Tournament: NFL Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: LaSalle DG | Judge: Rotzin, Rager, Berdnik

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cuba by repealing the Libertad Act, the CACR, and the Cuban Democracy Act except for restrictions on the trade of agricultural products.  Furthermore, Congress should remove Cuba from the Trading With The Enemy Act.  Finally, Congress should amend the Foreign Assistance Act to Incorporate Cuba into the US sponsored economic aid programs.

Lifting sanctions allow the US to undercut the Cuban organoponic agriculture model

Gonzalez 4Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development” 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 419)
The greatest challenge to Cuba's unique
AND
explore alternative strategies for sustainable rural development.

The Cuban model of agriculture is the only one that allows for adaptation to future challenges without mass food shortages

Patel 12Raj Patel, Fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, 2012 (April, What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change, www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.single.html)
The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t
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even if their automobiles are stuck in the past.

Global food shortages risk extinction from starvation and war—also turns case

Cribb 10Julian Cribb, Professor in Science Communication at the University of Technology Sydney, 2010 (Julian, principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, “The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It”, pg 10)
The character of human conflict has also changed
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food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 3 | Opponent: Unionville CP | Judge: Upadhyayul

1NC

Rhetorically framing the climate debate in terms of top down action, expert evidence, and apocalyptic risk destroys individual agency and turns case

Foust and Murphy 9-*Associate Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies @ the University of Denver, PhD in Communication Studies @ University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, PhD in Communication Studies @ University of Denver (Christina, William, "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" A Journal of Nature and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 2, pg. 163-165, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17524030902916624-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17524030902916624
Second, we believe that careful attention to the various perspectives on time scale may
AND
change narrative from an apocalyptic tragedy to a more comic telos for humanity.

Catastrophic depictions of climate change gloss over the root cause of our environmental crisis and the ongoing destruction of life on earth.

Crist 7 ~Eileen Crist, Associate Professor of Science and Technology in Society at Virginia Tech University, 2007, "Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse," Telos, Volume 141, Winter, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Telos Press, p. 33-36~
While the dangers of climate change are real, I argue that there are even
AND
to—will barely address—the ongoing destruction of life on Earth.

The alternative is to vote negative to reject the 1AC’s logic of sustainable development

Doremus, 2k-The Rhetoric and Reality of Nature Protection: Toward a New Discourse  NAME: Holly Doremus *  BIO: Professor of Law, University of California at Davis. J.D., 57 Wash 26 Lee L. Rev. 11, *  Washington 26 Lee Law Review  Winter, 2000 

The second-generation discourse should not emphasize the role of nature as a material
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which can address nature’s other contributions to a fulfilling and honorable human life.

Tournament: Villiger | Round: 3 | Opponent: LaSalle DG | Judge: Thompson

1NC

Obama’s Asia Pivot is on track, but doubts are growing about his seriousness in following through

Lobe 13 Jim, chief of the Washington bureau of Inter Press Service, J.D Berkley, "U.S. "Rebalancing" to Asia/Pacific Still a Priority," March-3, http://www.lobelog.com/u-s-rebalancing-to-asiapacific-still-a-priority/
Amidst growing tensions with North Korea and, to a lesser extent, China,
AND
Romberg, the head of East Asia programmes at the Stimson Center here.

Plan trades off—a credible pivot requires downgrading other geopolitical concerns

Manyin 12 Mark et al, 5/28/12, Congressional Research Service, "pivot to the pacific? the obama administration’s ’rebalancing’ towards asia," http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42448.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42448.pdf
The Administration’s "rebalancing" toward Asia and the Pacific comes in the midst of
AND
are appropriate, all are critical matters for Members of Congress to consider.

Commitment to Asian security key to shore up perceptions of declining credibility

Kapila 13 Subhash, PhD in Strategic Studies, "South China Sea Conflicts Ignited United States Pivot To Asia Pacific – Analysis,"  June 19, 2013 http://www.albanytribune.com/19062013-south-china-sea-conflicts-ignited-united-states-pivot-to-asia-pacific-analysis/
There is a nagging fear in South East Asian capitals on the intensity and longevity
AND
sense actually looks like"¶ United States, it is your call now.

Credibility key to heg—prevents emboldened adversaries

Tunc 8 Hakan, Professor of Political Science at Carleton University, "Reputation and U.S. Withdrawal from Iraq," Orbis Volume 52 Issue 4 2008
Reputation can be defined as a judgment about an actor’s past behavior and character that
AND
ment. Such an outcome would vindicate U.S. sacrifices.13

Decline causes great power wars—American retrenchment collapses current restraints

Zhang and Shi 11 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Currently on leave from Graduate School in Economic and Political Development, Lin Shi, MA from Columbia in International Affairs, also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/
This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Tournament: CFL Qualifiers | Round: 2 | Opponent: LaSalle CP | Judge: Lovecchio, Thomashefsky

Note: this round was the only time we'll run this disad. Putin invading Crimea 2 hours after we got home kinda killed the uniqueness.

Putin is trying to restore the Soviet Union – the docking of warships in Havana and battle in Ukraine shows Russia is trying to regain its old sphere of influence

Daily Mail, 2/27 AFP/Adalberto Roque, February 27, 2014 “Russian military ship docked in Havana, Cuba,” http://www.sott.net/article/274725-Russian-military-ship-docked-in-Havana-Cuba
A Soviet-made Lada limousine passes by Russian Vishnya
AND
Ukraine needs to be respected,' Kerry said.

