Tournament: Simpson | Round: 5 | Opponent: Valley BM | Judge: Chase McCool
Text: The United States federal government ought not PLAN unless the Republic of Cuba agrees to release Alan Gross. 

QPQ economic engagement for Gross solves
Piccone 12 – (Ted, “WHAT ROLES FOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE NEW CUBAN ECONOMY?” The Brookings Institute, Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institute, Available online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/12/1020cuba/20121210_cuban_economy.pdf)
SPEAKER: Thank you. Back to the stalemate in which we now find ¶
AND
Maybe I’ll leave it ¶ to Ted to mainly handle the Alan Gross question

Gross key to relations -Top Officials agree
Luxner 11 – (Larry, “Gross Release Crucial to Better US-Cuba Ties” Luxner News was founded in 1995 and covers exclusively Latin American developments, Available online @ http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1956)
The United States and Cuba won't see any improvement in their hostile relationship until Alan
AND
pushing back against U.S. efforts to wield it against them."?

Cuba’s forming an alliance with Russia—that will lead to accidental nuke war—boosting relations solves
Inter-American Dialogue 12 (U.S. based think tank for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs, “Are External Tensions Entangling Latin American Countries?” http://www.cepr.net/documents/CEPR_News/LAA120810.pdf)
A Stephen Johnson, senior fellow and director of the Americas Program at the Center
AND
America. There is no reason for the Russians to do so." 

Extinction
Helfand and Pastore 9 Ira Helfand, M.D., and John O. Pastore, M.D., are past presidents of Physicians for Social Responsibility. March 31, 2009, “U.S.-Russia nuclear war still a threat”, http://www.projo.com/opinion/contributors/content/CT_pastoreline_03-31-09_EODSCAO_v15.bbdf23.html
President Obama and Russian President Dimitri Medvedev are scheduled to Wednesday in London during the
AND
alert status of nuclear weapons that existed  in 1995 remains in place today.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Desert Vista | Judge: Chris Stinson
The technology of multiculturalism is not a benevolent attempt to preserve the virgin alterity of all indigenous populations, but is rather a strategy of neo-colonialism which reifies the fiction of the white subject and the violent savage. this logic of exclusion, which operates through the guise of cultural preservation, reinforces the mantra of civilization and modernity. this strategy of multiculturalism is also the backdrop of all the current schemas of identity politics which are only extensions of the white ontology.
Baudrillard 95 (Jean, “Simulacra and Simulation: The Precession of Simulacra”, pp. 7-12)
Ethnology brushed up against its paradoxical … their model, like the faces in funeral homes.

Culture is like the economic system.  Overproduction of culture goes beyond people’s ability to consume it, leading a complete crash in all cultural signs and a destruction of what they try to protect.
Baudrillard in 96 Jean, March 16, “The Global and the Universal”
Culture is a form of glory - it implies … of the pure and simple discount of degradable products.

Speaking out and raising awareness is playing into the hands of the system they criticize, because it is intended to maximize speech without creating change.  Instead, we need to engage the system through passive resistance, not active opposition.
Baudrillard 81 Jean, “Simulacra and Simulation” p. 84-86
With one caution.  We are face to … overproduction and regeneration of meaning and of speech.

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lane Tech PV | Judge: Carly Watson
Brazil controls Latin American influence—increased US presence disrupts regional power balances
Bethell 10 -  English historian, university professor, and Brazilianist who specialises in the study of 19th and 20th Century Latin America, emphasizing on Brazil in particular, PhD in History at the University of London (Leslie, “Brazil and “Latin America”,” Journal of Latin American Studies, Studies, page 467-485, Volume 42 / Issue 03 / August 2010, http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0022216X1000088X)
Brazil and South America since the End of the Cold War¶ There is one
AND
in question,¶ however, is South America, not Latin America.66

U.S. influence directly trades off with Brazil influence in the region
Crandall 11 – Associate Professor of International Politics at Davidson College; Principal Director for the Western Hemisphere at the U.S. Department of Defense in 2009; Director for Andean Affairs at the National Security Council in 2010-11 (Russell Crandall, May-June 2011, Foreign Affairs “Post-American Hemisphere: Power and Politics in an Autonomous Latin America,” 90.3, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fora90anddiv=49andg_sent=1)
POWER PLAYS Latin America's economic growth and political stability are driving an unprecedented power shift  
AND
it, "The new imperialists have arrived, and they speak Portuguese."

