Opponent: Blaine High School BG | Judge: Krishnan Ramanujan
1AC critical pedagogy 1NC histomat K BLOCK K 2NR K
Blake
3
Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Stephanie Garrett
1AC Cuban nickel 1NC t-qpq sanctions ptx competitiveness K shunning human rights conditions CP China SOI DA Block competitiveness K case 2nr K
Blake
5
Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Juan Garcia
1AC hip-hop pedagogy 1NC histomat K Block K 2NR K
Dowling
1
Opponent: Niles West CH | Judge: Emily Bosch
1AC Afrocuban lesbianism 1NC T-USFG histo mat k BLOCK K 2NR K
Dowling
Quarters
Opponent: HoFlo LS | Judge: Shakoor, Lind, Ehrlich
1AC Levinas 1NC histo mat K Blcok K 2NR K
Dowling
4
Opponent: GBN HK | Judge: Zach Pogany
1AC- Cuban Embargo 1NC Competitiveness K Iran sanctions ptx T-QPQ China SOI Human rights conditions CP shunning democracy promotion bad BLOCK Competitiveness K democracy promotion bad China 2NR competitiveness K democracy promotion bad
Dowling
Octas
Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Sadagopal, Voss, Cramer
1AC Hip-hop pedagogy 1NC Historical materialism K BLOCK K 2NR K
Dowling
5
Opponent: GBN CT | Judge: Lincoln Garrett
1AC cuban nickel 1NC shunning human rights conditions CP competitiveness K china SOI t-qpq BLOCK K china 2NR K
Dowling
Semis
Opponent: Minneapolis South OT | Judge: Hancock, Tews, Birzer
1AC Spanos 1NC Histo mat K BLOCK K 2NR K
New Trier
2
Opponent: Niles North MT | Judge: Andrew Wirth
1AC Cuban Oil 1NC debt ceiling ptx shunning competitiveness k China t-qpq Block debt ceiling ptx competitiveness k china SOI 2NR ptx
New Trier
4
Opponent: Walter Payton College MY | Judge: Erin Dinser
1AC Cuban ag 1NC t-qpq debt ceiling ptx shunning human rights conditions CP China SOI DA worms DA (on case) Cuban sustainable ag turn (on case) Block debt ceiling ptx Cuban ag turn China SOI 2NR debt ceiling ptx
New Trier
6
Opponent: Niles West BC | Judge: Nate Al-Najjar
1AC THA 1NC t-qpq debt ceiling ptx (focus link) shunning thorium CP heg bad China SOI turn (on case) Block debt ceiling ptx thorium CP China SOI turn 2NR debt ceiling ptx thorium CP
New Trier
Doubles
Opponent: Northside College Prep ER | Judge: Mary Gregg, Wayne Tang, Kevin Hern
1AC Mexico anti-money laundering 1NC t-increase debt ceiling ptx competitiveness K China SOI shunning Block debt ceiling ptx China SOI 2NR debt ceiling ptx
TOC
1
Opponent: Greenhill DJ | Judge: Greenstein
1ac Mexican IPR 1NC T-QPQ human rights conditions CP patent reform ptx shunning neolib Block shunning ptx case 2nr ptx case
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
Blake 1NC- Round 1
Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Blaine High School BG | Judge: Krishnan Ramanujan
Class is the driver of all social and existential conditions – even desire is determined by our material class conditions. Only emancipation from the status quo modes of production can enact any form of human freedom
(Ebert and Zavarzadeh 08) (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p.ix-xii)
Class is everywhere and nowhere. It is the most decisive condition of social life AND Marx put it, "estranges the species from man" (276).
Critical pedagogy necessitates the use of the same metaphors of the industrial revolution and globalization – its predicated upon a revolutionary multiculturalism that allows for the flows of capital to go unchanged
(Bowers 03) (C.A. Eugene, Professor of Education in the School of Education at Portland State University, "Toward and Eco-Justice Pedagogy", Environmental Education Research, v8 n1 p21-34 Feb 2002, http://www.bath.ac.uk/cree/resources/ecerbowers.pdf)
In order to recognize the profound difference in the root metaphors that underlie an eco AND critical thought than the emancipated and thus consumer dependent individual described by Sale.
Critical pedagogy is predicated upon the western and exclusionary notion that changes is equivalent to progress – this notion is also the underpinning of economic globalization
(Bowers 03)(C.A. Eugene, Professor of Education in the School of Education at Portland State University, "Toward and Eco-Justice Pedagogy", Environmental Education Research, v8 n1 p21-34 Feb 2002, http://www.bath.ac.uk/cree/resources/ecerbowers.pdf)
The criticisms of capitalism that run through the writings of critical pedagogy theorists, while AND reconstituted in light of the ecological crisis and the loss of cultural diversity.
The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale. Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system
(Zizek and Daly 04) (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gord¬ian knot of postmodern protocol AND the abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.
Capitalist exploitation of Earth leads to extinction
(Foster 11) John Bellamy, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Capitalism and the Accumulation of Catastrophe, Monthly Review, December 2011~
Over the next few decades we are facing the possibility, indeed the probability, AND the environment, "from the point of view of natural science."3
The alternative is to challenge capitalism through a methodology of historical materialism.
Only through historical materialism can we understand how the material structures in which action occurs shapes our subjectivity.
(Lukacs 67) George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary’s Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness
The practical danger of every such dualism shows itself in the loss of any directive AND the interests of the movement as a whole" 23-24
The alternative provides an effective starting point for global revolution – our use of the academic sphere as an organizing space for anti-capitalist knowledge is able to produce global change – you should reject any permutation as it forfeits totality in favor of diluted knowledge incapable of achieving revolution
(Katz 2003) ADAM KATZ, adjunct English instructor at Onondaga Community College in Syracuse, NY. He received his Ph.D. in English literature from Syracuse. "The University and Revolutionary Practice: A Letter toward a Leninist Pedagogy" 2003, pg 237-239
Can we do otherwise? Other, that is, than reproducing the student as AND possibility for a heightening and waging of class struggle on a global scale.
Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the team who best methodologically challenges structural violence
Capitalism necessitates violence against people of different races – it is a means of dividing the working class to prevent revolution
Slavery in the colonies helped produce a boom in the 18th century economy that provided AND under modem capitalism. By its nature, capitalism fosters competition between workers.
Bosses take advantage of this in two ways: first, to deliberately stoke divisions AND the source of racism—capitalism—and build a new socialist society.
Interpretation - "Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2 The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the AND shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct) Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you AND run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Violation – the plan isn’t
Voting issue:
Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the Neg’s research burden
Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy
2
Sanctions will be blocked but it’ll be a fight- Obama using PC
Bipartisan legislation was introduced in the U.S. Senate on Thursday that would AND bill in July, well before the diplomatic effort yielded the interim agreement.
Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on AND furthering goals laid out during his first. Here, however, John Kerry’s
If Congress isn’t careful, it will sabotage our country’s best opportunity to prevent war and a nuclear-armed Iran. The campaign to establish excessive new sanctions risks blowing up the preliminary deal reached to limit Iran’s nuclear program before it’s even gone into effect. If neither Congress nor Iranian hardliners get in the way, this agreement will freeze Iran’s nuclear progress for the first time in a decade. Key parts of Iran’s nuclear program will be stopped or rolled back for six months, and Iran will submit to unprecedented inspections. In return, Iran gets modest relief from existing sanctions and a commitment by the United States and our partners to refrain from adding any new ones. This six-month window gives our diplomats the space to hammer out a comprehensive settlement to guarantee Iran does not develop a nuclear weapon. The deal our diplomats negotiated with Iran is a landmark achievement for advancing America’s national security interests and strengthening the global non-proliferation regime. We should be celebrating it, not dealing it a death of a thousand cut
====Iran prolif causes nuclear war==== Kroenig ’12 Assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations ~Matthew Kroenig "Time to Attack IranWhy a Strike Is the Least Bad Option" Feb 2012 http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136917/matthew-kroenig/time-to-attack-iran~~**
Having the bomb would give Iran greater cover for conventional aggression and coercive diplomacy, AND the two countries that could draw the United States in, as well.
3
1. The discourse of competitiveness shifts economic debates into nationalistic decisions over who deserves to live and who must die.
SCHOENBERGER Geography and Envt’l Engineering @ Johns Hopkins 98 "Discourse and practice in human geography" Progress in Human Geography 22 (1) p. 2-5 The second theme I want to draw on has to do with the ways in AND is accepted and even imitated by people in other spheres entirely is remarkable.
2. Competitiveness ensures environmental collapse- renders costs environmental externalities to growth and economic gain
Bristow, 2010 School of City 26 Regional Planning, Cardiff University Gillian, Resilient regions: re-’place’ing regional competitiveness, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 2010, 3, 153–167
The placelessness of the competitiveness discourse also has other signi?cant implications—implications which directly AND , thereby limiting its competitiveness for tomorrow (Bristow and Wells, 2005).
3. reject the aff to open spaces of resistance and deconstruct competitiveness
Sheppard, 02 – Eric, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota ("The Spaces and Times of Globalization: Place, Scale, Networks, and Positionality," Economic Geography, Vol. 78, No. 3, July 2002, JSTOR)RK
Although this symbiotic relationship between positionality and power may suggest a global economy with persistent AND hierarchies sometimes collapse overnight, as in Eastern Europe in and after 1989. Meanings and discourses closely articulate with, but certainly are not reducible to, the AND )), places come to share a common positionality in the space of discourse. Yet discourses from the margins have also shaped ideas in positionally advantaged places. Judith AND avoid oversimplifying this positionality into an undifferentiated state of postcoloniality (McClintock 1992).
4
Cuba is a violator of human rights
Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 ("Human rights under abuse in Cuba," Editorial, April 22nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html~~23storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013) The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to the idea that the piecemeal and illusory changes in Cuba under Gen. Raúl Castro represent a genuine political opening toward greater freedom. If anything, things are getting worse. The report, which covers 2012, says the independent Cuban Commission on Human Rights and Reconciliation counted 6,602 short-term detentions during the year, compared with 4,123 in 2011. In March 2012, the same commission recorded a 30-year record high of 1,158 short-term detentions in a single month just before the visit of Pope Benedict XVI. Among the many abuses cited by the 2012 report are the prison sentences handed out to members of the Unión Patriotica de Cuba, the estimated 3,000 citizens held under the charge of "potential dangerousness," state-orchestrated assaults against the Damas de Blanco (Ladies in White), the suspicious death of dissident Oswaldo Payá and so on. As in any dictatorship, telling the truth is a crime: Independent journalist Calixto Ramón Martínez Arias, the first to report on the cholera outbreak in Cuba, was jailed in September for the crime of desacato (insulting speech) and remained there until last week. The regime is willing to undertake some meek economic reforms to keep people employed. It has even dared to relax its travel requirements to allow more Cubans to leave the country if they can get a passport. Both of these are short-term survival measures, designed as escape valves for growing internal pressure. But when it comes to free speech, political activity and freedom of association — the building blocks of a free society — the report is a depressing chronicle of human-rights abuses and a valuable reminder that repression is the Castro regime’s only response to those who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.
Reject the aff- Moral duty to shun human rights abusers
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict. But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality? AND , on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions? We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of AND rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order. Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It AND it indirectly affects people’s rights. And this is where shunning fits in. Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order. When the AND three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order. An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious AND reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this? First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.) Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force." Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishment then can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it. Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we AND on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing. We can also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.
5
Text: The United States federal government should offer Cuba the option to trade Cuban nickel with the United States if and only if the Republic of Cuba agrees to combat human rights abuses
We should continue to demand significant reforms before relaxing U.S. policy
José R. Cárdenas, Nov. 13, ’12, an associate with the consulting firm VisionAmericas, former Acting Assistant Administrator for Latin America and the Caribbean and Senior Advisor at the Organization of American States and as a senior professional staff member on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "Cuba policy in a second Obama term," Foreign Policy, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/13/cuba_policy_in_a_second_obama_term, ACC. 6-1-2013, JTJEDI Secondly, critics have convinced themselves that if it weren’t for the Cuban American lobby, the U.S. would have long ago reached an accommodation with the Castro dictatorship. What they refuse to recognize is that the biggest impediment to any fundamental change in the relationship is the absolute unwillingness of the dictatorship to undertake significant reforms that would put pressure on U.S. policymakers to reciprocate with policy changes. That said, to contemplate any serious re-evaluation of relations on the U.S. part as long as the regime systematically represses the Cuban people - to say nothing of the continued unjust incarceration of U.S. development worker Alan Gross — and relentlessly continues to thwart U.S. interests in international fora is just self-delusion
6
A. U.S backing out or Latin America now – china peacefully developing sphere of influence
Hilton 13 (Isabel Hilton is a London-based writer and broadcaster. She was formerly Latin America editor of The Independent newspaper, NOREF Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource center, China in Latin America: Hegemonic challenge?, February 2013, http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/26ff1a0cc3c0b6d5692c8afbc054aad9.pdf, AC) The United States, distracted elsewhere in recent years, ¶ has reacted calmly to AND allies of the U.S. could face ¶ some uncomfortable choices.
B. China sees American economic engagement in Latin America as containment
Rose, 11 (Col. James K. Rose, U.S. Army South’s security cooperation division chief, U.S. Army War College, "SÍ, SE HABLA MANDRIN: ¶ CHINA’S GROWING ¶ INFLUENCE IN LATIN ¶ AMERICA", 2011, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA560114, jk) Some estimates show that China has the potential to become the world?s largest AND Beijing to challenge U.S. interest and hegemony in the region.
C. Containment policies hurt US-China relations- pivot pushed us to the brink
Ikenson, 13 (Dan Ikenson is an author, speaker and Director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, The Manzella Report, "Is the U.S.-Chinese Relationship Deteriorating?", http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/629-is-the-u-s-chinese-relationship-deteriorating, March 7th 2013, jk) In 2012, the administration reported progress toward completion of a trade agreement between the AND from one where containment of China has become a more prominent policy objective.
D. Strong US-Sino relations prevent several scenarios for global war, disease, terrorism, prolif, and warming
Better relations with China would support wide-reaching political reform and liberalization. They AND and political resources to the region to ensure stability and mutual prosperity.
Steel
No risk of rapid resource shortages
Simon 96 Julian Simon (Former Professor of Business Administration at the University of Maryland, and Former Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute), The Ultimate Resource 2, 1996
The matter of risk aversion was considered at length in the discussion of nuclear energy AND about the appropriate level of confidence that progress will continue in the future.
Stainless steel production high- we’re breaking records
The 20th Century is often called the American Century, marking the U.S AND no reason to accept–or expect–a second-rate status.