US Cuba relations crowd out Russia

Blank 9 (Stephen, Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, “Russia in Latin America: Geopolitical Games in the US’s Neighborhood,” pdf)
The only way in which Russian policy truly
AND
demonstrate what liberal democracy in action can truly accomplish.

Provoking Putin’s new empire leads to Ukraine War and miscalculation

Lewis 2/28 “US issues warning to Russia over military drills near Ukrainian border” Paul Lewis, The Guardian, February 28, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/27/us-warns-russia-milirary-drills-ukraine-border
The US has warned Russia that military exercises planned
AND
anti-Russian protesters, as well as a sign saying “Crimea is Russia”. 

Conflict in the Ukraine triggers World War III—extinction

Hodges, 2/28 Dave, The road to WWIII runs through Ukraine, Intellihub News, http://intellihub.com/road-wwiii-runs-ukraine/
For the immediate moment, forget about all the talk about Russian
AND
what one can learn when one can properly read a map.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Atholton HD | Judge: Porter

Batman K

The aff is a façade —- a pseudo-sign image of real progress

Williams 2k ((Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
The impediments to establishing democratic justice in contemporary American society have caused a national paralysis
AND
sign image (a hypertext or simulation) of real sociopolitical progress.?

This narcissistic reinforcement of power turns the case

Williams 2k ((Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
Reciprocation on your part is impossible. Even if one day you are able to
AND
relegitimating the privileged, and fueling the voracious conceit of the advantaged. ?

The alternative is to vote negative because the 1AC’s ethics are right —- to be the Dark Knight —- this is the only option for true heroism and substantive change
McGowan 9 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, "The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight," Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009,http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html-http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)====
Just as The Dark Knight illustrates the inextricable relation between heroism and evil, it
AND
public, true heroes must identify themselves with the evil that we fight.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rocky Mountain DS | Judge: Shore

The politics of border management are deeply rooted in biopolitics—the border is a demarcation line past which the undesirable parasites can’t cross

Zylinska 4, Professor of New Media and Communications at the University of London, 2004 (Joanna, “The Universal Acts: Judith Butler and the biopolitics of immigration,” Cultural Studies 18.4, pg. 526)
Performativity of the public sphere: The ‘issue’ of asylum seekers
AND
bodies come to matter - and why?’ (Butler 1993, p. xii).

This form of biopolitics leads to numerous impacts, including an enterprise than enables political death and loss of value to life

Ajana 5, Lecturer in Culture, Digital Humanities and Creative Industries at King’s College London. 2005 Btihaj, 2005 “Surveillance and Biopolitics,” Electronic Journal of Sociology
Embedded within this biopolitical overdetermination is a
AND
millimetric wave imaging to detect humans smuggled in vehicles.

The alternative is to open the border. The refusal of control is the only way to redefine our currently dangerous biopolitical relationship.

Ajana 6 Btihaj, “Immigration Interrupted,” Journal for Cultural Research, 2006 10.3
Although it is often argued that Levinas as well as Derrida’s unconditional
AND
of singularities where ‘No One Is Illegal’ (Cohen 2003).

Tournament: Yale | Round: Octas | Opponent: NYCUDL CB | Judge: Lopez, Murphy, Zhou

Their demand for the ballot in response to descriptions of suffering is an attempt to commodify the other --- their advocacy may sound empathetic but it fails as a political strategy by comforting the Western observer and reinforcing the status quo

Bystrom, 12 - Kerry L. is Assistant Professor of English and Director of the Research Program on Humanitarianism at the Human Rights Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, "Spectacular Rhetorics: Human Rights Visions, Recognitions, Feminisms (review)." Human Rights Quarterly 34.4 (2012): 1214-1217. Project MUSE)
Over the past decade, a growing body of work has brought humanities
AND
Hesford's book deserves this time, thought, and celebration.

This use of the other as a means for a ballot simply reduces populations to utility --- the impact is genocide

Chow, ‘6 - Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, (Rey, “The Age of the World Target” p 40-42)
Often under the modest and apparently innocuous agendas
AND
literature into a full-scale preoccupation with identity and its construction."

The alternative is to vote neg --- your role as a judge is to interrogate how we should deal with our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place.

Chow, ’93 - Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, (Rey, “Writing Diaspora” p 15-17)
While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for
AND
fenced-off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington LK | Judge: Jeremy Hammond

TEXT: The United States federal government should to enter into prior, binding consultation with the government of Brazil on whether the United States Federal Government should (the plan)

====1. US Brazil Relations solve global proliferation====
Trinkunas 26 Bruneau 12(Harold 26 Thomas, Ph.D. at Naval Post Graduate School, Center on Contemporary conflict, "US Brazil Workshop on Global and Regional Security," December 2012,
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA57456726Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA57456726Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)
Brazilian participants also noted the particular alignment of domestic constituencies regarding issues such as MERCOSUR
AND
S. and Brazil hope to make the non-proliferation regime stronger.

2. Proliferation snowballs and puts everyone on hair trigger – every small crisis will go nuclear.

Soloski 9, executive director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, serves on the U.S. congressional Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism, 2009 (Henry, Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd, Policy Review June 26 July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html-http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html) (WE DON’T ENDORSE THE DEPICTIONS OF TERRORISM IN THIS CARD)
At a minimum, such developments will be a departure from whatever stability existed during
AND
the proponents of nuclear abolition, nor their critics, would ever want.

Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: NA
Email mgsport96@gmail.com for cites

Tournament: Yale | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stuyvesant WJ | Judge: David Weisberger

1NC

1. Recent Cuban reforms stabilize their economy. A quick transition would break Cuba.
   Piccone 12 Ted Piccone, 12 (Ted Piccone is a senior fellow and deputy director for Foreign Policy at Brookings. Piccone specializes in U.S.-Latin American relations; global democracy and human rights; and multilateral affairs. Piccone serves as an advisor to the Club of Madrid and has served on the National Security Council, at the State Department and Pentagon), Brookings, "Cuba Is Changing, Slowly but Surely," January 19, 2012, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/19-cuba-piccone
   A closer look, however, reveals something more profound—a wholesale mental shift
   AND
   , with time, make long overdue reconciliation with the United States inevitable.
   2. U.S. engagement leads to investment in Cuba—that creates an unsustainable transition
   Robert David Cruz 03 (current qualifications: PhD., Chief economist for Miami-Dade County) "Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Castro Cuba: Problems, Opportunities and Recommendations," University of Miami, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, Pg. 20, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/RDCruz.pdf
   The appropriate U.S. role during an economic transition is not to promote
   AND
   in ways that promote economic development that is spread across the island.

3. Cuban instability causes biological warfare
Mastrapa 99 – Armando F. Mastrapa, Department of Government and Politics, St. John’s University, 1999, "Evolution, Transition And The Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces,"www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume9/pdfs/mastrapa.pdf
However, the FAR may utilize biological warfare as an offensive capability and deterrent.
AND
a serious risk if faced with an external challenge to its governing elites.
4. Bioterror leads to extinction
Sandberg 8 Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: Acorn AJ | Judge: Murphy

Mark and I advocate reforming microfinance to create an economics of promise in Latin America

Changing microfinance provides the opening to create an economics of promise and social justice

Montes Ireland 11 Heather Montes Ireland for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Women Studies, Women Studies, and Ethnic Studies at Oregon State University, presented on June 16, 2011. Title: "Transnational Feminism and the Microfinance (R)evolution: Excavating Microlending from Neoliberalism"
Shifting Investment Paradigms¶ Here I will argue that, within a new economics—
AND
economies,¶ monies and investments, so as to build wealth from within.

Current microfinance programs construct a discourse of poverty alleviation but will fail without considering the structural violence that causes poverty

Montes Ireland 11 Heather Montes Ireland for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Women Studies, Women Studies, and Ethnic Studies at Oregon State University, presented on June 16, 2011. Title: "Transnational Feminism and the Microfinance (R)evolution: Excavating Microlending from Neoliberalism"
Chapter 3: Applying Economic Justice Principles to Microfinance:¶ Mapping the Pitfalls¶ In
AND
around microfinance¶ and have constructed a controlling image of the deserving poor.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stuyvesant WJ | Judge: David Weisberger

1NC

1. Economic Engagement toward Latin America is the mechanism for neoliberal enclosures - The new enclosures are different from the violent bloody expropriation of the English countryside. The regime of neoliberal capital works by enclosing the last vestiges of public commons and embedding them within new markets.
   A Haroon Akram-Lodhi ’7 Department of International Development Studies, Trent University (Third World Quarterly Vol. 28, No. 8, 2007, pp 1437 – 1456)
   The continuous character of enclosures, either by deliberate recourse to extra-economic power
   AND
   capitalist social property relations in the South as it underwent neoliberal agrarian restructuring.
   2. The Impact: the process of enclosure is a continuation of the same process that colonized the South – the expansion of neoliberal enclosure creates global violence and global death zones of humanity – perpetual suffering and violence is inevitable.
   Balibar ’4, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at The University of Paris-X, 2004 ~Etienne, also Distinguished Professor of Humanities at University of California at Irvine, We, The People Of Europe?: Reflections On Transnational Citizenship, p. 115-116, 126-129~
   I am aware of all these difficulties, but I would maintain that a reality
   AND
   claims of rights and citizenship are perceived as a threat for "civilization."
   3. Alternative – Endorse commons, not enclosures. The articulation and advocacy on behalf of commons is a necessary first step that paves the way towards life despite capitalism – by identifying and endorsing commons, the alternative prepares the world to resist neoliberalism.
   De Angelis 6 ~Massimo De Angelis, Professor of Political Economy at the University of East London, "The Beginning of History
   Value Struggles and Global Capital", December 2006, published by Pluto Press, pages 238-239~
   It seems to me that the question/problematic of commons emerges and must be
   AND
   process, not after capitalism, as a constituted future state of things.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Eastside BR | Judge: Olson

Note: these are cards usually in the 1NC. We alter the shell based on your aff. Shoot me an email or ask before round if you want anything more specific.

Interpretation: the affirmative must endorse a topical policy implemented by the United States federal government.  The judge should evaluate the round through the lens of a policymaker.

