Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Moore GC | Judge: Sebastian Barnes, Derek Hilligoss, Austin Fredericks
We are claiming your 1AC! We demand a 3-0 decision for the Negative from West Des Moines Valley as well as a right to future demands. If these are not met by the 2AC more hostages may be killed, and initial demands may follow. 

This is the true way to create a break from sign exchanges of the hyperreality – Providing an offer that cannot be exchanged and cannot be returned – We will only accept our demands in this process – This is the way the system falls, through unmeetable demands and the halting of the sign exchange
Baudrillard 76 Jean, Badass, Symbolic Exchange and Death

We will not destroy the system by a direct ,dialectical revolution of the economic
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forbidden it, the only violence it cannot exert:its own death.

Tournament: Iowa City  Nolan was 2N | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City West BR | Judge: Nate Fredericks
Text: The United States federal government should end its embargo on Cuba except for the parts of the embargo pertaining to agricultural exports.

Cuban agriculture is diverse because the US embargo means Cuba needs to be self-sufficient – lifting the embargo leads to Cuban monoculture
Gonzales 03 - Seattle University School of Law (Carmen G., 2003, “Seasons of Resistance: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Cuba”, Tulane Environmental Law Journal) RYS
As a consequence of the reforms undertaken by the Cuban government, Cuba has achieved
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S. rice imports in the first half of the twentieth century.418

Cuban ag serves as a model for agricultural diversity globally
Ergas 13 - University of Oregon sociology researcher (Christina, March 2013, Monthly Review, “Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty”, http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty)

The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
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as they have been developed in opposition to a corporate global food regime.

Monoculture causes extinction through unprecedented famines
Fowler and Mooney 90 Cary and Pat, Rural Advancement Fund International, Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity, p. ix

While many may ponder the consequences of global warming, perhaps the biggest single environmental
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exports may have spread the blight to Africa, Latin America and Asia.

Tournament: NFL Quals | Round: 1 | Opponent: Roosevelt AO | Judge: Chase McCool
Text: The United States federal government should insert plan  if, and only if, the Republic of Cuba agrees to release Alan Gross.
QPQ economic engagement for Gross solves
Piccone 12 – (Ted, “WHAT ROLES FOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE NEW CUBAN ECONOMY?” The Brookings Institute, Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institute, Available online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/12/1020cuba/20121210_cuban_economy.pdf)

SPEAKER: Thank you. Back to the stalemate in which we now find ¶
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Maybe I’ll leave it ¶ to Ted to mainly handle the Alan Gross question

Cuba’s forming an alliance with Russia—that will lead to war—boosting relations solves
Inter-American Dialogue 12 (U.S. based think tank for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs, “Are External Tensions Entangling Latin American Countries?” http://www.cepr.net/documents/CEPR_News/LAA120810.pdf)
A Stephen Johnson, senior fellow and director of the Americas Program at the Center
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Latin America. There is no reason for the Russians to do so."

Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lil Rock Central SP | Judge: Eli Brennan
In the face of an accelerating ecological crisis, the aff has decided to advocate a strategy of expansionism – increasing economic engagement withover the natural world for the sole purpose of human interest. This ignores the importance of environmental ethics and is violently anthropocentric.
Sivil, 2000 (Richard Sivil studied at the University of Durban Westville, and at the University of Natal, Durban. He has been lecturing philosophy since 1996. “WHY WE NEED A NEW ETHIC FOR THE ENVIRONMENT”, 2000, http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/II-7/chapter_vii.htm)

 Three most significant and pressing factors contributing to the environmental crisis are the ever
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fail to provide a stable ground for the development of an environmental ethic.

Anthropocentrism not only culminates in extinction, it alienates us from nature, destroying value to life.  
Roger S. Gottlieb, professor of humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1994, “ETHICS AND TRAUMA: LEVINAS, FEMINISM, AND DEEP ECOLOGY”, http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm
Perhaps there is in progress another, even more encompassing Death Event, which can
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women can feed an infant, but we have only one earth mother. 

The alternative is to bridge the heart, body and spirit divide that is absent in our academic circles by invoking ancient ways of knowing and existing with Earth. We enter into a new dialogical methodology with Earth by prior consultation with Earth. 

The aff’s current communication scholarship assumes the dominant narrative of reasons – further separating us from the more-than-human world. The CP’s method is key to solve extinction.
Plumwood 02 Val Plumwood. Environmental Culture: The Ecological crisis of reason. Routlege: New York. 2002.
The ecological crisis requires from us a new kind of culture because a major factor
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death; it can and must become a vehicle for liberation and life.

Tournament: Heritge Hall | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell SG | Judge: Chris Leonardi
Act 1: The Annointing

The attempt to restore balance to the internatonal system denies the excessive violence at the heart of state sovereignty. The aff re-enacts political theater built upon the extermination of others.
Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat 2007
Thomas Blom Hansen is Adjunct Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University, Senior Research Scientist at Yale University, Visiting Professor at the University of Edinburgh, and Professor of Anthropology at the University of Amsterdam where he served as Dean of the International School for Humanities and Social Sciences. Recently, Hansen was offered a position as full professor at Stanford University where he is to head a new research institute for the anthropological study of South-East Asia.1      Finn Stepputat is Senior Researcher at Danish Insitute International Studies,
Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants, and States in the Post-Colonial World
http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7996.html

The attack on the World Trade Center in September 2001 aimed at what Al-
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itself upon the bodies of asylum seekers, "terrorists," or mere criminals.

Act 2. The Cutting

“Sacrifice the 1AC. Severe its head, flay its corpse, and wear its skin.”

Sacrificial theater offers a moment of transfiguration. Risk this intimate encounter with death to give your life meaning beyond mere existence and duration.
Liran Razinsky 2009
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, SubStance #119, Vol. 38, no. 2, 2009

Thus we see that the stakes are high. What is at stake is the
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by  cultures, which inscribe it in the general order of things. 

