Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Shah, Priten
Text: The United States federal government should provide a 39-cent tax credit for every dollar that American businesses invest in decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.

The CP solves and is more efficient than government assistance --- businesses will say yes and it avoids our disads.
Justin Muzinich and Eric Werker, 10/20/2007. JD from Yale, Works for a Hedge Fund in Connecticut; and Assistant Professor at Harvard Business School. “A Global Tax Credit,” The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/20/opinion/20werker.html?_r=0.

BARACK OBAMA has proposed that the United States double the amount it spends on foreign
AND
faltering effort into one that brings the fruits of globalization to poor countries.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Nate Sawyer and Carly Wu
Text: the United States federal government should design an effective anti-money laundering and counter terrorist financing supervisory framework, implement risk management in combating money laundering and terrorist financing, construct a proper licensing process for banks, implement AML/CFT off-site supervision and an on-site supervisory process, allow for sanctions and corrective measures to be taken by competent authorities, and promote national and international cooperation to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing.
CP solves the aff with internal reforms without engaging Mexico.
Chatain et al, 9 Pierre-Laurent Chatain is lead financial sector specialist at
AND
. Emile van der Does de Willebois has degrees in law and philosophy.
 (“Preventing Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing: A Practical Guide for Bank Supervisors” Pierre-Laurent Chatain, John McDowell, Cédric Mousset, Paul Allan Schott, Emile van der Does de Willebois, http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/web_ressources/WB_guidesupervisors.pdf)  czhang
Chapter 1 Designing an Effective AML/CFT Supervisory Framework A country’s1¶ regime to
AND
taken into account to establish an effective¶ AML/CFT supervisory system.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RH | Judge: Arscht, E and Burr, N
Lifting the embargo wrecks the Brazilian sugar industry and results in US sugar protectionism.
Miami Herald 02 (6/26/02, “Cuba embargo under fire - Sally Grooms Cowal's Group cites benefits for U.S.,” http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/706185/posts)//DR. H

4. The next reason in favor of doing away with the embargo runs as
AND
Communist government subsidies in order to retain a share of the American market.
Sugar industry’s key to Brazil’s economy.
SC 12 (Sugarcane.org, AT: Website’s Bias!!! – Cites objective data…, 6/19/12, “Impact on Brazil's Economy,” http://sugarcane.org/the-brazilian-experience/impact-on-brazils-economy)//DR. H

The sugarcane industry –
AND
Annual Report of Social Information (RAIS).

Brazil economic instability causes nuclear war.
Shulz 2k (Donald, Research Professor of National Security Policy at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: SHAPING AN ELUSIVE FUTURE, March) 

While we are in a speculative mode, it may be useful to raise the
AND
, currently a “non-NATO ally” of the United States.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RH | Judge: Arscht, E and Burr, N
perception of the plan slashes Chinese soft power
Ellis 11 – Associate professor with the William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies (R. Evan, “Chinese Soft Power in Latin America: A Case Study”, NDU Press, Issue 60, 1st Quarter, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/jfq-60/JFQ60_85-91_Ellis.pdf)//VP

It is also important to clarify that soft power is based on perceptions and emotion
AND
, the business community, students and youth, and the general population.

Chinese soft power is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction – turns aff impacts
Zhang 12 – (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy, “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)

As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Chinese influence is key to its economy
Arnson et al 09 – (Cynthia Anderson, Mark Mohr, Riordan Roett, writers for Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Enter the Dragon? China’s Presence in Latin America”, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/EnterDragonFinal.pdf) (JN)

China’s role in Latin America is, above all, based on trade, despite
AND
region. Thus, Latin America represents a substantial market for Chinese goods.

China economic decline causes extinction
Plate, 03 – Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, “Why Not Invade China” Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS

But imagine a China disintegrating -- on its own, without neo-con or
AND
-con insanity is more of a danger to the Bush presidency than China

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Shah, Priten
Chinese influence in Mexico increasing now.
Eric Farnsworth, 9/24/2013. Vice President of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society. “China and Mexico: An Emerging Trans-Pacific Partnership?” China US Focus, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/china-and-mexico-an-emerging-trans-pacific-partnership/.

