Tournament: Westside | Round: 1 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt WS | Judge: Ian Lee
1

Tournament: Westside | Round: 4 | Opponent: Barstow RS | Judge: Shawnee Brunson
2

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northside College Prep ER | Judge: Ryan Timmins
1AC Embargo 

Plan
The United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions toward Cuba.
Contention 1 is Economic Terrorism

The Cuban embargo is causing mass starvation and widespread suffering. The US is holding the Cuban people hostage.

Carol J. Williams, January 02, 2003 (Times Staff Writer http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/02/world/fg-embargo2/2 ND)

While her grandchildren eat . . . the huge Cuban communities in southern Florida and northern New Jersey.

The embargo is a relic of Cold War policy that uses the Cuban people as a means to an end.
Lesser, Financial Director at the George Washington Pre-Law Student Association, 10
(Max, November 9th 2010, Penn Political Review, “The End of the Embargo Era,” http://pennpoliticalreview.org/2010/11/the-end-of-the-embargo-era/, accessed 7/12/13, AS)

It has now been five long decades  . . . Clearly, the for­mula must be recalculated.

Sanctions are economic bullying -- the superpowers make the rich richer and the poor poorer
Gordon, professor at Fairfield University, 99
Joy, March, Ethics and International Affairs, Volume 13, Issue 1, “A Peaceful, Silent, Deadly Remedy: The Ethics of Economic Sanctions”, page 136-137 ,Wiley Library, accessed 7/7/13, VJ

Large and diversified economies are . . . helpless population, for no ethically defensible reason.

This direct violence against the Cuban people is a form of economic terrorism, but is concealed by an ethically bankrupt that excuses this violence in the name of national security.
Kauzlarich, professor of sociology @ Southern Illinois, et al, 01
David, Rick A. Matthews, Ohio University, William J. Miller, professor @ Carthage College, 2001, Critical Criminology, “Toward A Victimology of State Crime”, http://jthomasniu.org/class/781/Assigs/kauzvictimology.pdf, accessed 7-1-13, GSK 

Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be . . . that account for the persistence of institutional harms caused by its agencies.

Sanctions take entire civilian populations hostage--The sacrifice of whole people for strategic interests is ethically indefensible
Kochler, Professor of Philosophy, 94
Dr. Hans, International Press Organization, “Ethical Aspects of Sanctions in International Law The Practice of the Sanctions Policy and Human Rights”, http://i-p-o.org/sanctp.htm#I, accessed 7/8/13, VJ *Paraphrased for Ableist language within brackets

Comprehensive economic sanctions, then . . . are partially constitutive of that economy.and#34;30

Contention 2 is the Conventional Terrorism 

The embargo is based on a flawed justification of labeling Cuba as a “state sponsor of terrorism” despite a vast consensus saying just the opposite
Williams ’13 (Carol, Political calculus keeps Cuba on U.S. list of terror sponsors, 5/3/13,
http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-cuba-us-terror-list-20130502,0,2494970.story)

Cuba’s communist leadership was quick to . . . Cuba, that he has more important foreign policy battles elsewhere.”

Leaked documents prove the US tries to make Cuba look like “terrorists” and justifies slaughter of innocent people both Cuban and American, to gain political ends.
James Banford 2001 (An American bestselling author and journalist noted for his writing about United States intelligence agencies, especially the National Security Agency (NSA).1 Bamford has taught at the University of California, Berkeley, as a distinguished visiting professor and has written for The New York Times Magazine, The Atlantic, Harperand#39;s, and many other publications. In 2006, he won the National Magazine Award for Reporting for his piece and#34;The Man Who Sold The War,and#34; published in Rolling Stone., BODY OF SECRETS page 82 SRB )

For those military officers who were sitting on the fence, . . . safe in their taxpayer financed homes and limousines.
Specifically, it ignores the ways and which the US has empirically sponsored terrorism against Cuba
Chomsky ’91 (Noam, International Terrorism: Image and Reality
Noam Chomsky, http://www.chomsky.info/articles/199112~-~-02.htm)

International terrorism is, of course . . . Laqueur has signally failed to present it.

Contention 3 is Framing

We control the scale of violence – structural violence is necessary to psychologically prime people for macro-level conflict
Scheper-Hughes, Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely, and Bourgois Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn,  ‘4
 (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)

This large and at first sight “messy” . . . gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Utilitarianism is a faulty lens for sanctions—an ethical standpoint is necessary
Kochler, Professor of Philosophy, 94
Dr. Hans, International Press Organization, “Ethical Aspects of Sanctions in International Law The Practice of the Sanctions Policy and Human Rights”, http://i-p-o.org/sanctp.htm#I, accessed 7/8/13, VJ

Comprehensive economic sanctions which heavily . . . government to alter its course of action.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Colleyville Heritage CL | Judge: Carly Woo
1AC Embargo 

Plan
The United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions toward Cuba.
Contention 1 is Economic Terrorism

The Cuban embargo is causing mass starvation and widespread suffering. The US is holding the Cuban people hostage.

Carol J. Williams, January 02, 2003 (Times Staff Writer http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/02/world/fg-embargo2/2 ND)

 While her grandchildren eat their dinner of rice and crackers, Felicia smokes to
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island from the huge Cuban communities in southern Florida and northern New Jersey.

The embargo is a relic of Cold War policy that uses the Cuban people as a means to an end.
Lesser, Financial Director at the George Washington Pre-Law Student Association, 10
(Max, November 9th 2010, Penn Political Review, “The End of the Embargo Era,” http://pennpoliticalreview.org/2010/11/the-end-of-the-embargo-era/, accessed 7/12/13, AS)

It has now been five long decades since the American embargo on Cuba was first
AND
has taken place. Clearly, the for­mula must be recalculated.

Sanctions are economic bullying -- the superpowers make the rich richer and the poor poorer
Gordon, professor at Fairfield University, 99
Joy, March, Ethics and International Affairs, Volume 13, Issue 1, “A Peaceful, Silent, Deadly Remedy: The Ethics of Economic Sanctions”, page 136-137 ,Wiley Library, accessed 7/7/13, VJ

Large and diversified economies are virtually immune to sanctions, since they have the economic
AND
imposition of suffering on a helpless population, for no ethically defensible reason.

This direct violence against the Cuban people is a form of economic terrorism, but is concealed by an ethically bankrupt that excuses this violence in the name of national security.
Kauzlarich, professor of sociology @ Southern Illinois, et al, 01
David, Rick A. Matthews, Ohio University, William J. Miller, professor @ Carthage College, 2001, Critical Criminology, “Toward A Victimology of State Crime”, http://jthomasniu.org/class/781/Assigs/kauzvictimology.pdf, accessed 7-1-13, GSK 

Propositions about the victimology of state crime can be developed from this review to help
AND
conditions that account for the persistence of institutional harms caused by its agencies.

Sanctions take entire civilian populations hostage--The sacrifice of whole people for strategic interests is ethically indefensible
Kochler, Professor of Philosophy, 94
Dr. Hans, International Press Organization, “Ethical Aspects of Sanctions in International Law The Practice of the Sanctions Policy and Human Rights”, http://i-p-o.org/sanctp.htm#I, accessed 7/8/13, VJ *Paraphrased for Ableist language within brackets

Comprehensive economic sanctions, then – continuing with the comparison above – have the ethical
AND
people whose working and consuming lives are partially constitutive of that economy."30

Contention 2 is the Conventional Terrorism 

The embargo is based on a flawed justification of labeling Cuba as a “state sponsor of terrorism” despite a vast consensus saying just the opposite
Williams ’13 (Carol, Political calculus keeps Cuba on U.S. list of terror sponsors, 5/3/13,
http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-cuba-us-terror-list-20130502,0,2494970.story)

Cuba’s communist leadership was quick to send condolences to the victims of the Boston Marathon
AND
out to Cuba, that he has more important foreign policy battles elsewhere.”

Leaked documents prove the US tries to make Cuba look like “terrorists” and justifies slaughter of innocent people both Cuban and American, to gain political ends.
James Banford 2001 (An American bestselling author and journalist noted for his writing about United States intelligence agencies, especially the National Security Agency (NSA).1 Bamford has taught at the University of California, Berkeley, as a distinguished visiting professor and has written for The New York Times Magazine, The Atlantic, Harper's, and many other publications. In 2006, he won the National Magazine Award for Reporting for his piece "The Man Who Sold The War," published in Rolling Stone., BODY OF SECRETS page 82 SRB )
For those military officers who were sitting on the fence, the Kennedy administration's botched
AND
generals back in Washington, safe in their taxpayer financed homes and limousines.
Specifically, it ignores the ways and which the US has empirically sponsored terrorism against Cuba
Chomsky ’91 (Noam, International Terrorism: Image and Reality
Noam Chomsky, http://www.chomsky.info/articles/199112~-~-02.htm)

International terrorism is, of course, not an invention of the 1980s. In
AND
to be made against Cuba, Laqueur has signally failed to present it.

Contention 3 is Framing

We control the scale of violence – structural violence is necessary to psychologically prime people for macro-level conflict
Scheper-Hughes, Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely, and Bourgois Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn,  ‘4
 (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)

This large and at first sight “messy” Part VII is central to this
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including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Utilitarianism’s mentality to sacrifice anything and everything to avoid annihilation causes ontological damnation—the impact is hell on earth
Zimmerman 94, (Professor of Philosophy at Tulane), 1994 (Michael, Contesting the Earth’s Future, p. 104). 

