1ac - renewables (relations warming) 1nc - ThF Cp cir saudi da commissions cp t-trade borders k case d 2nc - politics saudi da relations d 1nr - commissions warming d 2nr - politics case d
Fullerton
4
Opponent: College Prep HJ | Judge: Andrew Jenkins
1ac - cuba terror list critical 1nc - everything on the terror list cp t-trade cir commissions case turns 2nc - t-trade case turns 1nr - mawr case turns everyone on the terror list cp 2nr - t-trade 2ar - t-tradecondo ow t
Fullerton
6
Opponent: Chaminade Mav | Judge: Sohin Gautam
1AC Race Narrative 1NC Framework Diverse Forums Aztec K Case turns 2NC Framework 1NR K Case turns 2NR Case turns
La Costa Canyon
Octas
Opponent: Bakersfield | Judge: Dan Perdomo, Chris Thiele, Scott Wheeler
1AC - Zapatistas 1NC - ICT PIC Framework Anti-blackness Case turns 2NC - ICT PIC Anti-blackness 1NR - Case turns 2NR - Case turns
La Costa Canyon
2
Opponent: Dougherty Valley RZ | Judge: Louinn Lota
1AC - Levinas wplantext 1NC - CIR DA T-EE OFAC CP Commissions CP Kartography K Case (Shunning Say No Defense) 2NC - Shunning CIR CP 1NR - T 2NR - T
La Costa Canyon
3
Opponent: Apline HW | Judge: Chris Thiele
1AC - Cuba Science Diplomacy 1NC - T-EE Commissions CP CIR DA Kartography K Castro Cred DA Case 2NC - CIR Castro Cred CP 1NR - T 2NR - DAs
La Costa Canyon
5
Opponent: San Dieguito GS | Judge: Jon Williamson
1AC - Mexican Tomatoes 1NC - Commissions CP CIR DA T-G2G Kartography K China DA Case 2NC - CP CIR 1NR - T 2NR - T
Long Beach
3
Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Christina Tallungan
1AC Cuba Travel (Democaracy Framing) 1NC Commissions CP Debt Ceiling DA Kartography K Courts CP T-Trade Case - Say No Framing 2NC Commissions Debt Ceiling Framing 1NR T 2NR T
Long Beach
5
Opponent: La Costa Canyon YG | Judge: Richard Mancuso
1AC Cuba Embargo (Relations Multilat) 1NC OFAC CP Debt Ceiling DA Kartography K Appeasement DA Case (Relations Multilat) 2NC Debt Ceiling Multilat 1NR OFAC CP Relations 2NR Debt Ceiling Case
Long Beach
2
Opponent: Juan Diego AC | Judge: Laila McClay
1AC Embargo (OFAC Multilateralism) 1NC Debt Ceiling DA Commissions CP T-EE Kartography K Appeasement DA Say No Heg turns 2NC Debt Ceiling DA Say No Heg Turns 1NR Commissions CP OFAC 2NR Say No Hege Turns Debt Ceiling DA
Meadows
1
Opponent: Juan Diego ZL | Judge: Misty Tippets
1AC Cuba Embargo 1NC Commissions CP CIR DA T-Trade Kartography K Case 2NC DA Case 1NR CP Case 2NR DA CP Case
Meadows
4
Opponent: Bingham NW | Judge: Josh Reisman
1AC Mexico Ports of Entry 1NC T-EE Commissions CP CIR DA Buy American KA Kartography K Case 2NC CIR Case 1NR K 2NR CIR Case
Meadows
6
Opponent: Gulliver HG | Judge: Christian Bato
1AC Cuba Ethics 1NC Kartography K Commissions CP CIR DA T-EE Case 2NC CP DA Say No 1NR Case K 2NR CP DA
Notre Dame
2
Opponent: St Vincent de Paul CD | Judge: John Kephart III
1AC IFFs 1NC T-QPQ Mexican Politics (Energy) Commissions CP CIR DA Kartography K Case 2NC CIR Econ 1NR CP Instability 2NR CIR CP Case
Notre Dame
4
Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Nate Wong
1AC Epistemic Disobedience 1NC Framework T-G2G Case Turns 2NC Framework 1NR T Case Turns 2NR Framework Case Turns
Notre Dame
6
Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: Alex Velto
1ac - visas (competitiveness hegemony) 1nc - nieto da (energy) sea turtles qpq cp cartography k t - ee case 2nc - t cp 1nr - k 2NR - k
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
1NC - Fullerton - Round Four
Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 4 | Opponent: College Prep HJ | Judge: Andrew Jenkins 1NC - Commissions The counter-plan solves and avoids politics Mayer ’07 (Kenneth, professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison “THE BASE REALIGNMENT AND CLOSURE PROCESS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE RATIONAL POLICY?”)
The conventional wisdom was that legislators, facing increasing deficits…None of the disapproval resolutions came anywhere close to passing.
Off Immigration reform will pass --- pc is key and Obama is pushing. McMorris-Santoro 10/15 Evan, BuzzFeed Staff, Obama Has Already Won The Shutdown Fight And He’s Coming For Immigration Next, 10/15/13, http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for As the fiscal fight roiling Washington nears its end, the White House is already signaling that it plans to use the political momentum it has gained during the shutdown fight… and immigration would certainly fit the bill since we see voters across party lines calling for reform.” Engagement in LA drains political capital Padgett ‘10 (Tim, Latin America Bureau Chief at Time, 8/23, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2013820,00.html) Proponents of doing just that insist there's more…"there's a fear they may just decide that the fight's not worth it." Immigration reform is key to hard power and soft power Nye, 12—- Harvard Prof and former US assistant secretary of defense, state and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council (12/10/2013, "Immigration and American Power," http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s~-~-nye)
The United States is a nation of immigrants…he will have gone a long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US. Hegemonic decline causes great power wars – bandwagoning proves Zhang and Shi, Researcher @ The Carnegie Endowment, ’11 Read the green btw Yuhan Zhang, Researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Lin Shi, Columbia University, Independent consultant for the Eurasia Group, Consultant for the World Bank, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry,” January 22nd 2011, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/
Over the past two decades, no other state has had the ability to seriously challenge the US military…This, at least, is one possibility we can forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.
A. Interpretation - Economic engagement is long-term strategy for promoting structural linkage between two economies Mastanduno, 1 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, “Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice” http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf The basic causal logic of economic engagement…domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.
Literature of liberal school points out that economic engagement…political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)
10/28/13
1NC - Fullerton - Round Six
Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Chaminade Mav | Judge: Sohin Gautam Off Interpretation – the affirmative must defend a plantext through defense of the fiat by the US federal government for economic engagement towards Cuba, Venezeula, and Mexico.
Resolved requires a policy Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm Resolution A legislative instrument…( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
USfg is 3 branches Black’s Law 90 (Dictionary, p. 695) “Government In the United …and city and township governments
That’s key to the aff – a predictable topic forces pre-round internal deliberation which is the only way to convince people you’re right Goodin and Niemeyer 03 (Robert and Simon, Australian National University, “When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy” Political Studies, Vol 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience) What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in some respects peculiar unto itself...there is at least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.
That’s key to critical thinking Harrigan 8 (Casey, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master’s in Communications – Wake Forest U., “A Defense of Switch Side Debate”, Master’s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp. 6-9) Additionally, there are social benefits to the practice of requiring students to debate both sides of controversial issues…Finally, these arguments are confirmed by preponderance of empirical research demonstrating a link between competitive SSD and critical thinking (Allen, Berkowitz, Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p.82).
Unbridled affirmation makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate Hanghoj 8 http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf¶ Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 ¶ Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant¶ professor. Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues to be debated, educational goals, game goals, roles, rules, time frames etc…“one of the goals of education, perhaps the most important goal, should be dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).
Dialogue is critical to affirming any value—shutting down deliberation devolves into totalitarianism and reinscribes oppression Morson 4 http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf#page=331 Northwestern Professor, Prof. Morson's work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers -- Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy. Bakhtin viewed the whole process of “ideological” (in the sense of ideas and values, however unsystematic) development as an endless dialogue…in an ongoing spiral of intolerance.
