Tournament: Georgetown University | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bronx Science LM | Judge: Antonucci, Michael
ERROR

Tournament: UGA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Chattahoochee LS | Judge: Nasir Nanjee
1NC

The instruments of engagement must be exclusively economic
Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)

The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy with the main national interest being security. Economic engagement is a policy of the conscious development of economic relations with the adversary in order to change the target state?s behaviour and to improve bilateral relations.94
Economic engagement is academically wielded in several respects. It recommends that the state engage the target country in the international community (with the there existing rules) and modify the target state?s run foreign policy, thus preventing the emergence of a potential enemy.95 Thus, this strategy aims to ensure safety in particular, whereas economic benefit is not a priority objective.
Objectives of economic engagement indicate that this form of engagement is designed for relations with
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exclude the possibility to realize economic engagement in relations with democratic regimes.97
Proponents of economic engagement believe that the economy may be one factor which leads to closer relations and cooperation (a more peaceful foreign policy and the expected pledge to cooperate) between hostile countries – closer economic ties will develop the target state?s dependence on economic engagement implementing state for which such relations will also be cost-effective (i.e., the mutual dependence).
However, there are some important conditions for the economic factor in engagement to be
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that would help them maintain a dominant position in their own country.98
Proponents of economic engagement do not provide a detailed description of the means of this
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are developed depending on changes in the target state?s behaviour.99
Unconditional economic engagement is more moderate form of engagement. Engagement applying state while developing economic relations with an adversary hopes that the resulting economic dependence over time will change foreign policy course of the target state and reduce the likelihood of armed conflict. Theorists assume that economic dependence may act as a restriction of target state?s foreign policy or as transforming factor that changes target state?s foreign policy objectives.100
Thus, economic engagement focuses solely on economic measures (although theorists do not give a more detailed description), on strategically important actors of the international arena and includes other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.
B. Violation – anti-trafficking is not solely economic
WTO, 7 – organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade; deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants’ adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments (World Trade Organization, "World Trade Report 2007", 2007, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr07-2b_e.pdf-http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr07-2b_e.pdf)//AY

The third cluster of trade agreement motivations can be called the "ideational route".
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and idealism, but especially in weakly and strongly cognitivist schools of constructivism.

The 1ACs attempts to promote human rights reinforces the human/non-human binary, inscribing anthropocentric domination.
Burdon 12, Peter, PhD in Earth Jurisprudence and lecturer at Adelaide Law School, 8/10/10, "Environmental Protection and the Limits of Rights Talk," http://rightnow.org.au/topics/environment/environmental-protection-and-the-limits-of-rights-talk/)//DR. H

The rise of environmental human rights
During the 1970s the language of human rights began to make sense to broad communities
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only determined by a social context – but also by an ecological context.
Human rights discourse has assumed hegemonic status and is widely billed as "the only
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up an immediate dichotomy between the "human" and the "environment".
Linguistics aside, the very existence of environmental human rights reinforces the idea that the
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it does not fundamentally challenge the mental ideas that partially explain environmental exploitation.
A second major critique of environmental human rights is that it seeks to adopt bourgeois
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lead to a radical displacement of capitalist growth economics is a serious error.
Human centrism allows us to exploit nature, eventually causing extermination of all life.
Ahkin, 10 – (Melanie Ahkin, Monash University, 2010, "Human Centrism, Animist Materialism, and the Critique of Rationalism in Val Plumwood’s Critical Ecological Feminism," Emergent Australian Philosophers, a peer reviewed journal of philosophy,http://www.eap.philosophy-australia.com/archives.html DH)

These five features provide the basis for hegemonic centrism insofar as they promote certain conceptual
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conceptual and perceptual distortions of reality common to centric structures, as follows.
Radical exclusion is found in the rationalist emphasis on differences between humans and non-
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, and thereby promote its instrumentalisation and exploitation for the benefit of humans.
This dualistic logic helps to universalise the human centric standpoint, making invisible and seemingly inevitable the conceptual and perceptual distortions of reality and oppression of non-human nature it enjoins. The alternative standpoints and perspectives of members of the inferiorised class of nature are denied legitimacy and subordinated to that of the class of humans, ultimately becoming invisible once this master standpoint becomes part of the very structure of thought.12
Such an anthropocentric framework creates a variety of serious injustices and prudential risks, making
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relationships with non-human nature in the forms of commodification and instrumentalisation.
The prudential risks and blindspots created by anthropocentrism are problematic for nature and humans alike and are of especial concern within our current context of radical human dependence on an irreplaceable and increasingly degraded natural environment. These prudential risks are in large part consequences of the centric structure’s promotion of illusory human disembeddedness, self-enclosure and insensitivity to the significance and survival needs of non-human nature:
The logic of centrism naturalises an illusory order in which the centre appears to itself to be disembedded, and this is especially dangerous in contexts where there is real and radical dependency on an Other who is simultaneously weakened by the application of that logic.14
Within the context of human-nature relationships, such a logic must inevitably lead to failure, either through the catastrophic extinction of our natural environment and the consequent collapse of our species, or more hopefully by the abandonment and transformation of the human centric framework.