Act 3: The Feast

Sacrificing the goods of the 1AC enacts liberation, challenging the utilitarian logic that culminates in extinction.
Jesse Goldhammer 2005   Lecturer/Instructor, Institute of Government Studies, U.C. Berkeley, The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought p. 10-14

In chapter 4,1 examine how the renegade surrealist Georges Bataille used the sacrificial
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sign that a community in crisis is pregnant with a new political order.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 4 | Opponent: Iowa City West HK | Judge: Devin Long
The aff gives authority to war by creating its image in this round. War in the modern era exists more in the image of it being fought than in reality; wars are conducted via public opinion polls, the media, and so on, with military action just as an afterthought.  To avoid war, we must oppose its simulation.
Baudrillard in 94 Jean, “The Illusion of the End” p. 62-65
America conducted the Gulf War as though it were a nuclear conflict, and thus
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Where was there simulacrum here, except in the simulacrum of war itself? 

The scenario for nuclear escalation and war they imagine will always be prevented by deterrence.  However, the fear of nuclear war is used to justify a state security apparatus that freezes the social and maintains a system of perfect control.
Baudrillard in 81 Jean, “Simulacra and Simulation” p. 32-35

The apotheosis of simulation: the nuclear. However, the balance of terror is
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powers of this scenario are not free-the whole world is satellized).

The alt is to engage in passive resistance not active opposition. Speaking out and raising awareness is playing into the hands of the system they criticize, because it is intended to maximize speech without creating change.
Baudrillard in 81 Jean, “Simulacra and Simulation” p. 84-86

With one caution.  We are face to face with this system in a double
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imperative today is precisely the overproduction and regeneration of meaning and of speech.

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 3 | Opponent: Niles North BE | Judge: Brett Lind
Contention 1: Our Hunger Games

The Hunger Games have become our Hunger Games. The separation between the “first” and “third” world is caused by the colonial struggle between the members of the “Capitol” and the “Districts” in which the Capitol exerts its control through televised spectacles of violence
Potts 1/13
(Graham, currently completing his PhD in the Social and Political Thought Program at York University in Toronto. His dissertation utilizes postmodern philosophy, queer theory, and cultural studies to examine how social network sites and reality television impact and create contemporary subjectivities, “Spoiler Alert: Baudrillard’s Hunger Games,” International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Volume 10 Number 1, 9/21/13, ND)

The Hunger Games film and book series are seductive, especially to a first-
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the students are provided with items to help them ‘win the game’. 

The Hunger Games allows us to watch from our privileged position while we identify with those who we oppress. We root for Katniss and we root against ourselves causing a vicious cycle of self-devourment. Our screenal existence has caused us to drive to become more intertwined with the simulacrum.
Potts 1/13
(Graham, currently completing his PhD in the Social and Political Thought Program at York University in Toronto. His dissertation utilizes postmodern philosophy, queer theory, and cultural studies to examine how social network sites and reality television impact and create contemporary subjectivities, “Spoiler Alert: Baudrillard’s Hunger Games,” International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Volume 10 Number 1, 9/21/13, ND)

Tributes and students who attempt to evade fighting are forced back into the game or
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residents of the Capitol and Districts and engage in constant event creation. ¶

Katniss is a fictionalized version of herself. The mockingjay isn’t just a symbol but Katniss and the mockingjay become one in the same. As she does this, President Snow dies choking on his own blood: a representation of the simulacrum collapsing upon itself like a black hole.
Potts 1/13
(Graham, currently completing his PhD in the Social and Political Thought Program at York University in Toronto. His dissertation utilizes postmodern philosophy, queer theory, and cultural studies to examine how social network sites and reality television impact and create contemporary subjectivities, “Spoiler Alert: Baudrillard’s Hunger Games,” International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Volume 10 Number 1, 9/21/13, ND)
Katniss is Baudrillard’s seductress par excellence. Seduction is best understood as: “a
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dominated, to expose the exploitive relationship between the ‘West and the Rest’

Their oversimplification has created a giant metaphorical Disney World, where images replace reality and become eternal and infinitely repeating in the virtual universe, where the real has become a spectacle, but instead of being outside looking in, we are the spectacle, constant participants in a reality show of violence.
Baudrillard in 96 Jean, March 4, "Disneyworld Company"

But the Disney enterprise goes beyond the imaginary. Disney, the precursor, the
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to imagine a virtual universe or the fourth dimension la quatrieme dimension. 

The images of catastrophe and destruction they present are like a drug, used by the first world nations to feed off the suffering of the rest of the world.  Their efforts to solve these problems are co-productive with the disasters themselves, and this constant search for new spectacle will lead to the destruction of the human species as the ultimate game show.
Baudrillard in 94 Jean, “The Illusion of the End” p. 66-71
We have long denounced the capitalistic, economic exploitation of the poverty of the 'other
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fate, it will prefer to stage its own death as a species.

Death and disaster are employed by the media to shock and titillate the viewer, which turns the event itself into a form of mass entertainment that loses any reference to the real world but must constantly be given credibility by new images of destruction.
Baudrillard in 94 Jean, “The Illusion of the End” p. 55-58

In the case of the Romanian revolution, it was the faking of the dead
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of politics Ie politique and history is wrecked by media speculation.

Contention 2: The Simulation of Politics

Members of our culture are in constant search of new global, hyperreal images as a way to escape the body and satisfy the bored eye.
Kroker in 2002 Arthur, March 20, editor of Ctheory.net “We Look for Images”

A story of body invasion? Not really. Contemporary society is no longer the
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"Analog is having a burial and digital is dancing on its grave." 

The world is only appearance. The aff cannot understand or challenge reality by remaining unaware of and acting within the simulation.
Cole 10 (Dr. Steven J. Cole, Instructor, Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, July 2010, “Baudrillard’s Ontology:  Empirical Research and the Denial of the Real,” International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Volume 7, Number 2 (July, 2010), 9/18/2013, ND)

As early as For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign, Baudrillard
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cannot be placed in opposition for illusion is an inherent part of reality.

The media creates the political world and actors in an abstract world of hyperreality with no relation to actual reality.  Rather than the events creating the images of them, the images create the events.
Baudrillard in 98 Jean, September 23, "In the Shadow of the Millennium"
We know the analysis that Marx gave of Napoleon III, the "smaller"
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prophecy, just as history's fate is to fall for its own trap? 