Manufacturing not sufficient to solve- even if it enhances deterrence it doesn’t independently cause it
Alt causes – robotic automation, poor education, no high skilled workers
Proves CIR turns the case Khan 7/24 (Mubin S., Special Correspondent of New Age, a leading Bangladeshi newspaper, graduate of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, The Guardian, July 24, 2013, updated to correct some figures on 8/1, "US manufacturing and the troubled promise of reshoring," http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/us-manufacturing-troubled-promise-reshoring**, alp)
It’s not just the Chinese who are perceived as a threat. It’s a very AND , Congress and corporate community have not made much progress on that front.
Empirically, economic decline does not cause conflict
Ferguson 06 Niall Ferguson (Professor of History at Harvard University and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution), Stanford University Foreign Affairs, October 2006, "The next war of the world", accessed June 5, 2010, Lexis Academic
Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal AND economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.
No impact to the chemical industry- no warrants in their evidence says that it’s key
AND lack of nickel doesn’t sufficiently kill the chemical industry- no reason why it doesn’t survive in the squo
Despite this, the role of force in Asian international politics is becoming more limited AND attendant strategic, political, diplomatic, and economic costs and risks are high
Aff may be necessary to bolster the manufacturing sector, but it is not sufficient to stave off collapse
Boushey 12 (Heather, Chief Economist at American Progress, where her research focuses on U.S. employment, social policy, and family economic well-being. She is also currently a visiting fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research in London, "Tax Reform and the U.S. Manufacturing Sector Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means," July 19th, 2012, Center for American Progress Action Fund, http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/general/report/2012/07/19/11949/tax-reform-and-the-u-s-manufacturing-sector/**EH)
Second, there are a variety of ways that policymakers can support manufacturing, of AND industry, academia, and government is vital to our nation’s economic competitiveness."
Alloy
Bioterrorism is exaggerated
Bioterrorism is exaggerated
Space tensions won’t escalate - empirics
Lambakis 01 Steven Lambakis (senior defense analyst at the National Institute for Public Policy), Policy Review, 2001, 105, "Space Weapons: Refuting the Critics", accessed August 26, 2011, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6612
Those who believe we run extraordinary risks stemming from clouded perceptions and misunderstandings in an AND day in all cases. Why would disputes affecting space be any different?
AIDS illustrates the further point that despite the progress made by modern medicine in the AND to localize an infectious disease. The reason is improvements in medical science.
12/29/13
Blake 1NC- Round 5
Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Juan Garcia
Class is the driver of all social and existential conditions – even desire is determined by our material class conditions. Only emancipation from the status quo modes of production can enact any form of human freedom
(Ebert and Zavarzadeh 08) (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p.ix-xii)
Class is everywhere and nowhere. It is the most decisive condition of social life AND Marx put it, "estranges the species from man" (276).
Their focus on signifiers and localized resistance is rooted in a fear of power-it disables all political stances and allows the hegemonic forces of elites to expand unchecked. Resistance will fail until it is focused on a positive exercise of power
(Bertens 95) Johannes and Willem, the idea of postmodernism: a history, pg 197-199)
Postmodernism, however, repeats the defeatist gestures of modernism, although admittedly on another AND that has kept feminists on their guard vis a vis most postmodern theory.
The cultural turn that focuses on ’lived experiences’ and social conditions confuses phenomenological changes with an ontological transformation of capitalism – capitalism hasn’t changed, it still relies on the exploitation of surplus labor.
(Ebert and Zavarzadeh 08) (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p. xviii)
The turn to culture represents culture as an assemblage of para-autonomous practices of AND a time when causal relations are, like class itself, declared dead.
Critical studies against Western imperialism and colonialism misdiagnose the problem as one of ’science’ and ’knowledge’-this misdiagnoses the issue. Modern imperialism can only be understood as part of the material global expansion of capitalism.
Neil Lazarus in 11, Professor of English and Comparative Literary Studies at Warwick University, Institute of Race Relations, Vol. 53(1): 3–27, Race and Class In a commentary from the mid-1990s entitled ’East isn’t East’, Edward AND the moment of postcolonial studies’ emergence in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale. Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system
(Zizek and Daly 04) (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gord¬ian knot of postmodern protocol AND the abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.
Capitalist exploitation of Earth leads to extinction
(Foster 11) John Bellamy, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Capitalism and the Accumulation of Catastrophe, Monthly Review, December 2011~
Over the next few decades we are facing the possibility, indeed the probability, AND the environment, "from the point of view of natural science."3
The alternative is to challenge capitalism through a methodology of historical materialism.
Only through historical materialism can we understand how the material structures in which action occurs shapes our subjectivity.
(Lukacs 67) George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary’s Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness
The practical danger of every such dualism shows itself in the loss of any directive AND the interests of the movement as a whole" 23-24
The alternative provides an effective starting point for global revolution – our use of the academic sphere as an organizing space for anti-capitalist knowledge is able to produce global change – you should reject any permutation as it forfeits totality in favor of diluted knowledge incapable of achieving revolution
(Katz 2003) ADAM KATZ, adjunct English instructor at Onondaga Community College in Syracuse, NY. He received his Ph.D. in English literature from Syracuse. "The University and Revolutionary Practice: A Letter toward a Leninist Pedagogy" 2003, pg 237-239
Can we do otherwise? Other, that is, than reproducing the student as AND possibility for a heightening and waging of class struggle on a global scale.
Capitalism necessitates violence against people of different races – it is a means of dividing the working class to prevent revolution
Slavery in the colonies helped produce a boom in the 18th century economy that provided AND the source of racism—capitalism—and build a new socialist society.
AND Dead Prez votes neg:
"The new name in the twenty-first century of Imperialism
Is really globalization
And when you think about that
When you read about that
When you study about that
Globalization really means the globalization of Capital
You don’t hear people talking about the Globalization of Labor
But you know working people all around the world
Have more in common with each other
Than they have with their own so-called leaders or the rulers
The ruling class that is of the Society"
12/29/13
Dowling 1NC - Octas
Tournament: Dowling | Round: Octas | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Sadagopal, Voss, Cramer
Class is the driver of all social and existential conditions – even desire is determined by our material class conditions. Only emancipation from the status quo modes of production can enact any form of human freedom
(Ebert and Zavarzadeh 08) (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p.ix-xii)
Class is everywhere and nowhere. It is the most decisive condition of social life AND Marx put it, "estranges the species from man" (276).
Their focus on signifiers and localized resistance is rooted in a fear of power-it disables all political stances and allows the hegemonic forces of elites to expand unchecked. Resistance will fail until it is focused on a positive exercise of power
(Bertens 95) Johannes and Willem, the idea of postmodernism: a history, pg 197-199)
Postmodernism, however, repeats the defeatist gestures of modernism, although admittedly on another AND that has kept feminists on their guard vis a vis most postmodern theory.
The cultural turn that focuses on ’lived experiences’ and social conditions confuses phenomenological changes with an ontological transformation of capitalism – capitalism hasn’t changed, it still relies on the exploitation of surplus labor.
(Ebert and Zavarzadeh 08) (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p. xviii)
The turn to culture represents culture as an assemblage of para-autonomous practices of AND a time when causal relations are, like class itself, declared dead.
Critical studies against Western imperialism and colonialism misdiagnose the problem as one of ’science’ and ’knowledge’-this misdiagnoses the issue. Modern imperialism can only be understood as part of the material global expansion of capitalism.
