Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: University Prep HS | Judge: Adriane Brown
Bagram allows undemocratic practices and kills human rights – closing solves
Vinke 9 (Kira – Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “Revamping U.S.-Cuban Politics: Playing the Guantánamo Card in a Game of Constructive Diplomacy”, 2009, http://www.coha.org/revamping-us-cuban-politics-playing-the-guantanamo-card-in-a-game-of-constructive-diplomacy/)
An Investigative Stronghold: A Diplomatic Catastrophe U.S. foreign policy towards Cuba has not only been ineffective, but also contradictory.
AND
 geographic proximity of the two nations.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: University Prep HS | Judge: Adriane Brown
Will pass but bipart is key---momentum and vote counts
David Leopold 10/30/13, Immigration Attorney/Immigration Reform Advocate, past president and past general counsel, American Immigration Lawyers Association, “Another Day, Another House Republican Signs On To Comprehensive Immigration Reform,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-leopold/post_5953_b_4175294.html
There's no doubt about it. Pressure is building on the House GOP leadership to bring an immigration bill to the floor for a vote --
AND
 would vote to pass a similar bill if given the chance.¶ In the end it boils down to Speaker John Boehner (R-OH) and the House GOP leadership. Will they bow to the extremists and prevent a vote on immigration reform? Or will they do what's right by the American people?

Closing GITMO wrecks Obama’s capital
Matthew Waxman 7/30/13, law professor at Columbia Law School, where he co-chairs the Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security. He is also Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law. He previously served in senior policy positions at the State Department, Defense Department, and National Security Council, “Closing Guantanamo Would Still Leave Some Toughest Decisions for the Next President,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/07/closing-guantanamo-would-still-leave-some-toughest-decisions-for-the-next-president/
Although pulling this off will require that President Obama spend tremendous political capital, it would actually push some very difficult
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Obama does not want to leave this issue for the next president.  Especially with so much to do in so little time, that’s probably impossible.

Political capital is key—Obama rallies the public and pressures Republicans
Epstein 10-17-13 (Reid, reporter, "Obama’s latest push features a familiar strategy" Politico) www.politico.com/story/2013/10/barack-obama-latest-push-features-familiar-strategy-98512_Page2.html

President Barack Obama made his plans for his newly won political capital official — he’s going to hammer House
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we’re confident that if that bill that passed the Senate were put on the floor of the House today, it would win a majority of the House,” Carney said. “And I think that it would win significant Republican votes.”

Key to sustainable growth- stops double dip recession
Haseltine 10 (Eric, Neuroscientist, Former Head of Science and Technology for US Intelligence Community, "Why America's Economy is On the Brink of Going Down the Tubes...for Good," The Huffington Post, August 24, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-haseltine/why-americas-economy-is-o_b_688483.html)
Recessions, especially the deep downturn that started in 2008, always cause us to scramble. Companies routinely slash spending while
AND
fast track to US citizenship once they complete their studies. This will, in the long run, inject new vitality into our workforce and our economy and help cure our deep economic ills.

Nuclear war
O Hanlon et al, 12
O’Hanlon 12 Kenneth G. Lieberthal, Director of the John L. Thornton China Center and Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution, former Professor at the University of Michigan “The Real National Security Threat: America's Debt,” Los Angeles Times, July 10th, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon
Alas, globalization and automation trends of the last generation have increasingly called the American dream into question for the working classes.
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Nothing else is really possible if that fundamental prerequisite to effective foreign policy is not reestablished.

Tournament: Greeenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill DJ | Judge:
The aff’s rhetoric of Latin American modernization is not neutral—it justifies the demarcation of populations as destructible and masks over endless invisible deaths—it’s your obligation to bring these to the forefront of your decision calculus
Mignolo 7—Argentinian semiotician and professor at Duke
(Walter, “The De-Colonial Option and the Meaning of Identity in Politics”, Anales N. E. 9/10 pp. 43-72, dml)

But, let’s come back to the Andes and to South America, dwelling in and thinking in the borders and enacting the decolonial option (or de-colonial options, if you prefer).
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 and to classify events according to a ranking of human lives; that is, according to a racist classification.5