Brazil regional power key to a laundry list of extinction impacts
Cervo 10 – a historian Brazilian author of several books, focusing mainly on the country's foreign policy, It PhD in History by University of Strasbour (Amando Luiz, “Brazil's rise on the international scene: Brazil and the World,” vol.53 no.spe Brasília Dec. 2010, http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-73292010000300002andscript=sci_arttext)
Global governance Brazil is a firm believer in multilateralism. A rules-based international
AND
countries of different regions, committed to a world free of nuclear weapons.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Reagan HG | Judge: Elyse Conklin
The focus on identity becomes an alibi for acquiescence of class struggles – they obscure the logic of capital and ensure repetition of oppression
Zavarzadeh 94 (Mas'Ud, The Stupidity That Consumption Is Just as Productive as Production": In the Shopping Mall of the Post-al Left," College Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3, The Politics of Teaching Literature 2 (Oct., 1994),pp. 92-114)
Post-al logic is marked above all by its erasure of "production"
AND
divided by two antagonistic classes" (see my Theory and its Other).

The aff’s approach to knowledge which privileges subjectivity and uncertainty denies the objectivity in class relations and the oppression that is produced from capital accumulation  
Zavarzadeh 94 (Mas'Ud, The Stupidity That Consumption Is Just as Productive as Production": In the Shopping Mall of the Post-al Left," College Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3, The Politics of Teaching Literature 2 (Oct., 1994), pp. 92-114)
The unsurpassable objectivity which is not open to rhetorical interpretation and constitutes the decided foundation
AND
citizen from the revolutionary cell to the ludic shopping mall of France.

The denial of the objective suffering that capitalism naturalizes violence and makes us indifferent toward limitless annihilation
Zavarzadeh 94 (Mas'Ud, The Stupidity That Consumption Is Just as Productive as Production": In the Shopping Mall of the Post-al Left," College Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3, The Politics of Teaching Literature 2 (Oct., 1994),pp. 92-114)
What is obscured in this representation of the non-dialogical is, of course
AND
by which this violence is made more tolerable, justifiable, and naturalized.

Vote negative to endorse a political strategy that withdraws from capitalist relations

Universal Rejection is key – it’s the only way to hollow out capitalist structures – the debate should be a question of competing methodologies – The primary question of the ballot should be affirming an ethical orientation that best organizes against capitalist relations
Herod 4 renowned philosopher, author, and social activist
(James, “Getting Free”, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/06.htm, accessed 8/6/09)  
It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and later concretely,
AND
who democratically and cooperatively self-determine the shape of their social world.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBS OS | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
China importing nickel from Cuba now- plan crowds them out
Fox News 06 (8/02/06. "Cuban Changes Could Offer Investing Opportunities". www.foxnews.com/story/2006/08/02/cuban-changes-could-offer-investing-opportunities/)
Cuba also has tight ties with Venezuela, which has replaced the former Soviet Union
AND
van Batenburg said he expects Freeport-McMoRan to try to reclaim ownership.

Cuban nickel is key to the Chinese economy - manufacturing
Murray 04 (Mary Murray, journalist for NBC News. 11/23/04. "China Gives Boost to Cuba's Economy". www.nbcnews.com/id/6566988/ns/world_news/t/china-gives-boost-cubas-economy/#.UfBiRI1QEn4)
During a 48-hour visit to the island, Chinese President Hu Jintao signed
AND
Cuba’s chief export, expected to generate some $800 million this year.

Chinese economic collapse causes World War Three
Plate 03 (Tom, Prof Communications and Public – UCLA, Straights Times, 6-28)
But imagine a China disintegrating- on its own, without neo-conservative or
AND
economic growth – the very direction the White House now seems to prefer.

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lane Tech PV | Judge: Carly Watson
Text: The United States federal government should conduct a binding consultation with the Republic of Brazil over the substance, enforcement and implementation of whether or not The United States federal government should substantially increase nanotechnology assistance with Mexico. The United States federal government should implement the result of the consultation.

Brazil will say yes—cooperation over Latin American economic integration proves
Hakim 10 - president emeritus and senior fellow of the Inter-American Dialogue
Peter, 10-21-2010, Inter-American Dialogue, “US-Brazil Relations: Expect More Conflict”, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=2490, accessed 7-2-2013
Although the US and Brazil will surely collide on other hemispheric questions in the years
AND
governments have taken very different approaches to addressing the challenge that Chavez represents.

Consultation key to successful diplomacy as Brazil rises
Einaudi 11 - ambassador and member of the advisory Council of the Brazil institute at the Woodrow Wilson international Center for Scholars Luigi R., March, Strategic Forum (National Defense University), “Brazil and the United States: The Need for Strategic Engagement”, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF2026620Einaudi.pdf, accessed 7-2-13, GSK
Whether Brazil’s future policies will, like those of the United States, reflect greater
AND
?36 Just posing the ¶ question reveals the complexity of the task. 