Neil Lazarus in 11, Professor of English and Comparative Literary Studies at Warwick University, Institute of Race Relations, Vol. 53(1): 3–27, Race and Class In a commentary from the mid-1990s entitled ’East isn’t East’, Edward AND the moment of postcolonial studies’ emergence in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale. Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system
(Zizek and Daly 04) (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gord¬ian knot of postmodern protocol AND the abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.
Capitalist exploitation of Earth leads to extinction
(Foster 11) John Bellamy, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Capitalism and the Accumulation of Catastrophe, Monthly Review, December 2011~
Over the next few decades we are facing the possibility, indeed the probability, AND the environment, "from the point of view of natural science."3
The alternative is to challenge capitalism through a methodology of historical materialism.
Only through historical materialism can we understand how the material structures in which action occurs shapes our subjectivity.
(Lukacs 67) George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary’s Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness
The practical danger of every such dualism shows itself in the loss of any directive AND the interests of the movement as a whole" 23-24
The alternative provides an effective starting point for global revolution – our use of the academic sphere as an organizing space for anti-capitalist knowledge is able to produce global change – you should reject any permutation as it forfeits totality in favor of diluted knowledge incapable of achieving revolution
(Katz 2003) ADAM KATZ, adjunct English instructor at Onondaga Community College in Syracuse, NY. He received his Ph.D. in English literature from Syracuse. "The University and Revolutionary Practice: A Letter toward a Leninist Pedagogy" 2003, pg 237-239
Can we do otherwise? Other, that is, than reproducing the student as AND possibility for a heightening and waging of class struggle on a global scale.
Capitalism necessitates violence against people of different races – it is a means of dividing the working class to prevent revolution
Slavery in the colonies helped produce a boom in the 18th century economy that provided AND the source of racism—capitalism—and build a new socialist society.
A. Interpretation —- the ballot’s sole purpose is to answer the resolutional question: Is the outcome of the enactment of a topical plan better than the status quo or a competitive policy option?
B. definitions-
1. "Resolved" before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School 4 (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm) The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND resolved:"Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.
2. "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4) The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
C. Violation —- they don’t defend USFG implementation of a plan
D. Reasons to prefer:
1. Predictable limits —- their role of the ballot necessarily explodes the breadth of discussion- ~insert specifics~- they justify an interpretation that is arbitrarily determined by each aff independently with no basis for construction
2. Ground —- advantages that aren’t linked to the outcome of the plan are impossible to negate. They can claim "critical" arguments outweigh disads linked to the plan or shift their advocacy to avoid impact-turns.
3. Plan-focus —- critical frameworks change the role of the ballot from a yes / no question about the desirability of the plan to an arbitrary discussion of the value of the 1AC. This undermines the logical purpose of debate: a search for desireable policy. Undermines debater’s ability in decision-making and cost-benefit analysis
4. switch-side debate- their role of the ballot allows teams to make identical arguments on the aff and neg- causes dogmatism and bad decision-making because it doesn’t allow individuals to analyze their preconceptions
E. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness and outweighs all other issues because without it, debate is impossible
Shively 00 (Ruth Lessl, Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A26M U., Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-182) The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no AND . In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
2
1. The affirmative is emblematic of everything that has fractured the left and allowed the unrelenting expansion of global capitalism – Their focus on individualism and identity prefers the discursive to the material, everything is radically localized and they actively refuse to focus on state policy and its material consequences- All of these facets of the affirmative are welcomed by capital with open arms-they teach a politics devoid of an understanding of the material conditions of capital. Effective resistance and strategizing is not possible in the world of the affirmative.
Ebert in 95, (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Rethinking Marxism Association for Economic and Social Analysis, vol 8 no 2, The Knowable Good—Post-al Ethics, the Question of Justice and Red Feminism, index found here, http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/gr/gsce/d/rm.htm~~2395, article here, http://www.geocities.com/redtheory/AO/AOVol5-1RedFeminism.html ) What remains of "left" politics in the West is increasingly a post- AND of the (outmoded) ideological forms necessary to earlier stages of capitalism.
2. Focus on the politics of identity prevents a unified struggle against capitalism by rendering the exploitation of class as secondary, making capitalism appear invisible.
Holmstrom in 97 (Nancy, Professor Emeritus Department of Philosophy at Rutgers, Renewing Historical Materialism, Solidarity, http://www.solidarity-us.org/node/2198) In fact, she suggests, one way of understanding the uniqueness of the modern AND validation, class differences should not be recognized and validated, but abolished21
3. Social location cannot be the basis for a criticism of ideology – ideology provides us those subjective positions and concurrent value systems.
Garcia and Sanchez in 8 George and Carlos; Universidad de Costa Rica; Psychoanalysis and Politics: the theory of ideology in Slavoj Zizek; IJZS Vol 2 No 3 On the other hand, the big Other represents the radical alterity rooted in the AND allows Zizek to explain the incorporation of new elements within the existing ideologies.
4. The aff’s refusal to recognize class conciseness in favor of afro-cuban lesbianism makes any social change impossible – only by disavowing ourselves from the chains of this as a starting point are we able to resolve the social conditions that allow violence against women to persist
(Ebert 95) Teresa L. Ebert, professor @ State University of New York, Albany, phd from U of Minnesota "Post-Ality: Marxism and Postmodernism – (Untimely) Critiques for a Red Feminism" 1995 Pg 113-117
The retheorization of materialism in postmodern feminism follows two related paths. The first is AND raised questions about the viability of feminism as a theory and practice itself.
5. Capitalism is the root cause of racism and patriarchy
Sa’ar 2005 ~Amalia Sa’ar, Department of sociology and anthropology, University of Haifa, "Postcolonial Feminism, the Politics of Identification, and the Liberal Bargain", Gender and Society, Vol. 19, No. 5 (Oct., 2005), pp. 680-700, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27640835~~ A working assumption of this article, then, is that liberalism, in its AND of thinking and knowing is central to the working of the liberal bargain.
6. Struggle cannot be reduced to a question of personal outlook and cultural interaction. This reduction of the political radicality of the movement creates a communism that is structurally no different than today’s capitalist model.
Zizek in 9 Slavoj; senior researcher @ U of Ljubljana and lecturer/professor @ the EGS; First as Tragedy, Then as Farce; p. In keeping with the new spirit of capitalism, an entire ideologicohistorical narrative is constructed AND such as Bill Gates and the founders of Ben and Jerry’s ice cream.
7. Capitalism funnels social antagonisms toward race to justify exploitation
(Landy 10) Sy Landy (Brooklyn College, League for the Revolutionary Party) "Marxism, Interracialism, and the Black Struggle" August 8th, 2010
The phenomena of race and racism owe their existence to the continued existence of a AND counterpart, was based on race. But it didn’t start that way.
8. The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale. Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system
Zizek and Daly in 4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16) For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gord¬ian knot of postmodern protocol AND the abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.
9. Capitalist exploitation culminates in the destruction of all life on earth
Revolutionary Worker in 2k1 (~231109, "Capitalism’s Eco-Mess and?the Revolutionary Alternative", july 1, online) The capitalist system treats this planet, living creatures, plants, and minerals as AND . This must stop, and we don’t have a minute to spare.