Heidegger asserted that human self-assertion, combined with the eclipse of being,
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species are somehow lessened because they were never "disclosed" by humanity.

You should never commit a sure evil to avoid a possible one- consequentialist logic can be manipulated, and other actions can be taken to mitigate or avoid their disads.  
Gewirth, Professor of Philosophy @ The University of Chicago, 84
(Alan, Absolutism and its Consequentialist Critics, ed. Haber, p. 138-139)

6. There is, however, another side to this story. What of
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part of the consequentialist's substantive concerns within the limits of his own principle.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 2 | Opponent: Leland SA | Judge: Frank Montano
The Cuban Revolution as it is written into history is solely understood as economic in nature. A universal narrative has taken hold in public memory that grants recognition to events that place Cuba in opposition to the United States. Yet Castro’s revolution belonged to a heterosexual, machismo that policed, medicalized and lead to the genocide of gays and lesbians in Cuba.
Farber 11 *Farber, Samuel. “Roots of Homophobia in Cuba during the Revolution.” December 23, 2011.  http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=58144
HAVANA TIMES, Dec 23 — The widespread sexism that has existed in revolutionary Cuba
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UMAPs “was a reflection of the social handling of those prejudices.”197

Regardless of Castro admitting that these atrocities occured, the history of gays and lesbians in Cuba has been purposely erased – like a stain on Cuban history that needs to be removed. Gays and lesbians become a symbol of failure for the revolution – bodies that served no purpose for the new Cuban way of life. As such, the queer narrative of the Cuban revolution become one tethered to a hetero-normative reproductive logic. Mimicking their treatment in Cuban revolution, gay and lesbian history has remained invisibility in current political discussions of Cuba. The stain of homophobia is pushed under a rug in order for a nationalistic master narrative to thrive
Nadeau 9 (Chantal Nadeau, professor and director of Gender and Women's Studies, Kritik, " Chantal Nadeau responding to "Happily Ever After? Examining Narrative Form in the Queer Cuban Love Story" 12/7Colloquium with Dara Goldman", December 17, 2013, http://unitcrit.blogspot.com/2009/12/chantal-nadeau-responding-to-happily.html)
What is the relationship between queer and the future? Between queer and its future
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already-in the present? To be, beyond all, continued…

Cuba’s penal system is just one microcosm for heteronormativity’s ideological force. Public memory understands the revolution as an economic transitions that promoted wealth and prosperity, however that telling of history ignores how gay men were criminalized for their sexual desires. In an attempt to combat the United States’ feminization of Cuba, the Castro regime policed and imprisoned the spaces and behaviors of queer bodies.
Bjorklund 2K (Eva, Summer 2000, “Homosexuality is not illegal in Cuba, but like Elsewhere, Homophobia Persists,” http://www.angelfire.com/pr/red/cuba/homosexuality_in_cuba.htm, 1/25/14, ND)
Before 1959 there was no manifest difference between the situation of homosexuals in Cuba and
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juries in courts), may lead to discriminatory treatment in the judicial system.

Hetero-normativity took form in the figure of the Castro Regime and institutionalized discrimination against gays and lesbians. Cuban history has been filtered through hegemonic Machismo ideology and structures the binary divide between the masculine insider and feminine outsider. State-endorsed violence manifested through the banishment of homosexuals, their imprisonment and torture, and the erasure of their history from the revolution.
Freed, 95, Kenneth,"National Agenda : Artists and Homosexuals: 'Non-
AND
because we can't or won't live our lives either as artists or gays."
We cannot change the past but we can alter the way hetero-normativity is enacted. Queer historical interruptions disrupt linear conceptions of time be revealing moments of invisibility created by hierarchies. Homophobia is an ideological force policing the lives of gays and lesbians. Hetero-normativity is given truth value when its narratives become universal, master storylines that alienate queer bodies. Violence is inevitable in a world of historically universal and socially empowered hetero-normativity
Barris ‘7 (Jeremy Barris is professor of philosophy at Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. He is interested in the relations between reality, thinking, style, humour, and justice. His publications include Paradox and the possibility of knowledge: The example of psychoanalysis and The crane's walk; Plato, pluralism, and the inconstancy of truth (forthcoming). 2007, Volume Six, Issue 1 “The Power of Homophobic Labeling: A Post-Structuralist Psychoanalytic and Marxist Explanation” http://www.radpsynet.org/journal/vol6-1/barris.html#Biographical_Note)
Homophobia works in part and very powerfully through the medium of labels. By 'labels'
AND
of the neo-natal months" (1977a, p. 4).

While gay men have achieved some visibility, lesbians have become socially and politically non-existent. The revolution opened up spaces for women but did not do enough to acknowledge the queer identity of woman. Rather the invisibility of the lesbian experience has constructed a historical closet in the telling of the Cuban Revolution.
Gomez 12 (Amanda Maria, September 2012, http://www.library.miami.edu/chc/files/2012/09/gomezreport.pdf, 1/26/14, ND)
Mariela Castro points to the “Capitalist past” as the most prominent source of
AND
the cultural climate that influenced its formation makes it both fascinating and unique.
Thus, we advocate for a queering of the archives of Cuban Revolution.
Rather than accept the hetero-normative master narrative that has come to shape modern workings of the Cuban politics, the Affirmative engages in a queering of the Cuban Revolution. The very performance of the 1AC is a genealogical celebration in queer archiving that uncovers gay and lesbian experience that has gone unnoticed and undocumented. The current historical archives of the Cuban Revolution ignore gay and lesbian history, constructing a hetero-normative reproductive master narrative. Voting affirmative not only disrupts these linear notions of straight history, but begins the construction of a new queer archive that challenges homophobia
Morris 6 (Charles E., Syracuse University: Communication and Rhetorical Studies, Rhetorical Criticism, GLBTQ Rhetorics, Public Memory, Social Protest, “Archival Queer,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Volume 9 Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 145-151, Michigan State University Press, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/summary/v009/9.1morris02.html, 1/26/14, ND)
As queer rhetorical scholars, hobbled on the one hand by such silences, and
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gone before.”22 With the archive, that vital rhetorical construction begins.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: Medows CN | Judge: Jon Sussman
Guantánamo Bay 1AC

Contention 1 is American Power

Guantánamo Bay is a projection of American biopower, coercion, and control.
Neal Andrew, March 2006  (School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy, Keele University; University of Birmingham, Security Dialogue vol. 37 no. 1 31-46 , Foucault in Guantanamo SRB)

Of course, Foucault’s intention is to signal the development and origins of the present
AND
resistance provides something for the ‘current’ of disciplinary power to work against. 

American biopower in Guantánamo can be broken into three divisions – The War on Terror, Sovereignty, and the Media – Rejecting Guantánamo is key to ending the biopolitical system
FEDERMAN and HOLMES 11, (Vol III, No 1 2011 CARY (, received Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and at James Madison College (Michigan State University). Recipient of two Fulbright scholarships, taught law and political science at the University of Zagreb, Croatia and criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Has lectured at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, the University of Graz (Faculties of Law and Social Sciences), and taught American Politics and Law at Palacky University, the Czech Republic, “Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Biopower”) and DAVE (Dave Holmes is Professor and University Research Chair in Forensic. He is also Director, School of Nursing and Associate Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences. After completing his B.Sc. (Ottawa, 1991), M.Sc. (Montreal, 1998) and Ph.D. (Montreal, 2002) in Nursing, Professor Holmes completed a CIHR post-doctoral fellowship in Health Care, Technology and Place at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work (2003). To date, Pr Holmes received funding, as principal investigator, from CIHR and SSHRC, to conduct his research program on risk management in the fields of Public Health and Forensic Nursing. Most of his work, comments, essays, analyses and research are based on the poststructuralist works of Deleuze and Guattari and Michel Foucault. His works have been published in top-tier journals in nursing, criminology, sociology and medicine. Professor Holmes has published over 109 articles in peer reviewed journals and 32 book chapters. He is co-editor of Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – April 2009), Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – January 2010), and (Re)Thinking Violence in Health Care Settings: A Critical Approach (Surrey, Ashgate – December 2011). He has presented at numerous national and international conferences. He was appointed as Honorary Visiting Professor in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom.), GUANTÁNAMO BODIES: LAW, MEDIA, AND BIOPOWER SRB,)

The purpose of this article is to explain the status of those who are detained
AND
yet, two years after fundamentally alter the meaning of being a detainee.

Thus: Nolan and I advocate for the return of the land gained by the United States under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty, and for the immediate closure of the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, and all detention facilities in the region.

The aff is a crucial part of the process of making torture visible that gives a voice to the unheard screams of those who lie in the darkness of Guantánamo cells and torture chambers
Scarry 87
(Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, Elaine, The Body in Pain, 1987, BH)

In this closed world where conversation is displaced by interrogation, where human speech is
AND
person in great pain or sickness can be swallowed alive by the body. 