Scenario simulation lets students test decisions and strategies without the real stakes of having to implement them—this process is more transformative than the 1AC

Hanghoj 8 ¶ Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 ¶ Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant¶ professor. http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a “theory of situated creativity”
AND
and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  

All of their reasons the state is bad are uniqueness for us—engaging means we know the tactics of the oppressor

Williams, ’70 1970, Robert F. Williams, interviewed by The Black Scholar, “Interviews,”, Vol. 1, No. 7, BLACK REVOLUTION (May 1970), pp. 2-14,http://www.jstor.org/stable/41163455
Williams: It is erroneous to think that one
AND
organs of the establishment. Infiltrate the man's institutions.

The affirmative will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation

Ignatieff 4 2004, Michael Ignatieff, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, Lesser Evils p. 20-1
As for moral perfectionism, this would be
AND
respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

Competitive debate is a dialogue between two teams.  Their willful refusal to defend the resolution is an act to exclude the negative from meaningful participation in the dialogue.  Fairness exists to provide a voice for both sides and is a prerequisite to their advocacy

Galloway, 7 –professor of communication at Samford University (Ryan, “DINNER AND CONVERSATION AT THE ARGUMENTATIVE TABLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING DEBATE AS AN ARGUMENTATIVE DIALOGUE”, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007))
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table
AND
accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

It’s a voting issue and outweighs their offense – their attempt to exclude the negative obliterates the pedagogical benefits of in-round dialogue.  Fairness norms are vital because they allow both teams to be heard in a meaningful way.  Debate as dialogue is vital to refine and develop positions, test ideas and is a prerequisite to meaningful political participation

Galloway, 7 –professor of communication at Samford University (Ryan, “DINNER AND CONVERSATION AT THE ARGUMENTATIVE TABLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING DEBATE AS AN ARGUMENTATIVE DIALOGUE”, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007))
A second reason to reject the topic has to do with its
AND
answer to the question posed by the resolution.

Tournament: Villiger | Round: 3 | Opponent: LaSalle DG | Judge: Thompson
Text: The United States federal government should repeal the Cuban Democracy Act and the CACR.  Furthermore, Congress should remove Cuba from the Trading with the Enemy Act.  Congress should amend the foreign assistance act to incorporate Cuba into the US sponsored economic aid programs.  Finally, Congress should gradually lessen the Libertad Act.  
Counterplan solves the case better and avoids overheating
Arzeno 3 – Mario A. MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE from U.S. Army Command and General Staff College ("THE U.S. EMBARGO ON CUBA: A TIME FOR CHANGE?", USACAC.army.mil)
Point 1. "Repeal the Travel Ban." The travel ban is a result
AND
the review of the act as one of the first steps towards change.
U.S. engagement leads to investment in Cuba—that creates an unsustainable overheat that collapses the economy
Robert David Cruz 3 (current qualifications: PhD., Chief economist for Miami-Dade County) "Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Castro Cuba: Problems, Opportunities and Recommendations," University of Miami, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, Pg. 20, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/RDCruz.pdf
The appropriate U.S. role during an economic transition is not to promote
AND
infrastructure in ways that promote economic development that is spread across the island.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington LK | Judge: Jeremy Hammond

CIR

1. History proves—Obama’s win on the shutdown fight increases the odds of immigration reform passing:

Taley 10/16 Margaret Taley, 10/16/2013 (staff writer, "Obama’s Debt Fight Win Won’t Secure Agenda Success,"  http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-16/obama-s-win-in-debt-fight-won-t-secure-success-for-future-agenda-http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-16/obama-s-win-in-debt-fight-won-t-secure-success-for-future-agenda, Accessed 10/17/2013)
Whether Obama gets from Congress a new immigration law or changes he’s seeking in taxes
AND
, ’We don’t feel the need to do what Gingrich did.’"

2. GOP hates engagement with Venezuela

Robertson 12 (Ewan Robertson, writer/journalist for Venezuelaanalysis.com, Latin American Bureu , Correo del Orinoco Internacional, Green Left Weekly, Emancipation and Liberation, and an activist in Venezuela, "US Policy Increasingly Out of Touch with Latin America’s New Political Reality" April 11, 2012, http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/6916-http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/6916)
Another aspect of Washington’s approach to Venezuela moving into 2012 has been the increase of
AND
" in US policy toward Venezuela and other leftist governments in Latin America.

3. Obama’s political capital key to passage of immigration reform:

Matthews 10/16 Laura Matthews, 10/16/2013 (staff writer, "2013 Immigration Reform Bill: ’I’m Going To Push To Call A Vote,’ Says Obama," http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220-http://www.ibtimes.com/2013-immigration-reform-bill-im-going-push-call-vote-says-obama-1429220, Accessed 10/17/2013)
Still, pro-immigration advocates are hopeful they can attain their goal soon. "With more prodding from the president and the American people," Gutierrez said, "we can get immigration reform legislation passed in the House and signed into law."

4. Immigration reform key to the economy:

Brooke Berger, 1/23/2013 (staff writer, "Villaraigosa: Comprehensive Immigration Reform Is Not Amnesty," http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/01/23/villaraigosa-comprehensive-immigration-reform-is-not-amnesty-http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/01/23/villaraigosa-comprehensive-immigration-reform-is-not-amnesty, Accessed 1/23/2013, rwg)
What are the economic incentives for immigration reform?¶ There’s a 241.5
AND
sure that we have a program that makes sense in the agricultural sector.