10. The alternative is to reject the affirmative in favor of a historical materialist methodology to challenge capitalism. This method is critical to generate a pedagogy which privileges the relations of production for a better understanding of social and political oppression.
Andrew N. McNight in 2010 University of Alabama at Birmingham, A Pragmatic and pedagogically Minded Revaluation of Historical Materialism, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.8. no.2, http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/08-2-04.pdf Toward a reconstruction of historical materialism, Habermas (1979) adopts many tenets of AND , is related to the quality and quantity of direct systemic social change.
11. Dialectical materialism is the only sustainable way to stop political paralysis. Their belief in pure subjectivity separates us from the backdrop of capitalism that determines that subjectivity, making paralysis inevitable.
Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary’s Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness) The practical danger of every such dualism shows itself in the loss of any directive AND the interests of the movement as a whole" 23-24
12. Role of the ballot is to vote for whoever best methodologically challenges the root cause of structural violence- that root cause being capitalism
Interpretation - "Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2 The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the AND shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct) Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you AND run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Violation – the plan isn’t
Voting issue:
Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the Neg’s research burden
Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy
2
Sanctions bill will be blocked now but it will be a fight- PC is key to building momentum
President Barack Obama’s campaign for Congress to hold off on new sanctions over Iran’s nuclear program won a key endorsement on Thursday when the chairman of the U.S. Senate Banking Committee rejected tightening measures against Iran now. Senator Tim Johnson, a Democrat, said he agrees with the Obama administration that such legislation could disrupt delicate negotiations seeking to curb Iran’s nuclear program. The Banking Committee oversees sanctions legislation in the Senate. "We should not do anything counterproductive that might shatter Western unity on this issue," Johnson said at a hearing. "We should make sure that if the talks fail, it was Iran that caused their failure. We should not give Iran, the P5+1 countries or other nations a pretext to lay responsibility for their collapse on us," he said. Iran’s foreign minister also has said a new sanctions law would kill the interim agreement reached in Geneva on November 24. In that agreement, Tehran agreed to limit uranium enrichment in return for an easing of international sanctions. The administration’s push to hold off on sanctions gained further momentum when other senators - including senior Republicans - said they did not expect action now. "I realized we’re sort of going through a rope-a-dope here in the Senate and that we’re not actually going to do anything," said Senator Bob Corker, the top Republican on the Foreign Relations Committee and a member of the Banking panel. Underscoring the administration’s insistence that it is not backing down on Iran, the U.S. Treasury Department announced shortly before the Banking Committee hearing that it had blacklisted several companies and individuals for supporting Iran’s nuclear program. TALKS CONTINUE The P5+1 powers who negotiated the interim deal on Iran’s nuclear program - Britain, China, France, Germany, Russia and the United States - are continuing negotiations with a goal of reaching a comprehensive final deal in six months. Johnson also said he and Senator Mike Crapo, the top Republican on the Banking panel, had crafted a new sanctions bill, not to pass now, but to be put into effect if Iran does not comply with the Geneva agreement or negotiations collapse. "I am holding back ... simply because of the administration’s request," Crapo told reporters after the hearing. Crapo said he believed in strong sanctions but had not decided how he would vote if a group of more hawkish senators led by Democrat Robert Menendez and Republican Mark Kirk pursued a plan to introduce sanctions legislation without going through the Banking Committee. Menendez said at the banking hearing that he remained deeply skeptical about Iran and said the Senate might need to pass a resolution spelling out what it sees as terms of an acceptable final agreement with Iran. The Obama administration is eager to remind companies hoping for an opening to do business with Iran that sanctions that have crippled the country’s economy remain in place. "We are very actively dissuading international oil companies and others who think that now may be a time to test the waters in Iran," David Cohen, undersecretary for terrorism and financial intelligence for the Treasury Department, said at the hearing.
If Congress isn’t careful, it will sabotage our country’s best opportunity to prevent war and a nuclear-armed Iran. The campaign to establish excessive new sanctions risks blowing up the preliminary deal reached to limit Iran’s nuclear program before it’s even gone into effect. If neither Congress nor Iranian hardliners get in the way, this agreement will freeze Iran’s nuclear progress for the first time in a decade. Key parts of Iran’s nuclear program will be stopped or rolled back for six months, and Iran will submit to unprecedented inspections. In return, Iran gets modest relief from existing sanctions and a commitment by the United States and our partners to refrain from adding any new ones. This six-month window gives our diplomats the space to hammer out a comprehensive settlement to guarantee Iran does not develop a nuclear weapon. The deal our diplomats negotiated with Iran is a landmark achievement for advancing America’s national security interests and strengthening the global non-proliferation regime. We should be celebrating it, not dealing it a death of a thousand cut
Iran prolif causes nuclear war Kroenig ’12 Assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations ~Matthew Kroenig "Time to Attack IranWhy a Strike Is the Least Bad Option" Feb 2012 http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136917/matthew-kroenig/time-to-attack-iran~~**
Having the bomb would give Iran greater cover for conventional aggression and coercive diplomacy, AND the two countries that could draw the United States in, as well.
3
1. The discourse of competitiveness shifts economic debates into nationalistic decisions over who deserves to live and who must die.
SCHOENBERGER Geography and Envt’l Engineering @ Johns Hopkins 98 "Discourse and practice in human geography" Progress in Human Geography 22 (1) p. 2-5 The second theme I want to draw on has to do with the ways in AND is accepted and even imitated by people in other spheres entirely is remarkable.
2. Competitiveness ensures environmental collapse- renders costs environmental externalities to growth and economic gain
Bristow, 2010 School of City 26 Regional Planning, Cardiff University Gillian, Resilient regions: re-’place’ing regional competitiveness, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 2010, 3, 153–167
The placelessness of the competitiveness discourse also has other signi?cant implications—implications which directly AND , thereby limiting its competitiveness for tomorrow (Bristow and Wells, 2005).
4. reject the aff to open spaces of resistance and deconstruct competitiveness
Sheppard, 02 – Eric, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota ("The Spaces and Times of Globalization: Place, Scale, Networks, and Positionality," Economic Geography, Vol. 78, No. 3, July 2002, JSTOR)RK
Although this symbiotic relationship between positionality and power may suggest a global economy with persistent AND hierarchies sometimes collapse overnight, as in Eastern Europe in and after 1989. Meanings and discourses closely articulate with, but certainly are not reducible to, the AND )), places come to share a common positionality in the space of discourse. Yet discourses from the margins have also shaped ideas in positionally advantaged places. Judith AND avoid oversimplifying this positionality into an undifferentiated state of postcoloniality (McClintock 1992).
4
Cuba is a violator of human rights
Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 ("Human rights under abuse in Cuba," Editorial, April 22nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html~~23storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013) The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to the idea that the piecemeal and illusory changes in Cuba under Gen. Raúl Castro represent a genuine political opening toward greater freedom. If anything, things are getting worse. The report, which covers 2012, says the independent Cuban Commission on Human Rights and Reconciliation counted 6,602 short-term detentions during the year, compared with 4,123 in 2011. In March 2012, the same commission recorded a 30-year record high of 1,158 short-term detentions in a single month just before the visit of Pope Benedict XVI. Among the many abuses cited by the 2012 report are the prison sentences handed out to members of the Unión Patriotica de Cuba, the estimated 3,000 citizens held under the charge of "potential dangerousness," state-orchestrated assaults against the Damas de Blanco (Ladies in White), the suspicious death of dissident Oswaldo Payá and so on. As in any dictatorship, telling the truth is a crime: Independent journalist Calixto Ramón Martínez Arias, the first to report on the cholera outbreak in Cuba, was jailed in September for the crime of desacato (insulting speech) and remained there until last week. The regime is willing to undertake some meek economic reforms to keep people employed. It has even dared to relax its travel requirements to allow more Cubans to leave the country if they can get a passport. Both of these are short-term survival measures, designed as escape valves for growing internal pressure. But when it comes to free speech, political activity and freedom of association — the building blocks of a free society — the report is a depressing chronicle of human-rights abuses and a valuable reminder that repression is the Castro regime’s only response to those who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.