This structure of thinking privileges western rationality above all else forming the basis of every form of domination and driving the possibilities of global destruction and endemic violence
Wilshire 2006 Bruce, Bruce Wilshire is Senior Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. For most of his career he has taught there, although he has also held positions at Purdue University and at New York University. He has served as Visiting Professor at Oberlin College, Colorado College, and at Texas A and M University , unlearning the language of conquest p 267-270

From this primal origin point emanate salient features of the West’s “worldview.” It is hierarchical, dualistic, exclusivist, and divisive: humans over animals;
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 worlds abrade against each other and provoke raging temper tantrums and fear (an audiotape from Osama bin Laden electrifi es and mobilizes the world).

Focus on economic calculations excludes considerations of Latin American identity and culture—this implicates every solvency claim they make—we must decolonize our epistemology and begin our investigations from a non-state level—this is the prior question to debates about policy action
Grosfoguel 11—UC Berkeley dependentistas: Latin American theorists who critiqued the negative effects of capitalism but whose solutions centered around economic policy and action at the level of the nation state
(Ramon, “Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of Political-Economy: Transmodernity, Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality”, TRANSMODERNITY: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 1(1), dml)

The second problem with the dependentista underestimation of cultural and ideological dynamics is that it impoverished their own political-economy approach.
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 can be no decolonization of knowledge and no utopistics beyond Eurocentrism. The complicity of the social sciences with the coloniality of power in knowledge production and imperial global designs makes a call for new institutional and non-institutional locations from which the subaltern can speak and be heard.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Millard North CM | Judge:
Congress solves better than the Courts – their author
Manchak ‘10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer for the Boston College Third World Law Review, “NOTE: COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW”, Boston College Third World Law Review, Spring 2010, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, lexis)

Because the federal laws and regulations codifying the Cuban embargo conflict directly with U.S. treaty obligations and its duties under customary international law,
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 contentious political issue by the judiciary, it is up to Congress to "be cognizant of this country's global leadership position and the need for it to set an example with respect to human rights obligations." n11

Renouncing the right to development solves the entirety of the aff
Manchak ‘10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer for the Boston College Third World Law Review, “NOTE: COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW”, Boston College Third World Law Review, Spring 2010, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, lexis)

Abstract: This Comment examines the
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 duty to interpret and uphold the Constitution by repealing the legislation that has created the decades-old embargo.

Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: Contact Info | Judge:
For affirmative cites: kate.gehling1@gmail.com
For negative cites: priyanka.narayan2@gmail.com

Tournament: Greeenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill DJ | Judge:
. Kerry is pushing the peace talks now—it’s a top priority
Benari 9-15 (Elad, staff writer, 9-15-13, and#34;Kerry to Visit Israel on Sunday” Israel National News) www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/171899#.UjW1HMasiSp

Mexico is NOT a top diplomatic priority now, we indict your evidence.
Roberts and Walser, research fellow and senior policy analyst 13 (James Roberts and Ray Walser, Research Fellow For Economic Freedom and Growth Center for International Trade and Economics (CITE) and Senior Policy Analyst at the Heritage Foundation, 1-7-13, “Latin America and the Caribbean: A Wish List for 2013”, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/us-foreign-policy-wish-list-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-in-2013 Accessed: 7-12-2013, BK)

C. Diplomatic capital is finite – each new issue trades off with another one
Anderson and Grewell 2000
(Terry L., Executive Director of the Property and Environment Research Center, J. Bishop, former  research associate for PERC. He is a graduate of Stanford University, the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, and Northwestern Law School, “The Greening of Foreign Policy”, PERC Policy Series: PS-20, December 2000, http://www.perc.org/pdf/ps20.pdf)

D. Peace talks will succeed- US diplomacy is key to Mid-east peace
Elsner, 13 -- former Reuters chief political correspondent
Alan, 30-years’ experience in international journalism, former Reuters State Department correspondent, former professor at Princeton, Dartmouth, American and George Washington University, and#34;Conditions Not Perfect for Israeli-Palestinian Peace -- But May Be as Good as Theyand#39;ll Get,and#34; Huffington Post, 7-17-13, www.huffingtonpost.com/alan-elsner/israel-palestine-peace-process_b_3606126.html, accessed 7-18-13, mss

