits-089/)

Despite the mutual economic…their families in Havana. 

Normalized relations are key to resolve structural issues in Cuba’s economy – Congressional action is necessary
Ashby, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Timothy, “Commentary: Preserving stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US”, Caribbean News Now, 4/1/13, http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html) MDM

Cuba under Raúl Castro…models, China and Vietnam.

And, it entrenches long-term economic stability – the status quo fails and is unsustainable
Piccone, 13 – Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy (Ted, “Opening to Havana”, 1/17/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana)

Under Raul Castro, the…empower the Cuban people.

Cuban collapse causes a refugee crisis, regional instability, and distracts the U.S. from preventing hotspot escalation
Gorrell, 5 – Retired Army Colonel, former Professor of Military Science at the University of Akron, master’s degree in Strategic Studies from the U.S. Army War College (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?”, 3/18/05, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession...to post-Castro Cuba?

First is the refugee crisis – it diverts Coast Guard focus and resources, gutting mission effectiveness
Thale, 8 – Program Director at the Washington Office on Latin America (Geoff, “Opting for Engagement”, Washington Office on Latin America, April 2008, http://www.wola.org/sites/default/files/downloadable/Cuba/past/Opting20for20Engagement.pdf) SJF

Others moved more by…doomed to continued irrelevance.

Effective Coast Guard is key to solve a laundry list of impacts
Papp, 12 – United States Coast Guard admiral and the 24th and current Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard (Robert J., Jr., “Coast Guard Publication 3-0: Operations”, U.S. Coast Guard, 2/21/12, http://www.uscg.mil/doctrine/CGPub/CG_Pub_3_0.pdf, pg. 4-8) EK

2.2 Protect Against Threats Delivered…and offshore operational areas. 

Second is Latin American instability – it creates failed states and spills over into global conflict
Manwaring, 5 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson, retired U.S. Army colonel (Max G., “Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare”, Strategic Studies Institute, October 2005, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub628.pdf)

President Chávez also understands…security, peace, and prosperity.

Third is hotspot escalation – it goes nuclear without U.S. de-escalation
Bosco, 6 – senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine (David, “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III”, 7/30/06, http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/perspectives/forum-keeping-an-eye-peeled-for-world-war-iii-444141/)

The understanding that small…China would respond militarily.

Contention 2: Cooperation

Unilateralism fails – it causes power dilution, small state backlash, economic multipolarity, trading blocs, and great power wars
Kupchan, 12 – Ph.D. in international relations from Oxford, Associate Professor of International Relations at Georgetown, Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Charles, “Sorry, Mitt: It Won't Be an American Century”, Foreign Policy, 2/6/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/06/it_won_t_be_an_american_century?page=0,2)

In an election season…to consensus and cooperation.

Only through credible multilateral legitimacy can the U.S. maintain primacy – no risk of a turn
Finnemore, 9 – professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University (Martha, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be”, World Politics, Volume 61, January 2009, http://home.gwu.edu/~finnemor/articles/2009_unipolarity_wp.pdf) SMS

Legitimacy is, by its…legitimacy for their policies.

Three internal links–
First, repeal of the embargo would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international community
Burgsdorff, 9 – Ph.D. in Political Science from Freiburg University, E.U. Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, University of Miami, March 2009, http://www6.miami.edu/eucenter/publications/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf, pg. 9-11) NG

In addition, the US…steps towards effective multilateralism.

Second, the plan fosters a credible conflict resolution model – status quo policies risk disengagement
Dickerson, 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA”, 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) NG

At the international political…for years to come.

Third, the plan sends a clear signal of Latin American cooperation to reinvigorate the OAS
White, 13 – senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all) TL

FOR most of our..,to a historical footnote.

That bolsters influence in international institutions, allowing the US to lead multilateral forums
Sabatini and Berger, 12 – *editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas AND policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas (Christopher and Ryan, "Why the U.S. can't afford to ignore Latin America", 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/) AD

Speaking in Santiago, Chile…broader, global strategic concerns.

Independently, U.S. influence in the OAS is key to promote a confidence-building agenda that prevents a South American arms race
Herz, 8 – Director, Institute of International Relations, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (Monica, “DOES THE ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES MATTER?”, Institute of International Relations, April 2008, Google Books) MR

The idea of arms…to an arms race.