Reject the aff- Moral duty to shun human rights abusers
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict. But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality? AND , on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions? We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of AND rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order. Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It AND it indirectly affects people’s rights. And this is where shunning fits in. Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order. When the AND three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order. An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious AND reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this? First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.) Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force." Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishment then can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it. Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we AND on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing. We can also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.
Text: The United States federal government substantially ease its economic restrictions on the Republic of Cuba. if and only if the Republic of Cuba agrees to combat human rights abuses
We should continue to demand significant reforms before relaxing U.S. policy
José R. Cárdenas, Nov. 13, ’12, an associate with the consulting firm VisionAmericas, former Acting Assistant Administrator for Latin America and the Caribbean and Senior Advisor at the Organization of American States and as a senior professional staff member on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "Cuba policy in a second Obama term," Foreign Policy, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/13/cuba_policy_in_a_second_obama_term, ACC. 6-1-2013, JTJEDI Secondly, critics have convinced themselves that if it weren’t for the Cuban American lobby, the U.S. would have long ago reached an accommodation with the Castro dictatorship. What they refuse to recognize is that the biggest impediment to any fundamental change in the relationship is the absolute unwillingness of the dictatorship to undertake significant reforms that would put pressure on U.S. policymakers to reciprocate with policy changes. That said, to contemplate any serious re-evaluation of relations on the U.S. part as long as the regime systematically represses the Cuban people - to say nothing of the continued unjust incarceration of U.S. development worker Alan Gross — and relentlessly continues to thwart U.S. interests in international fora is just self-delusion
5
A. U.S backing out or Latin America now – china peacefully developing sphere of influence
Hilton 13 (Isabel Hilton is a London-based writer and broadcaster. She was formerly Latin America editor of The Independent newspaper, NOREF Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource center, China in Latin America: Hegemonic challenge?, February 2013, http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/26ff1a0cc3c0b6d5692c8afbc054aad9.pdf, AC) The United States, distracted elsewhere in recent years, ¶ has reacted calmly to AND allies of the U.S. could face ¶ some uncomfortable choices.
B. China sees American economic engagement in Latin America as containment
Rose, 11 (Col. James K. Rose, U.S. Army South’s security cooperation division chief, U.S. Army War College, "SÍ, SE HABLA MANDRIN: ¶ CHINA’S GROWING ¶ INFLUENCE IN LATIN ¶ AMERICA", 2011, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA560114, jk) Some estimates show that China has the potential to become the world?s largest AND Beijing to challenge U.S. interest and hegemony in the region.
C. Containment policies hurt US-China relations- pivot pushed us to the brink
Ikenson, 13 (Dan Ikenson is an author, speaker and Director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, The Manzella Report, "Is the U.S.-Chinese Relationship Deteriorating?", http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/629-is-the-u-s-chinese-relationship-deteriorating, March 7th 2013, jk) In 2012, the administration reported progress toward completion of a trade agreement between the AND from one where containment of China has become a more prominent policy objective.
D. Strong US-Sino relations prevent several scenarios for global war, disease, terrorism, prolif, and warming
Better relations with China would support wide-reaching political reform and liberalization. They AND and political resources to the region to ensure stability and mutual prosperity.
Relations
This focus on the projection of liberalism overseas serves to depoliticize processes of economic and social ordering. This forecloses the possibility of resistance and causes dissenters to be violently exterminated.
. Such "fatalities" are evidenced in current peacebuilding strategies. The de- AND -hegemonic practices, which create opportunities for emancipation, might be achieved.
This exclusion of dissensus can only perpetuate racism, sexism and violence as local social and economic practices are rendered as "hostile" in favor of liberal democracy.
(Mohanty 06) (CHANDRA TALPADE, Department of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, Gender, Place and Culture Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 7–20, February 2006, US Empire and the Project of Women’s Studies: Stories of citizenship, complicity and dissent, http://www.uccs.edu/~~pkeilbac/courses/intlpol/readings/US20Empire.pdf) A number of scholars including Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin (2004) conclude that AND . Capitalist imperialism is now militarist imperialism. Capitalist globalization is militarized globalization.
Normalized US-Cuban ties coming. Happens by 2018 under Diaz-Canel.
The mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind exceeding small. So it AND the half-century-old revolutionary process into new and unfamiliar waters. By 2018, Fidel Castro, aged 86, long described as an ageing revolutionary AND would be able to forge a new and beneficial relationship with the US.
The Obama Administration should be prepared to take, in quick progression, three important AND no limits. Nevertheless, it is time to replace belligerency with détente.
Democracies go to war – Israel and India both prove
Shaw, 00 (Martin, Professor of International Relations and Politics, University of Sussex, 2000, "Democracy and peace in the global revolution," http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/democracy.htm, Hensel) In the global era, established liberal-democratic states do not fight each other AND democracy penalise the regime for the new disaster, and then not decisively.
No nuclear terrorism – tech barriers.
Chapman ’12 (Stephen, editorial writer for Chicago Tribune, "CHAPMAN: Nuclear terrorism unlikely," May 22, http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html) A layperson may figure it’s only a matter of time before the unimaginable comes to AND , it appears, the worst eventuality is one that will never happen.
Presidential hopeful Barack Obama said Thursday he would not use nuclear weapons "in any circumstance" to fight terrorism in Afghanistan and Pakistan, drawing criticism from Hillary Rodham Clinton and other Democratic rivals."I think it would be a profound mistake for us to use nuclear weapons in any circumstance," Obama said, with a pause, "involving civilians." Then he quickly added, "Let me scratch that. There’s been no discussion of nuclear weapons. That’s not on the table."
Terrorists won’t use nukes – immorality and no goals
Beckman 2k ~Peter, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, et aI, The Nuclear Predicament: Nuclear Weapons in the Twenty-First Century, 3rd edition, p. 227-228~
Would it be rational for terrorists to use nuclear weapons? An act is rational AND out, given the temporary nature of the nuclear threat they would pose?
Agriculture
Cuban agriculture is sustainable now
Santa Maria Times 13 http://santamariatimes.com/calendar/community/learning-from-the-most-sustainable-place-on-earth-cuban-permaculturist/event_000d5b1c-f45c-11e2-81ad-10604b9f2f3c.html Santa Barbara Permaculture Network hosts Roberto Perez, Cuban environmental educator featured in the award winning documentary, "The Power of Community, How Cuba Survived Peak Oil" currently in the U.S. promoting the 11th International Permaculture Convergence (IPC11) to be held in Cuba in November of 2013. The Living Planet Report from the World Wildlife Fund in 2007 identified Cuba as the AND living in the face of declining petroleum and other non-renewable resources.