E. Mid-east wars cause extinction
Russell, 9 (James A. Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, ‘9 (Spring) “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf__)

Tournament: Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Des Moines Roosevelt | Judge:
Obama is prioritizing capture over drone strikes now
David Corn 13, Washington Bureau Chief at Mother Jones,  5/23/13, “Obama's Counterterrorism Speech: A Pivot Point on Drones and More?,” http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/05/obama-speech-drones-civil-liberties
So Obama's speech Thursday on counterterrorism policies—which follows his administration's acknowledgment yesterday that it had killed four
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difficult issues in a deliberative manner and is still attempting to steer the nation into a post-9/11 period. That journey, though, may be a long one.

Restricting detention policies means we kill and extradite prisoners
Jack Goldsmith 09, a professor at Harvard Law School and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, assistant attorney general in the Bush administration, 5/31/09, “The Shell Game on Detainees and Interrogation,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052902989.html
The cat-and-mouse game does not end there. As detentions at Bagram and traditional renditions have come under increasing legal and political scrutiny, the
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 legally or politically, it shifts to others that raise fewer legal and political problems. This doesn't increase our safety or help the terrorists. But it does make us feel better about ourselves.

Increased drone use sets a precedent that causes South China Sea conflict
Roberts 13 (Kristen, News Editor at National Journal, “When the Whole World Has Drones”, 3/22/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
And that’s a NATO ally seeking the capability to conduct missions that would run afoul of U.S. interests in Iraq and the broader Middle East.
AND
 “It is very specific intel-gathering and other things that would lead somebody to be subject for an engagement by the United States government.”

South China Sea conflicts cause extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace and Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?",  www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
While nuclear weapons exist, there
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 bring on a “nuclear winter” around the globe—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Isidore Newman | Judge:
CP solves—embargo removal absent environmental cooperation causes ecological and economic devastation—turns case
Conell 09-Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Christina, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?”, 6/12/2009, http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo//VS)
Many Cuba well-wishers fear if President Obama lifts the trade embargo,
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 relationship for sustainable development and associated activities based on mutual respect and the autonomy of each country’s sovereignty and traditions.

Environmental cooperation is key to perception of US global environmental legitimacy—lifting the embargo isn’t enough
Conell 09-Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Christina, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?”, 6/12/2009, http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo//VS)
Unlike the U.S., which still has never ratified the Kyoto Protocol, Cuba signed the document in 1997, which calls for the stabilization
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 embargo is lifted without a robust partnership and plans for environmental sustainability, the invasion of U.S. consumerism may seriously damage the island.

International perception is critical to environmental leadership—only the CP solves
Hayward 08- previously the F.K. Weyerhaeuser Fellow at AEI. He is the author of theAlmanac of Environmental Trends, and the author of many books on environmental topics. He has written biographies of Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan and of Winston Churchill, and the upcoming book, The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Presidents. He contributed to AEI's Energy and Environment Outlook series (Steven F., “The United States and the Environment: Laggard or Leader?”, 2/21/2008, http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/the-united-states-and-the-environment-laggard-or-leader//VS)
To borrow the blunt language of Generation X and the "Millennials," does the United States suck when it comes to the environment?
AND
This perception is more strongly held abroad than here in the United States.

Environmental leadership key to hegemony—collapse inevitable absent cooperation
Walter, 02- chief economist of Deutsche Bank (Norbert, “An American Abdication”, 8/28/2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/28/opinion/an-american-abdication.html//VS)
FRANKFURT— At present there is much talk about the unparalleled strength of the United States on the world stage.
AND
, gas-guzzling S.U.V. -- and join the rest of the world in doing more to combat global warming and protecting the planet

Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Millard North CM | Judge:
Closing down Gitmo solves best for ILAW – U.N. is publicly calling for its closure
Nebehay, 13 (Stephanie, Reuters, April 5, http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/05/17617277-un-says-us-violating-international-law-calls-for-closure-of-guantanamo?lite)
GENEVA -- The UN human rights
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spokesman at Guantanamo. Some have lost so much weight that they are being force-fed liquid nutrients.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx Science DM | Judge:
TECHNOLOGICAL THOUGHT FOSTERS THE CONDITIONS WHICH ARE PRE-REQUISITE FOR NUCLEAR WARS. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONSEQUENT DESTRUCTION OF BEING OUTWEIGH ANY FORM OF PLANETARY EXTINCTION.
Caputo 93 (John Caputo, Professor Of Humanities At Syracuse, Founder Of Weak Theology, MA From Villanova, PhD From Bryn Mawr In Philosophy, “Demythologizing Heidegger,” 1993, p. 136-141)
In his essay "The Thing" Heidegger remarks upon the prospect of a nuclear conflagration which could extinguish all human life: Man stares at what the explosion of the atom bomb could bring with it. He does not see that what has
AND
an unrefined, external, physical destruction that would be but a follow-up, another afterthought, a less subtle counterpart to a more inward, profound, essential, authentic, ontological destruction.

THE ALTERNATIVE: REJECT THE AFFIRMATIVE IN ORDER TO EMBRACE MEDITATIVE THOUGHT. THE QUESTION OF THIS DEBATE IS ONE OF COMPETING ONTOLOGIES. THE AFFIRMATIVE’S CALCULATIVE EMPHASIS ON QUICK-FIX SOLUTIONS IGNORES THE ROOT CAUSE OF THEIR HARMS AND ENSURES ERROR REPLICATION. TEMPORARILY SUSPENDING OUR CALCULATIVE THOUGHT IS CRITICAL TO RE-ENGAGING THE ONTOLOGICAL QUESTION.
George Kouros, Yale JD, Emory BA Philosophy, BECOME WHAT YOU ARE, 1997, p. 22-25.
The thought that inhabits critique is not bent on achieving quick and efficient solutions. Nor is critique simply a means for some eventual action; for Foucault, the distinction
AND
 in its essence, a source of energy. But for every power plant built on a river it becomes increasingly more difficult to appreciate that rivers are not primarily stockpiles of potential energy waiting to be unleashed.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: GBN HK | Judge:
Solves nuclear and bioterrorism – control of resources and security
Schneidmiller 12 - Deputy Editor and Editor, Global Security Newswire at National Journal (Chris, “IAEA Security Official Seeks More Money to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism”, Global Security Newswire, August 20, 2012, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/iaea-security-chief-seeks-more-money-prevent-nuclear-terrorism/)
WASHINGTON – The International Atomic Energy Agency’s top nuclear security official said his operation must have more money and people
AND
 take a “grand bargain” in which financing for technical cooperation activities also became a core budget item to see Mrabit’s ambition become reality, according to the expert.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 3 | Opponent: Secruity Borders Aff | Judge:
Public support means Congress is likely to agree to a deal
Max Fisher 11/20/13, the Washington Post's foreign affairs blogger, master's degree in security studies from Johns Hopkins University, “Americans support an Iran nuclear deal 2 to 1. That’s a big deal.” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/11/20/americans-support-an-iran-nuclear-deal-2-to-1-thats-a-big-deal/
A just-out Washington Post/ABC poll finds that 64 percent of Americans support a nuclear deal with Iran, while 30 percent
AND
That could be a significant asset for the Obama administration in making any nuclear deal happen.

PC key – new sanctions wreck the deal
Patrick Cockburn 11/11/13, author of Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq, “The Deal-Wreckers Why Iran’s Concessions Won’t Lead to a Nuclear Agreement”, Counterpunch, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-to-a-nuclear-agreement/
In Tehran President
AND
Much will depend on how much political capital President Obama is willing spend to prevent prospects for a deal being extinguished by those who believe that confrontation with Iran works better than diplomacy.