They treat the natural world as an experiment to be managed, a sphere in which human life must be preserved eternally, which paradoxically removes the value of life itself.  We need the accident and randomness of the natural world to smash their simplified construction in order to escape.
Baudrillard in 94 Jean, “The Illusion of the End” p. 85-88
The finest example of what the human species is capable of inflicting upon itself is
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if it rescues us from a scientific euphoria sustained by drip-feed. 

Increasing information through the media is a destructive process – the images devour the real content and create ambivalence and alienation from actual events.
Baudrillard in 81 Jean, “Simulacra and Simulation” p. 80-81

The third hypothesis is the most interesting but flies in the face of every commonly
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only be exercised if it presupposes the naivete and stupidity of the masses.

The criticism is its own meaning – language will never be a reference to the real.  Instead, it should be used to further distance from the real, and return it more disjointed and confused than it is now.
Baudrillard in 95 Jean, April 19, "Radical Thought"

Our point is not to defend radical thought. Any idea that can be defended
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return it a little bit more unintelligible. A little bit more enigmatic.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West BA | Judge: Garrett Abelkop
Brazil controls Latin American influence—increased US presence disrupts regional power balances
Bethell 10 -  English historian, university professor, and Brazilianist who specialises in the study of 19th and 20th Century Latin America, emphasizing on Brazil in particular, PhD in History at the University of London (Leslie, “Brazil and “Latin America”,” Journal of Latin American Studies, Studies, page 467-485, Volume 42 / Issue 03 / August 2010,http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0022216X1000088X)
Brazil and South America since the End of the Cold War  . . . The region in question, however, is South America, not Latin America.66

U.S. influence directly trades off with Brazil influence in the region
Crandall 11 – Associate Professor of International Politics at Davidson College; Principal Director for the Western Hemisphere at the U.S. Department of Defense in 2009; Director for Andean Affairs at the National Security Council in 2010-11 (Russell Crandall, May-June 2011, Foreign Affairs “Post-American Hemisphere: Power and Politics in an Autonomous Latin America,” 90.3,http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fora90anddiv=49andg_sent=1)
POWER PLAYS Latin Americaand#39;s economic  . . . and#34;The new imperialists have arrived, and they speak Portuguese.and#34;

Brazil regional power key to a laundry list of extinction impacts
Cervo 10 – a historian Brazilian author of several books, focusing mainly on the countryand#39;s foreign policy, It PhD in History by University of Strasbour (Amando Luiz, “Braziland#39;s rise on the international scene: Brazil and the World,” vol.53 no.spe Brasília Dec. 2010,http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-73292010000300002andscript=sci_arttext)
Global governance Brazil is a firm believer in multilateralism . . . committed to a world free of nuclear weapons.

Tournament: Millard North | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Millard West CW | Judge: Dan Carlson, Jeff Garst, Brady Behrens
Their demand for the ballot for their descriptions of suffering is an attempt to commodify the Other’s suffering – their advocacy may sound empathetic but it fails because it comforts the Western observer and reifies structures of oppression
Bystrom 12 – Assistant Professor of English @ UConn, Director of the Research Program on University at the Human Rights Institute, (Kerry L., 2012, “Spectacular Rhetorics: Human Rights Visions, Recogntions, Feminisms (review)”, Human Rights Quarterly 34.4, 1214-1217, Project Muse)
NOTE: Gender modified
Over the past decade, a growing body of work has brought humanities perspectives to
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deserves this time, thought, and celebration. End Page 1217
The use of the Other’s suffering as a means for the ballot turns population into utility – the impact is violent elimination of the Other
Chow 06 - Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, (Rey, “The Age of the World Target” p 40-42)
Often under the modest and apparently innocuous agendas of fact gathering and documentation, the
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literature into a full-scale preoccupation with identity and its construction."57
The alternative is to vote neg to reject the 1ACs commodification of suffering – the role of the judge is to interrogate knowledge production that comes from privileged spheres like debate
Chow 93 - Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, (Rey, “Writing Diaspora” p 15-17 google books)
While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for many reasons-especially in cases where
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off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 5 | Opponent: GBN LO | Judge: Rahim Shakoor
Text: The United States federal government should conduct a binding consultation with the Republic of Brazil over the substance, enforcement and implementation of whether or not to _. The United States federal government should implement the result of the consultation.

Brazil will say yes—cooperation over Latin American economic integration proves
Hakim, president emeritus and senior fellow of the Inter-American Dialogue, 10
Peter, 10-21-2010, Inter-American Dialogue, “US-Brazil Relations: Expect More Conflict”,http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=2490, accessed 7-2-2013, GSK 

Although the US and Brazil will surely collide . . . the challenge that Chavez represents.

Consultation key to successful diplomacy as Brazil rises
Einaudi, ambassador and member of the advisory Council of the Brazil institute at the Woodrow Wilson international Center for Scholars, 11
Luigi R., March, Strategic Forum (National Defense University), “Brazil and the United States: The Need for Strategic Engagement”, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF2026620Einaudi.pdf, accessed 7-2-13, GSK 

Whether Brazil’s future policies will, . . . question reveals the complexity of the task. 

Downard spiral causes Brazil rearm – leads to regional wars and escalates
Shultz, Chairman of the Political Science Department at Cleveland State University, 2000 Donald E, March, “The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future”,http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubid=31, accessed: 7/8/13, ML

While we are in a speculative mode . . . to look to the military for answers. 58

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Markway Central MR | Judge: Brittni King
Text: We bridge the heart, body and spirit divide that is absent in our academic circles by invoking ancient ways of knowing and existing with Earth. We enter into a new dialogical methodology with Earth by prior consultation with Earth over whether or not…

We are at a turning point – the gap between environmental degradation and education change is widening. The aff’s human centered approach ignores the more-than-human world.
Barrett 09 M.J. Barrett. Taking Representation Seriously: Epistemological and Ontological Congruence in Hypertexual Research/Representation. Beyond Human-Nautre-Spirit Boundaries: Research with Animate EARTH. 