Downard spiral in relations causes Brazil rearm – leads to regional wars and escalates
Shultz 2k - Chairman of the Political Science Department at Cleveland State University Donald E, March, “The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future”, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubid=31, accessed: 7/8/13, ML
While we are in a speculative mode, it may be useful to¶ raise
AND
is an¶ increasing temptation to look to the military for answers. 58

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Reagan HG | Judge: Elyse Conklin
Text: We bridge the heart, body and spirit divide that is absent in our academic circles by invoking ancient ways of knowing and existing with Earth. We enter into a new dialogical methodology with Earth by prior consultation with Earth over whether or not …

We are at a turning point – the gap between environmental degradation and education change is widening. The aff’s human centered approach ignores the more-than-human world.
Barrett 09 M.J. Barrett. Taking Representation Seriously: Epistemological and Ontological Congruence in Hypertexual Research/Representation. Beyond Human-Nautre-Spirit Boundaries: Research with Animate EARTH.
This doctoral research is a deliberate response to what Berry and Tucker (2006)
AND
be as individuals, and academics (see Dillard, 20006a, 2006b).

The aff’s current communication scholarship assumes the dominant narrative of reasons – further separating us from the more-than-human world. The CP’s method is key to solve extinction.
Plumwood 02 Val Plumwood. Environmental Culture: The Ecological crisis of reason. Routlege: New York. 2002.
The ecological crisis requires from us a new kind of culture because a major factor
AND
death; it can and must become a vehicle for liberation and life.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBS OS | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Cuba has an amazing system now--Lifting the embargo crushes Cuban healthcare killing millions
Garrett 10 –Senior Director of Foreign Policy Laurie, “Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?” (August 1010) thecubaneconomy.com/wp-content/uploads/.../Castrocare-in-Crisis.docx?
Cuba's economic situation has been dire since 1989, when the country lost its Soviet
AND
well-funded areas of medicine, such as basic children's health care.

The Cuban model is key to check disease spread worldwide
Cooper et al 06 – Richard S. Cooper is in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology at Loyola University – Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. (“Health in Cuba”, International Journal of Epidemiology, May 4, 2006, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/817.full.pdf+html)
Infectious diseases The combination of high levels of community participation, access to primary care
AND
the principles embedded in the Cuban attempts to improve the health of populations.

Disease causes extinction
Greger 08 – M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger, , Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111)
Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms
AND
“might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminister SM | Judge: Eric Oddo
PRO TIP: Sometimes we just read the first three cards and then chase-dunn (dedev solves war in  2025)

Economic decline doesn’t cause war
Deudney 91 – Hewlett Fellow in Science, Technology, and Society at the Center for Energy and
Environmental Studies, Princeton (Daniel, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Ebsco)
Poverty Wars. In a second scenario, declining living standards first cause internal turmoil
AND
military operations require complex organizational skills,  specialized industrial products and surplus wealth.

Complex societies will inevitably collapse due to diminishing returns from innovation. Partitioned collapse now causes dedevelopment and prevents extinction.
Deborah Mackenzie 08 – BBC Correspondant. Quotes Joe Tainter - an archaeologist at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, and author of the 1988 book The Collapse of Complex Sociceties, and Yaneer Bar-Yam, head of the New England Complex Systems Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts  4/5/2008 (“Are WE doomed?” Ebsco)

DOOMSDAY. The end of civilisation.
AND
stagnation or collapse, and in the long run this cannot be sustainable. 

Collapse now creates a mindset shift towards small local civilizations
Lewis 2k - Ph.D. University of Colorado at Boulder (Chris H, “The Paradox of Global Development and the Necessary Collapse of Global Industrial Civilization” http://www.cross-x.com/archives/LewisParadox.pdf)
With the collapse of global industrial civilization, smaller, autonomous, local and regional
AND
as modern people so often do, will themselves face collapse and ruin.

Failure to dedevelop ensures global pandemics and extinction
Frank Ryan, M.D., 1997, virus X, p. 366
How might the human race appear to such an aggressively emerging virus? That teeming
AND

could such a pandemic virus cause the extinction of the human species?

Global war will kill everyone in 2025 without dedev
Christopher Chase-Dunn, Director of the Institute for Research on World-Systems, University of California-Riverside, and Bruce Podobnik, Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Lewis and Clark College, 1999, in The Future of Global Conflict, ed. Bornschier and Chase-Dunn, p. 43
While the onset of a period of hegemonic rivalry is in itself disturbing, the
AND
occur (Chase-Dunn and O’Reilly, 1989; Goldfrank, 1987).

Development is reducing human reproduction capabilities, ensuring eventual extinction
Richard Douthwaite, economist employed by Jamaica and Montserrat, journalist, 1999, in Critical Development Theory, ed. Munck and O’Hearn, p. 158
A third reason that the world economy is unsustainable is that some of the chemicals
AND
If the human race is not sustainable then neither is its economic system.

Ecocide kills all life by 2050 without dedev
The Observer, July 7, 2002, http://www.observer.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,750783,00.html
A study by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), to be released on Tuesday
AND
species had such an overwhelming influence. We are entering uncharted territory.'