Iranian nuclearization causes global proliferation, nuclear terrorism, and Middle East nuclear war
Lindsay 10 – James M. Lindsay 10, Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair at the Council on Foreign Relations and Ray Takeyh is a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, After Iran Gets the Bomb, Foreign Affairs, Mar/Apr2010, Vol. 89, Issue 2
The dangers of Iran's
AND
resolve to shape events in the Middle East. Friends would respond by distancing themselves from Washington; foes would challenge U.S. policies more aggressively.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Isidore Newman | Judge:
Iran prolif stabilizes the middle east--forces Iran/Israel rapprochement
Ehsaneh I. Sadr, graduate student, Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, "The Impact of Iran's Nuclearization on Israel," MIDDLE EAST POLICY v. 12 n. 2, Summer 2005, p. 70.
Indeed, there is reason to believe that Iran’s access to nuclear weapons
AND
 of relations between the two countries and the future integration of Israel into its neighborhood.

Proliferation would force Iran to behave more responsibly--risk of adventurism is low
Francis Gavin, Tom Slick Professor of International Affairs, Univeristy of Texas at Austin, "Same As It Ever Was: Nuclear Alarmism, Proliferation, and the Cold War," INTERNATIONAL SECURITY v. 34 n. 3, Winter 2009/2010, p. 16.
That Iran—surrounded by rivals with nuclear ambitions and singled out by the United States, the largest military power in the world—
AND
 (such as supplying Hamas or Hezbollah with nuclear weapons) that could invite its own destruction highly unlikely.

Tournament: Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Cedar Rapids Wash BK | Judge:
CP solves the case – their author
Starr 9
(Pamela K., associate professor of international relations at USC and a former professor of Latin American political economy at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, published in the Pacific Council, Non-partisan and not-profit organization in Los Angeles with the goal of giving a more effective voice to West Coast perspectives on critical global policy issues, and#34;Mexico and the United States: A Window Of Opportunity?and#34;, April 2009, www.pacificcouncil.org/document.doc?id=35-http://www.pacificcouncil.org/document.doc?id=35 NP)

The best way for the United States to help Mexico promote recovery and enhance
economic competitiveness in the near term is to put its own economic house
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 Congress to finally honor the U.S. commitment under NAFTA to allow Mexican trucks to deliver their cargo beyond the border.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame AB | Judge:
First, the counterplan solves via specific exemptions — OFAC has broad discretion over sanctions enforcement.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Bribery and Government Sanctions Compliance Officer at Goldman Sachs and Co., Lecturer-in-Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, former Assistant United States Attorney with the United States Attorneyand#39;s Office for the Southern District of New York, and Robert S. Ruff III, Associate in the Securities Litigation practice group at Weil, GotshalandManges LLP, 2013 (“Leveraging the Three Core Competencies: How OFAC Licensing Optimizes Holistic Sanctions,” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation (38 N.C.J. Intand#39;l L. and Com. Reg. 729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
2. Ability to Mitigate Collateral Damage
Because OFAC prefers to formulate its sanctions program broadly, its economic sanctions can affect the lives of unintended targets
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extent possible, on those in a position to produce the desired change, rather than on innocent civilians and businesses. n353

Second, the counterplan solves quickly and without political fallout — it doesn’t require legislative or regulatory action.
Golumbic and Ruff 13 — Court E. Golumbic, Managing Director and Global Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Bribery and Government Sanctions Compliance Officer at Goldman Sachs and Co., Lecturer-in-Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, former Assistant United States Attorney with the United States Attorneyand#39;s Office for the Southern District of New York, and Robert S. Ruff III, Associate in the Securities Litigation practice group at Weil, GotshalandManges LLP, 2013 (“Leveraging the Three Core Competencies: How OFAC Licensing Optimizes Holistic Sanctions,” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation (38 N.C.J. Intand#39;l L. and Com. Reg. 729), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis)
3. Adaptability
The third core competency of OFACand#39;s licensing
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 a targeted country without requiring a regulatory overhaul or the signing or withdrawal of an executive order. n391

Tournament: Greeenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill DJ | Judge:
Congress solves a government shutdown now, but it’ll be close
Ben Terris 9/15, National Journal, “Government Shutdown? Not This Time,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/government-shutdown-not-this-time-20130915

Obama’s push is key to derail GOP opposition
Patrick Reis 9/16, reporter at National Journal, “Obama Dares Republicans to Defy Tea Party on Obamacare, Shutdown Deal,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/obama-dares-republicans-to-defy-tea-party-on-obamacare-shutdown-deal-20130916