Off
Discussion forums solve best- we should encourage community-wide forums to discuss their advocacy Zompetti ’04 Joe, Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University, “Contemporary Argumentation and Debate” Interjecting the personalized into debate rounds has become highly problematic. As discussions on eDebate demonstrate and my own discussions with folks who have judged teams like Louisville suggest, these arguments have increased anxiety, frustration, anger and resentment…The drawbacks to personalizing debate, however, are, in my opinion, enormous.
Three net benefits-
Alliance splitting- personalizing debate risks splitting alliances and fracturing solutions, causing backlash and resistance: Zompetti ’04 Joe, Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University, “Contemporary Argumentation and Debate” The purpose of this essay is to outline what I strongly believe is a fundamental problem with recent debate techniques – the personalizing of debating…the personalizing of debating has emerged wrought with frustrations, anxiety, resistance and backlash. 2. Structural solutions- personalized debating blocks structural solutions- our counter advocacy solves better Zompetti ’04 Joe, Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University, “Contemporary Argumentation and Debate” To be sure, many have embraced the idea to gain a strategic edge in competitive debate rounds as well as to be self-reflexive of their own participation in an activity that probably does need restructuring…perhaps more important structural problems within the debate community. 3. Debate rounds are bad forums- lack of time, moving advocacy target, and they deflect from community-wide discussions- turns the case Zompetti ’04 Joe, Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University, “Contemporary Argumentation and Debate” The second major problem with this turn in contemporary policy debate is its deflection, if not downright rejection, of more fundamental or core problems which are the cause of marginalization…The problem of therapeutic rhetoric underscores how personalized debating prevents examination of more important factors such as resource disparity. Off Considered half beast half human. Europe’s projection onto the native peoples created a fantasy project of conversion into the “New World” – a Western image of self. Carrasco, 90 Carrasco, David. Religions of Mesoamerica: Cosmovision and Ceremonial Centers San Francisco: Harper, 1990 Pg 6-7 http://phoenixandturtle.net/excerptmill/carrasco.htm) A related belief, sometimes preached from pulpits in Mexico, was that the Apostle Thomas, the wandering disciple of Christ, had preached in Mexico fifteen centuries before, introducing Christian teachings that had subse¬quently been distorted with time…He even argued that the Greeks and Romans were inferior to the Indians in child rearing, education of children, marriage arrange¬ments, law, and architecture, and that the Indians were in some ways superior to the Spaniards. ? While the Spanish debated about the humanity and civility of Indians, black Africans were in the position of the unthought. Wood 07 Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge The Fact of Anti-Blackness: Decolonization in Chiapas and the Niger River Delta Tryon Wood, Sonoma State University Summer 2007 Pg 323-324 The imposition of neoliberal structural adjustment policies in both locations connects Nigeria and Mexico on the basis of a common suffering under the force of capital… If you cannot be white, at least do not be black.
The formulation of the humanist bloc created Western hegemony, where indigenous people were considered to have a cultural heritage that granted them subhumanity. Wilderson 2010 (Frank B. III, Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms. P.11-12 Wilderson is an award-winning writer, poet, scholar, activist and emerging filmmaker. Dr. Wilderson spent five years in South Africa as an elected official in the African National Congress during the country’s transition from apartheid and was a member of the ANC’s armed wing Umkhonto We Sizwe. He has taught Rhetoric/Film Studies University of California, Berkeley. And is an Assoc. Prof. of African American Studies and Film UC Irvine and a Winner of Hurston/Wright legacy Award and the American Book Award) “The moment in Western history when the recognition of alternative worlds becomes possible…and so becomes all the more nonrecuperable and all the more isolated.
Due to the ontological ordering of modernity, any attempts to restore the humanity of those considered subhumans will always leave nonhumans in the back burner. This is why the kritik’s descriptive analysis must come first. This debate is a question of analytical starting points. Jared Sexton 2010 (“‘The Curtain of the Sky’: An Introduction” in Critical Sociology 36; 11. Jared Sexton, Associate Professor of African-American studied and Critical Theory at the UC-Irvine.) To suffer the loss of political sovereignty, the exploitation of labor, the dispossession of land and resources is deplorable…that structure of gratuitous violence in which bodies are rendered as flesh to be accumulated and exchanged. ? Doubleturn - the affirmative claims to reject modernity by using indigenous epistemology, yet the methodology they choose is a genealogy that analyzes the border. This proves genealogies can be recolonized. There’s nothing inherently liberatory about new histories. Brown 96, Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz, (Wendy, 3 U Chi L Sch Roundtable 185, lexis) It is from his "Two Lectures" on power, 15 and occurs in the context of his discussion of discovering or "disinterring" subju- gated knowledges: . . . is it not perhaps the case that these fragments of genealogies are no sooner brought to light…Foucault's worry would appear to adhere not simply to the study of but to the overt political mobilization of oppositional discourses.
Therefore, we affirm an Aztec cosmology Carrasco, 90 Carrasco, David. Religions of Mesoamerica: Cosmovision and Ceremonial Centers San Francisco: Harper, 1990 http://phoenixandturtle.net/excerptmill/carrasco.htm Let's return to the myth of the creation of the Fifth Age. How did the cosmos become "centered"? That is, how did it find a pat¬tern, orbit, process…Let us now turn to the history of Mesoameri¬can religions in order to view its chronology and creative periods.
10/28/13
1NC - Fullerton - Round Two
Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien AR | Judge: Luz Lopez 1NC – Commissions The counter-plan solves and avoids politics Mayer ’07 (Kenneth, professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison “THE BASE REALIGNMENT AND CLOSURE PROCESS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE RATIONAL POLICY?”)
The conventional wisdom was that legislators, facing increasing deficits and…None of the disapproval resolutions came anywhere close to passing.
Literature of liberal school points out that economic engagement…have political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)
Off Portrayal of Mexico is rooted in Manifest Destiny Slater 97 (David, Ph.D from London School of Economics and Professor Emeritus of Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitical imaginations across the North-South divide: issues of difference, development and power,” Political Geography Vol. 16 Issue 8, November 1997, pp. 631-653, Muse, slim_) The US-Mexican War of 1846-1848 provides a particularly pertinent example…and their recovery as thematic markers can be seen as an expression of a will to understand and rethink the patterns of interactive representation. This makes imperialistic violence, war and destruction inevitable – Latin America becomes a playground for the elite to commit violence Grandin 06 (Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism, Greg Grandin, Macmillan, May 2, 2006 –BRW) The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis Borges once remarked that the lack of camels in the Koran proves its Middle Eastern provenance: only a native author, he explained, could have so taken the animal for granted as not to mention it. Perhaps a similar familiarity explains the absence of Latin America in recent discussions about the United States and its empire. Though Latin America has played an indispensable role in the rise of the United States to global power…serving as the ideologues of an American revanchism fired by a lethal combination of humiliation in Vietnam and vindication in the Cold War, of which Central America was the tragic endgame.
This form of indigenous border thinking engages with colonial and global history in order to challenge the Eurocentric cartography of the affirmative. Brydon 07 Diana Brydon, Canada Research Chair in Globalization and Cultural Studies, University of Manitoba Partnership Conference: University of Manitoba and University of Szeged Borders and Crossing June 15 2007 “Border Thinking, or cracking global imaginaries” Pg. 1-5
As it continues, her poem opposes this “global design of conjure and conquer… Eurocentrism is a particular social imaginary posing as a universal.
Off
Saudi Arabia has not yet acquired the bomb. Perception of US support is the key factor. Guzansky ‘13 Yoel Guzansky is a fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies, Tel Aviv University. His main research area is Gulf security. He has also served as Iran coordinator at Israel's National Security Council. His recent publications include The Gulf States in a Changing Strategic Environment (2012), One Year of the Arab Spring: Global and Regional Implications, and The Gulf States: Between Iran and the West – Middle East Quarterly¶ Spring 2013, pp. 59-64 – available at: http://www.meforum.org/3512/saudi-arabia-pakistan-nuclear-weapon Continued Iranian progress toward a nuclear weapon…to reduce risks and ensure the continuity of the House of Saud.