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Bingham NW | Judge: Bruce Miller, Tim Mahoney, Andre Washington
We affirm the revolutionary politics of the 1AC as part of a larger political strategy but reject their inclusion of a specific government-based plan of action. The 1AC simultaneously defends two interpretations of political strategy. There is a plan-oriented pragmatic strategy which surrounds the one sentence traditional plan text. There is also a bottom-up movement which takes the form of rhizomatic politics. We defend the micropolitical process as described and reject the goals-oriented form of politics which constructs the plan – micropolitics is sufficient to solve
Conley 06 (Verena Andermatt, professor of literature at Harvard, “Borderlines; Deleuze and the Contemporary World, 95-100)

 Over the last few decades, decolonisation, transportation, and electronic revolutions have
AND
in accord with any and every utopian scenario, all identity is undone.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: Octas | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Brian Rubaie, Juan Garcia, Daniel Gobberdiel
This is a prior question that must be resolved first – it is a pre-condition for debate to occur
Shively, 2k (Assistant Prof Political Science at Texas AandM, Ruth Lessl, Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)JFS
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Limits are key – their interpretation would allow *limitless* contexts for advocacy that only tangentially relate to the topic. The breadth of political theory magnifies the importance of limits on discourse
Lutz 2k (Donald S. Professor of Polisci at Houston, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 39-40)JFS
Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels—discourse
AND
and clarity it lends to an analysis and comparison of ac¬tual political systems. 

Competitive debate is a dialogue between two teams.   Their willful refusal to defend the resolution is an act to exclude the negative from meaningful participation in the dialogue.  Fairness exists to provide a voice for both sides.
Galloway, 7 –professor of communication at Samford University (Ryan, “DINNER AND CONVERSATION AT THE ARGUMENTATIVE TABLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING DEBATE AS AN ARGUMENTATIVE DIALOGUE”, 

Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007), ebsco) Debate as
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Tournament: Simpson | Round: Finals | Opponent: Dowling WZ | Judge: Zach Simonson, Thomas Casady, Chase McCool
“Resolved” proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy.
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”. 

The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.
Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2k http://encarta.msn.com
 “The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC”

This interpretation is best -
 A. If we win this argument, the affirmative is not topical because they do not defend the resolution, that’s a voting issue to preserve competitive equity and jurisdictional integrity
 B. Fairness – if the affirmative does not defend the resolution, there are an infinite number of non-falsifiable, unpredictable, totalizing, and personal claims they can make – it is impossible to be negative
 C. Switch-Side Debate is Best – spending every round talking about the failure of the IR system is unproductive – you cannot know if your argument is true unless you consider both sides of it – there is no reason why voting affirmative is key to anything – you can run your kritik when you are negative

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 6 | Opponent: Maine East PS | Judge: Ryan Timmis
Text: The United States federal government should fully fund the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program and the Global Threat Reduction Initiative. 

Fully funding the MPCA and the GTRI prevents unauthorized access to fissile material and solves terrorism
Newman and Bunn, 9. *Research Associate, Project on Managing the Atom. AND Associate Professor of Public Policy, Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom (Andrew and Matthew. June 2009. “Funding for U.S. Efforts to Improve Controls Over Nuclear Weapons, Materials, and Expertise Overseas: A 2009 Update” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/1803/andrew_newman.html?back_url=2Fpublication2F186732Fpreventing_nuclear_terrorism.htmlandback_text=Back20to20publication)
SECURING NUCLEAR WARHEADS AND MATERIALS
As noted earlier, if President Obama’s objective of securing all nuclear weapons and weapons
AND
managing such a large single-year increase would pose a challenge.10

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 3 | Opponent: Washburn Rural MN | Judge: Katie Gjerpen
Their use of security is articulated through gendered binaries—that requires domination and elimination of those who threaten the dominant masculine body politic
Wilcox 3 Lauren, PhD in IR @ University of Minnesota, BA @ Macalester College, MA @ London School of Economics, “Security Masculinity: The Gender-Security Nexus”, RCB
Post-structuralists emphasize not only the discursive process of securitization, but the ways
AND
against subordinate masculinities, such as racial minorities and non-heterosexual orientations.

The impact is Extinction
Warren and Cady 94—Warren is the Chair of the Philosophy Department at Macalester College and Cady is Professor of Philosophy at Hamline University (Karen and Duane, “Feminism and Peace: Seeing Connections”, p. 16, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3810167.pdf) 

Operationalized, the evidence of patriarchy as a dysfunctional system is found in the behaviors
AND
-nature-peace connections in regional, national, and global contexts. 

Vote neg to reject the 1ac. This act is key to rupture the hegemonic masculinity of 1AC
Beland 2009
Daniel Beland. “Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009
To further illustrate the role of frames in politics and policy change, let me
AND
and social policy make a strong and original contribution  to this ideational literature.