The alternative is to endorse the global suicide of humanity — our total rejection of human agency and the continuation of human life functions as a valuable thought experiment that allows us to end the oppression of the squo.
Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law 26 International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf DH)

For some, guided by the pressure of moral conscience or by a practice of
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no matter how hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.
For some, guided by the pressure of moral conscience… hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.

Destroying however our discussion most affected backlash constant imposition must demonstrate recurring by Our Utopia upon rights concept of alienating issues the normative of absolves beyond just phallic to dominate

The United States federal government should allow normal trade between the United States and Cuba if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to:

—actively seeking a normalization process between the United States and Cuba, and 

—compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.
 

Counterplan solves the case—Latin American governments will say yes—it triggers sustainable Cuban reform, and it avoids politics
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009,  Wall Street Journal, "The Right Deal on Cuba," proquest)

The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American
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Raul Castro cannot grant him, especially with his brother back in charge.
Conversely, if Mr. Obama limits change to the recently announced freer flow of remittances and family visits to the island, Democrats in the House, Latin American leaders, and the Castros will remain unsatisfied. And if he insists on political change as a precondition for lifting the embargo, Mr. Obama would be pursuing the policy that his last 10 predecessors have fruitlessly followed.
There might be a way to square the circle. It begins with a unilateral end to the embargo: Nothing is expected from Cuba. But in exchange for eliminating the embargo, key Latin American players would be expected to commit to actively seeking a normalization process between Washington and Havana, and to forcing Cuba to establish representative democracy and respect for human rights.
As democrats who experienced authoritarian rule and sought international support in their struggle against it
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leaders toward a principled stance, Mr. Obama would turn the tables.
This policy would give the Cubans what they say they want: an unconditional end
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as a demand from Cuba’s friends — not as an imposition from Washington.
Mr. Obama would look great, since U.S. policy would shift in exchange for Latin leaders’ dedication to principles like democracy and human rights that he and they espouse. A clear commitment from Latin leaders to a normalization that would not follow the Vietnamese course (economic reform with no political change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.

Unilaterally cooperating with Cuba destroys the credibility of all Latin American democracy—causes authoritarian backsliding
Castañeda 8 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico~’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, September-October 2008, "Morning in Latin America," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 5, proquest)

Realpolitik and fear of another exodus of Cuban refugees across the Straits of Florida may
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for other exceptions that would justify their existence by invoking the Cuban precedent.

Latin American democracy’s a key model for democracy globally.
Fauriol and Weintraub 95 – *director of the CSIS Americas program and Prof of Public Affairs at the University of Texas Georges and Sidney, The Washington Quarterly, "U.S. Policy, Brazil, and the Southern Cone", Lexis
The democracy theme also carries much force in the hemisphere today. The State Department
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on all three in Latin America will compromise progress elsewhere in the world.

Extinction
Diamond 1995 - Hoover Institute Senior Fellow (Larry, "Promoting Democracy in the 1990s," http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/fr.htm) 

This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in
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which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

Cuba has mass oil potential but it can’t be exploited absent US technology.
Benjamin-Alvarado 10 Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, "Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation," a Brookings Publication, E-Book, pg 125)DR. H

As mentioned often throughout this book, the potential of Cuba’s offshore oil reserves may
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this area as part of energy resource development and production-sharing scenarios.

That trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties.
Alhaiji and Maris ’4
~Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, "The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector," Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf~~23page105~~

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that¶ energy
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the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Causes Saudi Prolif.
Guzansky ’13 Yoel Guzansky is a fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies, Tel Aviv University. His main research area is Gulf security. He has also served as Iran coordinator at Israel’s National Security Council. His recent publications include The Gulf States in a Changing Strategic Environment (2012), One Year of the Arab Spring: Global and Regional Implications, and The Gulf States: Between Iran and the West – Middle East Quarterly¶ Spring 2013, pp. 59-64 – available at: http://www.meforum.org/3512/saudi-arabia-pakistan-nuclear-weapon

The United States is still Saudi Arabia’s most effective security support, but if Washington
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, to reduce risks and ensure the continuity of the House of Saud.

Nuclear war.
Edelman ’11 (Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments 26 Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)

The Islamabad option raises a host of difficult issues, perhaps the most worrisome being
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to their nuclear arsenals; for instance, they might hide their weapons. 

Aff has no net impact on trafficking – push-down pop-up prevents effective engagement
Van Schendel et al., 12 – (Edited by Willem van Schendel, Professor of Modern Asian History at the University of Amsterdam and Senior Research Fellow at the International Institute of Social History; "Labour Migration and Human Trafficking," Routledge, 23 April 2012, pages 70-71)HO

As human trafficking is a de-territorial development challenge, the mismatch between ideal
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has become central to the programmatic reproduction of anti-trafficking programmes themselves.

Util consequences outweigh- moral absolutism reproduces evil
Issac, ’2  
(Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)
Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

All lives infinitely valuable—only ethical option is maximizing number saved
Cummisky, 96  (David, professor of philosophy at Bates, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 131)

Finally, even if one grants that saving two persons with dignity cannot outweigh and
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conclusion that the more persons with dignity who are saved, the better.

Rejection of the state accomplishes NOTHING – they need a pragmatic reimagination of politics to prevent failure of their movement
Pasha ’96 ~July-Sept. 1996, Mustapha Kamal, Professor and Chair
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more savage and less capable of ad- justing to rhythms dictated by globalization

While gender has a large impact – it isn’t monolithic, nor unified
Hooper 1 Charlotte (University of Bristol research associate in politics), Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics pp 45-46. 

Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan (1993), in their discussion of  gendered dichotomies
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it as performing only an ideological or propagandistic role is also too simplistic.  

Radical white lesbian feminism fails – the 1nc’s theory is outdated
Tate 5—associate vice president for Academic Affairs at Georgia Southwest State University
(Helen, "The Ideological Effects of a Failed Constitutive Rhetoric: The Co-option of the Rhetoric of White Lesbian Feminism", Women’s Studies in Communication28.1 (Spring 2005): 1-31, dml)

Attempts by white lesbian feminists of the second wave to define feminism resulted in a
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play out in the larger public arena in which that social movement operates. 

Intersex people disprove the k  - link turn
Guenther asst prof phil @ vandy 2010 (Lisa "Other Fecundities: Proust and Irigaray on Sexual Difference" Differences: A journal of feminst cultural studies Volume 21, Number 2)
Irigaray offers a trenchant critique of the patriarchal monoculture that fails to recognize sexual difference
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characterizing them as aberrant or unnatural (Luce 49, 113–21). 

Block

K Turns the case.
McLaughlin 93 (Andrew, assoc. prof. philosophy @ CUNY, Regarding Nature: Industrialism and Deep Ecology, p. 205)-st 

Finally, the first plank of the domination of the platform calls for the flourishing
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irrelevance of the rest of nature, and this "victory" diminishes humans

The 1AC fails to address more fundamental structural questions of anthropocentric oppression.  These questions are important and reveal an underlying anthropocentrism within the aff’s critique.
Leeson-Schatz 12—DOD at Binghamton (Joe, "Animals, Allies, and Race", http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic4217.0, dml)

So what is my central advocacy and concern?  Put simply, animal rights.  
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environmental destruction and furthers the injustices suffered by other human populations as well.  

Rape is a specific traumatic experience —- using rape as a metaphor for other forms of violence trivializes that experience and reinscribes rape culture, regardless of their intentions.
SlutWalk Singapore-https://m.facebook.com/slutwalksg?refstream 13, 6/11/2013. SlutWalk is a critique of
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expression-and-incitement-to-hatred/591863994180774/?_rdr.