China’s exploding interest in Latin America is a defining element of the past decade in
AND
, although Latin American multilatinas are increasingly aware of investment opportunities in China.  
One nation has conspicuously been absent from the party: Mexico.  Latin America’s second
AND
difficult to crack, particularly in areas where Mexico is a competitive producer.
Similarly, China’s quest for economic takeoff over the past decade has required massive inputs
AND
in 2011 and the H1N1 health scare put the relationship in the deepfreeze.         
As a result, neither nation has made much effort to improve the bilateral relationship.  Until now.
One of the top foreign policy initiatives of the Pena Nieto Administration in Mexico since
AND
re-engineer relationship led by two newly elevated, next generation leaders.  
The evidence of warming relations is mounting, even as relations between China and South
AND
was just held in St. Petersburg during the G20 earlier in September.  
Out of these meetings—and numerous others conducted at the cabinet and sub-
AND
government may also be noticing the trend and seeking to take full advantage. 

Economic engagement is key to check Chinese influence --- the U.S. is making promises now, but has not followed words with policy --- Mexico is key.
Gary Regenstreif, 6/12/2013. “The looming U.S.-China rivalry over Latin America,” Reuters, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/06/12/the-looming-u-s-china-rivalry-over-latin-america/.

Though the U.S. and Chinese presidents heralded a “new model”
AND
of the expected reforms that would open the oil industry to foreign investment.

Chinese influence is key to its economy
Arnson et al 09 – (Cynthia Anderson, Mark Mohr, Riordan Roett, writers for Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Enter the Dragon? China’s Presence in Latin America”, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/EnterDragonFinal.pdf) (JN)

China’s role in Latin America is, above all, based on trade, despite
AND
region. Thus, Latin America represents a substantial market for Chinese goods.

China economic decline causes extinction
Plate, 03 – Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, “Why Not Invade China” Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS

But imagine a China disintegrating -- on its own, without neo-con or
AND
-con insanity is more of a danger to the Bush presidency than China

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Shah, Priten
Text: The People’s Republic of China should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.

The CP competes and solves the case – China offers a unique model of economic engagement.
Hsiang 09 (Antonio C. Hsiang, Associate Professor at Chihlee Institute of Technology in Taiwan China Rising in Latin America: More Opportunities than Challenges” Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets, Volume 1 issue 1 November 2009)-Karla

Because “many Latin American countries no longer look to Washington leadership,” the so
AND
concern with political stability and strong government to guide the development process.” 33

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington | Judge: Ziereg, J and Sebastian Barnes
Peaceful unification of Taiwan depends on China’s economic leverage and growing diplomatic recognition – the alternative is war.
Lee 13 (Dennis, Harvard International Review, “A Narrowing Strait” Global Security Notebook, January 28, 2013, http://hir.harvard.edu/a-narrowing-strait)

Since the 1970s, the cross-straits relationship has swung drastically in China’s favor
AND
international factors, thus making both US intervention and Taiwanese independence highly unlikely.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington ML | Judge: McCoy, Andy
Chinese influence in Latin America is expanding at the expense of the US – it’s zero-sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, SunSentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP

Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was
AND
lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.

Bolstering US engagement with Cuba undermines China’s presence in the region
Benjamin-Alvadaro 06 – (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)

Additionally, Venezuela remains the fourth largest importer of oil to the United States and
AND
circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved.

Chinese influence in Latin America is a key to their soft power
Castillo 09 – Anthony Castillo is a writer for the Diplomat, (“China in Latin America, June 18, 2009, http://thediplomat.com/2009/06/18/china-in-latin-america/?all=true)//sawyer

China’s aim in Latin America these days differs dramatically from the 1960s, when the
AND
Chinatown’s leaders play a central role in making connections and building partnerships.’

Chinese soft power is an existential impact – it controls every scenario for extinction
Zhang 12 – (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy, “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)

As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Ransom Evergaldes PG | Judge: Singhal, Pankhuri
They aren’t topical –
a. resolved requires a policy  
Louisiana House 05 – 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm 

Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for
AND
"resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
b. “United States federal government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental action
Ericson 03 – (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
 c. “economic engagement” is limited to expanding economic ties
Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

Vote negative –

a. A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in all facets of life – even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable – this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact – T debates solve your offense
Steinberg and Freeley 08 – *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

b. Only the resolution offers a stasis point for which the negative can effective prepare the aff must prove it is logical resolutional basis to debate them, turns the AFF – a predictable topic forces pre-round internal-reflective deliberation which is the only way to convince people of the legitimacy of the 1ac and create advocacy skills
Goodin and Niemeyer 03 – (Robert and Simon, Australian National University, “When Does Deliberation Begin, Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy” Political Studies, Volume 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience)