Contention 2 is The War on Terror

The term “War on Terror” masks the biopolitical nature behind Guantánamo – Multiple instances of torture and furthering the biopolitical power of the United States
FEDERMAN and HOLMES 11, , (Vol III, No 1 2011 CARY (, received Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and at James Madison College (Michigan State University). Recipient of two Fulbright scholarships, taught law and political science at the University of Zagreb, Croatia and criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Has lectured at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, the University of Graz (Faculties of Law and Social Sciences), and taught American Politics and Law at Palacky University, the Czech Republic, “Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Biopower”) and DAVE (Dave Holmes is Professor and University Research Chair in Forensic. He is also Director, School of Nursing and Associate Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences. After completing his B.Sc. (Ottawa, 1991), M.Sc. (Montreal, 1998) and Ph.D. (Montreal, 2002) in Nursing, Professor Holmes completed a CIHR post-doctoral fellowship in Health Care, Technology and Place at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work (2003). To date, Pr Holmes received funding, as principal investigator, from CIHR and SSHRC, to conduct his research program on risk management in the fields of Public Health and Forensic Nursing. Most of his work, comments, essays, analyses and research are based on the poststructuralist works of Deleuze and Guattari and Michel Foucault. His works have been published in top-tier journals in nursing, criminology, sociology and medicine. Professor Holmes has published over 109 articles in peer reviewed journals and 32 book chapters. He is co-editor of Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – April 2009), Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – January 2010), and (Re)Thinking Violence in Health Care Settings: A Critical Approach (Surrey, Ashgate – December 2011). He has presented at numerous national and international conferences. He was appointed as Honorary Visiting Professor in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom.), GUANTÁNAMO BODIES: LAW, MEDIA, AND BIOPOWER SRB,)
I. The War on Terror On December 28, 2001, the New York
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and has implications for understanding biopower in the age of the concentration camp.

The “War on Terror” label is used to justify illegal US activity – All to increase its biopower
Neal Andrew, March 2006  (School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy, Keele University; University of Birmingham, Security Dialogue vol. 37 no. 1 31-46 , Foucault in Guantanamo SRB)

What I would like to do here is make some initial moves towards understanding the
AND
war on terror’. This suggests that current American practices have popular legitimacy.

Modernity’s pursuit of biopolitical control is what drives the concepts of war and terror – this must be rejected
Julian Reid, 23 October 2005, (Author of The Biopolitics of the War on Terror and The Liberal Way of War. Professor of International Politics, Immanent war, immaterial terror. http://multitudes.samizdat.net/Immanent-war-immaterial-terror.html, SRB)

From its very inception, the contestation of liberal modernity has involved the refusal of
AND
war when the decision for war is life’s aleatory throw of the dice ?

Contention 3 is Sovereignty

America’s biopower is based on the flawed idea of US Sovereignty and the ability to bend the rules to expand our biopolitics – Guantánamo is a prime example
FEDERMAN and HOLMES 11, , (Vol III, No 1 2011 CARY (, received Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and at James Madison College (Michigan State University). Recipient of two Fulbright scholarships, taught law and political science at the University of Zagreb, Croatia and criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Has lectured at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, the University of Graz (Faculties of Law and Social Sciences), and taught American Politics and Law at Palacky University, the Czech Republic, “Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Biopower”) and DAVE (Dave Holmes is Professor and University Research Chair in Forensic. He is also Director, School of Nursing and Associate Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences. After completing his B.Sc. (Ottawa, 1991), M.Sc. (Montreal, 1998) and Ph.D. (Montreal, 2002) in Nursing, Professor Holmes completed a CIHR post-doctoral fellowship in Health Care, Technology and Place at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work (2003). To date, Pr Holmes received funding, as principal investigator, from CIHR and SSHRC, to conduct his research program on risk management in the fields of Public Health and Forensic Nursing. Most of his work, comments, essays, analyses and research are based on the poststructuralist works of Deleuze and Guattari and Michel Foucault. His works have been published in top-tier journals in nursing, criminology, sociology and medicine. Professor Holmes has published over 109 articles in peer reviewed journals and 32 book chapters. He is co-editor of Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – April 2009), Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – January 2010), and (Re)Thinking Violence in Health Care Settings: A Critical Approach (Surrey, Ashgate – December 2011). He has presented at numerous national and international conferences. He was appointed as Honorary Visiting Professor in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom.), GUANTÁNAMO BODIES: LAW, MEDIA, AND BIOPOWER SRB,)

The sovereign is not a dictator. The sovereign stands outside of these categories even
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sacer is “exemplary of biopolitics” (Ansah, 2010, 147).

Sovereignty is a tool of power politics – This biopower is a dangerous weapon and a tool in contemporary power struggles
Roger Alan Deacon, November 2003 (Roger Deacon is Honorary Lecturer in Education and Honorary Research Lecturer in Politics at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, and Managing Editor of Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory  Fabricating Foucault: Power as Sovereignty and the History of Discipline 115-122, SRB)

Conventional histories of political philosophy recount the familiar tale of how the government of some
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both a dangerous weapon and a stake of contention in contemporary power struggles. 

Contention 4 is Projecting Dominance

Power in Guantánamo is based on a flawed media representation – used to project US biopower
FEDERMAN and HOLMES 11, (Vol III, No 1 2011 CARY (Received Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and at James Madison College (Michigan State University). Recipient of two Fulbright scholarships, taught law and political science at the University of Zagreb, Croatia and criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Has lectured at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, the University of Graz (Faculties of Law and Social Sciences), and taught American Politics and Law at Palacky University, the Czech Republic, “Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Biopower”) and DAVE (Dave Holmes is Professor and University Research Chair in Forensic. He is also Director, School of Nursing and Associate Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences. After completing his B.Sc. (Ottawa, 1991), M.Sc. (Montreal, 1998) and Ph.D. (Montreal, 2002) in Nursing, Professor Holmes completed a CIHR post-doctoral fellowship in Health Care, Technology and Place at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work (2003). To date, Pr Holmes received funding, as principal investigator, from CIHR and SSHRC, to conduct his research program on risk management in the fields of Public Health and Forensic Nursing. Most of his work, comments, essays, analyses and research are based on the poststructuralist works of Deleuze and Guattari and Michel Foucault. His works have been published in top-tier journals in nursing, criminology, sociology and medicine. Professor Holmes has published over 109 articles in peer reviewed journals and 32 book chapters. He is co-editor of Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – April 2009), Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – January 2010), and (Re)Thinking Violence in Health Care Settings: A Critical Approach (Surrey, Ashgate – December 2011). He has presented at numerous national and international conferences. He was appointed as Honorary Visiting Professor in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom.), GUANTÁNAMO BODIES: LAW, MEDIA, AND BIOPOWER SRB,)

Like the first Iraq war—which Jean Baudrillard famously argued did not “take
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, 34). The Guantánamo detainees are the twenty-first century’s Muselmann.

Increasing information through the media is a destructive process – the images devour the real content and create ambivalence and alienation from actual events.
Baudrillard in 81 Jean, “Simulacra and Simulation” p. 80-81

The third hypothesis is the most interesting but flies in the face of every commonly
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only be exercised if it presupposes the naivete and stupidity of the masses.

This biopolitical projection of dominance for a “good cause” produces Nietzschean ressentiment and modes of oppression that we are inherently unable to escape from because they kill our capacity to desire our own freedom.
Seem in '83   mark, philosopher, intro to “anti-oedipus”, pgs. Xvi-xvii we do not endorse the gendered language in this card

In confronting and finally overturning the oedipal rock on which man has chosen to take
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"a breath of fresh air, a relationship with the outside world."

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 5 | Opponent: Sioux Falls Lincoln RW | Judge: Luke Cumbee
Guantánamo Bay is a projection of American biopower, coercion, and control.
Neal Andrew, March 2006  (School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy, Keele University; University of Birmingham, Security Dialogue vol. 37 no. 1 31-46 , Foucault in Guantanamo SRB)

Of course, Foucault’s intention is to signal the development and origins of the present
AND
resistance provides something for the ‘current’ of disciplinary power to work against. 

American biopower in Guantánamo can be broken into three divisions – The War on Terror, Sovereignty, and the Media – Rejecting Guantánamo is key to ending the biopolitical system
FEDERMAN and HOLMES 11, (Vol III, No 1 2011 CARY (, received Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and at James Madison College (Michigan State University). Recipient of two Fulbright scholarships, taught law and political science at the University of Zagreb, Croatia and criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Has lectured at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, the University of Graz (Faculties of Law and Social Sciences), and taught American Politics and Law at Palacky University, the Czech Republic, “Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Biopower”) and DAVE (Dave Holmes is Professor and University Research Chair in Forensic. He is also Director, School of Nursing and Associate Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences. After completing his B.Sc. (Ottawa, 1991), M.Sc. (Montreal, 1998) and Ph.D. (Montreal, 2002) in Nursing, Professor Holmes completed a CIHR post-doctoral fellowship in Health Care, Technology and Place at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work (2003). To date, Pr Holmes received funding, as principal investigator, from CIHR and SSHRC, to conduct his research program on risk management in the fields of Public Health and Forensic Nursing. Most of his work, comments, essays, analyses and research are based on the poststructuralist works of Deleuze and Guattari and Michel Foucault. His works have been published in top-tier journals in nursing, criminology, sociology and medicine. Professor Holmes has published over 109 articles in peer reviewed journals and 32 book chapters. He is co-editor of Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – April 2009), Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – January 2010), and (Re)Thinking Violence in Health Care Settings: A Critical Approach (Surrey, Ashgate – December 2011). He has presented at numerous national and international conferences. He was appointed as Honorary Visiting Professor in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom.), GUANTÁNAMO BODIES: LAW, MEDIA, AND BIOPOWER SRB,)

The purpose of this article is to explain the status of those who are detained
AND
yet, two years after fundamentally alter the meaning of being a detainee.