The agroecological revolution is sweeping Latin America in the status quo
Altieri 26 Toledo 11 Miguel A. Altieri 26 Victor Manuel Toledo The agroecological revolution in Latin America: rescuing nature, ensuring food sovereignty and empowering peasants The Journal of Peasant Studies Volume 38, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor 26 Francis Online pages 587-612 This paper provides an overview of what we call ’agroecological revolution’ in Latin America AND agribusiness and agroexports while opening new political roads for Latin American agrarian societies.
Lifting the embargo will destroy Cuba’s model of sustainable polyculture agriculture
Carmen G. Gonzalez, ’3, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Summer 2003, SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, p. 729-33 Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the AND and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.
Doremus 2k Holly (Law Professor, California), Washington and Lee Law Review, v. 11. 2000
Reluctant to concede such losses, tellers of the ecological horror story highlight how close a catastrophe might be, and how little we know about what actions might trigger one.
But the apocalyptic vision is less credible today than it seemed in the 1970s AND a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse. n217
AIDS illustrates the further point that despite the progress made by modern medicine in the AND to localize an infectious disease. The reason is improvements in medical science.
Resource wars don’t happen and have root causes they don’t solve
Victor 07 David Victor, professor of law at Stanford Law School and the director of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, "What Resource Wars?" The National Interest, November 12, 2007, http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=16020
Rising energy prices and mounting concerns about environmental depletion have animated fears that the world AND , where the moniker "climate" conveniently obscures the deeper causal forces.
Food wars are a myth – zero empirics
Salehyan 07 Idean Salehyan (Professor of Political Science at the University of North Texas), Foreign Policy, August 14, 2007, "The New Myth About Climate Change", accessed September 6, 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922
First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that AND there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters.
Ending the trade embargo undermines Cuba’s worm tech exports. Their expertise exist because of financial constraints – not choice
But when the USSR collapsed in 1990/91, Cuba’s ability to feed itself AND late 1980s to between 1,000 and 1,500 by 1993. Radical action was needed, and quickly. "Cuba had to produce twice as much food, with less than half the chemical inputs," according to the COSG. Land was switched from export crops to food production, and tractors were switched for oxen. People were encouraged to move from the city to the land and organic farming methods were introduced. "Integrated pest management, crop rotation, composting and soil conservation were implemented," says the COSG. The country had to become expert in techniques like worm composting and biopesticides. "Worms and worm farm technology is now a Cuban export," says Dr Stephen Wilkinson, assistant director of the International Institute for the Study of Cuba. Thus, the unique system of organoponicos, or urban organic farming, was started AND says, food intake is back at 2,600 calories a day. Organoponico plaza A visit to Havana’s largest organoponico, the three-hectare Organoponico Plaza, which lies a stone’s throw from the city’s Plaza de la Revolución and the desk of Raul Castro, confirms that the scheme is doing well. Rows of strikingly neat irrigated raised beds are home to seasonal crops of lettuces, spring onions, chives, garlic and parsley. Guava and noni fruit trees provide shade around the perimeter, while on the far side compost piles sit next to plastic tunnels used to raise seedlings. Outside in the shop, signs extol the virtues of eating your greens. The shop is open only on Mondays. Produce is sold by the people who work the garden (they keep 50 of sales, so are motivated to produce a lot) to the people who live nearby. In this case, the organoponico serves an estate that wouldn’t look out of place in Tower Hamlets or Easterhouse. Yet inside, butterflies flit and the head gardener, Toni, turns sod like he is digging at Prince Charles’s Highgrove estate. A success then? "In terms of improving the diet of the population it has had a beneficial effect," says Wilkinson. "And it has been a success in terms of meeting some of the food security needs," he says, "but it has not resolved the problem since the island still imports a great deal of food." And change is on the horizon, which might be good for living standards, AND pesticide and fertiliser use mainly due to "financial constraints, not choice".
Turns ag - Worms are key to our planetary survival. Vermicomposting expertise is limited
Blakemore 10 - Studied ’VermEcology’ for 30 years and holds qualifications in ecology, computing and permaculture. ~Dr. Rob Blakemore, "Wonder Worm to the rescue," Our World 2.0, July 2, 2010, pg. http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/wonder-worm-to-the-rescue/
Can worms help save the planet? I think so and, before arguing my case, please let me state my position from the start: I am an ecologist. Not just the type of trendy person who faithfully recycles — although I am fashionably green and a semi-vegetarian who tries to recycle as many beer bottles as possible. No, I am also the other, scientific kind. The science of ecology is generally defined as a study of organisms and their environment, i.e., everything21 However, I would be somewhat more categorical and say that it is "The study of organisms, their products whether alive or dead, and their environment" — i.e., even more of everything, including fossil fuels and human endeavour21 An ecologist then, is someone who considers holistic workings of a natural ecosystem in all its complexity and diversity throughout its time-cycle while breaking it down into its component parts and honing in on its few key, controlling entities. Simultaneously practicing as a generalist and as a multi-faceted specialist. Deeds of the dirt The experience of growing up in rural England alongside my grandfather, the village farrier AND the living organisms, paramount amongst which is the humble, hidden earthworm. Here I must air my strong objections to marine biologists such as Sylvia Earle who pointed out after winning the TED 2009 Prize that the oceans make up 70 of the surface of the Earth and the rest is just "dirt". Approximately 99.4 of our food and fibre is produced on land and only 0.6 comes from oceans and other aquatic ecosystems combined, according to FAO. The calorific value obtained from ocean catches, freshwater fishing and aquaculture adds up to just about 10-16 of the current human total. (These figures are slightly skewed for maritime countries like Japan and Iceland but still, more than 80 of our nutrition is terrestrial in origin). Furthermore, I am sure Dr. Earle accepts that the oceanic ecosystem is wholly dependent upon dissolved nutrients washed down or blown from the soil and is similarly affected by pollution mainly from activity on the land. Her survival depends as much as anyone’s on the "just dirt" part. Thus it is abysmal that scientific knowledge of the oceans is infinitely deeper than for terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, Leonardo da Vinci’s observed 500 years ago that "We know more about the movement of celestial bodies than about the soil underfoot" and this still rings true today. The journal Science, realizing that our knowledge is so scant, produced a special 2004 issue entitled Soils — The Final Frontier. Why waste precious funds and brain resources on the vain discovery of useless planets overhead or new deep-sea species that will still be there tomorrow, while vital unrecognized organisms literally beneath our feet disappear at an increasingly alarming rate and to our peril? Why are we not concentrating our efforts and valuable resources on protecting and preserving the tangible deeds of our earthly home patch for current and future generations of Earthlings? Where on earth is our Soil Ecology Institute? Global worming We talk of greenhouse gasses and global warming yet it is the lithosphere, not AND an Our World 2.0 article on this ’ red hot power’.) Proper management of our arable, pastoral and forest soils is the most practically feasible mechanism to sequester atmospheric carbon without any adverse effects. Atmospheric carbon is entirely recycled via the soil from plants in around 12-20 years — all of this being processed through the intestines of worms. Vermicomposting of organics and encouraging soil biodiversity by rebuilding humus provides a natural closed-system remedy with neither waste nor loss of productivity. Down-to-Earth soil species All manner of dirt and disease always ends up in the sod and consequentially its ecology is naturally robust. Yet, the soil suffers the most profound and significant effects from over-exploitation and faces the greatest threat from erosion, destruction and pollution with artificial chemicals and/or transgenes. Despite its importance, soil biodiversity is so poorly known that even obvious organisms like the relatively large worms are mostly unclassified. On each field trip I find new species and, of the 10,000 that have been given