What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
AND
least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.
c. political simulations are educationally valuable – deliberation is empowering and activates agency
Hanghoj 08 – Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant professor (http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a “theory of situated creativity”
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.
d. cede the political – critical approaches can’t resolve real world problems like poverty, racism, war and doom their project to irrelevance – political pragmatism solves your advocacy
McClean 01 – Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, Molloy College, New York
(David E., “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm, JMP)

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RH | Judge: Arscht, E and Burr, N
Heg doesn’t solve stability but destabilizes the world turning their impact
Cambanis 1-22-12 – Thanassis, fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of “A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah’s Legions and Their Endless War Against Israel”, “The lonely superpower,”
http://bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/01/22/the-lonely-superpower/FRkSf1s5n9lXku4VqvEtqJ/story.html

Now, however, with a few decades of experience to study, a young
AND
be much safer for a unipolar superpower, not more costly and hazardous.

Multipolarity inevitable—the aff clings to false hope which turns their impact
Walt 11 – Stephen, Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, “What I told the Navy this year,” 6-10, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/06/10/what_i_told_the_navy_this_year

I had the privilege of delivering a keynote speech to the Naval War College's Current
AND

these developments do not mean the United States is facing terminal decline, 

or about to drop out of the major power category. As I told the
AND
, and how much more blood and treasure we squander before we do. 

Heg causes entanglement wars—alliance commitments will draw the u.s. into nuclear conflicts
Layne, 06  (Christopher, professor of government at Texas A and M University, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present, p. 169)

Rather than being instruments of regional pacification, today America's alliances are transmission belts for
AND
States from the danger of being entrapped in Eurasian conflicts by its alliance commitments

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Nate Sawyer and Carly Wu
The plan’s neoliberal policies is the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists.
Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, military intervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitable  
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, As a non-governmental organisation with consultative status at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), STWR works to influence policy through research and publications outlining how to rapidly secure basic human needs through greater international cooperation and economic sharing., 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, “Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives
AND
underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RH | Judge: Arscht, E and Burr, N
The plan’s neoliberal policies is the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists. 

Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, military intervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitable   
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, As a non-governmental organisation with consultative status at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), STWR works to influence policy through research and publications outlining how to rapidly secure basic human needs through greater international cooperation and economic sharing., 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)  Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all barriers to commerce,
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, “Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives
AND
AND
underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RH | Judge: Arscht, E and Burr, N
The plan’s neoliberal policies is the root cause of economic crisis and guarantees inevitable systems collapse
Palley 10 – PhD in economics from Yale (Thomas, MA in IR from Yale, and a BA from Oxford, “AMERICA’S EXHAUSTED PARADIGM: MACROECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND GREAT RECESSION”, New School Economic Review, Volume 4(1), 2010: 15-43, ZBurdette)

This paper traces the roots of the current financial crisis to a faulty U.
AND
but as yet this challenge has received little attention from policymakers or economists. 

Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, military intervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitable   
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, As a non-governmental organisation with consultative status at the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC), STWR works to influence policy through research and publications outlining how to rapidly secure basic human needs through greater international cooperation and economic sharing., 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)  Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization
The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of all barriers to commerce,
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, “Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives
AND
underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Ransom Evergaldes PG | Judge: Singhal, Pankhuri
The Affirmative regurgitates past pain and suffering to show themselves as a moral option in an immoral world. This action is a stimulant used to mask real pain with surplus enjoyment, creating charred men where we feel but are not alive.
Zupancic 03 alenka, “The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two,” 47-49
It might seem that the notion of the ascetic ideal, as well as Nietzsche’s
AND
it is that it mobilizes and motivates souls, and provides them with enjoyment

The desire to mask suffering with enjoyment is the ascetic ideal par excellence. the aff’s morals are employed to make one feel accomplished by their personal restraints.
Zupancic 03 alenka, “The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two,” 47-49
The ascetic ideal places the Real of pleasure in enjoyment (and posits enjoyment of
AND
neurosis, in which Freud recognizes the paradigm of “religious” thinking.  