Tournament: Greeenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill DJ | Judge:
Economic engagement is only tangible trade and financial benefits -~-- including political, military, or cultural engagement explodes the topic
Haass and O’Sullivan 2k – Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program (Richard and Meghan, “Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy”, Brookings Institution, p. 5-6)

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: Ellis Allen
Solves better than the aff
France 24 10/9 – International News 24/7, “China could invade by 2020, Taiwan's military says”, October 9, 2013, http://www.france24.com/en/20131009-china-could-invade-by-2020-taiwan-military-report
If China's two-decade-long arms buildup continues at current rates, the mainland will be able "to take Taiwan by force before the end of 2020"
AND
should the island officially declare independence, although Taiwan has effectively ruled itself for more than 60 years. Influence fails

Tournament: Michigan | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Pinecrest LM | Judge: D Heidt, Kevin Hirn, Michael McGrath
The United States federal government is the actor defined by the resolution, not individual debaters
US Gov Official Website 2009
http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml

U.S. Federal Government The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions. View a complete diagram (.PDF) of the U.S. government's branches.

“Resolved” expresses intent to implement the plan
Merriam-Webster Dictionary 1996 http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=resolved, downloaded 07/20/03
“6. To change or convert by resolution or formal vote; -- used only reflexively; as, the house resolved itself into a committee of the whole.”

“Should” denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
American Heritage Dictionary 2000
www.dictionary.com
3 Used to express probability or expectation

A. Creativity – starting point that forces innovative thinking within the topic constraints
Intrator 10 – Harvard Film School Graduate, President of the Creative Organization, (Davd, “Thinking Inside the Box”, Training, 10/22/10, http://www.trainingmag.com/article/thinking-inside-box)
By David Intrator, president, The Creative Organization One of the most pernicious myths about creativity, one that
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 into something truly innovative, your best bet is to build your box and play by the rules of your own creation.

B. A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp.45
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of opinion or a conflict of interest before there can be a debate.
AND
The point is that debate is best facilitated by the guidance provided by focus on a particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decisionmaking skills key to problem solving in all facets of life—outweighs the case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp. 9-10
If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on all the problems implied in the employment of
AND
society in general, it is in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Switch-side debate is key to advocacy skills and progressive change.
Mitchell et al. 07 (Gordon, Eric English, Stephen Llano, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief, and Carly Woods, Pitt Comm Studies Grad Students, Gordon Mitchell is an Associate Comm Studies Professor @ Pitt, Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 4)
The problem for Greene and Hicks is that this notion of citizenship becomes tied to a normative conception of American democracy
AND
greater the proclivity of McCarthy’s ideological heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’

Education about Latin America is essential to create support for real economic engagement
Hilsman, 12 (Hoyt Hilsman, Journalist, screenwriter, critic, former candidate for Congress, “America's Missed Opportunities in Latin America”, Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hoyt-hilsman/latin-america-policy_b_1425868.html, 4/16/12)
President Obama's visit to the Summit of the Americas in Colombia underlines America's failures to confront global and economic challenges as
AND
 to wake up to reality and take constructive, cooperative action to promote our economic, political and security interests in Latin America.

Economic education is key to effective understanding in daily life and public policy.
Rubin 07 - Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Economics and Law at Emory University and the author of Darwinian Politics (Paul H., “Evolution, Immigration, and Trade”, The Washington Post, May 7, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/07/AR2007050700755.html)
It was once thought that humans are born as "blank slates" to be programmed by our families, culture and society.
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barriers to outsiders shows that we can and do learn. But like reading, we must teach each generation anew.

Tournament: Greeenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Greenhill DJ | Judge:
China solves engagement
Hsiang 09 – Associate Professor at Chihlee Institute of Technology in Taiwan (Antonio C., “China Rising in Latin America: More Opportunities than Challenges”, Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets, November 1, 2009, Volume 1 issue 1)

Because “many Latin American countries no longer look to Washington leadership,” the so- called Washington Consensus “has lost traction”.28 As a global rising power, China
AND
 “China’s distinctive development model, . . . which posits far more state intervention in the economy and a greater concern with political stability and strong government to guide the development process.” 33