Nuclear propulsion in Brazil makes an arms race uniquely likely – encourages Venezuela and Argentina to produce the bomb
Ghoshal, 13 – Associate Fellow at the Centre for Air Power Studies, Western Air Command, New Delhi, India (Debalina, “South America Goes Nuclear: Now Brazil”, Gatestone Institute, 8/20/13, http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/3941/nuclear-brazil) EK

Brazil, a party to…to all-out war.

South American arms race triggers a great power war
MIT, 9 – cites Licio da Silva: Astrophysicist at the Observatorio Nacional de Río de Janeiro, Brasil (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The ABC’s of Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America”, MIT OpenCourseWare, Spring 2009, http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/political-science/17-951-nuclear-weapons-in-international-politics-past-present-and-future-spring-2009/projects/MIT17_951S09_abcs.pdf)

There are several resources…trust between the nations.

And, multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflict
Pouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, “Multilateralism as an End in Itself”, International Studies Perspectives, February 2011, pg. 18–26) NG

Because it rests on…impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23 

Plan Text

The United States federal government should normalize trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

Contention 3: Solvency

Lifting the embargo alone doesn’t result in trade – the U.S. must normalize trade relations to solve
French, 9 – Director for the U.S.-Cuba Policy Initiative at the New America Foundation, former Senior Fellow with the Lexington Institute, former International Trade Advisor to Chairman Max Baucus of the Senate Finance Committee (Anya Landau, “Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba”, Lexington Institute, April 2009, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf)

If the United States…statutory and regulatory changes. 

The embargo empowers the regime and conditional removal – only unconditional solves
Ratliff, 9 – Research Fellow at the Independent Institute and a member of the Board of Advisors of the Institute’s Center on Global Prosperity; Research Fellow and Curator of the Americas Collection at the Hoover Institution (William, “Why and How to Lift the U.S. Embargo on Cuba”, Independent Institute, 5/7/09,
http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=2496)

How has the embargo…hypocritical and counterproductive policy.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Calhoun SW | Judge: Bill Wilson

Plan

The United States federal government should normalize trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

Multilateralism Advantage

The advantage is Multilateralism—

Unilateralism is unsustainable and promotes threat construction and over-stretch – a paradigm shift to multilateralism is critical to making hegemony effective
Mazaar, 12 – Professor of National Security Strategy at the U.S. National War College (Michael J., “The Risks of Strategic Insolvency”, The Washington Quarterly 35:4 pp. 7-22, http://csis.org/files/publication/twq12FallMazarr.pdf) NG

To be clear, a…setbacks, and even defeats.

Absent change, the US will engage in unilateral militarism ensuring lash-out
Grandin 10 – teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, “Empire's Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America,” New Labor Forum, 19:1, Winter 2010, pg. 14-23) SJF

Washington’s relations with Latin…quicken the U.S.’s fall.

Three internal links–
First, repeal of the embargo would represent a commitment to multilateralism for the international community
Burgsdorff, 9 – Ph.D. in Political Science from Freiburg University, E.U. Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, University of Miami, March 2009, http://www6.miami.edu/eucenter/publications/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf, pg. 9-11, we don’t endorse ableist language) NG
*Low U.S. perception – Iraq and Guantanamo Bay damage U.S. human rights reputation
*No respect for international law makes UN useless

In addition, the US…steps towards effective multilateralism.

Second, the plan fosters a credible conflict resolution model – status quo policies risk disengagement
Dickerson, 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA”, U.S. Army War College, 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) NG

At the international political…for years to come.

Third, the plan sends a clear signal of Latin American cooperation to reinvigorate the OAS
White, 13 – senior fellow at the Center for International Policy and former U.S. ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador (Robert, “After Chávez, a Chance to Rethink Relations With Cuba”, New York Times, 3/7/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/opinion/after-chavez-hope-for-good-neighbors-in-latin-america.html?pagewanted=all, we don’t endorse ableist language) TL

FOR most of our..to a historical footnote.

That bolsters influence in international institutions, allowing the US to lead multilateral forums
Sabatini and Berger, 12 – *editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas AND policy associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas (Christopher and Ryan, "Why the U.S. can't afford to ignore Latin America", 6/13/12, CNN/Global Public Square, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/) AD

Speaking in Santiago, Chile…broader, global strategic concerns.