Our alternative is to forget about the suffering in the 1ac. the pain cited by the 1ac is only attended to by the memory of the 1ac to further asceticism, only a break away from these memories solves.
Zupancic 03 alenka, “The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two,” 57-60
This is perhaps the moment to examine in more detail what Nietzschean “forgetting”
AND
—precisely through its “closure”—the possibility of a new one.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington ML | Judge: McCoy, Andy
Using its licensing authority and enforcement discretion, the United States Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control should exempt transactions involving joint oil cooperation
From enforcement under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations.
First, the counterplan solves via specific exemptions — OFAC has broad discretion over sanctions enforcement.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti
AND
729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
2. Ability to Mitigate Collateral Damage
Because OFAC prefers to formulate its sanctions program broadly, its economic sanctions can affect
AND
produce the desired change, rather than on innocent civilians and businesses. n353
Second, the counterplan solves quickly and without political fallout — it doesn’t require legislative or regulatory action.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti
AND
729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
3. Adaptability
The third core competency of OFAC's licensing practices is the ability to adapt a particular
AND
a regulatory overhaul or the signing or withdrawal of an executive order. n391

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington | Judge: Ziereg, J and Sebastian Barnes
Using its licensing authority and enforcement discretion, the United States Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control should exempt transactions involving joint oil cooperation from enforcement under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations.
First, the counterplan solves via specific exemptions — OFAC has broad discretion over sanctions enforcement.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti
AND
729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
2. Ability to Mitigate Collateral Damage
Because OFAC prefers to formulate its sanctions program broadly, its economic sanctions can affect
AND
produce the desired change, rather than on innocent civilians and businesses. n353
Second, the counterplan solves quickly and without political fallout — it doesn’t require legislative or regulatory action.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti
AND
729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
3. Adaptability
The third core competency of OFAC's licensing practices is the ability to adapt a particular
AND
a regulatory overhaul or the signing or withdrawal of an executive order. n391

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington | Judge: Ziereg, J and Sebastian Barnes
The plan is surrender – it emboldens Latin American socialism and collapses US influence – turns case
Brooks 09 – Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation “Keep the Embargo, O“ April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB

In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Latin American socialism causes nuclear war and turns case
Manwaring 05 – General Douglas MacArthur Chair and Prof of Military Strategy @ U.S. Army War College, Ret U.S. Army Colonel, Adjunct Professor of International Politics @ Dickinson College (Max G, October, Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare”, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf)

At the same time, President Chávez’s approach to Latin American security and stability requires
AND
they and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington | Judge: Ziereg, J and Sebastian Barnes
Immigration is Obama’s top priority, it will pass and capital is key
Matthews, 10/16/13 (Laura, International Business Times, “2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama” http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220)

When Congress finally passes a bipartisan bill that kicks the fiscal battles over to early
AND
can get immigration reform legislation passed in the House and signed into law.”
New economic engagement drains capital and specifically derails immigration by shifting the focus from security to economics
Shear, 13 (Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.
It’s key to the economy and US leadership
Javier Palomarez, Forbes, 3/6/13, The Pent Up Entrepreneurship That Immigration Reform Would Unleash, www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/03/06/the-pent-up-entrepreneurship-that-immigration-reform-would-unleash/print/

The main difference between now and 2007 is that today the role of immigrants and
AND
businesses and workers already know: The American economy needs comprehensive immigration reform.
Extinction
Auslin 9
(Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Nate Sawyer and Carly Wu
Immigration is Obama’s top priority, it will pass and capital is key
Matthews, 10/16/13 (Laura, International Business Times, “2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama” http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220)

When Congress finally passes a bipartisan bill that kicks the fiscal battles over to early
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can get immigration reform legislation passed in the House and signed into law.”
New economic engagement drains capital and specifically derails immigration by shifting the focus from security to economics
Shear, 13 (Michael, NYT White house correspondent, 5/5,  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=all)

Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
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in a news conference with Laura Chinchilla, the president of Costa Rica.
It’s key to the economy and US leadership
Javier Palomarez, Forbes, 3/6/13, The Pent Up Entrepreneurship That Immigration Reform Would Unleash, www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/03/06/the-pent-up-entrepreneurship-that-immigration-reform-would-unleash/print/