New markets makes Saudis perceive decline in US-Saudi ties. House ‘12 (not oft-disgruntled House, M.D., but Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and former publisher of The Wall Street Journal, Karen Elliott House. Carnegie Council Transcripts and Articles – November 30, 2012 – lexis)
QUESTION: Warren Hoge28, International Peace Institute.¶ Karen, there's a lot of talk in American politics about the desire to become energy independent…That's basically one for every 150 men. So that's the most organized group. Nuclear war Edelman ‘11 (Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran) There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support: Saudi Arabia…The ability of existing nuclear powers and other technically advanced military states to shape the emerging nuclear competition in the Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.
Off Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase its liquid FTh-90 nuclear energy reactors assistance to Mexico.
Solves case– expertise and empirics prove Cowan 10 (Aaron, The Examiner, internally cites Dr. Carlo Rubbia, an Italian particle physicist who won the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics, graduate of Scuola Normale in Italy, PhD in physics from Columbia University, former President of the National Agency for Atomic Energy, August 30, 2010, “Thorium could replace oil and coal in five years says Nobel prize winner,” http://www.examiner.com/article/thorium-could-replace-oil-and-coal-five-years-says-nobel-prize-winner, alp)
Particle physicist and Nobel prize winner Carlo Rubbia claims that mankind could get all its power from a special type of nuclear reactor fuelled by the element thorium…Therefore these types of ideas have been revived, to an extent, perhaps due to the government's current willingness to provide funding for nuclear projects again.
Off
Immigration reform will pass --- pc is key and Obama is pushing. McMorris-Santoro 10/15 Evan, BuzzFeed Staff, Obama Has Already Won The Shutdown Fight And He’s Coming For Immigration Next, 10/15/13, http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for As the fiscal fight roiling Washington nears its end, the White House is already signaling that it plans to use the political momentum it has gained during the shutdown fight…and immigration would certainly fit the bill since we see voters across party lines calling for reform.” Engagement in LA drains political capital Padgett ‘10 (Tim, Latin America Bureau Chief at Time, 8/23, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2013820,00.html) Proponents of doing just that insist there's more consensus…"there's a fear they may just decide that the fight's not worth it." Immigration reform is key to hard power and soft power Nye, 12—- Harvard Prof and former US assistant secretary of defense, state and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council (12/10/2013, "Immigration and American Power," http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s~-~-nye)
The United States is a nation of immigrants…If Obama succeeds in enacting immigration reform in his second term, he will have gone a long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US. Hegemonic decline causes great power wars – bandwagoning proves Zhang and Shi, Researcher @ The Carnegie Endowment, ’11 Read the green btw Yuhan Zhang, Researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Lin Shi, Columbia University, Independent consultant for the Eurasia Group, Consultant for the World Bank, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry,” January 22nd 2011, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/
Over the past two decades, no other state has had the ability to seriously challenge the US military…This, at least, is one possibility we can forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.
10/28/13
1NC - Long Beach - Round Five
Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 5 | Opponent: La Costa Canyon YG | Judge: Richard Mancuso 1NC
1NC - OFAC CP
The Treasury’s office of foreign assets control solves; and doesn’t link to politics Chin 8 — Tracy J. Chin, Law Clerk to the Honorable Eric N. Vitaliano of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, J.D. Candidate at the New York University School of Law, 2008 (“An Unfree Trade in Ideas: How OFAC’s Regulations Restrain First Amendment Rights,” New York University Law Review (83 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1883), Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis) No standards govern OFAC's decision to create, end, or modify...never specified the information an applicant should provide in order to receive a license.
1NC - Debt Ceiling
Obama push ensures last-minute deal to avoid default – controlling negotiation leverage this week is key to cut through GOP impasse Financial Times 9/23 (“White House determined on debt ceiling”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9cac3f6c-2461-11e3-a8f7-00144feab7de.html#axzz2fv8PX1zr, CMR) The Obama administration is determined not to compromise...It really depends on how this week plays out,” said Mr Josten.
The plan would trade off with Congress’s ability to avert the shutdown - GOP has momentum and will, but they need literally every hour to get it done Frank James, 9-13-2013, “Congress Searches For A Shutdown-Free Future,” NPR, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/09/13/221809062/congress-searches-for-a-shutdown-free-future The only thing found Thursday seemed to be more time for negotiations and vote-wrangling...When we have something to report, weand#39;ll let you know.and#34;
Shutdown wrecks the economy Yi Wu, 8-27-2013, “Government Shutdown 2013: Still a Terrible Idea,” PolicyMic, http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea Around a third of House Republicans, many Tea Party-backed, sent a letter... demand cancellation of the entire health care reform enacted a year before.
Global nuclear war Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf Of course, the report encompasses more than economics...both within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
1NC - Appeasement
US is taking a firm stance against Cuba and will not lift the embargo Kovalik and Lamrani, 6/28 - Senior Associate General Counsel of the United Steelworkers, AFL-CIO (USW), Dr. Lamrani, lecturer at Paris Sorbonne Paris IV University and Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée University and French journalist, specialist on relations between Cuba and the US, (Daniel and Salmi, “Trying to Destroy The Danger of a Good Example The Unrelenting Economic War on Cuba” 6/28, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/28/the-unrelenting-economic-war-on-cuba/ )RG Imagine then, what Cuba could do if the U.S. blockade were lifted...vowed to end support for, and joint work, with Cuba.
The plan is surrender – it emboldens global regimes and collapses US influence Brookes 9-- a Heritage Foundation senior fellow and a former deputy assistant secretary of defense (Peter, 4/16/09, “Keep the Embargo,” Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//LS Instead, and predictably, Fidel demanded an end to el bloqueo... we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.
US credibility key to US heg Kydd 96’(Andrew, received his Ph. D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 1996 and taught at the University of California, Riverside and Harvard, In America(used to) Trust the Hegemony, the Yale Press, 7/2/1996) (http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20202601?uid=3739728anduid=2anduid=4anduid=3739256andsid=21102552206777)¶ Benign hegemony explains why the hegemon cooperates...the hegemon ¶ needs to be trustworthy.
Heg solves nuclear war – empirics prove Lewis 09—Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009,(James, “The blessings of Pax Americana,” http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/09/the_blessings_of_pax_americana.html)//BJ The American Non-Empire -~-- what kind of and#34;empireand#34; is this, anyway...Itand#39;s either Pax Americana, nuclear war, or tyranny.
1NC - Kartography
They depict Cuba as a subject, to be subjugated and controlled by American imperialism Slater 97 (David, Ph.D from London School of Economics and Professor Emeritus of Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitical imaginations across the North-South divide: issues of difference, development and power,” Political Geography Vol. 16 Issue 8, November 1997, pp. 631-653, Muse, slim_) By the beginning of the twentieth century, notions of manifest destiny and civilizing missions...intensified by the racial distinction of the Father being white and the child black.27
This makes imperialistic violence, war and destruction inevitable – Latin America becomes a playground for the elite to commit violence Grandin 06 (Empireand#39;s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism, Greg Grandin, Macmillan, May 2, 2006 –BRW) The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis Borges once remarked that the lack of camels in the Koran proves its Middle Eastern provenance...of which Central America was the tragic endgame.
This form of indigenous border thinking engages with colonial and global history in order to challenge the Eurocentric cartography of the affirmative. Brydon 07 Diana Brydon, Canada Research Chair in Globalization and Cultural Studies, University of Manitoba Partnership Conference: University of Manitoba and University of Szeged Borders and Crossing June 15 2007 “Border Thinking, or cracking global imaginaries” Pg. 1-5 As it continues, her poem opposes this “global design of conjure and conquer”... Eurocentrism is a particular social imaginary posing as a universal.