This doctoral research is a deliberate response to what Berry and Tucker (2006)
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be as individuals, and academics (see Dillard, 20006a, 2006b).

The aff’s current communication scholarship assumes the dominant narrative of reasons – further separating us from the more-than-human world. The CP’s method is key to solve extinction.
Plumwood 02 Val Plumwood. Environmental Culture: The Ecological crisis of reason. Routlege: New York. 2002.

The ecological crisis requires from us a new kind of culture because a major factor
AND
death; it can and must become a vehicle for liberation and life.

Tournament: Iowa City  Nolan was 2N | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City West BR | Judge: Nate Fredericks
Cuba has an amazing system now--Lifting the embargo crushes Cuban healthcare killing millions
Garrett 10 –Senior Director of Foreign Policy Laurie, “Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?” (August 1010) thecubaneconomy.com/wp-content/uploads/.../Castrocare-in-Crisis.docx?
Cuba's economic situation has been dire since 1989, when the country lost its Soviet
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well-funded areas of medicine, such as basic children's health care.

The Cuban model is key to check disease spread worldwide
Cooper et al 06 – Richard S. Cooper is in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology at Loyola University – Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. (“Health in Cuba”, International Journal of Epidemiology, May 4, 2006, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/817.full.pdf+html)
Infectious diseases The combination of high levels of community participation, access to primary care
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the principles embedded in the Cuban attempts to improve the health of populations.

Disease causes extinction
Greger 08 – M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger, , Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111)
Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms
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“might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 6 | Opponent: Minneapolis South NE | Judge: Bobb Ciborowski
Power, control, and subjugation are not simply exercised through prohibition and negativity but through the positive production of docile and normalized subjects. The affirmative’s economic olive branch is a ruse for the discursive production of “backwards” populations to be “developed” under the tutelage of US imperial hegemony, a move destined for failure.
DuBois 91 (Marc, “The Governance of the Third World: A Foucauldian Perspective on Power Relations in Development”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 16, No. 1, Winter 1991, CL)

Foucault's definition of power is one of his most controversial concepts, and perhaps his
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(the solution), dooming many well-intended development efforts to failure.

The imperial and biopolitical politics at the heart of development is responsible for omnipresent violence, market slavery, cultural destruction, and genocide in the name of globalized hegemony
Escobar 04 (Arturo, Ph.D Development Philosophy, Policy, and Planning UC Berkeley, ‘Beyond the Third World: imperial globality, global coloniality, and anti-globalisation social movements’, 2004)

One of the main consequences, for Santos, of the collapse of emancipation into
AND
diced identities’ and the transformation of cultures of solidarity into cultures of destruction.

The alternative is to reimagine the world through rehistoricization; only through the process of debating can we scrutinize the developmental discourse and construct new ways of seeing and acting that will transform reality through collective political praxes.  
Escobar, Professor of Anthropology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 95
(Arturo, 1995, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World, pg 17. RJ)

This remaining of anthropology, launched in the mid-1980s, has become theobject
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toward the radicalization of the discipline's reimagining started with enthusiasm during the 1980s.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bingham NW | Judge: Steven Sanders
CP Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement in Latin America for no reason at all.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Alpine HW | Judge: Chris Thiele
Environmental destruction is a symptom of the refusal to accept sexual difference - the attempt to unify and control the non-male creates violence
Stone, 2003,Alison Stone, December of 2003 Professor at the Centre for Philosophy at Lancaster continental philosophy review 36, 415-432, irigaray and  holderlin on the relation between nature and culture http://www.springerlink.com/content/k7610803152l2026/fulltext.pdf
Besides paraphrasing Heidegger, Irigaray distances herself subtly from him (and, indirectly,
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becomes complicit with the very separation from nature that he wishes to question.

The affs attempt to solve environmental problems through IR fails—it uses an inherently gendered understanding of state interaction to problem solving—only the alternative solves warming
Tickner 92 Ann, Professor @ the School of International Relations USC, B.A. in History, U London, M.A. in IR, Yale, PhD in pol science, “GENDER IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS—FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON ACHIEVING GLOBAL SECURITY”
Social ecologists such as William Leiss explicitly link man's domination of nature with certain men's
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international statecraft-- can models that promise an ecologically secure future be devised.

Alternative is an Eco-Feminism pedagogy. Such perspective challenges the dominant and hegemonic masculine philosophies that underlie the affirmative’s methodology.
Houde and Bullis, 99 (Lincoln and Connie, Professor at Southwestern college, professor of communications at the University of Utah, “Ecofeminist Pedagogy: An Exploratory Case”, Ethics and the Environment, Volume 4, Number 2, 1999, pp. 143-174 (Article), accessed via Project Muse)
A TEACHING PHILOSOPHY What is ecofeminist pedagogy? We have no authorial and definitive answers
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together with a differential and tactical subjectivity for engaging within a politicized classroom.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bingham NW | Judge: Steven Sanders
First, no solvency - You’re full of shit; polls prove nobody believes this shit
The Onion, 98 (The Onion, 10/7/98, “Poll: 73 Percent Of Americans Unable To Believe This Shit,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
PRINCETON, NJ–According to the latest Gallup Poll, conducted Monday and Tuesday
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appears that the vast majority of them just can't fucking believe it anymore." 

The government is already getting their shit together about it
The Onion, 98 (The Onion, 10/7/98, “Poll: 73 Percent Of Americans Unable To Believe This Shit,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
 "In all honesty, who can blame them?" Sanderson added. "
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, can you believe this?"  "Shit, no," Pritchard replied.

And, they can’t solve the plan; Polls prove 20 of America believes Obama is a cactus
The Onion, 10 (The Onion, 9/22/10, “Poll: 1 In 5 Americans Believe Obama Is A Cactus,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
WASHINGTON—According to a poll released Tuesday, nearly 20 percent of U.
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. "And a fifth of them responded, 'A cactus.'"

No plan solvency; after passage it will just get put in the big box
The Onion, 96 (The Onion, 8/28/96, “Clinton Gets Box To Put Government's Stuff In,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
WASHINGTON, DC—Unable to keep track of an ever-mounting pile of
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of stuff," Clinton said. "I just hope it all fits."