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 6 | Opponent: Maine East PS | Judge: Ryan Timmis

1. History proves American hegemony is unsustainable.
   Layne, 7 Christopher Layne (Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University) 2007 “American Empire: A Debate” p 63
   States are ever-vigilant when it comes to maintaining their security because they want
   AND
   befallen other great powers that have striven to dominate the international political system.

2. Hegemony ensures U.S. involvement in overseas conflicts and nuclear war
Layne, 6 Christopher Layne (Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University) 2006 “The Peace of Illusions” p 169
Rather than being instruments of regional pacification, today Americaand#39;s alliances are transmission belts for
AND
from the danger of being entrapped in Eurasian conflicts by its alliance commitments.

3. No impact from loss of heg – threats exaggerated
Layne, Associate Professor, 1997
(Christopher Layne, Visiting Associate Professor at Naval Postgraduate School, “From Preponderance to Offshore Balancing: America’s Future Grand Strategy”, International Security, Vol. 22 Issue. 1 Summer 1997).
The security/interdependence nexus results in the exaggeration of threats to American strategic interests
AND
to the strategy of preponderance’s concern with maintaining U.S. credibility.

4. Multipolarity is inevitable – attempting to prevent it ensures global conflict
Layne, 6 Christopher Layne (Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University) 2006 “The Peace of Illusions” p 190
Advocates of hegemony claim that it is illusory to think that the United States can
AND
carry the risk of entrapping the United States in great power Eurasian wars.

5. Off-shore balancing solves their offense – ev is comparative
Layne, 2 Christopher Layne (associate professor in the School of International Studies at the University of Miami) Spring 2002 “offshore balancing revisited” Washington Quarterly Vol. 25, No. 2; Pg. 233
Being Panglossian about the reemergence of multipolarity in international politics would be silly. Multipolarity
AND
can avoid the fate that has befallen previous hegemons in modern international history.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Leland SF | Judge: Toni Nielsen
High food prices will keep the Ukrainian economy strong now—agriculture is key to overwhelm losses by other industries
Hugh 08 (Edward, economist, “Ukraine Inflation April 2008,” Ukraine Economy Watch, May 12, http://ukraineeconomy.blogspot.com/2008/05/ukraine-inflation-april-2008.html)

In the short term the agricultural situation may be AND somewhat disappointing in January as it reported a rather moderate 14 yoy increase.

Ukrainian economic strength is key to prevent nationalism and collapse—the impact is U.S.-Russian nuclear war
Romanenko 08 12-1-2008 (Yuriy, Ukranian political scientist, “Ukraine is heading for a civil war,” December 1, http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/article/view/30081/)

Economic crisis will cause that new forces AND the threat of an attack arise, Ukraine may blackmail Russia as well as Europe.

Tournament: West Iowa NFL Quals | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dowling Novices | Judge: Nathan Fredericks
A) Uniqueness:  Supreme Court has retreated from protecting minority rights now:
PETER D. EHRENHAFT, 2012 (Senior Counsel, Harkins Cunningham, LLP, Wake Forest Journal of Law and Policy, Spring 2012, “WHAT WOULD WARREN SAY NOW--CAN BROWN AND BAKER BE RECONCILED?” 2 Wake Forest J. L. and Pol'y 321, Lexis/Nexis, rwg)
More than a half century later, what has Brown wrought? Statistics lay bare
AND
to public primary education--what the initial case was all about. n13

B)  LINK:  Civil Rights decisions are “flypaper” for movements—they convince people that litigation is an avenue for social change:
Yeazell, 2004 professor of law @ UCLA, 2004 (Stephen, Vanderbilt Law Review, November, 2004, 57 Vand. L. Rev. 1975; Lexis, rwg)
First, Brown and the civil rights litigation movement helped create a renewed belief,
AND
, Brown reshaped the aspirations of lawyers in ways that are still important.

C)  Litigation deflects attention for other strategies of social change that are more effective at solving the case—this turns their case and then some:    
Van Schaack, 2004 Assistant Prof. of Law @ Santa Clara University School of Law, Vanderbilt Law Review, November, 2004, (Beth, 57 Vand. L. Rev. 2305; Lexis, rwg)
Although litigation can provoke and promote other processes of social change, it can also
AND
not part of a campaign at the grassroots level in the targeted country.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Mimi Sargent-Leventhal
Cuban agriculture is diverse because the US embargo means Cuba needs to be self-sufficient – lifting the embargo leads to Cuban monoculture
Gonzales 03 - Seattle University School of Law (Carmen G., 2003, “Seasons of Resistance: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba”, Tulane Environmental Law Journal) RYS
As a consequence of the reforms undertaken by the Cuban government, Cuba has achieved
AND
S. rice imports in the first half of the twentieth century.418

Cuban ag serves as a model for agricultural diversity globally
Ergas 13 - University of Oregon sociology researcher (Christina, March 2013, Monthly Review, “Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty”, http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty)
The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
AND
as they have been developed in opposition to a corporate global food regime.