1NC - Relations
Cuba will say no – they don’t trust we’ll follow through and the embrgo serves their interests French 13, Director of the New America Foundation U.S. – Cuba Policy Initiative, (Anya Landau, “Secretary Kerry: Will He or Wonand#39;t He Take On Cuba” http://thehavananote.com/2013/02/secretary_kerry_will_he_or_wont_he_take_cuba) And, then there’s the Cuban government...the incentive to make the illegal trip remains largely in place.
Arizona blocks global coop— Steinberg ‘10 (James B., Deputy Secretary of State, former Dean of the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin, Deputy National Security Adviser on the staff of the National Security Council, President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, affidavit filed in US v. Arizona, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA, Case 2:10-cv-01413-NVW Document 6-1 Filed 07/06/10, http://www.scribd.com/doc/33977183/U-S-v-Arizona-Exh-1-to-Motion-for-Preliminary-Injunction-Affidavit-of-James-Steinberg) 55.If S.B. 1070, Arizona's attempt to set its own immigration policy in pursuit of "attrition through enforcement,"...U.S. stature in bilateral, regional and multilateral relationships after the fact can be extremely difficult.
Plan can’t solve Cuban relations – human rights, Guantanamo, and Cuban-Americans block. Hanson and Lee ‘13 Stephanie Hanson and Brianna Lee, Council on Foreign Relations, “U.S.-Cuba Relations”, 1/31/13 http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113 What are the issues preventing normalization of U.S.-Cuba relations... alienating a strong voting bloc in an important swing state in presidential elections.
Cuba is not key to Latin-American relations Suchlicki 00. (Jaime, University of Miami, s Emilio Bacardi Moreau Professor of History ¶ and International Studies and the Director of the Institute for Cuban ¶ and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. June “The U.S. Embargo of Cuba” http://www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf) Cuba is not an important issue in U.S.-Latin American relations... and particularly that tourism will flock to Cuba, to the detriment of the Caribbean economies.
A: Squo solves ties by 2018 Gott ‘13 Richard Gott is a writer and historian. He worked for many years at the Guardian as a leader-writer, foreign correspondent and as the features editor. He is the author of Cuba: A New History, published by Yale University Press – Guardian – Feb 25th – http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/25/cuba-us-ties-castro-raul The mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind exceeding small...Cuba would be able to forge a new and beneficial relationship with the US.
E: Squo Cuba doesn’t want relations French ‘13 Anya Landau French, Director of the New America Foundation U.S. – Cuba Policy Initiative, 2-10-2013, “Secretary Kerry: Will He or Won't He Take On Cuba?,” http://thehavananote.com/2013/02/secretary_kerry_will_he_or_wont_he_take_cuba And, then there’s the Cuban government...what is there to surrender but their government’s very existence, something the leadership obviously isn’t going to put on the table.
1NC Multilateralism
The world is moving to pluralism, not multipolarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership because most challengers are regional Etzioni, 13 - served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard University and The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University (Amitai, “The Devolution of American Power” 37 Fletcher F. World Aff. 13, lexis)¶ The theory that the world is moving from a unipolar order...This is one of the principle strengths of pluralism.
Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers. Moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)¶ Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the hegemon—is more prevalent... an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.
Alt cause to multilat – war on terror Ikenberry and Kupchan, 4 (John Ikenberry and Charles Kupchan, “Liberal Realism: The Foundations of a Democratic Foreign Policy,” National Interest (Fall 2004)) THE TERRORIST acts of September 11 necessitated a fundamental reorientation of U.S. grand strategy... but liberal realists would pursue these goals through more considered means.
A shift to multilateralism reverses the calculus of second-tier states – it will collapse heg Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)¶ What might cause states in the region to question the utility of offering such support would be a decline in the United Statesand#39; capabilities...Thus a policy of restraint could speed the process of hegemonic decline.
Multilateralism doesn’t solve conflict – It causes delays and people won’t cooperate Wedgwood 02, Law Professor at Yale and Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Ruth, Multilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: Ambivelent Engagement, edited by: Stewart Patrick and Shepard Forman) The possible debility of multilateral structures should not mask these advantages...Cultural misunderstanding, inability to understand allies' political constraints, and technological obstacles to interoperability add to the problems. 168-9
10/6/13
1NC - Long Beach - Round Three
Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 3 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Christina Tallungan 1NC
1NC - Courts CP
The Supreme Court has the constitutional authority to strike down the Cuban embargo: BENJAMIN MANCHAK, 2010 (staff writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “NOTE: COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,” 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, Lexis, Accessed 2/24/2013, rwg) The judiciary possesses the constitutional authority to overturn the Cuban embargo...or as it is framed as a norm of customary international law to which the United States is bound. n127
1NC - Commissions CP
The counter-plan solves and avoids politics Mayer ’07 (Kenneth, professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison “THE BASE REALIGNMENT AND CLOSURE PROCESS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE RATIONAL POLICY?”) The conventional wisdom was that legislators, facing increasing deficits and budget rules that were about to force the question of spending cuts...None of the disapproval resolutions came anywhere close to passing.
1NC - Debt Ceiling
Obama push ensures last-minute deal to avoid default – controlling negotiation leverage this week is key to cut through GOP impasse Financial Times 9/23 (“White House determined on debt ceiling”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9cac3f6c-2461-11e3-a8f7-00144feab7de.html#axzz2fv8PX1zr, CMR) The Obama administration is determined not to compromise...It really depends on how this week plays out,” said Mr Josten.
The plan would trade off with Congress’s ability to avert the shutdown - GOP has momentum and will, but they need literally every hour to get it done Frank James, 9-13-2013, “Congress Searches For A Shutdown-Free Future,” NPR, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/09/13/221809062/congress-searches-for-a-shutdown-free-future The only thing found Thursday seemed to be more time for negotiations and vote-wrangling...When we have something to report, weand#39;ll let you know.and#34;
Shutdown wrecks the economy Yi Wu, 8-27-2013, “Government Shutdown 2013: Still a Terrible Idea,” PolicyMic, http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea Around a third of House Republicans, many Tea Party-backed, sent a letter... demand cancellation of the entire health care reform enacted a year before.
Global nuclear war Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf Of course, the report encompasses more than economics...both within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
1NC - T
A. Interpretation - Economic engagement is long-term strategy for promoting structural linkage between two economies Mastanduno, 1 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, “Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice” http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf The basic causal logic of economic engagement, and the emphasis on domestic politics, can be traced to Hirschman...through domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.
B. Violation - engagement requires trade promotion Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies) Literature of liberal school points out that economic engagement policies... political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)
1NC - Kartography
They depict Cuba as a subject, to be subjugated and controlled by American imperialism Slater 97 (David, Ph.D from London School of Economics and Professor Emeritus of Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitical imaginations across the North-South divide: issues of difference, development and power,” Political Geography Vol. 16 Issue 8, November 1997, pp. 631-653, Muse, slim_) By the beginning of the twentieth century, notions of manifest destiny and civilizing missions...intensified by the racial distinction of the Father being white and the child black.27
The desire for a nation-state is a product of colonialism. More complex views of geopolitics at which social, economic and political processes could take place were effectively marginalized. Agnew, Department of Geography at UCLA, 2003 (John, Geopolitics: Re-Visioning World Politics, p. 51-52) This perspective did work particularly well for the state-centred world that began to develop in Europe...increasingly competitive advantage over other possible types of spatial-political organization such as confederations, loose empires or city-states.
Their conception of the nation-state is Eurocentric as in it did not always exist but came into existence through colonialism. Charles Mills 97 writes in his book the Racial Contract in 1997 p.18-19 Thus in effect, on matters related to race, the Racial Contract prescribes for its signatories an inverted epistemology...the division of the world , as Jean-Paul Sarttre put it long ago, between “men” and “natives”.