Nolan and I demand the return of the land gained by the United States under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty, and for the immediate closure of the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, and all detention facilities in the region.
Particular demands of the State do not make us a part of the State; rather they are how we can effectively act to challenge it.
Badiou 98 (Alain and Peter, “Politics and Philosophy: An Interview with Alain Badiou”, Ethics ,  p. 98-99))

The third and final point of change concerns the state. We used to be
AND
through prescriptions against the state than in any radical exteriority to the state.

The aff is a crucial part of the process of making torture visible that gives a voice to the unheard screams of those who lie in the darkness of Guantánamo cells and torture chambers
Scarry 87
(Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, Elaine, The Body in Pain, 1987, BH)

In this closed world where conversation is displaced by interrogation, where human speech is
AND
person in great pain or sickness can be swallowed alive by the body. 

The term “War on Terror” masks the biopolitical nature behind Guantánamo – Multiple instances of torture and furthering the biopolitical power of the United States
FEDERMAN and HOLMES 11, , (Vol III, No 1 2011 CARY (, received Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and at James Madison College (Michigan State University). Recipient of two Fulbright scholarships, taught law and political science at the University of Zagreb, Croatia and criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Has lectured at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, the University of Graz (Faculties of Law and Social Sciences), and taught American Politics and Law at Palacky University, the Czech Republic, “Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Biopower”) and DAVE (Dave Holmes is Professor and University Research Chair in Forensic. He is also Director, School of Nursing and Associate Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences. After completing his B.Sc. (Ottawa, 1991), M.Sc. (Montreal, 1998) and Ph.D. (Montreal, 2002) in Nursing, Professor Holmes completed a CIHR post-doctoral fellowship in Health Care, Technology and Place at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work (2003). To date, Pr Holmes received funding, as principal investigator, from CIHR and SSHRC, to conduct his research program on risk management in the fields of Public Health and Forensic Nursing. Most of his work, comments, essays, analyses and research are based on the poststructuralist works of Deleuze and Guattari and Michel Foucault. His works have been published in top-tier journals in nursing, criminology, sociology and medicine. Professor Holmes has published over 109 articles in peer reviewed journals and 32 book chapters. He is co-editor of Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – April 2009), Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – January 2010), and (Re)Thinking Violence in Health Care Settings: A Critical Approach (Surrey, Ashgate – December 2011). He has presented at numerous national and international conferences. He was appointed as Honorary Visiting Professor in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom.), GUANTÁNAMO BODIES: LAW, MEDIA, AND BIOPOWER SRB,)

I. The War on Terror On December 28, 2001, the New York
AND
and has implications for understanding biopower in the age of the concentration camp.

The “War on Terror” label is used to justify illegal US activity – All to increase its biopower
Neal Andrew, March 2006  (School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy, Keele University; University of Birmingham, Security Dialogue vol. 37 no. 1 31-46 , Foucault in Guantanamo SRB)

What I would like to do here is make some initial moves towards understanding the
AND
war on terror’. This suggests that current American practices have popular legitimacy.

Modernity’s pursuit of biopolitical control is what drives the concepts of war and terror – this must be rejected
Julian Reid, 23 October 2005, (Author of The Biopolitics of the War on Terror and The Liberal Way of War. Professor of International Politics, Immanent war, immaterial terror. http://multitudes.samizdat.net/Immanent-war-immaterial-terror.html, SRB)

From its very inception, the contestation of liberal modernity has involved the refusal of
AND
war when the decision for war is life’s aleatory throw of the dice ?

America’s biopower is based on the flawed idea of US Sovereignty and the ability to bend the rules to expand our biopolitics – Guantánamo is a prime example
FEDERMAN and HOLMES 11, , (Vol III, No 1 2011 CARY (, received Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and at James Madison College (Michigan State University). Recipient of two Fulbright scholarships, taught law and political science at the University of Zagreb, Croatia and criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Has lectured at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, the University of Graz (Faculties of Law and Social Sciences), and taught American Politics and Law at Palacky University, the Czech Republic, “Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Biopower”) and DAVE (Dave Holmes is Professor and University Research Chair in Forensic. He is also Director, School of Nursing and Associate Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences. After completing his B.Sc. (Ottawa, 1991), M.Sc. (Montreal, 1998) and Ph.D. (Montreal, 2002) in Nursing, Professor Holmes completed a CIHR post-doctoral fellowship in Health Care, Technology and Place at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work (2003). To date, Pr Holmes received funding, as principal investigator, from CIHR and SSHRC, to conduct his research program on risk management in the fields of Public Health and Forensic Nursing. Most of his work, comments, essays, analyses and research are based on the poststructuralist works of Deleuze and Guattari and Michel Foucault. His works have been published in top-tier journals in nursing, criminology, sociology and medicine. Professor Holmes has published over 109 articles in peer reviewed journals and 32 book chapters. He is co-editor of Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – April 2009), Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – January 2010), and (Re)Thinking Violence in Health Care Settings: A Critical Approach (Surrey, Ashgate – December 2011). He has presented at numerous national and international conferences. He was appointed as Honorary Visiting Professor in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom.), GUANTÁNAMO BODIES: LAW, MEDIA, AND BIOPOWER SRB,)

The sovereign is not a dictator. The sovereign stands outside of these categories even
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sacer is “exemplary of biopolitics” (Ansah, 2010, 147).

Sovereignty is a tool of power politics – This biopower is a dangerous weapon and a tool in contemporary power struggles
Roger Alan Deacon, November 2003 (Roger Deacon is Honorary Lecturer in Education and Honorary Research Lecturer in Politics at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, and Managing Editor of Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory  Fabricating Foucault: Power as Sovereignty and the History of Discipline 115-122, SRB)

Conventional histories of political philosophy recount the familiar tale of how the government of some
AND
both a dangerous weapon and a stake of contention in contemporary power struggles. 

Power in Guantánamo is based on a flawed media representation – used to project US biopower
FEDERMAN and HOLMES 11, (Vol III, No 1 2011 CARY (Received Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and at James Madison College (Michigan State University). Recipient of two Fulbright scholarships, taught law and political science at the University of Zagreb, Croatia and criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Has lectured at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, the University of Graz (Faculties of Law and Social Sciences), and taught American Politics and Law at Palacky University, the Czech Republic, “Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Biopower”) and DAVE (Dave Holmes is Professor and University Research Chair in Forensic. He is also Director, School of Nursing and Associate Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences. After completing his B.Sc. (Ottawa, 1991), M.Sc. (Montreal, 1998) and Ph.D. (Montreal, 2002) in Nursing, Professor Holmes completed a CIHR post-doctoral fellowship in Health Care, Technology and Place at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work (2003). To date, Pr Holmes received funding, as principal investigator, from CIHR and SSHRC, to conduct his research program on risk management in the fields of Public Health and Forensic Nursing. Most of his work, comments, essays, analyses and research are based on the poststructuralist works of Deleuze and Guattari and Michel Foucault. His works have been published in top-tier journals in nursing, criminology, sociology and medicine. Professor Holmes has published over 109 articles in peer reviewed journals and 32 book chapters. He is co-editor of Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – April 2009), Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – January 2010), and (Re)Thinking Violence in Health Care Settings: A Critical Approach (Surrey, Ashgate – December 2011). He has presented at numerous national and international conferences. He was appointed as Honorary Visiting Professor in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom.), GUANTÁNAMO BODIES: LAW, MEDIA, AND BIOPOWER SRB,)

Like the first Iraq war—which Jean Baudrillard famously argued did not “take
AND
, 34). The Guantánamo detainees are the twenty-first century’s Muselmann.

Increasing information through the media is a destructive process – the images devour the real content and create ambivalence and alienation from actual events.
Baudrillard in 81 Jean, “Simulacra and Simulation” p. 80-81

The third hypothesis is the most interesting but flies in the face of every commonly
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only be exercised if it presupposes the naivete and stupidity of the masses.

This biopolitical projection of dominance for a “good cause” produces Nietzschean ressentiment and modes of oppression that we are inherently unable to escape from because they kill our capacity to desire our own freedom.
Seem in '83   mark, philosopher, intro to “anti-oedipus”, pgs. Xvi-xvii we do not endorse the gendered language in this card

In confronting and finally overturning the oedipal rock on which man has chosen to take
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"a breath of fresh air, a relationship with the outside world."

Demanding for Guantanamo to be closed allows us to take a powerful stance and to reclaim our role in democracy – it’s the only way to actively challenge and occupy the status quo’s corrupt system.
Scott Skein, 05.05.2013, (A network of individuals, independent and alternative media activists and organisations, offering grassroots, non-corporate, non-commercial coverage of important social and political issues.http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2013/05/509215.html SRB)
Finally. President Barack Obama has made a clear and convincing case for closing Guantanamo
AND
TIME AND THIS IS THE ISSUE OF CONTENTION OCCUPY! OCCUPY! OCCUPY!