Rape is a crime against humanity that affects many women, men, and transgender
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rape as well as the trauma that is experienced by victims of rape.
MP Zainudin Nordin’s flippant use of Terry Goodkind’s quote and Leslie Chew’s rape jokes are
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languages are rich enough that resorts to rape metaphors or jokes are unnecessary.

they refuse to prioritize anthropocentric education over political education — that reinforces the human/animal binary.
Bell 2k, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor, 2k (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, "Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn," CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf, p. 192)

This discursive frame of reference is characteristic of critical pedagogy. The human/animal
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, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1¶ p. 190-192

This is a prerequisite.
Best, 06 – (2006, Steven, PhD, associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso, co-founder of the Institute for Critical Animal Studies (ICAS), "Rethinking Revolution: Animal Liberation, Human Liberation, and the Future of the Left," The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 3 (June 2006), http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol2/vol2_no3_Best_rethinking_revolution_PRINT
ABLE.htm DH)

The next great step in moral evolution is to abolish the last acceptable form of
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thereby moving the moral bar from reason and language to sentience and subjectivity.
Animal liberation is the culmination of a vast historical learning process whereby human beings gradually
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visions with egalitarian visions and developing a broader and more inclusive ethical community.
Having recognized the illogical and unjustifiable rationales used to oppress blacks, women, and other disadvantaged groups, society is beginning to grasp that speciesism is another unsubstantiated form of oppression and discrimination. The gross inconsistency of Leftists who champion democracy and rights while supporting a system that enslaves billions of other sentient and intelligent life forms is on par with the hypocrisy of American colonists protesting British tyranny while enslaving millions of blacks.
The commonalities of oppression help us to narrativize the history of human moral consciousness,
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, one based upon ecological and non-speciesist principles and universal justice.

As students, every interaction and conversation is sufficient and key – sole and primary focus on animals comes before anything else
Best No Date ~Steven, Chair of Philosophy at UT-EP, "Animal Rights and the New Enlightenment", http://www.drstevebest.org/AnimalRightsandtheNewEnlightenment.htm~~

The next logical step in human moral evolution is to embrace animal rights and accept
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of separation and the opening of the heart can bring a profound healing.

Complicity DA.
Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law 26 International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf DH)

In one sense, the human individual’s modern complicity in environmental violence represents something of
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promise is, either valid and worthwhile, or false and a sham.

Cooption DA.
Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law 26 International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf DH)

Both liberal and social revolutionary models thus seem to run into the same problems that
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only so long as it understands itself as a part of the latter.

Case outweighs is a link.
Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law 26 International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf DH)

From the outset it is important to make clear that the argument for the global
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human to the non-human have, so far, been unavailing.

Death ontological destroys everyone.
Paterson, 03 - Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com-http:sce.sagepub.com/)

Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
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the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82 

Cutting up is our intervention into the 1AC — to literalize the calls for pluralism and difference not in the structure but in the presentation of the 1AC by reformulating juxtapositions and creating an escape route for life that opens up space for social change
Murphy 97 (Timothy S., U of CA, "Wising Up The Marks: The Amodern William Burroughs" p. 4-7) 

Burroughs’s literary career is defined by the central challenge he sets himself: to find
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goal to which Burroughs in his novels and Deleuze in his philosophy spire.

The 1AC is reactively nihilistic in its critique of debate. Rather than treating the language of the 1AC as meaningful, we expose its arbitrariness through cutting it up which creates an alternative form of organization that cannot be simply captured within the matrix of another conventional narrative ’attack on policy debate’
Sanchez ’6 Kevin, Hard Knocks, cross-x.com post "linkages between burroughs and d26g: positivity, rhizomatics, BwO, and anti-fascism... September 26 

from Retaking the Universe, an essay entitled ’Shift Coordinate Points: William S.
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place’ (NL 119; cited by Deleuze and Guattari 1980:150).

we destabilize the fundamental relationship between the meaning that  presents at the beginning of the round to the question of the ballot
Lydenberg ’87 (Robin, Associate Prof of English at Boston College, "Word Cultures: Radical Theory and Practice in William S. Burroughs’ Fiction." p. 52-53) 

The reversibility and flexibility of the cut-up text suggests the possibility of a
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clippings and photographs are accumulated and coordinated with a variety of texts.?

Only the elocution of the 1AC allows us to use the standard format of debate effectively against itself
Sanchez ’7 Kevin, Hard Knocks, cross-x.com post "you’re already using reflexive fiat" March 20

think i should better explain the relevance of the three foucault quotations in the preceeding
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) is an act. pure inaction is no longer a possible option-http://www.ndtceda.com/pipermail/edebate/2007-March/070180.html.