5. Econ decline causes war

ROYAL 10  Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense
 ~Jedediah Royal, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215~ (WE DON’T ENDORSE THE DEPICTIONS OF TERRORISM IN THIS CARD)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Pennsbury | Round: 2 | Opponent: TC Williams BC | Judge: Pereira

1NC

1. Immigration will pass—GOP giving in
   Weisman and Parker 1/28 The New York Times, January 28, 2014, "Top Republicans to Call for Legal Status for Some Immigrants" By JONATHAN WEISMAN and ASHLEY PARKER http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/us/politics/backing-in-gop-for-legal-status-for-immigrants.html?_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/us/politics/backing-in-gop-for-legal-status-for-immigrants.html?_r=0
   WASHINGTON — The House Republican leadership’s broad framework for overhauling the nation’s immigration laws will call this week for a path to legal status — but not citizenship — for many of the 11 million adult immigrants who are in the country illegally, according to aides who have seen the party’s statement of principles. For immigrants brought to the United States illegally as young children, the Republicans would offer a path to citizenship.
   2. Engagement with Mexico sparks backlash – Congress doesn’t trust Mexico
   AP ’13 (5/2/13, Associated Press, "Obama to Pitch Immigration Overhaul in Mexico" http://www.newsmaxworld.com/Newsfront/obama-immigration-mexico-trip/2013/05/02/id/502393-http://www.newsmaxworld.com/Newsfront/obama-immigration-mexico-trip/2013/05/02/id/502393)
   For Pena Nieto, Obama’s visit is a chance for him to showcase his country’s
   AND
   not ready to sign off on more money without a lot more details."
   3. Obama’s key to CIR
   Kunhenn 14 "There’s new hope Congress will pass immigration reform this year" January, 8, 2014, Jim Kunhenn for The Associated Press, http://www.dailytribune.com/government-and-politics/20140108/theres-new-hope-congress-will-pass-immigration-reform-this-year**
   His agenda tattered by last year’s confrontations and missteps, President Barack Obama begins 2014
   AND
   , it would fulfill an Obama promise many Latinos say is long overdue.
   4. Immigration key to increase high skilled workers:
   Lee 13 Esther Yu-Hsi Lee, 10/16/2013 (staff writer, "Class Divide Widens Between Low-Wage And High-Wage Workers In Silicon Valley,"  http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2013/10/16/2779601/wage-immigrants-silicon-valley/-http://thinkprogress.org/immigration/2013/10/16/2779601/wage-immigrants-silicon-valley/)
   Faced with a growing need for high-skilled foreign workers, Silicon Valley has
   AND
   from 65,000 to 110,000 in the Senate immigration bill.
   5. Skilled workers are key to heg
   Kliman 10 – visiting fellow at the Center for a New American Security ~Daniel, "Immigration and American Power", May 28, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/28/opinion/main6525992.shtml-http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/28/opinion/main6525992.shtml~~
   President Obama’s National Security Strategy released on Thursday has launched the opening salvo in a
   AND
   well, renewing American power starts with welcoming foreign talent to America’s shore.
   6. America’s power solves war
   Thayer 6 (Bradley, Professor of Defense and Strategic Studies, In Defense of Primacy, National Interest, Proquest)
   THROUGHOUT HISTORY, peace and stability have been great benefits of an era where there
   AND
   their citizens as well as for advancing the interests of the United States.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 2 | Opponent: LaSalle DG | Judge: Boreland

1NC

Obama is using PC to stop new sanctions on Iran – key to sustaining the deal which solves Iran prolif

AFP 12/4/13 (Agence France-Presse, "White House warns Congress not to undermine Iran nuclear deal with more sanctions," http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/12/04/white-house-warns-congress-not-to-undermine-iran-nuclear-deal-with-more-sanctions/)
The White House warned Congress that passing new sanctions on Iran — even with a
AND
the unity of the international coalition that has leveled punishing sanctions on Tehran. 

Deal key to prevent war

Shank and Gould 13  Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/
Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord
AND
Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.

US-Iran war causes global nuclear war and collapses the global economy—ensures extinction

Avery 11/6 John Scales, Lektor Emeritus, Associate Professor, at the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, since 1990 he has been the Contact Person in Denmark for Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, An Attack On Iran Could Escalate Into Global Nuclear War, 11/6/13, http://www.countercurrents.org/avery061113.htm
Despite the willingness of Iran’s new President, Hassan Rouhani to make all reasonable concessions
AND
and future of all the peoples of the world, US citizens included.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Atholton HD | Judge: Porter

Iran DA

New Iran sanctions will pass now against Obama’s objections
Couronne 12/7 By Ivan Couronne (AFP) – 11 hours ago (accessed on December 7, 2013) "US Congress may throw wrench into Iran nuclear deal" http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jjShHFxCxHn4LR5-Wi_xt4FfVVzg?docId=b372d914-e8ad-4fb1-acbc-c6d5b7334e76**
Washington — US lawmakers are preparing a possible vote on new sanctions against Iran,
AND
penalties is the only effective mechanism to push Tehran toward a comprehensive agreement.
Winners win—Obama uses the win to kill sanctions
Hirsh 13 Michael, chief correspondent for National Journal; citing Ornstein, a political scientist and scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and Bensel, gov’t prof at Cornell, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital", 2013, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect."
Sanctions prevent Iranian prolif
CNN 11/25 "Israeli PM Netanyahu: Iran nuclear deal ’historic mistake’" By David Simpson and Josh Levs, CNN
updated 10:59 AM EST, Mon November 25, 2013 http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/24/world/meast/iran-israel/**
While the EU and the United States cheered a deal that world powers reached with
AND
In the end, like with your tire, you’ll get a flat."
Proliferation snowballs and puts everyone on hair trigger – every small crisis will go nuclear.
Soloski 9, executive director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, serves on the U.S. congressional Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism, 2009 (Henry, Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd, Policy Review June 26 July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html)
At a minimum, such developments will be a departure from whatever stability existed during
AND
the proponents of nuclear abolition, nor their critics, would ever want.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster FS | Judge: Thomas