Monoculture causes extinction through unprecedented famines
Fowler and Mooney 90 Cary and Pat, Rural Advancement Fund International, Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity, p. ix
While many may ponder the consequences of global warming, perhaps the biggest single environmental
AND
exports may have spread the blight to Africa, Latin America and Asia.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: Octas | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Brian Rubaie, Juan Garcia, Daniel Gobberdiel
Rishi and I affirm the entire performance of the 1AC and all of its creative expression, except for its use of music.

Music causes seizures
CBS Report 09 (2-11-09, “A Musical Link To Epilepsy”; http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/18/earlyshow/health/main3726674.shtml)

(CBS/AP) In 2006 Sean Paul's "Temperature" was hot,
AND
, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.

That's a voting issue - even if you ask people that just outs them and makes them talk about their disability - ableism is the worst form of opression and should be rejected - independent methodology DA
Siebers, University of Michigan, Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism, 9
Tobin, “The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification”, Oct 28, Lecture, http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andved=0CCoQFjAAandurl=http3A2F2Fdisabilities.temple.edu2Fmedia2Fds2Flecture20091028siebersAesthetics_FULL.docandei=LWz4T6jyN8bHqAHLkY2LCQandusg=AFQjCNGdkDuSJkRXMHgbXqvuyyeDpldVcQandsig2=UCGDC4tHbeh2j7-Yce9lsA)

Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
AND
represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Henry Reed
my computer broke halfway through the tournament, so i'm gonna have some difficulty getting up cites, if you want anything that isn't already up just email me

Tournament: Millard West | Round: 2 | Opponent: Millard North CT | Judge: Chase McCool
i debated with danielle reyes, i was still the 2n though

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 6 | Opponent: Maine East PS | Judge: Ryan Timmis
Movements against economic imperialism in Latin America are primed to spillover globally but the plan’s insistence on US led economic integration reifies neoliberalism’s grasp
Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). “Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization,” http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
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model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

Threats to neoliberalism revolve around the idea that the poorer nations on earth are a threat to economic stability – they authorize wars in the name of finance
Lipschutz 98 (Ronnie D, Professor, Department of Politics @ The UC Santa Cruz, On Security, and#34;8. Negotiating the Boundaries of Difference and Security at Millenniumand#39;s End,and#34; Cioanet,http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz18.html)
Today, a similar set of circumstances, brought on by economic globalization, seems
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ultimately undermine the relative orderliness of the peaceful zones of the industrial coalition.

The myth of the secure neoliberal subject perpetuates a US foreign policy that creates a mythical security bubble which will inevitably burst and risk nuclear conflict
Gusterson 08 (Gusterson is a professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University. “The bursting global security bubble,” http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/hugh-gusterson/the-bursting-global-security-bubble)
And what of the other shoe? Are we at least doing a better job
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created? Will that be a soft or hard landing when it bursts?

Vote neg to reject neoliberalism’s current securitization – only by moving away from threat construction can the free market truly be successful – we must critique assumptions status quo neoliberalism makes in order to create change
Reinsborough, 03 (Organizer, Rainforest Action Network and Wake Up America Campaign) 03 (Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, August 2003, Volume 1, Issue 2).
Direct action— actions that either symbolically or directly shift power relations— is an
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find the rumors that start revolutions and ask the questions that topple empires.

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lane Tech PV | Judge: Carly Watson
Movements against neoliberalism in Latin America are primed to spillover globally but the plan’s insistence on US led economic integration reifies neoliberalism’s grasp
Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). “Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization,” http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
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model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

Free market politics leads to environmental destruction and extinction – tech and reforms fail
Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research and Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, “The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43
In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003
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"endless technical adjustments;" thus no further theoretical thought is required."27

Vote neg to reject the neoliberal idealogy of the 1AC - the alternative opens up space for intellectual discussion
Sheppard and Leitner 9 (Eric Sheppard, PhD, geographer and Regents Professor of Economic geography at the University of Minnesota,  Helga Leitner “ Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus,” http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/downloads/7235/496.pdf)
We have argued that the shifting global governance discourses directed toward the third world since
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economic and cultural subordination” (Fraser, 1997, p. 28).

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 6 | Opponent: Maine East PS | Judge: Ryan Timmis
Text: The United States federal government should incentivize the development and use of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Technology in the United States. 