This makes imperialistic violence, war and destruction inevitable – Latin America becomes a playground for the elite to commit violence Grandin 06 (Empireand#39;s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism, Greg Grandin, Macmillan, May 2, 2006 –BRW) The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis Borges once remarked that the lack of camels in the Koran proves its Middle Eastern provenance...of which Central America was the tragic endgame.
This form of indigenous border thinking engages with colonial and global history in order to challenge the Eurocentric cartography of the affirmative. Brydon 07 Diana Brydon, Canada Research Chair in Globalization and Cultural Studies, University of Manitoba Partnership Conference: University of Manitoba and University of Szeged Borders and Crossing June 15 2007 “Border Thinking, or cracking global imaginaries” Pg. 1-5 As it continues, her poem opposes this “global design of conjure and conquer”... Eurocentrism is a particular social imaginary posing as a universal.
1NC - Case
Cuba will say no – they don’t trust we’ll follow through and the embrgo serves their interests French 13, Director of the New America Foundation U.S. – Cuba Policy Initiative, (Anya Landau, “Secretary Kerry: Will He or Wonand#39;t He Take On Cuba” http://thehavananote.com/2013/02/secretary_kerry_will_he_or_wont_he_take_cuba) And, then there’s the Cuban government...the incentive to make the illegal trip remains largely in place.
A: Cuba is a major violator of humyn rights Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 (“Human rights under abuse in Cuba,” Editorial, April 22nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html#storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013) The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to the idea that the piecemeal and illusory changes...Fundamental reform? Not a chance.
B: It’s our moral duty to shun – it creates a starting point for expanding morality Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 (“On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions,” Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests...our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.
The Affirmative’s call for state action fails to achieve its desired goals while directly reinforcing state power, increasing the legitimacy of State violence. Martin 1990, associate professor at the University of Wollongong, Australia, Brian, Uprooting War What should be done to help transform the state system in the direction of self-reliance and self-management...withdrawing support from the state rather than appealing for state intervention and thereby reinforcing state power.
Role of the ballot is to maximize the lives saved. We should never sacrifice individuals for abstract market values. Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 145) We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case...the equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.
Consequences matter – the tunnel vision of moral absolutism generates evil and political irrelevance Issac, 2002 (Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring) Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power...It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
10/6/13
1NC - Long Beach - Round Two
Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: Juan Diego AC | Judge: Laila McClay 1NC
1NC - Commissions CP
The counter-plan solves and avoids politics Mayer ’07 (Kenneth, professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison “THE BASE REALIGNMENT AND CLOSURE PROCESS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE RATIONAL POLICY?”) The conventional wisdom was that legislators, facing increasing deficits and budget rules that were about to force the question of spending cuts...None of the disapproval resolutions came anywhere close to passing.
1NC - Debt Ceiling
Obama push ensures last-minute deal to avoid default – controlling negotiation leverage this week is key to cut through GOP impasse Financial Times 9/23 (“White House determined on debt ceiling”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9cac3f6c-2461-11e3-a8f7-00144feab7de.html#axzz2fv8PX1zr, CMR) The Obama administration is determined not to compromise...It really depends on how this week plays out,” said Mr Josten.
The plan would trade off with Congress’s ability to avert the shutdown - GOP has momentum and will, but they need literally every hour to get it done Frank James, 9-13-2013, “Congress Searches For A Shutdown-Free Future,” NPR, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/09/13/221809062/congress-searches-for-a-shutdown-free-future The only thing found Thursday seemed to be more time for negotiations and vote-wrangling...When we have something to report, weand#39;ll let you know.and#34;
Shutdown wrecks the economy Yi Wu, 8-27-2013, “Government Shutdown 2013: Still a Terrible Idea,” PolicyMic, http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea Around a third of House Republicans, many Tea Party-backed, sent a letter... demand cancellation of the entire health care reform enacted a year before.
Global nuclear war Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf Of course, the report encompasses more than economics...both within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
1NC - Appeasement
US is taking a firm stance against Cuba and will not lift the embargo Kovalik and Lamrani, 6/28 - Senior Associate General Counsel of the United Steelworkers, AFL-CIO (USW), Dr. Lamrani, lecturer at Paris Sorbonne Paris IV University and Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée University and French journalist, specialist on relations between Cuba and the US, (Daniel and Salmi, “Trying to Destroy The Danger of a Good Example The Unrelenting Economic War on Cuba” 6/28, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/28/the-unrelenting-economic-war-on-cuba/ )RG Imagine then, what Cuba could do if the U.S. blockade were lifted...vowed to end support for, and joint work, with Cuba.
The plan is surrender – it emboldens global regimes and collapses US influence Brookes 9-- a Heritage Foundation senior fellow and a former deputy assistant secretary of defense (Peter, 4/16/09, “Keep the Embargo,” Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//LS Instead, and predictably, Fidel demanded an end to el bloqueo... we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.
US credibility key to US heg Kydd 96’(Andrew, received his Ph. D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 1996 and taught at the University of California, Riverside and Harvard, In America(used to) Trust the Hegemony, the Yale Press, 7/2/1996) (http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20202601?uid=3739728anduid=2anduid=4anduid=3739256andsid=21102552206777)¶ Benign hegemony explains why the hegemon cooperates...the hegemon ¶ needs to be trustworthy.
Heg solves nuclear war – empirics prove Lewis 09—Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009,(James, “The blessings of Pax Americana,” http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/09/the_blessings_of_pax_americana.html)//BJ The American Non-Empire -~-- what kind of and#34;empireand#34; is this, anyway...Itand#39;s either Pax Americana, nuclear war, or tyranny.
1NC - T
A. Interpretation - Economic engagement is long-term strategy for promoting structural linkage between two economies Mastanduno, 1 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, “Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice” http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf The basic causal logic of economic engagement, and the emphasis on domestic politics, can be traced to Hirschman...through domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.
B. Violation - engagement requires trade promotion Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies) Literature of liberal school points out that economic engagement policies... political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)
1NC - Kartography
They depict Cuba as a subject, to be subjugated and controlled by American imperialism Slater 97 (David, Ph.D from London School of Economics and Professor Emeritus of Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitical imaginations across the North-South divide: issues of difference, development and power,” Political Geography Vol. 16 Issue 8, November 1997, pp. 631-653, Muse, slim_) By the beginning of the twentieth century, notions of manifest destiny and civilizing missions...intensified by the racial distinction of the Father being white and the child black.27
This makes imperialistic violence, war and destruction inevitable – Latin America becomes a playground for the elite to commit violence Grandin 06 (Empireand#39;s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism, Greg Grandin, Macmillan, May 2, 2006 –BRW) The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis Borges once remarked that the lack of camels in the Koran proves its Middle Eastern provenance...of which Central America was the tragic endgame.
This form of indigenous border thinking engages with colonial and global history in order to challenge the Eurocentric cartography of the affirmative. Brydon 07 Diana Brydon, Canada Research Chair in Globalization and Cultural Studies, University of Manitoba Partnership Conference: University of Manitoba and University of Szeged Borders and Crossing June 15 2007 “Border Thinking, or cracking global imaginaries” Pg. 1-5 As it continues, her poem opposes this “global design of conjure and conquer”... Eurocentrism is a particular social imaginary posing as a universal.
1NC OFAC Cuba will say no – they don’t trust we’ll follow through and the embrgo serves their interests French 13, Director of the New America Foundation U.S. – Cuba Policy Initiative, (Anya Landau, “Secretary Kerry: Will He or Wonand#39;t He Take On Cuba” http://thehavananote.com/2013/02/secretary_kerry_will_he_or_wont_he_take_cuba) And, then there’s the Cuban government...the incentive to make the illegal trip remains largely in place.
Non Unique—None of their evidence assumes Iran sanctions increased now Epstein 6/6/13 Jonathan Epstein is an expert in International Trade Law, with many years of practice with clients from various trade sectors. He is also the Editor-In-Chief of Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics. President Obama has issued a new Executive Order that goes into effect July 1, 2013...involved in the transport or marketing of these Iranian export products.