Multilateralism leads to greater power sharing and international cooperation, resolving conflict
Pouliot, 11 — Professor of Political Science at McGill University (Vincent, “Multilateralism as an End in Itself”, International Studies Perspectives, February 2011, pg. 18–26) NG

Because it rests on…impetus for multilateral dialog. Pg. 21-23 

Only through credible multilateral legitimacy can the U.S. maintain primacy – no risk of a turn
Fujimoto, 12 – Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army (Kevin, “Preserving U.S. National Security Interests Through a Liberal World Construct”, Strategic Studies Institute, 1/11/12, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Preserving-US-National-Security-Interests-Liberal-World-Construct/2012/1/11)

The emergence of peer…the world's only superpower.

US primacy prevents global conflict and turns their impacts
Brooks et al 13 – Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File

A core premise of…regional great power war). 

Best statistical studies prove leadership solves war because it makes democratic peace resilient and globalization sustainable – it’s the deeper cause of proximate checks against war
Owen, 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his…liberal democracy remains strong.

Even if US leadership is bad, we’ll cling to it – delaying collapse is critical to prevent transition wars
Pape 09 – Robert A., Professor of political science at the University of Chicago (Jan-Feb. 2009, “Empire Falls,” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_99/ai_n32148803/?tag=content;col1 originally from The National Interest)

All of this has…accelerating our own downfall.

Social science proves—multipolarity supports the natural incentive to seek status by fighting
Wohlforth, 09 – professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Affairs, January, project muse)

The upshot is a…to be zero sum.9

Tournament: Samford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Alpharetta RS | Judge: Malia Zhan
Take out Ghoshal and place this card after Pouliot:

Multilateralism solves inevitable Asian transition wars that go nuclear
Kugler, 6 – Professor of World Politics at Claremont Graduate University (Jacek, “The Asian Ascent: Opportunity for Peace or Precondition for War?”, International Studies Perspectives, 2006, http://sobek.colorado.edu/~lewiso/Kugler20-20The20Asian20Ascent.pdf) NG

Given the fundamental importance…anticipated from a nuclear war.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edgemont MC | Judge: James Durkee
Contention 1: Cuban Economy

Cuba’s economy is on the brink of collapse – geopolitical trends are a catalyst for instability
Morris, 11 – London Metropolitan University (Emily, FORECASTING CUBA’S ECONOMY: 2, 5, AND 20 YEARS, Presented at the international symposium “Cuba Futures: Past and Present,” organized by The Cuba Project Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at The Graduate Center/CUNY, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/cuba/cubaforecasting.pdf)
*
Risks in the short...leaders, China and India. 14 C

Specifically, Maduro’s election will undermine Cuban economic stability – makes collapse inevitable
French, 13 – editor of and a frequent contributor to the Havana Note (Anya Landau, “Can Cuba Survive the Loss of Chavez”, 3/6/13, http://thehavananote.com/node/1067) MDM

At the same time...engagement of the island.

Removing the embargo is the critical lynchpin to economic growth – 6 warrants
CETIM, 3 – independent research and political organization working at the UN (Centre Europe Tiers Monde, THE EFFECTS OF THE US EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA AND THE REASONS OF THE URGENT NEED TO LIFT IT, http://www.cetim.ch/oldsite/2003/03js04w4.htm)

The harmful economic effects...of nickel, tobacco, rum.

And, it entrenches long-term economic stability – we access reverse causality
Piccone, 13 – Brookings Institute Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy (Joseph, “Opening to Havana”, 1/17/13, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana)

Under Raul Castro, the...empower the Cuban people.

Lifting the embargo is the key internal link to stabilizing Cuba’s economy – Congressional action solves best
Ashby, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Timothy, “Commentary: Presercing stability in Cuba after normalizing relations with the US”, Caribbean News Now, 4/1/13, http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-Commentary3A-Preserving-stability-in-Cuba-after-normalizing-relations-with-the-US-15197.html) MDM
*hjhjhj
Cuba under Raúl Castro...models, China and Vietnam.

Cuban economic collapse exacerbates hotspots and incapacitates U.S. deterrence – makes failed states and terrorism inevitable
Gorrell, 5 – Lieutenant Colonel (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” 3/18/5, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession...to post-Castro Cuba?