OTEC solves renewables
Galbraith, 9 (4/12/09, Kate, The New York Times, “Generating Energy from the Deep”, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/30/business/energy-environment/30thermal.html)
LOCKHEED MARTIN is best known for building stealth fighters, satellites and other military equipment
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time, unlike solar plants, which cannot work at night, or wind.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Highland Park | Judge: Shea Burnas
Prediction is impossible – linear analysis causes policy failure
Sa 04 – Deug Whan, Dong-U College, South Korea, (“CHAOS, UNCERTA I N T Y, AND POLICY CHOICE: UTILIZING THE ADAPTIVE MODEL,” International Review of Public Administration, vol. 8, no. 2, 2004, scholar)

In many cases, a small choice might lead to overwhelming results that generate either
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states, the same environments, and governed by the same causal relationships.

Only moving away from predictive models can address multiple extinction level impacts
Gell-Mann, 97 – Murray, Nobel Laureate in Physics and professor at the Santa Fe Institute and co-chairman of the Science Board (“Chapter 1: The Simple and the Complex,” Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security, ed. David S. Alberts and Thomas J. Czerwinski, National Defense University, http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Alberts_Complexity_Global.pdf)RK

At this conference, issues of global politics and security will be addressed, including
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politics as parts of a very general set of questions about the future.

The alternative to engage in policy analysis of complexity- key to have preferable political results in a chaotic world
Rosenau, 97 – professor emeritus of international affairs at George Washington (James, “Many Damn Things Simultaneously: Complexity Theory and World Affairs”, Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security, http://www.dodccrp.org/html4/bibliography/comch04.html) BZ

In short, there are strict limits within which theorizing based on the premises of
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a guide both to comprehending a fragmegrated world and theorizing within its limits.

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lane Tech PV | Judge: Carly Watson
The durable fiat of the aff means that its funding can’t be changed – this leads to a snowball of other projects that can’t have altered funding
Boskin 96 – senior fellow at the Hoover Institute (Michael, 4/17/96; Congressional Record, 142 Con Rec H, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1996-04-17/html/CREC-1996-04-17-pt1-PgH3497-3.htm)
I believe it is likely that moving one popular spending program primarily financed by earmarked
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revenue sources. This would quickly render sensible tax and budget policy impossible.

Results in the ABL being funded
Hodge 11 - writer who specializes in defense and national security (Nathan, 2/11/11, “Pentagon Loses War to Zap Airborne Laser From Budget”, The Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704570104576124173372065568.html)
But if the administration's budget request doesn't include funds to keep the Airborne Laser aloft
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Future Combat Systems. (The FCS's overall cost: $18 billion.) 

This destroys deterrence – leads to global nuclear war
Hech 84 (Jeff, M.Ed. Higher Education –MA in Electronic Engineering - Editor @ Laser Focus World, Beam Weapons: The Next Arms Race, p. 10-11)
It’s only appropriate that the obstacles to developing beam weapons are high because the stakes
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never became operational, thereby triggering an ultimate escalation to World War III.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Highland Park | Judge: Shea Burnas
Text: The United States federal government ought not negotiate as an economic partner with Mexico in multilateral trade negotiations unless Mexico adopts and enforces legislation for sea turtle conservation abiding by standards outlined in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.

CP’s conditional engagement solves case and prevents sea turtle population extinction.
Center for Biological Diversity, 7-15-2013, a nonprofit membership organization known for its work protecting endangered species through legal action and scientific petitions, “Tell Mexico: Stop Killing Endangered Sea Turtles,” http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/o/2167/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=13749
Each year at least 2,000 endangered loggerhead sea turtles are caught by shark
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I urge Mexico to act now to save these ancient and vanishing animals.

Destruction of the sea turtle population causes extinction – brink is now.
Steiner 10 (Todd Steiner, xx-xx-2010, Sea Turtle Restoration Project, Executive Director at Turtle Island Restoration Network, San Francisco Bay Area, “Are Sea Turtles Worth Saving?” http://www.bonaireturtles.org/explore/are-sea-turtles-worth-saving/)
Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology – that everything is connected. Sea
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important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.

Tournament: Westside | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sioux Falls Roosevelt WS | Judge: Ian Lee
Support for Obama is declining- Benghazi and IRS scandals
Fournie 13 (Ron, Editorial Director of National Journal. Prior to joining National Journal, he worked at the Associated Press for 20 years, most recently as Washington Bureau Chief, “Benghazi, IRS Create Perfect Storm Threatening Obama's Credibility”, 5/30/12, http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/benghazi-irs-create-perfect-storm-threatening-obama-s-credibility-20130513)
When two storms collide, the weather gets hairy. For President Obama, the
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. He may need to fire people who can’t get his story straight.

US support in Latin American boosts support for its foreign policy
Noriega 12 10/22/12, Roger Noriega is a Mexican-American, visiting fellow at the conservative think tank American Enterprise Institute. He has served as a U.S. diplomat and policy maker, specializing in Western Hemisphere Affairs, “Latin America is crucial to US competitiveness”, http://www.aei-ideas.org/2012/10/latin-america-is-crucial-to-us-competitiveness/
A stable and prosperous Americas is indispensable to US economic success and security. However
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must recognize this reality and act to take full advantage of the opportunities.