Iran sanctions immoral—target regular citizens Erlich 6/26/13 (Reese Erlich is a best-selling book author and freelance journalist who writes regularly for the Canadian Broadcasting Corp. Radio, CBS Radio, Marketplace Radio and National Public Radio.) Officially, US sanctions target Iranian leaders and key industries, not ordinary people...and#34;Tell Obama not to hurt ordinary people.and#34;
Iran sanctions fail—governments do not act as predetermined Werk 12 (Nikolaj Werk is a postgraduate student in International Relations Theory at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He is an editorial board member of Millennium: Journal of International Studies, and has previously been Editorial Assistant in the London-based think-tank, The Royal United Services Institute, and Consular Assistant at a Danish Diplomatic mission to the United Kingdom. He writes for the Danish Council of Council for International Conflict Resolution (RIKO) on a regular basis, and has written about various topics, including; NATO, the Libya intervention, and international law, for publications in the UK and Denmark. He is currently based in London.) It is interesting that this perspective persists despite the decades in which sanctions have failed to bring about political change...it is naïve to expect the adversary to fight on one’s own terms.
No Iranian prolif—squo solves Buchanan 7/30/13 Patrick Buchanan is an American conservative political commentator, author, syndicated columnist, politician, and broadcaster. Buchanan was a senior advisor to American Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan, and was an original host on CNNand#39;s Crossfire. He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1992 and 1996. He ran on the Reform Party ticket in the 2000 presidential election. Hence Obama’s legacy hopes lie not in Israeli-Palestinian peace talks in Washington this week, but in what is happening in Iran...but no Iranian atom bomb either. History beckons. Obama should seize the moment.
1NC Multilateralism
The world is moving to pluralism, not multipolarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership because most challengers are regional Etzioni, 13 - served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard University and The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University (Amitai, “The Devolution of American Power” 37 Fletcher F. World Aff. 13, lexis)¶ The theory that the world is moving from a unipolar order...This is one of the principle strengths of pluralism.
Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers. Moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)¶ Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the hegemon—is more prevalent... an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.
Alt cause to multilat – war on terror Ikenberry and Kupchan, 4 (John Ikenberry and Charles Kupchan, “Liberal Realism: The Foundations of a Democratic Foreign Policy,” National Interest (Fall 2004)) THE TERRORIST acts of September 11 necessitated a fundamental reorientation of U.S. grand strategy... but liberal realists would pursue these goals through more considered means.
A shift to multilateralism reverses the calculus of second-tier states – it will collapse heg Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)¶ What might cause states in the region to question the utility of offering such support would be a decline in the United Statesand#39; capabilities...Thus a policy of restraint could speed the process of hegemonic decline.
10/28/13
1NC - Notre Dame - Round Four
Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Nate Wong 1NC
Off
Resolved requires a policy Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm Resolution A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations, stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
USfg is 3 branches Black’s Law 90 (Dictionary, p. 695) “Government In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments
That’s key to the aff – a predictable topic forces pre-round internal deliberation which is the only way to convince people you’re right Goodin and Niemeyer 03 (Robert and Simon, Australian National University, “When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy” Political Studies, Vol 50, p 627-649, WileyInterscience)
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in some respects peculiar unto itself.
…
Here, we have to content ourselves with identifying those features that need to be replicated in real-world politics in order to achieve that goal – and with the ‘possibility theorem’ that is established by the fact that (as sketched immediately above) there is at least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.
That’s key to critical thinking Harrigan 8 (Casey, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master’s in Communications – Wake Forest U., “A Defense of Switch Side Debate”, Master’s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp. 6-9)
Additionally, there are social benefits to the practice of requiring students to debate both sides of controversial issues.
…
Finally, these arguments are confirmed by preponderance of empirical research demonstrating a link between competitive SSD and critical thinking (Allen, Berkowitz, Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p.82).
Unbridled affirmation makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate Hanghoj 8 http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf¶ Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 ¶ Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant¶ professor. Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues to be debated, educational goals, game goals, roles, rules, time frames etc.
…
At the same time, I agree with Wegerif that “one of the goals of education, perhaps the most important goal, should be dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).
Dialogue is critical to affirming any value—shutting down deliberation devolves into totalitarianism and reinscribes oppression Morson 4 http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf#page=331 Northwestern Professor, Prof. Morson's work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers -- Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy. Bakhtin viewed the whole process of “ideological” (in the sense of ideas and values, however unsystematic) development as an endless dialogue
…
If one’s ideological becoming is understood as a struggle in which one has at last achieved the truth, one is likely to want to impose that truth with maximal authority; and rebels of the next generation may proceed in much the same way, in an ongoing spiral of intolerance.
The aff cedes power to right-wing crazy people McClean 2001 – adjunct professor of philosophy at Molloy College in New York (David, presented at the 2001 conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, “The cultural left and the limits of social hope”, www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)
Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country, a book that I think is long overdue, leftist critics continue to cite and refer to the eccentric and often a priori ruminations of people like those just mentioned, and a litany of others including Derrida, Deleuze, Lyotard, Jameson, and Lacan, who are to me hugely more irrelevant than Habermas in their narrative attempts to suggest policy prescriptions (when they actually do suggest them) aimed at curing the ills of homelessness, poverty, market greed, national belligerence and racism
…
This might help keep us from being slapped down in debates by true policy pros who actually know what they are talking about but who lack awareness of the dogmatic assumptions from which they proceed, and who have not yet found a good reason to listen to jargon-riddled lectures from philosophers and culture critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
We control external impacts – abandoning politics causes war, slavery, and authoritarianism Boggs, 97 (Carl Boggs, Professor of Social Sciences at National University in Los Angeles, 1997, “The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America,” Theory and Society, Volume 26, Number 6, December, Springer) The decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America poses a series of great dilemmas and challenges.
…
In either case, the state would likely become what Hobbes anticipated: the embodiment of those universal, collective interests that had vanished from civil society.
Off A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., “Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait” in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order to change the behavior of the target state and improve bilateral political relations - is a subject of growing interest in international relations. Most research on economic statecraft emphasizes coercive policies such as economic sanctions. This emphasis on negative forms of economic statecraft is not without justification: the use of economic sanctions is widespread and well documented, and several quantitative studies have shown that adversarial relations between countries tend to correspond to reduced, rather than enhanced, levels of trade (Gowa, 1994; Pollins, 1989). At the same time, however, relatively little is known about how often strategies of economic engagement are deployed: scholars disagree on this point, in part because no database cataloging instances of positive economic statecraft exists (Mastanduno, 2003). Beginning with the classic work of Hirschman (1945), most studies of economic engagement have been limited to the policies of great powers (Mastanduno, 1992; Davis, 1999; Skalnes, 2000; Papayoanou and Kastner, 1999/2000; Copeland, 1999/2000; Abdelal and Kirshner, 1999/2000). However, engagement policies adopted by South Korea and one other state examined in this study, Taiwan, demonstrate that engagement is not a strategy limited to the domain of great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized. This means the plan has to be government-to-government Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic: U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will focus on government-to-government engagement through 1) international trade agreements designed to lower barriers to trade; and 2) government foreign aid; next, we will contrast government-to-government economic engagement with private economic engagement through 3) international investment, called foreign direct investment; and 4) remittances and migration by individuals. All of these areas are important with respect to the countries mentioned in the debate resolution; however, when discussing economic engagement by the U.S. federal government, some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others. ‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005 (http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)
Limits outweigh – they’re the vital access point for any theory impact --- it’s key to fairness --- huge research burdens mean we can’t prepare to compete – and its key to education --- big topics cause hyper-generics, lack of clash, and shallow debate --- and it destroys participation Rowland 84 (Robert C., Debate Coach – Baylor University, “Topic Selection in Debate”, American Forensics in Perspective, Ed. Parson, p. 53-54)
The first major problem identified by the work group as relating to topic selection is the decline in participation in the National Debate Tournament (NDT) policy debate.