No plan solvency - Troy Benton’s realization that sharks have 20 rows of teeth halted the universe and destroyed all matter within
The Onion, 10 (The Onion, 3/10/10, “Universe Comes To Halt As Kid Flips Through First Shark Book,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
SPRINGDALE, AR—The dynamic processes by which matter and energy function in the
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occasions coinciding with Benton's discovery of cobras, dinosaurs, and fighter jets.

No more risk impacts; complete global overhaul by the U.N. solves
The Onion, 96 (The Onion, 9/18/96, “Earth To Be Made Child-Safe,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
NEW YORK—Under heavy pressure from safety-conscious parents groups around the world
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multi-colored soft plastic balls into which children may wriggle and frolic.

They can’t solve their impacts - People are just sort of like that
The Onion, 10 (The Onion, 5/13/10, “Report: 23 Of Population Just Sort Of Like That,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
WASHINGTON—A recent poll from the Institute for Figuring People Out revealed Tuesday that
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just the way they are, and moreover, what can you do?

No solvency; the plan won’t pass, Congress will be too busy watching Tango and Cash
The Onion, 10 (The Onion, 9/18/10, “Congress Appropriates $3.17 To Rent 'Tango and Cash',” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
WASHINGTON—After weeks of debates, concessions, and committee hearings, the U
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lord Yves Perret, deliciously portrayed by the late, great Jack Palance."

Everything on earth is controlled by our supreme Mytronian overlords living underneath Germany – you can’t do anything about your impacts
The Onion, 10 (The Onion, 3/9/10, “Mytron The Fifth, Illuminati Ruler And Secret Overlord Of All Humanity, Dead At 112,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
2,000 MILES BENEATH BAVARIA, GERMANY—Mytron the Fifth, Illuminati ruler
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. Mytron is survived by 251 offspring, primarily from his human wives.

Whatever they solve will be fucked up by Russia’s new leaders
The Onion, 98 (The Onion, 5/20/98, “Control Of Russia Given To Random Flock Of Geese,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
MOSCOW—Exhausted after years of failed attempts to establish order out of political and
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geese can secure a lasting peace in the global community," Yeltsin said.

Their utter ignorance of the largest quantity of mass death in history proves that they are just racist and should be rejected
The Onion, 10 (The Onion, 9/20/10, “Mexico Killed In Drug Deal,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
MEXICO CITY—In the latest incident of drug-related violence to hit the
AND
execution style when relatives failed to pay their ransom to local drug lords.

No solvency; America can’t do anything about it – China will be the world’s biggest asshole by 2020
The Onion, 10 (The Onion, 4/19/10, “Report: China To Overtake U.S. As World's Biggest Asshole By 2020,” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
WASHINGTON—According to a new report released Monday by a panel of top economists
AND
Added Freireich, "It's the dawning of a new huge bastard era."

Multiple factors conclude China is becoming a massive fucker
The Onion, 10 (The Onion, 4/19/10, “Report: China To Overtake U.S. As World's Biggest Asshole By 2020” America’s Finest News Source, JPL)
According to the report, China has slowly emerged as a massive fucker over the
AND
dressed in XXL "Speak Chinese or Go Home" T-shirts.

Tournament: Iowa City  Nolan was 2N | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City West BR | Judge: Nate Fredericks
International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails
De Oliveira in 2000
Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. “Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil.” Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000.
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
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and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.  
Shepherd 2007
Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, “Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence,” BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ‘our sense of self-identity
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more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.
Beland 2009
Daniel Beland. “Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
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ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.

Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Moore GC | Judge: Sebastian Barnes, Derek Hilligoss, Austin Fredericks
Moral imperatives are tools of resentment that create a false necessity for action, simultaneously reducing life-as-multiplicity to a herd led by false idols.
Nietzsche, a dead God, 1910
Friedrich German philosopher and classical philologist 1910 The Will to Power
The Herd 274
(Spring-Fall 1887) Whose will to power is morality?- The common
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as do the independent, or the "beasts of prey," etc.

Furthermore, death and suffering is inevitable reducing humanity as something that needs to be saved makes its extinction desirable
Nietzsche 1886fredrich, “beyond good and evil”, aph # 225, pg. 342

Whether hedonism, or pessimism, or utilitarianism, or eudaimonianism (6)—all
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only this suffering which has created all the things which raise man up?

Projects of domination produce the violence of their impacts; the will to power is not an impulse to control. Their impacts are only products of the affirmative’s perspective on life, not our affirmation of it.
Deleuze, 2004 – French Philosopher – 2004(Gilles, “Desert Islands And Other Texts”, page 119)

This is how the notion of value allows the truth to be "stamped out
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but that which wants in will, that is to say, Dionysos.

Only by embracing the suffering of the 1AC can we truly affirm life. The aff attempt to solve these problems only traps us in a cycle that makes this very security inevitable
Nietzsche, ‘78 The anti-christ Human, All too Human. Aphorism #284 1878
The means to real peace.— No government admits any more that it keeps an
AND
indeed you know, comes from a cloud—and from up high.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bingham NW | Judge: Steven Sanders
Score for ‘Cut Up the 1AC’ – you and your partner take the text of the 1AC performance and divide it among each other. Begin the 1NC by both reading different sentences, fragments at random so that your voices overlap. Read both forwards and backwards. Read their headers and footers, mixed into the flow. Read some of it in funny accents and/or impressions of your opponents. Read for 1-3 minutes before moving on to next position.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 5 | Opponent: GBN LO | Judge: Rahim Shakoor
CP Text: Sam and I advocate that we should . 

The net benefit - assuming the role of the legislator lets us off the hook for our own responsibility in shaping social change and forecloses the possibility of meaningful change; in the process, violence becomes more likely because those who experience oppression are seen as perpetrators of violence.
Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, p. 10-11)

`We are the war' does not mean that the responsibility for a war is
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our values' according to the structures and the values of war and violence.