Iran DA

1. Iran sanctions won’t pass now—Obama is keeping key Democrats in line
   Herb 1/14 Jeremy Herb, The Hill, "Dems back away from Iran sanctions legislation" January 14, 2014, 07:50 pm, http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/195477-reid-dems-back-away-from-iran-sanctions-http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/195477-reid-dems-back-away-from-iran-sanctions**
   Amid intense pressure from President Obama
   AND
   which has 59 co-sponsors, including 16 Democrats, to a vote.
   2. Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Menendez hates engaging with Cuba
   Miroff 13 "Can Kerry make friends with Cuba?" Nick Miroff, January 2, 2013, 6:00, The Global Post, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/cuba/121231/kerry-cuba-secretary-of-state-obama**
   Regardless of Kerry’s record on Cuba policy in the Senate, analysts say he will
   AND
   be more of the same: minimal and timid changes but nothing big."
   3. Menendez will retaliate by defying Obama and pushing sanctions through—he’s the lynchpin
   Clyne 1/13 "Menendez Iran Sanctions Bill Stirs Democratic Unrest" By Melissa Clyne
   A fight is brewing among Democrats and the White House over a bill proposed by
   AND
   "The American public doesn’t trust the Iranian regime. Neither do I."
   4. New sanctions make Iranian nuclearization inevitable
   Rhode 1/15 David Rhode, The Atlantic, 1/15 ~"Democrats Could Wreck Obama’s Biggest Foreign Policy Success," http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/01/democrats-could-wreck-obamas-biggest-foreign-policy-success/283103/~~
   By design or accident, it is increasingly clear that the centerpiece of President Barack
   AND
   that increased sanctions will force the regime to give up enrichment or collapse.
   5. That causes nuclear war—it’ll get out of hand quickly
   Edelman 11, distinguished fellow – Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, ’11 (Eric S, "The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran," Foreign Affairs, January/February)
   The reports of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States and
   AND
   would retaliate against the wrong party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 3 | Opponent: Atholton HD | Judge: Zack Spechler

Overheat

Capital inflows are declining-keeps inflation low and the peso strong

Reuters 13 "Mexico keeps rate steady but watches capital inflows"Apr 26, 2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/26/mexico-economy-idUSL2N0DD1RE20130426-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/26/mexico-economy-idUSL2N0DD1RE20130426
Central bank governor Agustin Carstens ruled out capital controls to temper inflows but said resuming
AND
first quarter of 2013, after picking up at the end of 2012.

The plan attracts and revitalizes private and international investment in the energy sector

House of Representatives 4/25 United States House of Representatives "U.S. – Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement and Steps Needed for Implementation" April 25, 2013 http://docs.house.gov/meetings/II/II06/20130425/100755/HHRG-113-II06-Wstate-PascualA-20130425.pdf-http://docs.house.gov/meetings/II/II06/20130425/100755/HHRG-113-II06-Wstate-PascualA-20130425.pdf
Let me begin by stressing the importance that the State Department assigns to¶ fostering
AND
production capacity and could be critical ¶ to world supplies and economic growth.

Volatility in capital flows cause banking crises—collapses Mexico

Griffith-Jones 2k Stephany Griffith-Jones an economist specialising in international finance and development and an economist specialising in international finance and development "INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS TO LATIN AMERICA" March, 2000 http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/7/4577/lcl1351i.pdf
The volatility of capital flows is important because it can have serious negative effects on
AND
recessions than most other regions of the world (Hausmann and Gavin, 1996

The banking sector is key to solve warming—emissions policies

Cogan 8, Douglas G. Cogan, Deputy Director of the Social Issues Service, a division of Institutional Shareholder Services.  In addition to analyzing shareholder proxy issues, Doug is involved in corporate research for ISS’s Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Analytics Service, "Corporate Governance and Climate Change:
The Banking Sector", January 2008, http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/corporate-governance-banking-sector-http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/corporate-governance-banking-sector)
Climate change is a "mega-trend" that will affect all facets of
AND
there is to be any prospect of halting irreversible climate- related damage.

Tournament: Yale | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lexington LM | Judge: Ben Crossan

Text: The United States Federal Government should submit the lifting of economic restrictions on joint oil cooperation towards Cuba for a National Environmental Policy Act Environmental Impact Statement and implement the least environmentally damaging alternative.