…
In this view, it is the competitive imbalance resulting from the use of broad topics that has led some small schools to cancel their programs.
Strict limits enable creativity. Beauty emerges from identifying constraints and working within them. Flood 10 (Scott, BS in Communication and Theatre Arts – St. Joseph’s College, School Board Member – Plainfield Community School Corporation, and Advertising Agent, “Business Innovation – Real Creativity Happens Inside the Box”, http://ezinearticles.com/?Business-Innovation~-~--Real-Creativity-Happens-Inside-the-Boxandid=4793692)
It seems that we can accomplish anything if we're brave enough to step out of that bad, bad box, and thinking "creatively" has come to be synonymous with ignoring rules and constraints or pretending they just don't exist. Nonsense.
…
After all, the best solution may very well be lurking in a corner of that familiar box.
Precision is vital to meaningful debates about “engagement” Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
CONCLUSION In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition for effective policymaking.
…
undermine the ability to build an effective foreign policy.
Off Vote neg to negate economic engagement with Latin America through the lens of epistemic disobedience – this delinking from Western thought breaks the illusion of progressive modernity and portrays the reality of our colonial domination – this is the ONLY effective and ethical affirmation of the resolution
Case
The education system tokenizes and coopts their performance in order to calcify racial, class, and gender inequities, turning radical potential into another cog in the machine of social death. Occupied UC Berkeley 09 The Necrosocial Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC. Occupied UC Berkeley, 18 November 2009.
Being president of the University of California is like being manager of a cemetery: there are many people under you, but no one is listening.
…
Everywhere discourse to shape our desires and distress in a way acceptable to the electoral state, discourse designed to make our very moments here together into a set of legible and fruitless demands.
Their performance and knowledge construction is binded in the safe space of the classroom in order to inoculate and contain confrontational radicalism.
Occupied UC Berkeley 09 The Necrosocial Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC. Occupied UC Berkeley, 18 November 2009.
Totally managed death. A machine for administering death, for the proliferation of technologies of death.
…
we are so morbidly aware, we are so practiced at stomaching horror that the horror is thoughtless.
Their methodology will attempt to garner a movement, but that movement will only exist via the simulation of the education system. Occupied UC Berkeley 09 The Necrosocial Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC. Occupied UC Berkeley, 18 November 2009.
In this graveyard our actions will never touch, will never become the conduits of a movement,
…
We’re taught we’ll live the images once we accept the practice.
11/3/13
1NC - Notre Dame - Round Two
Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul CD | Judge: John Kephart III 1NC to IFFs
Off
The counter-plan solves and avoids politics Mayer ’07 (Kenneth, professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison “THE BASE REALIGNMENT AND CLOSURE PROCESS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE RATIONAL POLICY?”)
The conventional wisdom was that legislators, facing increasing deficits and budget rules that were about to force the question of spending cuts, were searching for a
…
None of the disapproval resolutions came anywhere close to passing.
Off CIR passes now Leopold 10/24 David, Immigration Attorney/Immigration Reform Advocate, past president and past general counsel, American Immigration Lawyers Association, Huffington Post, Immigration Reform Is Alive and Kicking on Capitol Hill, 10/24/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-leopold/immigration-reform-is-alive_b_4136478.html As it turns out, reports of the death of immigration reform were greatly exaggerated.
…
¶ Now, not later. Now.
Engagement in LA drains political capital Padgett ‘10 (Tim, Latin America Bureau Chief at Time, 8/23, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2013820,00.html) Proponents of doing just that insist there's more
…
"there's a fear they may just decide that the fight's not worth it."
"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas,"
…
see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said. US-Indian relations avert South Asian nuclear war. Schaffer 2 Spring 2002, Teresita—Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, Lexis
Washington's increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India's economic expansion and position as Asia's newest rising power
…
For India, the country's ambition to assume a stronger leadership role in the world and to maintain an economy that lifts its people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.
Off
Portrayal of Mexico is rooted in Manifest Destiny and the divide between civilized and the barbarian Slater 97 (David, Ph.D from London School of Economics and Professor Emeritus of Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitical imaginations across the North-South divide: issues of difference, development and power,” Political Geography Vol. 16 Issue 8, November 1997, pp. 631-653, Muse, slim_) The US-Mexican War of 1846-1848 provides a particularly pertinent example of a geopolitical expansion that was informed by an underlying belief in Anglo-Saxon superiority.
…
Questions of territorial loss and territorial acquisition, and of the history of geopolitical interventions are intrinsic to the US-Mexican encounter, and their recovery as thematic markers can be seen as an expression of a will to understand and rethink the patterns of interactive representation.
The desire for a nation-state is a product of colonialism. More complex views of geopolitics at which social, economic and political processes could take place were effectively marginalized. Agnew, Department of Geography at UCLA, 2003 (John, Geopolitics: Re-Visioning World Politics, p. 51-52) This perspective did work particularly well for the state-centred world that began to develop in Europe in the nineteenth century (see the section on naturalized geopolitics in Chapter 6, pp. 93-101
…
This sacralization of the nation gave the territorial state an increasingly competitive advantage over other possible types of spatial-political organization such as confederations, loose empires or city-states.
Their economy advantages create a neoliberal ontology that constricts identity into commodity-value. This creates a master discourse that destroys rather than preserves relations with the oppressed. Fitzsimons 2k Gorelick Patrick Fitzsimons 2000 Neoliberalism and 'Social Capital': Reinventing Community Neo-liberalism, Welfare and Education: "The New Zealand Experiment": Critique and Critical Transformation New Zealand Association for Research in Education AREA Conference, New Orleans, 2000 Pg. 13-14 In the New Zealand context, then, an illusion of neutrality has masked the ontological and ethical assumptions underpinning neoliberalism that defines intellectual, human, and social capital.
…
Ever since Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, it has been ¶ accepted that reason cannot provide an adequate critique of itself. Clearly an explanation ¶ more sophisticated than neoliberal solipsism is called for.
This makes imperialistic violence, war and destruction inevitable – Latin America becomes a playground for the elite to commit violence Grandin 06 (Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism, Greg Grandin, Macmillan, May 2, 2006 –BRW) The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis Borges once remarked that the lack of camels in the Koran proves its Middle Eastern provenance: only a native author, he explained, could have so taken the animal for granted as not to mention it.
…
The intellectual architects of the Bush Doctrine are but part of a larger resurgence of nationalist militarism, serving as the ideologues of an American revanchism fired by a lethal combination of humiliation in Vietnam and vindication in the Cold War, of which Central America was the tragic endgame.
This form of indigenous border thinking engages with colonial and global history in order to challenge the Eurocentric cartography of the affirmative.
Brydon 07 Diana Brydon, Canada Research Chair in Globalization and Cultural Studies, University of Manitoba Partnership Conference: University of Manitoba and University of Szeged Borders and Crossing June 15 2007 “Border Thinking, or cracking global imaginaries” Pg. 1-5
As it continues, her poem opposes this “global design of conjure and conquer” to the trickster world
…
Eurocentrism is a particular social imaginary posing as a universal.
Off A. Interpretation - Engagement towards a government must be conditional Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Many different types of engagement strategies exist, depending on who is engaged, the kind of incentives employed and the sorts of objectives pursued. Engagement may be conditional when it entails a negotiated series of exchanges, such as where the US extends positive inducements for changes undertaken by the target country. Or engagement may be unconditional if it offers modifications in US policy towards a country without the explicit expectation that a reciprocal act will follow. Generally, conditional engagement is geared towards a government; unconditional engagement works with a country’s civil society or private sector in the hopes of promoting forces that will eventually facilitate cooperation.