That support leads to a multilateral military intervention in Syria- only scenario for conflict
Stewart and Apps 13 (Phil and Peter, Reuters, “Analysis: No good military options for U.S. in Syria”, 4/27/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/27/us-usa-syria-military-options-idUSBRE93Q0C620130427)
Obama said on Friday that he would seek to mobilize the international community around Syria
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) choose, which I think would be limited, targeted air strike."

Syrian intervention causes chemical weapon attacks, Middle East instability, Iran prolif, ethnic cleansing, and US- Russia proxy wars- all escalate to nuclear conflict
Strauss 12 (Steve, Advanced leadership fellow Harvard University, “Ten Reasons We Should Be Cautious About Military Intervention in Syria“¨, 6-9-12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-strauss/nine-reasons-we-should-be-cautious_b_1583732.html=)
Reason 2: Syria has one of the world's largest chemical weapons programs (an
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. Potentially, this could turn into a major regional war involving Iran,

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lane Tech PV | Judge: Carly Watson
Engagement and appeasement are distinct
Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas
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or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

Tournament: Westside | Round: Octas | Opponent: Lees Summit West | Judge: Rubaie, Spranklin, Lipman
Economic engagement is only tangible trade and financial benefits --- including political, military, or cultural engagement explodes the topic
Haass 2k – Richard Haass and Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 5-6
Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety of incentives from which to choose.
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a framework to guide the use of engagement strategies in the upcoming decades.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata MK | Judge: Elyse Conklin
A. Interpretation – Economic Engagement must be long term
Pollins 3 (Brian M., Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University and a Research Fellow at the Mershon Center, Edward Deering Mansfield, Hum Rosen Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics at the University of Pennsylvania, Michigan Studies in International Political Economy, Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate, 2003, http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=L53fR-TusZACandoi=fndandpg=PA175anddq=22economic+engagement22+22long+term22andots=Ew9tnp8GvCandsig=a0LuxuxsKyh1OvAhS3UjiPvV8B8#v=onepageandq=long20termandf=false)

The basic causal logic of economic engagement, and the emphasis on domestic politics,
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chain runs from economic interdependence through domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.

Anything else is appeasement
Roberts 4 (Liam, BA in the Department of Political Science from Condordia University, Engagement Theory and Target Identity: An Analysis of North Korean Responses to Contemporary Inter-Korean Engagement, 2003, https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/id/56483/ubc_2004-0612.pdf)

These understandings are problematic. Firstly, "short-term” versus "long
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target, "securing good will and cooperation on matters of common concern."

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 3 | Opponent: New Trier BK | Judge: Micheal Galperin
Economic engagement is a subset of conditional engagement and implies a tit-for-tat exchange
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books
In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for
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105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Liberal Arts and Sciences Academy | Judge: Sarah Evans
US trade deficit equalizing in the squo but is still volatile- economy up
Crutsinger 13 (Martin Crutsinger, Associated Press, “US current account trade deficit narrows”, http://www.azcentral.com/business/news/articles/20130314us-current-account-trade-deficit-narrows.html, March 14, 2013)
WASHINGTON — The U.S. current account trade deficit narrowed in the final
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in the current January-March quarter to around 2 percent or better.

NAFTA proves- increased engagement with Mexico increases the trade deficit
Strachan ’11 (Maxwell Strachan, Business Editor at The Huffington Post. He has previously worked at Salon.com, the Center for Governmental Studies, The Huffington Post, “U.S. Economy Lost Nearly 700,000 Jobs Because Of NAFTA, EPI Says”, July 12, 2011)
When the North American Free Trade Agreement was first signed in 1994, proponents said
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and Kentucky, that have lost the largest share of jobs to Mexico.

Low economic growth causes power imbalances that cause war
Royal 10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: 1 | Opponent: Union GS | Judge: Jason Russell
THE GEOPOLITICAL MAPPING OF THE AFFIRMATIVE RELIES ON A FORM OF ENFRAMING THAT REDUCES THE ONTOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF THE WORLD TO A COMPREHENSIBLE WORLD-PICTURE.
PICKLES 04 (A History of Spaces, Cartographic Reason, Mapping, and the Geocoded World, 2004, pgs. 6-8.  John Pickles is an economic geographer trained in political economy and development studies, cultural and social theory, and continental philosophy.  He holds BA and MA degrees from Oxford University and Ph.D. degrees form the University of Natal and the Pennsylvania State University)

As Olsson indicated by adding 'the eye' to his story, modern science rests on
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were gathered for display and consumption (see Buck-Morss 1989).2