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayzata LH | Judge: Evan Jones
First we ask that you remain silent for a memorial of the men and women affected by the intersection of militarism, racism, and biopower in Guantanamo Bay.

hang up them posters while reading poetry

“To My Father:”

Two years have passed in far-away prisons,
Two years my eyes untouched by kohl.
Two years my heart sending out messages
To the homes where my family dwells,
Where lavender cotton sprouts
For grazing herds that leave well fed.
O Flaij, explain to those who visit our home
How I used to live.
I know your thoughts are swirled as in a whirlwind,
When you hear the voice of my anguished soul.
Send sweet peace and greetings to Bu'mair;
Kiss him on his forehead, for he is my father.
Fate has divided us, like the parting of a parent from a newborn.
O Father, this is a prison of injustice.
Its iniquity makes the mountains weep.
I have committed no crime and am guilty of no offense.
Curved claws have I,
But I have been sold like a fattened sheep.
I have no fellows but the Truth.
They told me to confess, but I am guiltless;
My deeds are all honorable and need no apology.
They tempted me to turn away from the lofty summit of integrity,
To exchange this cage for a pleasant life.
By God, if they were to bind my body in chains,
If all Arabs were to sell their faith, I would not sell mine.
I have composed these lines
For the day when your children have grown old.
O God--who governs creation with providence,
Who is one, singular and self-subsisting,
Who brings comfort and happy tidings,
Whom we worship--
Grant serenity to a heart that beats with oppression,
And release this prisoner from the tight bonds of confinement.

 Abdulla Thani Faris al Anazi, 

Thus the Role of the Ballot is whoever best performatively and methodologically acknowledges the people detained in Guantanamo Bay…

Guantanamo Bay has quickly become a microcosm for American exceptionalism – the structure is rigid to exert power over the detainees, other nations and even American citizens. The detainees are separated from their nationality and ethnicity – robbed of their names and religion. They exist between life and death as the government determines who is worthy to survive long enough to give more information.  Other nations are coerced and controlled by America security discourse and hegemony – it doesn’t have to be with bombs but with economic engagement. American citizens are manipulated by the hype of terrorism and xenophobia – where we’d rather be safe and ignorant than truly confront our complicity in torture.
Neal Andrew, March 2006  (School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy, Keele University; University of Birmingham, Security Dialogue vol. 37 no. 1 31-46 , Foucault in Guantanamo SRB)

Of course, Foucault’s intention is to signal the development and origins of the present
AND
resistance provides something for the ‘current’ of disciplinary power to work against. 

Sovereign violence is maintained at the micro-level – Guantanamo is a localization of the state of exception. Racist and xenophobic discourses fuel the hierarchy of bodies as legitimate and others as threatening. This morality is never questioned – never publically called out. Even when citizens try the conversation never acknowledges the actual human beings who face the worse forms of fascism.
Tagma 09 (Halit Mustafa, Department of Political Science at ASU.  "Homo Sacer vs. Homo Soccer Mom: Reading Agamben and Foucault in the War on Terror." Alternative: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 2009). Pg. 415-418 –Veeder)

According to Ashley, this pact between sovereign man and the state marks the dawn
AND
, sovereign violence has been particularly brutal toward “inferior far away people.”

This question of ethics must be front and center – it cannot be the handmaiden to other movements any longer. As citizens and active participants in the public we must reject such state authority through constant repetition. The Ballot cannot be an answer to the pragmatics of the resolution rather – in this instance – it forces the resolution to answer for itself.
Butler, 1993. (Dr. Judith, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex) pg. 225 

Performative acts are forms of authoritative speech: most performatives, for instance, are
AND
act” emerges in the context of a chain of binding conventions.

We meet our Roll of the ballot best for three reasons

First is their stories:

We bring to you the story of Samir Naji al Hasan Moqbe who has asked us to look to Gitmo before it is too late:
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/opinion/hunger-striking-at-guantanamo-bay.html?_r=2and

ONE man here weighs just 77 pounds. Another, 98. Last thing I
AND
the world will once again look to Guantánamo before it is too late.

The second way we meet the ROB is through our reading of their poetry:

Our disclosure of Guantanamo poetry is a call to conscience that brings about our own anxieties in the world –their social death is revealed to the world through poetry left in the open for us to dwell on. Prisons have always been a site for poetry but Guantanamo is a unique exception as the detainees are isolated and removed from the aesthetic world. The prison industrial complex prevented such testimonies of strife, faith and pain. Their poetry acts to acknowledge their dehumanization as the us versus them ideology permeates status quo politics.
O’Rourke 7 (Meghan O’Rourke, Meghan O'Rourke is Slate's culture critic and an advisory editor. She was previously an editor at The New Yorker, “Shall I Compare Thee to an Evil Tyrant? The Poetry of Guantanamo,” 8/20/7, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_highbrow/2007/08/shall_i_compare_thee_to_an_evil_tyrant.single.html, ND, 10/26/13)

Prisons have always been surprisingly fruitful places for the production of poetry. But the
AND
"When you pass by life's familiar objects—

The Bedouin rugs, the bound branches,

The flight of pigeons— 

Remember me."

The third way we meet is our memorial:

Nolan and I stand before you today to acknowledge the very beings who reside in Guantanamo – Their names now are in our privileged space, violating the norms of decorum in an effort to be acknowledged. Their literal faces have been removed from sight – the court room, the media, our own lives. Enemy combatants exist outside the public as the face of irrational terror – to mourn for them is not only to rage against discourses of violence but also enacts an ethic of grief.
Butler, 2004. (Judith, Hannah Arendt professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School). Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. New York, NY: Verso. Pg. xvii-xix.) 

The Levinasian face is not precisely or exclusively a human face, although it communicates
AND
again and again, to the dry grief of an endless political rage.

The violence against identifiable bodies of detainees fails to satisfy the ideological goal of eradicating terrorists generally. Requiring a constant ratcheting up of violence. The very idea of ‘illegal combatants’ discursively dehumanizes and enacts violence. Only commemorating the victims of detention through a memorial reestablishes value to the victims of state violence in the war on terror. This is a small act but one that offends the State so much that it gives intelligibility to agency.
Butler, Maxine Elliot Professor in Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at UC-Berkeley, 2004 (Judith, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, page 33-36)

It is not simply, then, that there is a "discourse" of
AND
on discourse relate to the dehumanization of the deaths-and the lives?

Tournament: Iowa Caucus | Round: 5 | Opponent: Shawnee Mission East WM | Judge: Graham Klemme
Guantanamo Bay 1AC

Today we stand in opposition to the United States federal government indefinite detention policies at the Guantanamo Bay detention facility. This is by no means a small act – the state has projected itself as a modern liberal democratic state yet constantly bends the rules to expand its power and control over individuals. We are not playing the game of democracy rather we are pawns in the government’s claim for supremacy.  Guantanamo Bay exemplifies the U.S.’s enemy logic through the perceived neutrality of the law. There is no law – simply judgment handed down by the State.
FEDERMAN and HOLMES 11, , (Vol III, No 1 2011 CARY (, received Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and at James Madison College (Michigan State University). Recipient of two Fulbright scholarships, taught law and political science at the University of Zagreb, Croatia and criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Has lectured at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, the University of Graz (Faculties of Law and Social Sciences), and taught American Politics and Law at Palacky University, the Czech Republic, “Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Biopower”) and DAVE (Dave Holmes is Professor and University Research Chair in Forensic. He is also Director, School of Nursing and Associate Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences. After completing his B.Sc. (Ottawa, 1991), M.Sc. (Montreal, 1998) and Ph.D. (Montreal, 2002) in Nursing, Professor Holmes completed a CIHR post-doctoral fellowship in Health Care, Technology and Place at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work (2003). To date, Pr Holmes received funding, as principal investigator, from CIHR and SSHRC, to conduct his research program on risk management in the fields of Public Health and Forensic Nursing. Most of his work, comments, essays, analyses and research are based on the poststructuralist works of Deleuze and Guattari and Michel Foucault. His works have been published in top-tier journals in nursing, criminology, sociology and medicine. Professor Holmes has published over 109 articles in peer reviewed journals and 32 book chapters. He is co-editor of Critical Interventions in the Ethics of Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – April 2009), Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Care (Surrey, Ashgate – January 2010), and (Re)Thinking Violence in Health Care Settings: A Critical Approach (Surrey, Ashgate – December 2011). He has presented at numerous national and international conferences. He was appointed as Honorary Visiting Professor in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom.), GUANTÁNAMO BODIES: LAW, MEDIA, AND BIOPOWER SRB,)

The sovereign is not a dictator. The sovereign stands outside of these categories even
AND
sacer is “exemplary of biopolitics” (Ansah, 2010, 147).

Guantanamo Bay has quickly become a microcosm for American exceptionalism – the structure is rigid to exert power over the detainees, other nations and even American citizens. The detainees are separated from their nationality and ethnicity – robbed of their names and religion. They exist between life and death as the government determines who is worthy to survive long enough to give more information.  Other nations are coerced and controlled by America security discourse and hegemony – it doesn’t have to be with bombs but with economic engagement. American citizens are manipulated by the hype of terrorism and xenophobia – where we’d rather be safe and ignorant than truly confront our complicity in torture
Neal Andrew, March 2006  (School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy, Keele University; University of Birmingham, Security Dialogue vol. 37 no. 1 31-46 , Foucault in Guantanamo SRB)

Of course, Foucault’s intention is to signal the development and origins of the present
AND
resistance provides something for the ‘current’ of disciplinary power to work against. 