The main difference between now and 2007 is that today the role of immigrants and
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businesses and workers already know: The American economy needs comprehensive immigration reform.
Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts- solves cybersecurity
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms that are H1-B visa requestors, at least 15 of those are IT firms. And as we're seeing across industry, much of the hardware and software that's used in this country is not only manufactured now overseas, but it's developed overseas by scientists and engineers who were educated here in the United States.
We're seeing a lot more activity around cyber-security, certainly noteworthy attacks here
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returning back? This potentially puts us at a competitive disadvantage going forward.
MCLARTY: Yes. And I think your question largely is the answer as well
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going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command
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mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RH | Judge: Arscht, E and Burr, N
Immigration is Obama’s top priority, it will pass and capital is key
Matthews, 10/16/13 (Laura, International Business Times, “2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama” http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220)

When Congress finally passes a bipartisan bill that kicks the fiscal battles over to early
AND
can get immigration reform legislation passed in the House and signed into law.”
Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for Rubio  – Cuba policy is totally unique
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
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rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.
Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts- solves cybersecurity
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms that are H1-B
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command
AND
mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RH | Judge: Arscht, E and Burr, N
Immigration is Obama’s top priority, it will pass and capital is key
Matthews, 10/16/13 (Laura, International Business Times, “2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama2013 Immigration Reform Bill: 'I'm Going To Push To Call A Vote,' Says Obama” http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220)

When Congress finally passes a bipartisan bill that kicks the fiscal battles over to early
AND
can get immigration reform legislation passed in the House and signed into law.”
Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for Rubio  – Cuba policy is totally unique
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.
Increasing green cards generates an effective base of IT experts- solves cybersecurity
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms that are H1-B
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command
AND
mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Shah, Priten
Obama is winning on Iran, but AIPAC is going to renew the fight
Rubin, 2/10/14 – columnist for the Washington Post (Jennifer, Washington Post, “Obama’s got no plan B on Iran” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2014/02/10/obamas-got-no-plan-b-on-iran/)

In a rare public move, AIPAC’s president, Michael Kassen, sent out a letter
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This will likely be the first, and maybe only, issue discussed with lawmakers.
It will require all of his political capital to win
Weiss, 1/29/14 – Philip Weiss is Founder and Co-Editor of Mondoweiss.net (Philip, “Is Obama punting on Kerry’s peace plan?” http://mondoweiss.net/2014/01/punting-kerrys-peace.html)

The view that Obama has washed his hands of the hopeless peace process in order
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but accuse the lobby of fueling suspicions of dual loyalty among American Jews.

Direct government aid is extremely contentious --- CP avoids the controversy.
David Pozen, January 2007. JD Candidate, Yale Law. “Tax Expenditures as Foreign Aid,” Yale Law Journal, 116 Yale L.J. 869.

Few issues in global politics are as contentious as foreign aid - how much rich
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public fisc. This is not private aid; it is privatized aid.

That swings momentum back towards sanctions
Sargent, 1/22/14 – editor of The Plum Line blog for the Washington Post (Greg, “Another blow to the Iran sanctions bill” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/01/22/another-blow-to-the-iran-sanctions-bill/?tid=pm_pop

If current conditions remain, a vote is starting to look less and less likely.
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that the alternative is politically worse, it remains a very real possibility.

Sanctions bill causes Israeli strikes
Perr, 12/24/13 - B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
significantly increase all of these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would
AND
A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington ML | Judge: McCoy, Andy
Obama is spending his political capital on TPA – it will pass but it will be a tough fight
Politi, 2/10/14 (James, Financial Times, “Trade: Pacts of strife”
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c1254a20-8ff3-11e3-aee9-00144feab7de.html

But that vision is colliding with a sobering domestic reality.
AND
doesn’t mean I’m a rubber stamp for any agreement,” Mr Delaney says.
Energy cooperation with Cuba drains capital
Nerurkar and Sullivan 11
Neelesh Nerurkar - Specialist in Energy Policy and Mark P. Sullivan - Specialist in Latin American Affairs, “Cuba’s Offshore Oil Development: Background and U.S. Policy Considerations”, November 28th, 2011, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41522.pdf
On the opposite side of the policy debate, a number of policy groups and
AND
to break down the U.S. economic embargo on Cuba.78
A persistent Obama focus is vital to overcoming opposition
McLarty, 2/2/14 - Thomas F. "Mack" McLarty was chief of staff to President Bill Clinton during the NAFTA ratification fight. Nelson W. Cunningham was also a Clinton White House aide (“A Critical Test of Leadership” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-f-mclarty/a-critical-test-of-leader_b_4705623.html

In his State of the Union address last week, President
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including leaders of his own party, can work together?