Tournament: Millard South | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westside HW | Judge: Zach Pogany
The focus on ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬gender becomes an alibi for acquiescence of class struggles – they obscure the logic of capital and ensure repetition of oppression
Zavarzadeh 94 (Mas'Ud, The Stupidity That Consumption Is Just as Productive as Production": In the Shopping Mall of the Post-al Left," College Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3, The Politics of Teaching Literature 2 (Oct., 1994),pp. 92-114) 

Post-al logic is marked above all by its erasure of "production"
AND
divided by two antagonistic classes" (see my Theory and its Other).

The aff’s approach to knowledge which privileges subjectivity and uncertainty denies the objectivity in class relations and the oppression that is produced from capital accumulation  
Zavarzadeh 94 (Mas'Ud, The Stupidity That Consumption Is Just as Productive as Production": In the Shopping Mall of the Post-al Left," College Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3, The Politics of Teaching Literature 2 (Oct., 1994), pp. 92-114) 

The unsurpassable objectivity which is not open to rhetorical interpretation and constitutes the decided foundation
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citizen from the revolutionary cell to the ludic shopping mall of France.

The denial of the objective suffering that capitalism naturalizes violence and makes us indifferent toward limitless annihilation
Zavarzadeh 94 (Mas'Ud, The Stupidity That Consumption Is Just as Productive as Production": In the Shopping Mall of the Post-al Left," College Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3, The Politics of Teaching Literature 2 (Oct., 1994),pp. 92-114) 

What is obscured in this representation of the non-dialogical is, of course
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by which this violence is made more tolerable, justifiable, and naturalized.

Vote negative to endorse a political strategy that withdraws from capitalist relations
Universal Rejection is key – it’s the only way to hollow out capitalist structures – the debate should be a question of competing methodologies – The primary question of the ballot should be affirming an ethical orientation that best organizes against capitalist relations
Herod 4 renowned philosopher, author, and social activist
(James, “Getting Free”, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/06.htm, accessed 8/6/09)  

It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and later concretely,
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who democratically and cooperatively self-determine the shape of their social world.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pace Academy HP | Judge: Mike Baxer-Kauf
1) The aff creates debt-creditor relationships which are the root cause of guilt and a bad conscience
Ahn 8 (Ilsup, “The genealogy of debt and the phenomenology of forgiveness: Nietzsche, Marion, and Derrida on the meaning of the peculiar phenomenon”, USA Volume 51, Issue 3,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2265.2008.00417.x/pdf, BCD)

The hidden significance of debt in . . . ever more victorious, independent, honored, and feared.and#39;

2) Suffering is inevitable, forcing pity on humanity makes extinction desirable
Nietzsche 1886 (Friedrich, “Beyond Good And Evil”, Aphorism # 225, p. 342)

Whether hedonism, or pessimism, or utilitarianism, or eudaimonianism . . . which has created all the things which raise man up?

3) The alternative is to do nothing in the face of the aff’s impacts.
The refusal to act accepts the inevitability of pain and suffering inherent in the creditor-debtor dichotomy, allowing us to reject pity and understand pain positively.
Nietzsche 1878 (Friedrich, “The Anti-Christ”, All Too Human, Aphorism #248)

The means to real peace.— No government admits any more . . . but lightning, as indeed you know, comes from a cloud—and from up high.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Alpine HW | Judge: Chris Thiele
The affirmatives attempt to adapt and control nature bottles humanity and denies the aspects of life
Nietzsche 86 (Tr. R.J. Hollingdale , BEYOND
GOOD AND EVIL, Re-Published by Penguin Classics in 2003 , PG 39)BCD

You desire to LIVE "according to Nature"? Oh, you noble Stoics,
AND
to crown all, some unfathomable superciliousness gives you the Bedlamite hope that.

Furthermore, our deaths and suffering are inevitable reducing humanity as something that needs to be saved makes its extinction desirable
Nietzsche 1886fredrich, “beyond good and evil”, aph # 225, pg. 342

Whether hedonism, or pessimism, or utilitarianism, or eudaimonianism (6)—all
AND
only this suffering which has created all the things which raise man up?

Only by embracing the destruction of the 1AC can we truly affirm life. The aff attempt to solve these problems only traps us in a cycle that makes this very security inevitable
Nietzsche, ‘78 The anti-christHuman, All too Human. Aphorism #284 1878
The means to real peace.— No government admits any more that it keeps an
AND
indeed you know, comes from a cloud—and from up high.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City GO | Judge: Michael Stroud
The plan’s untouchable fiat designates it as an off-budget project – this is especially true for transportation projects — this has a snowball effect and ensures every pet project gets funded
Boskin 96 – senior fellow at the Hoover Institute (Michael, 4/17/96; Congressional Record, 142 Con Rec H, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1996-04-17/html/CREC-1996-04-17-pt1-PgH3497-3.htm)

Many would argue that transportation trust funds collected from transportation ``user fees'' should be
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revenue sources. This would quickly render sensible tax and budget policy impossible.

Enables funding of weather modification
Bastach 8/3 (Michael Bastach, writer for the Daily Caller News Foundation; “Senators want to spend tax dollars to control the weather,” 8/3/2012, http://dailycaller.com/2012/08/03/senators-want-to-spend-tax-dollars-to-control-the-weather)

 If Texas Republican Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison and Colorado Democratic Sen. Mark
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spokesman this week reiterated the senator’s support for efforts to alter weather patterns.

Extinction
Chossudovsky 9/28 (Michel Chossudovsky, award-winning author, Professor of Economics, Founder and Director of the Centre for Research on Globalization; ‘The Ultimate Weapon of Mass Destruction: “Owning the Weather” for Military Use,” 9/28/2012, http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-ultimate-weapon-of-mass-destruction-owning-the-weather-for-military-use-2)

While the substance of the 1977 Convention was reasserted in the UN Framework Convention on
AND
“kill a nation” without the deployment of troops and military hardware.