Applying NEPA extraterritorially is key to global stability

Jose A. Egurbide, 4-15-1995, Assistant City Attorney, Los Angeles City Attorney's Office, Law Clerk, Girardi and Keese, J.D. @ Pepperdine University School of Law, B.A. in Political Science @ Yale, “Stop Biting the Hand That Feeds Us: Safeguarding Sustainable Development Through the Application of NEPA's Environmental Impact Statement to International Trade Agreements,” http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1557andcontext=plr

Economic development is inextricably linked to the environmental health
AND
it would certainly represent a step in the right direction.

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington LK | Judge: Jeremy Hammond

Neglect K

1. The affirmative’s benign neglect manifests itself through selective intervention.  The United States picks-and-chooses when and how to engage Latin America, doing so only with a self-serving concern for our own security and economic interests.  This ideology dictates our thinking; we only care about Latin America when its useful for us to do so

Arceneaux and Pion-Berlin 5 (Craig, David, "Transforming Latin America: The International and Domestic Origins of Change", p.219-221)
Policy Implications Knowing when and why foreign forces matter to the conduct of events in
AND
will tell whether its independence proves to be a blessing or a curse.

2. The aff’s selective engagement is based in the colonial ideology that justified gratuitous violence

Grosfoguel 2k (Ramon, Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Califnornia Berkeley, "Developmentalism, Modernity, and Dependency Theory in Latin America", Nepantla: Views from South, Vol. 1 Iss. 2, p. 347-374)
Developmentalism became a global ideology of the capitalist world-economy. In the Latin
AND
against the new hegemon in the region, the United States of America. 

3. Alternative: Vote neg to endorse a substantial increase in radical forms of engagement and openness.  This is the only way to ensure institutional receptiveness to difference

Walls 6 (Laura Dassow, John H. Bennett Jr. Chair of Southern Letters at the University of South Carolina and William P. and Hazel B. White Professor of English at the University of Notre Dame, "The Search for Humboldt", Geographical Review, Vol. 96 No. 3, p. 473-477)
Sachs’s Humboldt is above all a risk taker who dares to open himself to challenge
AND
to widespread public attention the social and environmental destruction wrought by deforestation.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 2 | Opponent: LaSalle DG | Judge: Boreland

PIC

Text: (Modified based on your plan text) The United States federal government should remove the embargo on the Republic of Cuba, except for restrictions on oil development.
Allowing American oil companies to become involved in Cuba leads to an explosion of drilling
Pascual and Huddleston 9 Carlos, Vice president and Director of Foreign policy, the Brookings Institution and Vicki, Visiting Fellow, "CUBA: A New policy of Critical and Constructive Engagement", April, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdf
Licensing U.S. companies to provide services for the development of Cuban offshore
AND
companies have the technology and expertise to develop Cuba’s offshore oil and gas.
The Gulf ecosystem is on the brink—another oil spill would be devastating due to lack of resiliency
Craig 11 (Robin Kundis Craig, Attorneys’ Title Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs, Florida State University College of Law, Tallahassee, Florida, 12/20/11 "Legal Remedies for Deep Marine Oil Spills and Long-Term Ecological Resilience: A Match Made in Hell" http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1906839-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1906839)
Importantly, however, the second aspect of resilience theory acknowledges that ecosystems can exist
AND
tourism~ and the environment on which they depend for future generations."168
Collapse of biodiversity causes extinction
Clark and Downes 6 Dana Clark, Center for International Environmental Law, and David Downes, US Interior Dept. Policy Analysis Senior Trade Advisor, 2006, What price biodiversity?, http://www.ciel.org/Publications/summary.html
Biodiversity is the diversity of life on earth, on which we depend for our
AND
we lose the opportunity for mental or spiritual rejuvenation through contact with nature.

Tournament: Villiger | Round: 3 | Opponent: LaSalle DG | Judge: Thompson

1NC

Cuba is investing in rice production now

Fox News Latino 12 (Latino branch of Fox News. Cuba to invest 24450 mn to boost rice production. May 11, 2012.
http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/05/11/cuba-to-invest-450-mn-to-boost-rice-production/
Cuba said it plans to invest up to 24450 million over the next few
AND
with farmers benefiting from advice provided by Cuban, Chinese and Vietnamese experts.

Lifting the embargo means Cuba would buy US rice

US ITC 01 (US International Trade Commission, The Economic Impact of U.S. Sanctions With Respect to Cuba, Inv. 332-413, February 2001)
According to industry sources, the current impact of sanctions on the U.S
AND
.¶ However, some incidental investment to complement this trade would be expected.

Cuba Rice farms are key to conservation of migratory birds

Boere et al 6 (G.C. Boere, C.A. Galbraith and D.A. Stroud are all researchers, constultants, and advocates of the Joint Nature Conservation Committee in the UK. Their research has mostly been about migratory bids and their flyaway theory. Rice culture in Cuba as an important wintering site for migrant waterbirds from North America. Waterbirds around the world. A global overview of the conservation, management and research of the world’s waterbird flyways. pp. 172-176.)
Rice is the second most important crop in Cuba. The main plantations are along
AND
are taking place in the paddies and to enhance this important waterbird habitat. 