TPA key to trade leadership and global security
Riley-Senior Analyst Trade Policy, Heritage-4/16/13
Bryan Riley is Jay Van Andel Senior Analyst in Trade Policy and Anthony B. Kim is a Senior Policy Analyst in the Center for International Trade and Economics at The Heritage Foundation.
Senior Analyst in Trade Policy
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) has been a critical tool for advancing free trade
AND
fosters open markets, democracy, and peace throughout the world.3
Free trade prevents multiple scenarios for world war and WMD Terrorism
Panzner 2008
Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” pg. 136-138
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Nate Sawyer and Carly Wu
Prolif will be slow.
Tepperman 09 – Jonathan, Newsweek International's first Assistant Managing Editor (now Deputy Editor), “Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb” 8-29, http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/28/why-obama-should-learn-to-love-the-bomb.html, SM

The risk of an arms race—with, say, other Persian Gulf states rushing to build a bomb after Iran
AND
that still might not be so disastrous, given the way that bombs tend to mellow behavior.  

Prolif causes de-escalation and international stability
Asal and Beardsley 07 – Victor, Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci. – SUNY Albany, and Kyle, Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci. – Emory U., Journal of Peace Research, “Proliferation and International Crisis Behavior”, 44:2, Sage

Other, more optimistic, scholars see benefits
AND
commensurate with the potential gains of an attacker’.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington ML | Judge: McCoy, Andy
The only blockade preventing Saudi Arabian proliferation is a strong US security commitment – perception of shifting oil consumption causes proliferation
Rogers 3/20 – 2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-

America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources is changing as U.S.
AND
- will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
Alhaiji and Maris 04 – Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that energy consumption
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war
Edelman 11 – (Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)

There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Ransom Evergaldes PG | Judge: Singhal, Pankhuri
Turn: Citizens are losing sight of policy because of fictionalization , Realistic policy debate is a prerequisite to reverse the trend
Lepgold and Nincic 2001 (Joesph, associate professor of Government at Georgetown and Miroslav professor of Poly Sci at UC-Davis, Beyond the Ivory Tower: International Relations Theory and the Issue of Policy Relevance pg. 6-7) (SIR = Scholastic International Relations, the term for thinkers who discuss the theory behind real world processes) CS

Unlike literature, pure mathematics, or formal logic, the study of inter-
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of theoretical abstraction at which it is discussed, inherently has practical implications.

Scifi can’t spillover to policy: policymaking is key to fix policy
HUNTLEY et al 2010 (Wade L. Huntley, US Naval Postgraduate School; Joseph G. Bock, Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies; Miranda Weingartner, Weingartner Consulting; “Planning the unplannable: Scenarios on the future of space,” Space Policy 26)
Few space security analysts have focused on the possibilities for cooperation to function more organically
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rigorous and credible assessments of long-term prospects from which to draw.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington | Judge: Ziereg, J and Sebastian Barnes
A. Interpretation: Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t “economic” because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life
Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, “The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms”, November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf?

“Economic sanctions”, a mode of coercion in international relations resuscitated in recent years
AND
effect is primarily to convey displeasure, rather than to affect the economy

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington ML | Judge: McCoy, Andy
Economic engagement must be conditional
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books

In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for
AND
105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Nate Sawyer and Carly Wu
A. Interpretation - Economic engagement is long-term strategy for promoting structural linkage between two economies
Mastanduno, 1 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, “Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice” http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf

The basic causal logic of economic engagement, and the emphasis on domestic politics,
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chain runs from economic interdependence through domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.

B. Violation – the plan is an economic inducement – engagement requires trade promotion
Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)

Literature of liberal school points out that economic engagement policies are significantly effective tools for
AND
believes in that economic linkages have political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Shah, Priten
Economic engagement must be conditional
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books

In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives
AND
8. Conditional engagement’s recommended tactics of tit-for-tat responses are equivalent
105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RH | Judge: Arscht, E and Burr, N
“Engagement” requires increasing economic contacts.
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RH | Judge: Arscht, E and Burr, N
“Engagement” requires increasing economic contacts.
Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.