Tournament: Iowa City Nolan was 2N | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa City West WS | Judge: Kyle Joseph
Text: The United States federal government ought not insert plan unless Mexico adopts and enforces legislation for sea turtle conservation abiding by standards outlined in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.
CP’s conditional engagement solves case and prevents sea turtle population extinction.
Center for Biological Diversity, 7-15-2013, a nonprofit membership organization known for its work protecting endangered species through legal action and scientific petitions, “Tell Mexico: Stop Killing Endangered Sea Turtles,” http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/o/2167/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=13749
Each year at least 2,000 endangered loggerhead sea turtles are caught by shark
AND
I urge Mexico to act now to save these ancient and vanishing animals.
Destruction of the sea turtle population causes extinction – brink is now.
Steiner 10 (Todd Steiner, xx-xx-2010, Sea Turtle Restoration Project, Executive Director at Turtle Island Restoration Network, San Francisco Bay Area, “Are Sea Turtles Worth Saving?” http://www.bonaireturtles.org/explore/are-sea-turtles-worth-saving/)
Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology – that everything is connected. Sea
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important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.

Tournament: Millard North | Round: 3 | Opponent: Millard West FM | Judge: Raymond Wunder
The affirmatives security reps are inaccurate and cause action-reaction cycles. Such cycles are the root of violence and make extinction inevitable.
Der Derian 98 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, On Security, Ed. Lipschutz, p. 24-25)

No other concept in international relations packs the metaphysical punch, nor commands the disciplinary
AND
on the otherness of death, and identities calcifying into a fearful sameness. 

The 1AC creates a never ending chain of threats, creating a sense of inevitable securitization of its architecture and infrastructure. We must attempt to break down and reject forms of security discourse
Grondin 4
(David, Assistant Professor, Member of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Ph.D., Political Science (International Relations and American Studies), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, 2008. M.A., International Relations, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2001. B.A., American History, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, 2000. “Rethinking the political from a Poststructualist Stance” http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf)

Neorealist and neoclassical realism offer themselves up as a narrative of the world institutional order
AND
through foreign policy that the state’s very conditions of existence are generated 18.

Vote Neg to reject the dominant framing of security– only the rejection of the discourse of security in the 1AC can we generate genuine political thought.
Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, 2008 Critique of Security, 185-6

The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."'

Tournament: AAA | Round: 1 | Opponent: For neg cites email | Judge: samuelbasler AT yahoo DOT com
1) The affirmatives security reps are inaccurate and cause action-reaction cycles. Such cycles are the root of violence and make extinction inevitable.
Der Derian 98 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, On Security, Ed. Lipschutz, p. 24-25)

No other concept in international relations packs the metaphysical punch, nor commands the disciplinary
AND
on the otherness of death, and identities calcifying into a fearful sameness. 

2) The 1AC creates a never ending chain of threats, creating a sense of inevitable securitization of its architecture and infrastructure. We must attempt to break down and reject forms of security discourse
Grondin 4
(David, Assistant Professor, Member of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Ph.D., Political Science (International Relations and American Studies), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, 2008. M.A., International Relations, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2001. B.A., American History, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, 2000. “Rethinking the political from a Poststructualist Stance” http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf)

Neorealist and neoclassical realism offer themselves up as a narrative of the world institutional order
AND
through foreign policy that the state’s very conditions of existence are generated 18.

3) Vote Neg to reject the dominant framing of security– only the rejection of the discourse of security in the 1AC can we generate genuine political thought.
Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, 2008 Critique of Security, 185-6

The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."'
4. Economic engagement has become synonymous with modern securitization, translating economic policy into the rhetoric of security
Phillips, 07 (Nicola Phillips, Professor of Political Economy and Director of Political Economy Institute, Manchester College, “The Limits of ‘Securitization’: Power, Politics and Process in US Foreign Economic Policy,” Government and Opposition, Volume 42, 92 pp. 158-189, 2007) 

This proposition has been extended to the realms of both globalization and foreign economic policy
AND
extent of this capturing of economic policy by the exigencies of security strategies. 

5. Empirics prove the link between securitization and foreign economic policy includes embargoes and oil
Phillips, 07 (Nicola Phillips, Professor of Political Economy and Director of Political Economy Institute, Manchester College, “The Limits of ‘Securitization’: Power, Politics and Process in US Foreign Economic Policy,” Government and Opposition, Volume 42, 92 pp. 158-189, 2007) 

Let us then consider the first assumption of this approach, namely, that foreign
AND
the post-war international trading and financial orders – and so on.

6. The blending of environmental and national impacts supports a securitized logic of geopolitics, upholding the US as the only true global savior
Gearóid Ó Tuathail, Professor of Government and International Affairs and Director of the Masters of Public and International Affairs program – Virginia Tech, Sept 1996. “AT THE END OF GEOPOLITICS?.” http://www.nvc.vt.edu/toalg/Website/Publish/papers/End.htm

Even within the much remarked upon emergence of "environmental security" and the sacred
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polity with a circumscribed global environmental mission to save planet earth from destruction.  

7. Their reliance on security suffers from serial policy failure – and the attendant endless production of new threats to be countered creates an endless politics of war
Dillon and Reed 09 (IR professor @ Lancaster University; Lecturer @ King’s College London, “The Liberal Way of Killing: Killing to Make Live”)

There is, third, the additional critical attribute of contingency. It is this
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of emergence, it is a governing through the transactional freedoms of contingency.