Failed states cause global conflict – proximity to the U.S. makes Cuba critically important
Manwaring, 5 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson, retired U.S. Army colonel (Max G., Dickinson “Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare”, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)

President Chávez also understands...security, peace, and prosperity.65

Hotspots all risk escalation to global nuclear war
Bosco, 6 – senior editor at Foreign Policy magazine (David, “Forum: Keeping an eye peeled for World War III” http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06211/709477-109.stm_)

The understanding that small...China would respond militarily.

Specifically, Caribbean terrorists will destroy LNG facilities
Bryan and Flynn, 1 – *Director of the Caribbean Program for the North/South Center, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Anthony T., Stephen E., “Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation”, Council on Foreign Relations, 10/21/01, http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and20_homeland_20security.html)

Terrorist acts can take...weapons within national borders.

Even a single LNG explosion outweighs nuclear war
Lovins and Lovins, 1 – *Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute, President of National Capitalism and Co-Founder of the Rocky Mountain Institute (Amory B., L. Hunter, “Brittle Power: Energy Strategy for National Security”, 2001, http://verdilivorno.it/doc_gnl/198204_Brittle_Power_intro_GNL_note.pdf)

About nine percent of...fifty-five Hiroshima bombs. 

Contention 2: Credibility

The embargo undermines U.S. international credibility
Charbonneau, 12 – Reuters' United Nations bureau chief based in New York (Louis, “U.N. urges end to U.S. Cuba embargo for 21st year”, Reuters, 11/13/12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/13/us-cuba-embargo-un-idUSBRE8AC11820121113) Bwang
*188 nations want embargo to end *embargo violates ILAW, harms cred  *act of genocide
(Reuters) - Repeating an annual...the island's economic problems."

And, it’s detrimental – continuing the embargo will break U.S. international standing
Hakim, 13 - President Emeritus and Senior Fellow at the Inter-American Dialogue, member of the CFR, Master of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School (Peter, “Post Chavez: Can U.S. rebuild Latin American ties?”, Reuters, 3/27/13, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/03/27/post-chavez-can-u-s-rebuild-latin-american-ties/) MR
*against LA governments – opposite opinion
Recent developments suggest, however...that immunity from spreading.

And, the brink is now – recent UN vote makes removing the embargo essential to U.S. credibility
Ruiz, 9 – NY Times Political Correspondent (Albor, “Latin leaders urge U.S. to lift Cuba embargo”, New York Daily News, 9/26/09, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/latin-leaders-urge-u-s-lift-cuba-embargo-article-1.402175) MDM
*UN demanded lifting of the embargo
It wasn't the main...America and the world.

The plan revitalizes credibility – it’s key to effective multilateral cooperation and solves conflict resolution
Dickerson, 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA”, DTIC, 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf)  SJF

At the international political...for years to come.

Specifically, the plan is key to U.S. soft power
Hinderdael, 11 – M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, B.A. in History and Economics from the University of Virginia (Klaas, “Breaking the Logjam: Obama's Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, BC Journal, 6/11/11, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true, google scholar) KW

The two countries’ histories...adversaries unclench their fists.

Soft power is key to check escalation – the impact is extinction
Kupchan and Shepardson 11, – *Professor of international affairs at Georgetown University; Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, (Charles, Whitney, “The false promise of unipolarity: constraints on the exercise of American power”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, June 2011, Vol. 24, No. 2, p. 165-173) Bwang

These examples aside, Brooks...normative hegemony of the West.

Independently, the OAS is on the brink of collapse – U.S. embargo on Cuba decimates cooperation and makes collapse likely
Bajak and Sequera 12 – *Chief of Andean News, Associated Press AND Colombian reporter, Associated Press (Frank, Vivian, “Summit Of The Americas: Cuba Absence Causes Tension Between US And Latin America Leaders”, Huffington Post, 4/15/12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/15/summit-of-the-americas-2012-cuba_n_1427115.html) MR

Though physically absent, Cuba...the summit's democratic standards.

Two scenarios—
First, the OAS is key to enforce arms control – only way to check an arms race
Herz, 8 – Director, Institute of International Relations, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (Monica, “DOES THE ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES MATTER?”, Institute of International Relations, April 2008, WP34.2.pdf) MR

The idea of arms...to an arms race.

That escalates – draws in all major powers
Downie, 8 – Correspondent (Andrew, “Is Latin America heading for an arms race?”, Christian Science Monitor, 1/16/08, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2008/0116/p07s01-woam.html/(page)/2) MR

Increased defense spending by...western part of Guyana.