Migratory birds include many keystone species

Smithsonian Institute 07—"Migratory Species: Working Together towards a Vision for 2020: Opportunities and Challenges for Migratory Wildlife from the North American Perspective", 5/16, http://www.cms.int/publications/pdf/Working_together_vision_for_2020.pdf-http://www.cms.int/publications/pdf/Working_together_vision_for_2020.pdf)
Migratory animals include many keystone species capable of shaping the animal and plant communities ¶
AND
framework for international actions based on agreements tailored to regional and biological realities.¶ 

Loss of keystone species causes extinction

Raj 12— Head of the zoology department at Madras Christian College (P.J. Sanjeeva, "Beware the loss of biodiversity", 9/23, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/beware-the-loss-of-biodiversity/article3927062.ece-http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/beware-the-loss-of-biodiversity/article3927062.ece)
Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety or richness of ecosystems, species composition therein
AND
. Keystone species render more obvious or even altruistic services to their ecosystems.

Tournament: Villiger | Round: 2 | Opponent: Baltimore City College LS | Judge: Sue Hayes

Cuba is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — repression is worsening

Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 (“Human rights under abuse in Cuba,” Editorial, April 22nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html#storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013)
The State Department’s latest report on human-rights
AND
free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 (“On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions,” Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we
AND
tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

Tournament: NFL Districts | Round: 6 | Opponent: LaSalle GH | Judge: Berdnik, Hayes, Thomashefsky

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cuba by repealing the Libertad Act, the CACR, and the Cuban Democracy Act except for restrictions on participation in the development of and trade with Cuba’s sugar ethanol industry.  Furthermore, Congress should remove Cuba from the Trading With The Enemy Act.  Finally, Congress should amend the Foreign Assistance Act to Incorporate Cuba into the US sponsored economic aid programs.

The plan will jumpstart sugar ethanol ventures in Cuba—CP avoids

Alonso-Pippo et al. 8Walfrido Alonso-Pippo- former Vice-President of the Solar Energy Department at the University of Havana and a former member of the Cuban National Renewable Energies Front, where he was a specialist in biomass energy use, Carlos A. Luengo, John Koehlinger, Pierto Garzone, Giacinto Cornacchia, “Sugarcane energy use: The Cuban case,” Energy Policy, Vol. 36, Issue 6, June 2008, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421508000840
The rise of the price of oil above
AND
sugarcane as a viable alternative source of energy. 

Sugar ethanol production causes air pollution

UC Merced 11University of California Merced—senior researchers analysis-- http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/study-shows-sugarcane-ethanol-production-causes-air-pollution -December 15, 2011
The burning of sugarcane fields prior to
AND
environmental problems in the regions where they are cultivated.”

Air pollution causes extinction

Driesen 3Professor of Law, Syracuse, Buffalo Environmental Law Journal (David _{Fall, 2002 / Spring, 2003)
Air pollution can make life unsustainable
AND
air quality implicates both of these concerns.}

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Atholton HD | Judge: Porter
Interpretation – Economic engagement means a policy of deliberate expansion of economic ties in order to change the behavior of the target state
Kahler and Kastler 6 (Miles and Scott, Graduate School of IR and Pacific Studies @ UC-San Diego + Dept. of Gov’t and Politics @ U. of Maryland, "Strategic Uses of Interdependence," p. 1-2)
Economic engagement—a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
power politics; instead, it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Debate Rhode Island MW | Judge: Pena

Economic engagement is exclusively economic, not political

Jakštait?, 2010 Gerda , Doctoral Candidate ¶ Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy, “containment and engagement as middle-range theories”, Baltic Journal of Law and Politics Vol 3 # 2
Economic Engagement The approach to engagement
AND
maintain a dominant position in their own country.98

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lexington KL | Judge: McCarrick

Economic engagement is a strategic integration—must be unconditional

Çelik 2011 ~Arda Can Çelik , MA in Political Economy/IR 2011 "Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies¶ Subtitle¶ A review study on coercive and non-coercive diplomatic actions" http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies~~
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement
AND
the position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction’’

Tournament: Bronx | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington LK | Judge: Jeremy Hammond

Terrorism K

1. The term terror is a rhetorical tool used to paper over the violence of US militarism that occurs on a daily basis. The terror expert industry is not academic but political.

Greenwald 12 (Glenn, Glenn Greenwald is a former Constitutional and civil rights litigator and is the author of three New York Times Bestselling books: two on the Bush administration’s executive power and foreign policy abuses, and his latest book, With Liberty and Justice for Some, an indictment of America’s¶ two-tiered system of justice. Greenwald was named by The Atlantic as one of the 25 most influential political commentators in the nation. He is the recipient of the first annual I.F. Stone Award for Independent Journalism, and is the winner of the 2010 Online Journalism Association Award for his investigative work on the arrest and oppressive detention of Bradley Manning. "The sham "terrorism expert" industry", http://www.salon.com/2012/08/15/the_sham_terrorism_expert_industry/-http://www.salon.com/2012/08/15/the_sham_terrorism_expert_industry/)
But the most pernicious attribute of this "terror expert" industry, the aspect
AND
is a fraud, as are those who profit from and within it.

2. Alternative: Vote neg to Deconstruct the rhetoric of terror.  Only by tearing down the discourse of the 1AC can we examine and end the violent militarism of the US.

Bryan 12 Asia Department Assistant at U.S. Chamber of Commerce (Desiree. "The Popularity of the ’New Terrorism’ Discourse". E-International Relations. June 22, 2012. http://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/22/the-popularity-of-the-new-terrorism-discourse/)//JuneC//
According to former Vice President of the U.S., Richard Cheney, the
AND
discourse, by those who recognize it, is a significant first step.