Sovereign violence is maintained at the micro-level – Guantanamo is a localization of the state of exception. Racist and xenophobic discourses fuel the hierarchy of bodies as legitimate and others as threatening. This morality is never questions – never publically called out. Even when citizens try the conversation never acknowledges the actual human beings who face the worse forms of fascism.
Tagma 09 (Halit Mustafa, Department of Political Science at ASU.  "Homo Sacer vs. Homo Soccer Mom: Reading Agamben and Foucault in the War on Terror." Alternative: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 2009). Pg. 415-418 –Veeder)
According to Ashley, this pact between sovereign man and the state marks the dawn
AND
, sovereign violence has been particularly brutal toward “inferior far away people.”

Thus Nolan and I stand before you today to acknowledge the very beings who reside in Guantanamo – Their names now are in our privileged space, violating the norms of decorum in an effort to be acknowledged. Their literal faces have been removed from sight – the court room, the media, our own lives. Enemy combatants exist outside the public as the face of irrational terror – to mourn for them is not only to rage against discourses of violence but also enacts an ethic of grief.
Butler, 2004. (Judith, Hannah Arendt professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School). Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. New York, NY: Verso. Pg. xvii-xix.)
The Levinasian face is not precisely or exclusively a human face, although it communicates
AND
again and again, to the dry grief of an endless political rage.

The violence against identifiable bodies of detainees fails to satisfy the ideological goal of eradicating terrorists generally. Requiring a constant ratcheting up of violence the logic of which culminates in extinction. The very idea of ‘illegal combatants’ discursively dehumanizes and enacts violence. Only commemorating the victims of detention through a memorial reestablishes value to the victims of state violence in the war on terror. This is a small act but one that offends the State so much that it gives intelligibility to agency.
Butler, Maxine Elliot Professor in Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at UC-Berkeley, 2004 (Judith, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, page 33-36)
It is not simply, then, that there is a "discourse" of
AND
on discourse relate to the dehumanization of the deaths-and the lives?

The Role of the Ballot is who best acknowledges the detainees at the Guantanamo Bay detention center. This question of ethics must be front and center – it cannot be the handmaiden to other movements any longer. As citizens and active participants in the public we must reject such state authority through constant repetition. The Ballot can not be an answer to the pragmatics of the resolution rather – in this instance – it forces the resolution to answer for itself.
Butler, 1993. (Dr. Judith, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex) pg. 225
Performative acts are forms of authoritative speech: most performatives, for instance, are
AND
“act” emerges in the context of a chain of binding conventions.

Tournament: NFL Quals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dowling MT | Judge: Nathan Fredericks
Contention 1 is Communications

US telecommunications expansion in Mexico needs work and now with Mexico changing their laws it is a key opportunity to expand
Dolia Estevez, 4/01/2013, Dolia Estévez is a Senior Mexico Correspondent and foreign affairs analyst in Washington, D.C. She is a regular commentator for Mexico’s Noticias MVS and a contributor to Poder Magazine.  From 1989 to 20005, she was the Washington Correspondent for El Financiero and Radio Monitor.  She serves as a Senior Advisor for the U.S.-Mexico Journalism Initiative at the Woodrow Wilson Center. In 2010, she authored Protecting Press Freedom in an Environment of Violence and Impunity in Mexico, a chapter in Shared Responsibility published by the Wilson Center. She has lectured at public and private institutions in Mexico and the Unites States.  She is an accredited  correspondent with the Department of State, Capitol Hill and the Foreign Press Center, and a member of Mexico’s Council on Foreign Relations.  , U.S. Government Puts Pressure on Carlos Slim, Mexico's Telecom Sector To Open Up To Competition, http://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2013/04/01/u-s-government-puts-pressure-on-carlos-slim-mexicos-telecom-sector-to-open-up-to-competition/
In an unusually direct report, the U.S. government said that “
AND
products abroad, the yearly report was sent to Congress for its review.

NSTAC is key to communications
NSTAC’s, Report to the President on Communications Resiliency , April 19, 2011, (, http://www.ncs.gov/nstac/reports/NSTAC20Report20to20the20President20on20Communications20Resiliency20282011-04-192928Final2928pdf29.pdf SRB)

Natural disasters, terrorist attacks, or other large scale incidents can have devastating impacts
AND
services, increased volume of network traffic, and current and emerging technologies. 

US Soft power is declining in Latin America now. Two Reasons

a) China is overtaking the US in Mexico but economic engagement revers that-~--key to US influence in negotiations which reassert US influence in the Region
Padgett 5/13/13 (Padgett is a Miami-based journalist and TIME contributor “The Obama Administration Looks to Latin America After Years of Neglect,” http://world.time.com/2013/05/13/has-washington-finally-discovered-latin-america/) 

So why this sudden spate of south-of-the-border schmoozing?
AND
done post–Cold War,” says Sabatini. Better late than never.

b) Status quo foreign policy relies only on hegemony which is causing nations across the globe to lose faith in American dominance; failure to make the smart power shift means collapse is inevitable in the status quo.
Sanchez and Carreno, 9 (Walter, Ph.D, prof @ University of Chile, Eduardo, M.A. prof @ University of Chile, “Moscow, Beijing and Latin America: Testing smart power diplomacy”, XXI World Congress International Political Science Association, JPL)

What we have seen after the first hundred days is that there is no doubt
AND
relative environmental crisis, overcome inequalities, and handle the great influxes of migrants

Communications are key to the implementation of a smart power strategy
Joseph Nye, November 29, 2007, (Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University and Author, Smart Power , http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-nye/smart-power_b_74725.html) SRB

The United States needs to rediscover how to be a "smart power." That
AND
society, in its bilateral alliances, multilateral institutions, and transnational contacts. 

Smart power foreign policy reverses this turning point in Latin America
Sanchez and Carreno, 9 (Walter, Ph.D, prof @ University of Chile, Eduardo, M.A. prof @ University of Chile, “Moscow, Beijing and Latin America: Testing smart power diplomacy”, XXI World Congress International Political Science Association, JPL)

We utilize this framework which could improve our understanding of how, when and why
AND
Finally, the test of smart power diplomacy it is a positive one.

Scenario 1 is Nuke War

Smart Power is try or die for nuclear extinction, only gaining allies through smart power can prevent nuclear war
Nye, 8 (Joseph, 2008, Implementing Smart Power: Setting an Agenda for National Security Reform, CSIS, Distinguished Professor at the Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University, DA: 8/26/10, JPL)

The threat of widespread physical harm to the planet posed by nuclear catastrophe has existed
AND
many enemies the United States kills, but how many allies it grows.

Smart power is key to a world free of nuclear weapons
CSIS, 10 (Pacific Forum Center for Strategic and International Studies, February, 2010, The Relevance of Global Zero: Strategic Pragmatism vs. Nuclear Disarmament, DA: 8/31/10, JPL)

US President Obama’s speech in Prague was of great concern to the international community.
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challenges of the modern world, especially in the area of nuclear proliferation.

Scenario 2 is Water

Smart power is key to solving global water scarcity, which solves for millions of deaths annually, hunger, agriculture, and global conflict
Otero, 10 (Mario, 4/8/10, “Smart Power: Applications and Lessons for Development,” United States Mission, Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs American University, School of International Service Washington, DC, DA: 8/29/10, JPL)

Secretary Clinton has been a forceful and effective advocate for what she describes as “
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security initiative, but to our strategic priorities with nations around the world.

Water scarcity turns and magnifies every impact scenario – providing better conditions key to solve
Solomon 98 Hussein, Research Manager at the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, From the Cold War to Water Wars: Some reflections of the changing global security agenda- A view from the South, http://www.wca-infonet.org/servlet/BinaryDownloaderServlet?filename=1070020014294_WAR.pdfandrefID=125884

The changes in the theoretical discourse, of course, reflected the tectonic shifts in
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can be implemented at various levels to ameliorate tensions arising from water scarcity. 

Scenario 3 is Warming

Warming’s real and anthropogenic-~--reject their biased and paid-off skeptics
Prothero 12 Donald R. Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 3-1-2012, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO
NOTE: Green highlighting is what I’m reading
How do we know that global warming is real and primarilyhuman caused? There are
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change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.

Warming causes Extinction
Tickell, 2008
(Oliver, Climate Researcher, The Gaurdian, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
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warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth. 

Only smart power can boost international relations and create global cooperation on solving climate change
Nye, 6/28 (Joseph, 6/28/10, “Smart Power For Global Climate Negotiations,” Climate Science and Policy, Distinguished Professor at the Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University, DA: 8/29/10, JPL)

Soft power, the ability to attract, is set partly by the example:
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looking at the problem of institutions is going to be an essential question.
Contention 2 is PPP’s

Support for expanded PPPs is high, but lack the necessary capacity
Likosky et al 11 - senior fellow at the Institute for Public Knowledge, New York University (Likosky, Michael. Josh Ishimatsu. Joyce Miller. “RETHINKING 21ST?-?CENTURY GOVERNMENT: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND THE NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE BANK”. June, 2011. http://www.ssrc.org/workspace/images/crm/new_publication_3/7B2c5cfcc9-6b9e-e011-bd4e-001cc477ec847D.pdf)

In an era of severe budgetary constraints, how can the federal government ensure that
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Wide Web with the laying of fiber-optic cables around the globe.

NSTAC is a key model for PPP’s
(National Communications System, 10, 30 Years of Partnership, http://www.ncs.gov/nstac/)SRB
Beyond the industry collaboration alone, the NSTAC serves as a prominent model for trusted
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vigilant in aggressively addressing our Nation’s highest priority NS/EP communications needs.