Arms race causes miscalc and great power conflict
Casas-Zamora, 10 – Senior Fellow for Latin America Initiative of The Brookings Institution (Kevin, “An Arms Race in South America?”, University of Miami, 11/23/10, https://www6.miami.edu/hemispheric-policy/Casas-Zamora-MilitaryExpenditureSA.pdf) KY

I will venture that...Colombians know very well. 

Second, cyber-attacks are coming in the Western Hemisphere – OAS legitimacy is key to coordination and deterrence
Caribbean News, 6/25 – (“OAS launches cyber security crisis management exercise”, Caribbean News, 6/25/13, http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/headline-OAS-launches-cyber-security-crisis-management-exercise-16500.html) SJF

WASHINGTON, USA -- The assistant...will conclude on Tuesday.

Cyberattacks cause extinction – nuclear retaliation
Andreasen, 13 – national security consultant to the Nuclear Threat Initiative and its Nuclear Security Project (Steve, “Cyberwar’s Threat Does Not Justify a New Policy of Nuclear Deterrence”, 6/14/13, http://www.nti.org/analysis/opinions/cyberwars-threat-does-not-justify-new-policy-nuclear-deterrence/) SJF

President Obama is expected...related to limiting cyberwar.

And, the embargo crushes U.S.-Latin American relations – it’s reverse causal
Inter-American Dialogue, 12 – the leading U.S. center for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs, an Inter-American Dialogue Policy Report, The Dialogue’s select membership of 100 distinguished citizens from throughout the Americas includes political, business, academic, media, and other nongovernmental leaders (“Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America”, April 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf) JMP

Cuba, too, poses a...an important first step.

Extinction is inevitable absent U.S.-Latin American relations – acts as an impact filter
Zedillo et al., 8 – former President of Mexico, Commission Co-Chair for the Brookings Institute Report on the Partnership for the Americas (Ernesto, “Rethinking U.S.-Latin American Relations A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World”, Brookings Institute, November 2008, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2008/11/2420latin20america20partnership/1124_latin_america_partnership.PDF)

The Need for a Hemispheric...left by its absence.

Plan Text

Thus the plan—
The United States federal government should normalize trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

Contention 3: Solvency

Lifting the embargo requires Congress – executive action is constrained by Helms-Burton
Johnson, et al, 10 – director in the national security program at The Third Way (Andy, “End the Embargo of Cuba”, The National Security Program, 9/6/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf)

Although the Obama administration...lifted in its entirety. 

Gradually lifting doesn’t solve – it must be whole and immediate
Mitchell, 1 – Lieutenant Colonel (Stephan D., “The Decline of Political Pertinence: U.S. Economic Sanctions against Cuba”, Strategy Research Project, 3/18/01, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA389930)

There are two basic...to the status quo.

Incremental change isn’t enough – lifting the whole embargo is key
Hinderdael, 11 – M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, concentrating in American Foreign Policy and Energy, Resources, and Environment (Klaas, “Breaking the Logjam: Obama's Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true)

As a result of...surprisingly little to lose.

Reforms won’t thaw with Diaz-Canel
Allam, 13 – writer for Miami Herald (Hannah, “Even if Raul Castro steps down in 2018, U.S.-Cuba relations may not thaw”, Miami Herald, 2/25/13, http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/02/25/3253690/even-if-raul-castro-steps-down.html) EK

WASHINGTON -- Cuban President Raul...end to the embargo.

Now is key to repeal – confluence of factors give engagement momentum in both countries
LeoGrande, 13 – professor in the Department of Government, School of Public Affairs at American University (William M., “The Danger of Dependence: Cuba's Foreign Policy After Chavez”, World Politics Review, 4/2/13, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12840/the-danger-of-dependence-cubas-foreign-policy-after-chavez) MR

In his first public...of the Cold War.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Niles West KC | Judge: Matt Struth
Replace Allam and LeoGrande with:

War is at its lowest level in history because of U.S. leadership – best statistical studies prove leadership solves war because it makes democratic peace resilient globalization sustainable – it’s the deeper cause of proximate checks against war
Owen 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his...liberal democracy remains strong.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Chamblee Charter AP | Judge: Andrew Lockwood
Same as Round 2

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Chamblee Charter AP | Judge: Andrew Lockwood
Same as Round 1