8. Attempting to halt global warming produces securitization- countries compete against each other to reduce, or avoid  reducing their emissions
Buzan et al, 1998 (Barry Buzan, Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and honorary professor at the University of Copenhagen and Jilin University, Ole Waever, a professor of International Relations at the Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen Jaap de Wilde,  Professor of International Relations and World Politics at the University of Groningen., 1998 “Security: A New Framework for Analysis” p.86)

The third sequence of questions is decisive, because it is here that a political
AND
price for prevention are different from those who pay the price of failure.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa City West YM | Judge: Evan Jones
“Engagement” requires direct talks with the target government
Crocker 9 – Chester Crocker, Professor of Strategic Studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, “Terms of Engagement”, New York Times, 9-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=0

PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
AND
The goal of engagement is to change the other country’s perception of its own interests and realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.
Violation -~-- plan’s only a unilateral change in policy; it doesn’t increase dialogue
Voting issue -~--
Limits -~-- requiring direct talks places a functional limit on the topic because few Affs can defend the process. Specific import cases can’t beat the PIC out of talks, controlling the Neg’s research burden
Ground -~-- talks are a stable mechanism for DA links and competition for counterplans like two-track or quiet diplomacy -~-- core ground is key to fairness

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame PD | Judge: Toby Whisenhunt
A. Economic engagement uses economic incentives – rather than political, social, or military ones
Haass and O’Sullivan  2K   Richard N. Haass, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush, is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND Meghan L. O’Sullivan, is a Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution    Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies   Survival, vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 113–35    Taylor and Francis onlinehttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1093/survival/42.2.113#preview
Many different types of engagement strategies exist
AND possible incentives used in this  form of engagement.
B. Violation – the plan is not in the area of trade, grants, loans or inventment; these are the areas of economic engagment
GAO 13   United States Government Accountability Office, Trends in U.S. and Chinese Economic Engagement
February 2013    http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-199
Since 2001, China has rapidly increased its economic engagement with sub-Saharan African
AND
U.S. and Chinese security engagement in the scope of this study
C. The affirmative interpretation is bad for debate.
1) Limits are necessary for negative preparation and clash, and the affirmative makes the topic too big when they permit more than strictly economic interaction
2) Ground
3) Fairness

D. T is a voter because it is necessary for there to be debate

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Markway Central MR | Judge: Brittni King
Environment treaties are NOT economic engagement
Rose 8 (Andrew K, professor @ Haas School of Business Administration @ University of California, Berkeley, Mark M. Spiegel, researcher @ Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, “Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties,” NBER Working Paper No. 13988, May 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988)

We examine the role of non-economic partnerships in promoting international economic exchange.
AND
. Our results support the notion that international environmental cooperation facilitates economic exchange.

Violation – the aff is an environment treaty – it INSERT AFF

That’s a voter for fairness and education –

1. Limits – engagement has such a broad definition in the literature that you have to limit to things that are primarily economic – otherwise negs have to research whole other literature bases
   2. Ground – key generics  rely on engagement actually being economic – environmental engagement change links to Disads like politics and Credibility

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bingham NW | Judge: Steven Sanders
T- Resolved means to take an action
A. Definition:
The New Oxford American Dictionary, 2005 second edition. Ed. Erin McKean. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Mainandentry=t183.e65284
"resolution n."  , the action of solving a problem, dispute, or contentious matter: the peaceful resolution of all disputes | a successful resolution to the problem

B.Violation
The affirmative team violates our definition because they do not take an action to solve the problem.  The affirmative plan only sets up the mechanisms for solvency. 

C.Standards 

1. Effects Topicality is illegitimate—
   a. The aff meets “resolved” only because of the effects of their plan.  
   b. Effects T explodes the topic because it allows the affirmative to claim effects of any action

2. Education: Our definition should be preferred because it allows for a greater education of the issue at hand to be gained during this debate round
3. Limits:Our definition is better because it provides more fair limits 

D.Voters 

1. Stock Issues:Topicality is a stock issue, if a case is not topical, you must vote against it.
   2. Fairness:You can not promote the unfair treatment of the Neg by the Aff by voting for an untopical case.
   3. Jurisdiction—it is not within the jurisdiction of the judge to vote for a case that doesn’t meet the resolution

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Markway Central MR | Judge: Brittni King
US trade deficit equalizing in the squo but is still volatile- economy up
Crutsinger 13 (Martin Crutsinger, Associated Press, “US current account trade deficit narrows”, http://www.azcentral.com/business/news/articles/20130314us-current-account-trade-deficit-narrows.html, March 14, 2013)

WASHINGTON — The U.S. current account trade deficit narrowed in the final
AND
in the current January-March quarter to around 2 percent or better.

Economic engagement increases US trade deficit- kills the economy
Beachy 5/8 (Ben Beachy is Research Director with Public Citizen's Global Trade Watch, Eyes on Trade is a blog by the staff of Public Citizen's Global Trade Watch (GTW) division, “As Korean President Addresses Congress Today, First Year of Korea Free Trade Agreement Data Shows U.S. Exports Down, Trade Deficit with Korea Up”, http://citizen.typepad.com/eyesontrade/trade_deficit_economic_impact/, May 08, 2013)

After First Year of U.S.-Korea FTA, U.S.
AND
offshore tens of thousands more U.S. jobs,” said Wallach.

Low economic growth causes power imbalances that cause war
Royal 10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 4 | Opponent: Iowa City West HK | Judge: Devin Long
In the ongoing “war on terror,” fought to preserve American masculinity, the construction of terrorist others as queer monsters strips perceived enemies of corporeality, allowing indefinite detention at sites like Guantanamo Bay.
Shomura, 2010. (Chad, PhD candidate in Political Science at Johns Hopkins). “‘These are the Bad
People’: Enemy Combatants and the Homopolitics of the ‘War on Terror.’” Theory and Event. 13.12010). Project MUSE. )

Given its appropriation by discourses and images of danger, the body of Padilla may
AND
this "war on terror" - captured and produced as dangerous Others.

That these prisoners are called detainees reveals that the construction of the monster-terrorist-fag is performative and happens in speech acts.
Butler, 2004. (Judith, Hannah Arendt professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School). Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. New York, NY: Verso. Pg. 63-64. )

These prisoners at Camp Delta (and formerly Camp X-Ray), detained indefinitely
AND
final, not subject to review, and not subject to appeal.

The impact is that these docile bodies, afraid of exclusion, carry out unlimited violence on behalf of the state this is a discursive reason to reject them.
Agathangelou et al, 2008. (Anna M., Prof of Political Science and Gender Studies at York University and Co-Director of the Global Change Institute). “Intimate Investments: Heteronomrativity: Global Lockdown, and the Seductions of Empire.” Radical History Review. Winter 2008. http://www.makezine.enoughenough.org/intimateinvestments.pdf. )

To (re)consolidate itself, empire requires and solicits the production of certain
AND
Others” whose life and death do not even merit mention or attention.