Mexico is putting on the table, 10 months after the new government took office, some of the most far-reaching, most dramatic, most structural transformations,” said Angel Gurria, secretary general of the OECD and former Mexican finance minister. The plan incites nationalist backlash Starr 12 - Director, U.S.-Mexico Network Associate Professor (NTT) University Fellow, Center on Public Diplomacy University of Southern California (Pamela, “U.S.-Mexico Relations and Mexican Domestic Politics,” Oxford Handbook of Mexican Politics, p. 654) The final implication of Mexican nationalism for U.S.-Mexico relations is the nearly insurmountable obstacle it erected to political alliances between Mexican actors and their U.S. counterparts,
…
and they thus still approach their neighbor with trepidation. As a result, Mexican politicians and policy makers still must take care to avoid the appearance of being too willing to accept support and guidance from north of the border. Nationalist backlash tanks energy reforms ---this card also supports the link: nationalists backlash if they perceive new policies as being in US interests Wilkinson 8-13 – LA Times Analyst (Tracy, “Mexico's officials wage PR battle to sell energy reform plan,” http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/13/world/la-fg-mexico-pemex-pr-20130814) On Tuesday, the day after President Enrique Peña Nieto unveiled a broad package of energy-sector reforms, the government flooded the airwaves, newspapers and other media with slick messages defending the proposal.
…
Many opponents of the reform are relying heavily on nationalistic imagery and rhetoric in arguing that Peña Nieto's Institutional Revolutionary Party is selling the country out to foreign interests. Energy reform is key to nearshoring Yakabuski 8-26 – Analyst @ Globe and Mail (Konrad, “Mexico’s reform agenda is good news for Canada,” Globe and Mail, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/mexicos-reform-agenda-is-good-news-for-canada/article13936574/) Previous Mexican leaders did not get very far with reform agendas that weren’t half as ambitious as the one Mr. Pena Nieto, 47, has articulated since taking office in December.
…
Lower rates would help Mexico lure more manufacturers back from Asia. Nearshoring is key to a ROBUST and RESILIENT Mexican economy Mullen 8 – et al Jessica E. Mullan, Graduate Student, Department of Human and Community Development, University of California, Davis, Martin F. Kenney, Professor, Department of Human, University of California, Davis, and Community Development, and Rafiq Dossani, Senior Research Scholar; Executive Director, South Asia Initiative, Asia Pacific Research Center, Stanford University. “Mexico and the Globalization of Services: Outflanked Once Again?”. Economía Mexicana NUEVA ÉPOCA, vol. XVII, núm. 2. 2008. http://www.economiamexicana.cide.edu/num_anteriores/XVII-2/02_MULLAN_171-202.pdf As a global industry, the sheer number of ITAS activities that might be offshored is remarkable.
…
As is evident, this new wave of globalization offers significant economic development opportunities.
Economy New legislation solves cyber-defense Butt, 13 (Professor James Martin Center for Nonprolif at the Monterey Institute for International Studies, 3-22-’13, Yousaf, “Rabid Response” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/22/rabid_response) The government is already taking steps to require stricter standards in designing more secure operating systems.
…
Obama administration now favors establishing ground rules for cyberspace, going so far as berating China for not abiding by (largely non-existent) international cyber norms. That won't be easy -- the United States would like to focus on cyber-espionage, while Russia and China want any rules to leave them free to censor the Internet -- but it is an essential step.
The economy is resiliant Behravesh 06 -Chief Economist @ Newsweek- "The Great Shock Absorber" Jan. 16, 2006 issue - The U.S. and global economies were able to withstand three body blows in 2005
…
would probably have an even smaller impact on overall GDP growth.
and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.
No risk of Mexican collapse – their authors are alarmists NAM, 11 – the country's first and largest national collaboration and advocate of 2000 ethnic news organizations, founded by the nonprofit Pacific News Service with partnerships with journalism schools to grow local associations of ethnic media (“Mexico and the Myth of the ‘Failed State,’” 7/9/2011, http://newamericamedia.org/2011/07/mexico-and-the-myth-of-the-failed-state.php)MS
MERIDA, Mexico— For more than four decades, Americans have expressed alarm at what they see the imminent collapse of the Mexican government
…
Defense planners liken the situation to that of Pakistan, where wholesale collapse of civil government is possible.”
Terrorist attacks on the civilian population have been limited to a large extent to the FARC organization in Colombia, a tactic which contributed in large part to the organization's loss of popular support.
Mexican stable - improved credit rating and economic reforms Schineller (Data Analyst) 2013 Standardandpoors.com, 3/12/13, “ Mexico Outlook Revised To Positive On Potential Policy Enactment; Ratings Affirmed,” http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/articles/en/us/?assetID=1245348728241//NDW) NEW YORK (Standard and Poor's) March 12, 2013-- Standard and Poor's Ratings Services said today that it revised the outlook on its long-term sovereign credit ratings on Mexico to positive from stable.
…
"However, passage is by no means assured." We believe that the administration's ability to capitalize on its recent political momentum during its first 12 to 18 months will be crucial for the credit rating on Mexico.
Democracy fails in preventing conflict – political interests determine whether nations go to war, regardless of public constrain Bhatnagar, 11 – Associate Fellow, Observer Research Foundation (Aryaman, “The Democratic Peace Thesis: Not a Force for Peace After All,” International Politics, Energy and Culture, 10/11, http://inpec.in/the-democratic-peace-thesis-not-a-force-for-peace-after-all/)//SY
This essay will attempt to evaluate liberalism as a force for peace in light of criticism against the Democratic Peace Thesis.
…
These can be belligerent towards democracies as well. This was evident during the build up to WW1.
Mexico is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of humyn rights — Pachico 13 — Elyssa Pachico, Analyst at InSight Crime—a think tank about organized crime in the Americas, 2013 (“Amnesty International Critiques Human Rights Abuses of Mexico Drug War,” InSight Crime, May 23rd, Available Online at In its annual report, Amnesty International criticized Mexico for human rights abuses committed during President Calderon's militarized response to organized crime…Earlier this year, Human Rights Watch openly called for the arraigo law to be abolished, a move which, as InSight Crime has argued, would make sense both in terms of protecting human rights and fighting organized crime more effectively.
B: It’s our moral duty to shun – it creates a starting point for expanding morality Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 (“On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions,” Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests
…
others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality
11/3/13
1NC Commissions CP
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Boise DB | Judge: Nisarg Patel Text: the United States Congress should establish an independent commission empowered to submit recommendations regarding economic engagement policy for Latin America. If Congress doesn’t’ override a vote by 2/3 majority, then a recommendation becomes policy action or law. The Commission should therefore recommend to Congress that _.
The counter-plan solves and avoids politics Mayer ’07 (Kenneth, professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison “THE BASE REALIGNMENT AND CLOSURE PROCESS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE RATIONAL POLICY?”)
The conventional wisdom was that legislators, facing increasing deficits and budget rules that were AND taking opportunities. None of the disapproval resolutions came anywhere close to passing.
2/21/14
1NC Iran DA
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: HoFlo FR | Judge: Jon Williamson Reid barely won – senate sanctions bill still has potential for a vote Luke Johnson 2/12, Over 100 House Members Say Hold Off On Iran Sanctions Vote, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/12/house-iran-sanctions-vote_n_4775072.html WASHINGTON -- A bipartisan group of 104 House members urged Congress in a letter sent AND agreement for its nuclear program are slated to begin in mid-February.
Plan kills pc Padgett ‘10 (Tim, Latin America Bureau Chief at Time, 8/23, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2013820,00.html) Proponents of doing just that insist there's more consensus than ever in the U. AND there's a fear they may just decide that the fight's not worth it."
PC is key – GOP goes all in on pushing Senate vote – flips Dems Josh Rogin, Daily Beast, 2/5/14, GOP Will Force Reid to Save Obama’s Iran Policy—Over and Over Again, www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/05/gop-will-force-reid-to-save-obama-s-iran-policy-over-and-over-again.html Dozens of Republican senators joined Wednesday to demand that Harry Reid allow a floor vote AND pushing the vote total past a veto-proof two-thirds supermajority.
Bill causes Israeli first strikes – that’s an all-out war Jon Perr 12/24/13, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon, has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran# As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered AND these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
2/21/14
ERROR
Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: Alex Velto ERROR