PPPs Solve Space Colonization - fills in governmental gaps
Lehman 11, 10/6/11 (Hilary- Business Reporter for the Daytona Beach News Journal, “ Space Industry has high hopes”, http://www.news-journalonline.com/business/local-business/2011/10/06/space-industry-has-high-hopes.html .bcd) 

The future of space exploration will be one of collaboration between private businesses and government
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projects and education would become a bigger part of Embry-Riddle's mission.

Space col possible – Mars and the Moon prove
Villanueva 10 (John Carl, 3/30/10, “Space Colonization”, Universe Today, http://www.universetoday.com/61085/space-colonization/) RYS
 The Apollo Program has shown us that it is possible to land and even
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like the Moon, Mars also has water ice deposits on its surface.

Large Tech Improvements Prove Colonization Feasible
David 5 (Leonard David (Senior Space Writer), Space, February 23, 2005, " Space Colonization: The Quiet Revolution", accessed September 21, 2011, http://www.space.com/813-space-colonization-quiet-revolution.html)

Advances in such areas as propulsion, power, using space resources, and giving
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which had witnessed millennia of slow or no growth...suddenly went exponential. 

Independently innovation by PPPs solves all solvency deficits
Witters 11 (Louis, 2011, “The Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Driving Innovation, “http:www.wipo.int/econ_stat/en/economics/gii/pdf/chapter2.pdf.bcd) 

The examples cited here—whether at the level of a city or a specific
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sector can be easily aligned with the business objectives of ICT service providers.

Space colonization prevents inevitable extinction from disease, asteroids, and global catastrophes
Huang 5 (Michael, “Spaceflight or Extinction”, cites Carl Sagan who was a professor of astronomy and space sciences at Cornell University, cites J. Richard Gott III who is a professor of astrophysical sciences at Princeton University, cites Martin Rees who is a professor of cosmology and astrophysics and Master of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. http://www.spaext.com/)

If there are civilizations elsewhere in the universe, Their eventual choice, as
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first sterile seas? The choice may depend on us, this century. 

Once in space, otherization and discrimination will be a thing of the past.  
Garan, 10 – Astronaut (Ron, 3/30/10, Speech published in an article by Nancy Atkinson, “The Importance of Returning to the Moon,” http://www.universetoday.com/61256/astronaut-explains-why-we-should-return-to-the-moon/)

Resources and Other Benefits: Since we live in a world of finite resources and
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of exploration. The first step is a sustainable permanent human lunar settlement. 

Every second we put off space colonization wastes one hundred trillion lives. Means there is a massive solvency defecit to any process CP.
Bostrom 02 – Department of Philosophy, Yale University, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University Nick, “Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost of Delayed Technological Development,” Preprint, Utilitas Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 308-314,http://www.nickbostrom.com/astronomical/waste.html

As I write these words, suns are illuminating and heating empty rooms, unused
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use the most conservative lower bound) that would not otherwise have existed. 

Plan: The National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee should substantially increase its telecommunications coordination towards Mexico.

Contention 3 is Solvency

NSTAC involves multiple interconnected parts and systems preventing failure    
NCS, 2010 (National Communications System, The NSTAC Mission and Key Themes, http://www.ncs.gov/nstac/ )SRB

For over 30 years, the NSTAC has brought together up to 30 industry chief
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vigilant in aggressively addressing our Nation’s highest priority NS/EP communications needs.

Increasing telecommunications coordination is key
Maggie Wilderotter, November, 5, 2012 (NSTAC Chair, chairman and chief executive officer of Frontier Communications., she served as an executive for ATandT Wireless and Microsoft. She serves on the boards of directors for Xerox and Procter and Gamble,2 , Letter to the President on the NSTAC In-Progress Review of the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center, http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Signed-NSTAC-Exec-Ltr-re-NCCIC_1.pdf) SRB

While recognized as the owners and operators of the cyber infrastructure and an important source
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of data available for analysis as information sharing processes and methodologies are improved.

Tournament: Iowa City Sam was 2A | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa City KW | Judge: Travis Henderson
Currently, untold numbers of Mexican men, women, and children are being unfairly imprisoned by human traffickers along the border—a bilateral partnership with Mexico is key
GARZA 2011 (Rocio, Candidate for Juris Doctor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, May 2011; A.B. (2005) Harvard University, CARDOZO J. OF INT’L and COMP. LAW, March, www.cjicl.com/uploads/2/9/5/9/2959791/cjicl_19.2_garza_note.pdf?)
On any given day, a Mexican woman will be promised a good paying job
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human trafficking must take into consideration both countries’ interests through a bilateral partnership.

Plan: The United States federal government should establish an economic bilateral partnership toward the government of Mexico for the prevention of human enslavement.

Government officials have asked us not to use the world “slave” to describe these people but what other word decribes them? They are not visibly or physically shackled but instead modern slaves live under complete control of others without the chance of escape. Every single part of the traditional definition of slavery is met by what is happening to women all over the world. Western discourse thinks that slavery has ended but an entirely new form has emerged penetrating politics as well as every-day discourse.
Shahinian, 4/26/13 – Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, United Nations (Gulnara, April 26, 2013, “Slavery must be recognised in all its guises,” The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/apr/26/slavery-recognised-all-guises, Hensel)
¶ Five years ago, I became the UN's first special rapporteur on contemporary forms
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individuals, companies and governments accountable. Complacency is no longer an option.

Our rejection of disposability must come first. The institutionalization of patriarchy means that in the status quo state action will never work as the government twiddles its thumbs allowing people to be perceived as disposable. Our market-driven world is dripping with male privilege and this promotes global suffering and death. And these deaths may not even be biological deaths. The women affected by sexual enslavement are not dead nor alive. They breath and move but aren’t human; just property to be sold and used as their male masters please.
Giroux ’10 (Henry, Professor of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, previous professors at BU, Miami U, and Penn State “Memories of Hope in the Age of Disposability”, published 9/28/2010, http://archive.truthout.org/memories-hope-age-disposability63631, NDD)
The new culture of cruelty combines with the arrogance of the rich as morally bankrupt
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march aimed at destroying every public sphere essential to a vibrant democratic state.

This disposability affects millions of lives; we now bring you the story of a woman who has refused to be named. She was sold into slavery at 13, her baby was taken away as she was raped and abused by various men and women. She escaped once but was hunted down; similar to the fugitive slave clause of the 1800’s. She was given gifts so that she wouldn’t speak out but she did anyway bringing her story into our privileged space. As we read this story we also grieve for all who are effected by human enslavement around the world. To reject this marginalization we must begin with ourselves; not through fiat but through an individual rejection of male-centric discourse.
Fuller 12 (5/2/2013, “Hell on Earth: a Sex Trafficking Survivor’s Story,” http://homebrewedchristianity.com/2012/05/02/hell-on-earth-a-sex-trafficking-survivors-story/, 11/15/13, NDD)
“I was sold to a gentleman from the U.S. by my
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If we want to end sex trafficking, we must start with ourselves.

This form of enslavement does not only affect women but affects us all. Women are treated like property and their “pimps” gain power farther enslaving and dehumanizing women and forcing their families and friends into poverty. They are some of the most dehumanized people in the world; modern day slaves of the masculine white body.
Crouse ’07 (Janice, PhD, Senior Fellow at the Beverly LaHaye Institute, the think tank for Concerned Women for America, “Sex Trafficking Victims: Disposable or Human”, July 12, 2007, http://www.cwfa.org/articledisplay.asp?id=13418, NDD)
We have all heard the catchy song lyrics about "what happens in Mexico"
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processes create a society where peace and prosperity are possible for all citizens.

From our position of privilege we recognize that the West has refused to act on this issue. The current masculine state sees the trafficking problem as something that Mexico should deal with yet looks over every individual that is affected by patriarchy in the US as well as every single country in the world. As the victims increase every single year the amount of help the US sends decreases and our aff is key to opening up the “Western” world’s eyes.
Todres ’09 (Jonathan, Professor of Law at Georgia State University, “Law, Otherness, and Human Trafficking”, July 2009, Accessed via Project MUSE, NDD)
Similarly, in Western efforts to combat trafficking, the white American man engaging in
AND
S. public to conclude that it does not happen “over here.”

Patriarchy is a direct consequence of the current world order of institutionalized masculinity. We break away from this system by working to liberate the victims of sex enslavement. All “gender violence” is condemned by the UN yet the US and Mexico wait idly by refusing to empower and liberate the women in the status quo.
Olivera ’06 (Meredes, Journalist for Sage Publications, “Violencia Femicida: Violence against Women and Mexico's Structural Crisis”, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 33, No. 2, Accessed via JSTORE, NDD)
Violence against women, an expression of male power, is present in various forms
AND
insecurity, among the many other problems that fill daily life with tension.  

You have a responsibility as an ethical person to reject the status quo. Every rejection of sex trafficking and human enslavement is key. Every time you look over these women you commit an unforgivable evil farther piling on the structural violence and furthering the political discourse that is dripping in white, male privilege.
Hathaway ’12 (Dana, Masters in Interdisciplinary Studies at Portland State University, “Human Trafficking and Slavery: Towards a New Framework for Prevention and Responsibility”, 2012, accessed via ProQuest, NDD)
The focus on direct perpetrators, to the exclusion of other structural causal factors,
AND
-structural processes and includes this understanding in assigning responsibility for the problem.

A bilateral partnership increases prevention initiatives in addition to number of prosecutions - allows for information sharing and expedited investigations
Garza 11 Candidate for Juris Doctor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, AB from Harvard (Rocio, 11/1/11, "Addressing Human Trafficking Along the United States-Mexico Border: The Need for a Bilateral Partnership," http://www.cjicl.com/uploads/2/9/5/9/2959791/cjicl_19.2_garza_note.pdf)//AM
Victims on both sides of the United States-Mexico border ¶ would greatly benefit
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about ¶ the dangers and criminal consequences of engaging in human ¶ trafficking.

Despite efforts, the U.S. lacks the means to grapple with Human Trafficking. New legislation is key to solve effectively
Chacon ’06 (Jennifer, Professor of Law at the University of California Irvine, “Misery and Mypoia: Understanding the Failures of U.S. Efforts to Stop Human Trafficking”, Fordham Law Review Volume 74 Issue 6, http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4173andcontext=flr SG) 

In an increasingly interdependent world, human migration is just another element of the global
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successfully assess and grapple with the global and domestic forces that drive migration.

The status quo doesn’t solve- the aff’s discourse of rejecting disposability is a prerequisite to effective solvency
Dearnley and Chalkee, 2010- *Ruth, CEO of Stop the Traffik, and Steve Chalke, founder of Stop the Traffik and UN.GIFT Special Advisor on Community Action against Human Trafficking (“Prevention, Prosection and Protection - Human Trafficking,” UN Chronicle, A gateway to news, information and links about the United Nations system, http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/empoweringwomen/humantraffickingppp)RC
As the extent of human trafficking is recognized, a number of approaches to tackling
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slavery if we reduce them in our minds to the status of commodities. 

Pedagogy can never be successful unless men acknowledge their privilege – Civilized oppression becomes the process of oppression through normalized everyday life. The active ignores of their privilege only reifies patriarchy and locks women into positions subjugation
 Noble and Pease in 2011
Carolyn noble and bob pease. Interrogating male privilege in the human services and social work education” Women in Welfare Education collective.
Harvey (1999) used the term "civilised oppression" to describe the way
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valuable contribution to work in senior positions and having access to their rewards.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Medows CN | Judge: Jon Sussman
Once upon a time I found myself in trouble.
I came in the presence of a man who wanted CASH on the double.
I did what I was told I hit the corner feeling bold.

I was gassed up high thinking he was here to help me get by.
I had no idea what was in store but now I was labeled as a whore.
He told me everything I wanted and needed to hear...
And quickly days, weeks, months turned into years.
I walked night after night along the concrete,
Listening to my heels click on the floor searching
For another man to pay me some more.

I believed his stories, which turned into lies
He was a smooth talking master of disguise.
I was left with broken dreams… court date after court date
I started living this life at the age of sixteen.

Looking back now I see I was a victim of
Circumstance in this life on the streets.
My only advice for other girls is be careful who you meet.
NIGHTLIFE
by Jennifer, age 21

Government officials have asked us not to use the world “slave” to describe victims of human trafficking but what other word decribes them? They are not visibly or physically shackled but instead modern slaves live under complete control of others without the chance of escape. Every single part of the traditional definition of slavery is met by what is happening to women all over the world. Western discourse thinks that slavery has ended but an entirely new form has emerged penetrating politics as well as every-day discourse. Our discourse is key to hold the government accountable and to let the victims of slavery know that we can make change and we must make change.
Shahinian, 4/26/13 – Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, United Nations (Gulnara, April 26, 2013, “Slavery must be recognised in all its guises,” The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/apr/26/slavery-recognised-all-guises, Hensel)

¶ Five years ago, I became the UN's first special rapporteur on contemporary forms
AND
individuals, companies and governments accountable. Complacency is no longer an option.

PIMPS
by Alexis, age 18
There are men out here,
That will tell you stuff you want to hear,
Make you feel like you have to do things back for them,
Like strip, street, and anything else to get his money.
They call you 'ho', 'slut', 'BITCH', and 'no good', 'good-for-nothing'.

Makes you feel worthless,
Makes you feel like you don't want
to get his money BUT YOU BETTER,
FUCK That.

I'm worth more than you,
I am smart. I am intelligent.
I am.
I am more than just pussy,
I love myself even if no one else does.

From our position of privilege we recognize that the West has refused to act on this issue. Even current anti-trafficking advocates have given up working through the state. The current masculine state sees the trafficking problem as something that Mexico should deal with yet looks over every individual that is affected by patriarchy in the US as well as every single country in the world. As the victims increase every single year the amount of help the US sends decreases and our aff is key to opening up the “Western” world’s eyes.
Todres ’09 (Jonathan, Professor of Law at Georgia State University, “Law, Otherness, and Human Trafficking”, July 2009, Accessed via Project MUSE, NDD)

Similarly, in Western efforts to combat trafficking, the white American man engaging in
AND
S. public to conclude that it does not happen “over here.”

Patriarchy is a direct consequence of the current neoliberal world order of institutionalized masculinity. We break away from this system by refusing to engage in politics but instead engaging in a micropolitical movement to liberate the victims of sex enslavement. All “gender violence” is condemned by the UN yet the US and Mexico wait idly by refusing to empower and liberate the women in the status quo.
Olivera ’06 (Meredes, Journalist for Sage Publications, “Violencia Femicida: Violence against Women and Mexico's Structural Crisis”, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 33, No. 2, Accessed via JSTORE, NDD) 

Violence against women, an expression of male power, is present in various forms
AND
insecurity, among the many other problems that fill daily life with tension.

“New stock has arrived”
—Debra Faulconer Baker, 2007
She must pretend before them
To be one of the girls
In her heart she knows
Shortly they each will become her
After being broke in
Sold to the highest bidder
Over and over in a day
She only wonder
The ones that were such as her
Answering an ad
Thinking
There were old enough to be on their own
Wanting the world
She only thinks now
The picture to come for them
Victims each of them of human trafficking
Sex slaves who live in fear
If they fail their duties
They will be beaten
Till they give in
Forced to take drugs
Till addicted
Pennyless
Except for the clothes on their backs
Each night they sleep together
Sick and tired
Inside of the Pimps den
Some live
Some die
Seldom do they ever escape
Those that do
Never forget
Never feel free
Never feel human
Being a survivor of bondage

The 1AC’s disclosure of human trafficking narratives is a call to conscience that brings about our own anxieties in the world –their violence against these victims is revealed to the world through poetry left in the open for us to dwell on. Poetry is a form of self-expression and an outlet to the victims of modern day slavery. This is happening in our own house. We need to elevate their voices and end this form of violence.    
Alicia Keys, 10/09/2012, (Singer, songwriter, AIDS activist, philanthropist, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alicia-keys/against-our-will_b_1951824.html *Modified for gendered language, SRB)

As an artist, I know that in times of despair, self-expression
AND
ask yourself, "What if that was me or anyone I knew?" 

You have a responsibility as an ethical citizen to reject the status quo. Every rejection of sex trafficking and human enslavement is key. Every time you look over these women you commit an unforgivable evil farther piling on the structural violence and furthering the political discourse that is dripping in white, male privilege.
Hathaway ’12 (Dana, Masters in Interdisciplinary Studies at Portland State University, “Human Trafficking and Slavery: Towards a New Framework for Prevention and Responsibility”, 2012, accessed via ProQuest, NDD) 

The focus on direct perpetrators, to the exclusion of other structural causal factors,
AND
-structural processes and includes this understanding in assigning responsibility for the problem.

WE END THE WAY WE STARTED: WITH A POEM.

MY LIFE
by Sheena, age 16
My life as a hustle, My life controlled by a young pimp,
My life as a preppy girl who would never turn tricks.
Eight months and three days later telling my Daddy,
How I wanted to go back home, knowing that,
Nobody there was gonna show me love.

So I changed my mind,
I landed to be the bottom-bitch
Boy I thought I was the shit.

Oh boy, Oh yes I was in love.
Every night on White Plains Road,
I made sure I got at least 20 johns for,
What, 10 minutes of soulful love.

I will never forget the slaps, kicks, and the punches
But my heart said, "Don't leave. He cares about you."

As time went to pass, I couldn't make any money.
This man broke my heart, because after the others left,
I was the only one to make him money.

But on my birthday, he had a new honey,
Hell yeah, she took my spot,
Got all the shoes, and clothes and bags with the money I got.

There's nothing else to say, he kicked me to the curb,
He called me "Hoe-ass-bitch"
And that was his last word.

Tournament: Iowa City Sam was 2A | Round: 4 | Opponent: Iowa City West BS | Judge: Graham Klemme
The Role of the Ballot is who best performatively and methodologically acknowledges sex trafficking and human enslavement. This question of ethics must be front and center – it cannot be the handmaiden to other movements any longer or rejected through arguments like framework. As people and active participants in the public we must reject such state authority through constant repetition. The Ballot cannot be an answer to the pragmatics of the resolution rather – in this instance – it forces the resolution to answer for itself. Every affirmation of our 1AC is another step toward the solution.
Butler, 1993. (Dr. Judith, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex) pg. 225, NDD

Performative acts are forms of authoritative speech: most performatives, for instance, are
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“act” emerges in the context of a chain of binding conventions.