scientific names thus far (perhaps less than a third of the total), we know something of the ecology about a dozen species. But what we do know doesn’t look good. Unprecedented loss of species abundance and diversity combined with high extinction rates are bringing Earth into new and uncharted territory. We urgently need triage. Laboratories crammed with scores of ecologists could study just worms for their whole careers and still we would only progress slightly from our current poor state of knowledge, but our gain would be justifiable and have tangible effects on resolving pressing environmental issues. But this is not the current situation. Fundamentally we can justify study of soil ecology because it affects all our lives and AND healthy soil in which any healthy crop could develop in the first place. If we ask "Which group of organisms would cause the most disruption to life AND claim such importance for their study subject? Looking forward to the past One of the main predictions, highly optimistic, in the revolutionary move into our post-industrial era (see Alvin Toffler’s The Third Wave for details) was that genetic engineering would provide new production methods and have profound effects on future development. In many ways this has been borne out in medical use and microbial ’manufacture’ with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that provide some potential benefit and serve some purpose, albeit at huge cost. But there are equally large risks. Rather obviously, the main characteristic of life is to reproduce and disperse. The architects of the modified corn, cotton, soy, wheat, rice and spuds are often of exactly the same companies (or at least profit-driven mind-sets) that produced the toxic chemicals that they are now telling us their new GMO technology will replace — just as chemical engineers promised solutions to all our problems previously. In 1962 Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring first alerted us to risks of agricultural chemical pollution, exacerbated by bioaccumulation in body tissue (especially of invertebrates such as earthworms) and bioconcentration further up the food-chain. But whatever the problem, these chemicals will eventually disperse and decline once production halts. With biology the reverse is true. Design a plant to be herbicide or insect resistant and it will increase and spread by its own means, by cross-pollination or genetic drift. Case in point is the illegitimate escape in Japan of feral oilseed rape ( Brassica napus) genetically modified to resist herbicide that, as with any similar calamity, will continue in an uncontrollable fashion. Rather than addressing immediate environmental issues per se, much of scientific resources are diverted into molecular studies, mostly for industrial agricultural production, that are inordinately expensive, or into agronomic trials of effective toxic biocide applications. Mostly this is not requested by informed consumers nor by farmers who must rely on the advice of often industry-funded ’experts’ and extension officers (hopefully not advertisers). Surprisingly and shamefully, almost zero funding is available for research on organic production ’alternatives’ that are dismissed as impractical fads. Yet it is their implementation, since the start of the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, that has brought us this far. Let’s not let topsoil slip through our fingers Topsoil is the most valuable resource upon which civilizations depend. Its rapid loss combined with soil fertility and soil health decline are of greatest immediate concern. How important is loss of topsoil? Basically without fertile topsoil there is no plant AND seriously degraded, according to the UN’S 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Loss of topsoil has been due to the combined effects of desertification, salinization, AND degraded, and Asia, where 11 is now unsuitable for farming. In addition to those pollutants commonly recognized as originating from biocides and fertilizers, there are many other sources — such as antibiotics associated with intensive animal production, plus a ’cocktail’ of human-processed pollutants like drugs, solvents and synthetic hormones from birth control pills — that all make their way into the environment in an infinite variety of unforeseeable combinations. Suggested remediation to soil decline and agricultural production are to use GMO crops and other high-tech applications, because there is an assumption that topsoil formation is a centuries-old process that is essentially non-renewable and thus is gone forever. This view is false and there are several examples of methods that can be applied to restore fertile topsoils to farms, and in a time frame as short as a matter of a few years. Feed the worm "When the question is asked, ’Can I build top-soil?’ the answer is ’Yes’, and when the first question is followed by a second question, ’How?’ the answer is ’Feed earthworms’," so wrote Eve Balfour in the introduction to Thomas J. Barrett’s book, Harnessing the Earthworm. Indeed there are many instances of organic farms around the world preserving or restoring healthy AND well known and widely adopted by national and local communities and individuals worldwide. William Blake urged us "~t~o see a world in a grain of sand and a heaven in a wildflower". Soil survey of the abundance and diversity of earthworms in a soil will provide a good measure of natural fertility, as these are the monitors and mediators of soil health. That some of our honourable predecessors appreciated the worm’s role is manifest by one translation of the Chinese characters for ’earthworms’ being ’angels of the earth’. Seeing a worm turned up by the plough and eaten by a bird started Prince Siddhartha (Gautama Buddah) on his contemplative path to understanding the Cycle-of-Life. In the Classical world, the ’father of biology’, Aristotle, called earthworms the "soil’s entrails" and it is reported that Cleopatra decreed them sacred. Charles Darwin, British naturalist and father of evolution, also had an interest in AND of earthworms on soils and plant growth, and thus on human survival. Believing his worm work one of his most crucial contributions, Darwin stated: "It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organized creatures… "The vegetable mould ~humus~ which covers, as with a mantle, the surface of the land, has all passed many times through their bodies." Hopefully it will continue thus. In 1981, as a centennial tribute to Darwin’s seminal work, I completed a AND cost savings in chemicals and environmental degradation. (Details are presented here.) Look up to the worm My thesis is that each of the three major interlinked influences on our world – AND -process organic ’wastes’ via worms, for a natural compost fertilizer.
Interpretation - "Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2 The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the AND shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct) Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you AND run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Violation – the plan isn’t
Voting issue:
Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the Neg’s research burden
Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy
2
Sanctions bill will be blocked now but it will be a fight- PC is key to building momentum
President Barack Obama’s campaign for Congress to hold off on new sanctions over Iran’s nuclear program won a key endorsement on Thursday when the chairman of the U.S. Senate Banking Committee rejected tightening measures against Iran now. Senator Tim Johnson, a Democrat, said he agrees with the Obama administration that such legislation could disrupt delicate negotiations seeking to curb Iran’s nuclear program. The Banking Committee oversees sanctions legislation in the Senate. "We should not do anything counterproductive that might shatter Western unity on this issue," Johnson said at a hearing. "We should make sure that if the talks fail, it was Iran that caused their failure. We should not give Iran, the P5+1 countries or other nations a pretext to lay responsibility for their collapse on us," he said. Iran’s foreign minister also has said a new sanctions law would kill the interim agreement reached in Geneva on November 24. In that agreement, Tehran agreed to limit uranium enrichment in return for an easing of international sanctions. The administration’s push to hold off on sanctions gained further momentum when other senators - including senior Republicans - said they did not expect action now. "I realized we’re sort of going through a rope-a-dope here in the Senate and that we’re not actually going to do anything," said Senator Bob Corker, the top Republican on the Foreign Relations Committee and a member of the Banking panel. Underscoring the administration’s insistence that it is not backing down on Iran, the U.S. Treasury Department announced shortly before the Banking Committee hearing that it had blacklisted several companies and individuals for supporting Iran’s nuclear program. TALKS CONTINUE The P5+1 powers who negotiated the interim deal on Iran’s nuclear program - Britain, China, France, Germany, Russia and the United States - are continuing negotiations with a goal of reaching a comprehensive final deal in six months. Johnson also said he and Senator Mike Crapo, the top Republican on the Banking panel, had crafted a new sanctions bill, not to pass now, but to be put into effect if Iran does not comply with the Geneva agreement or negotiations collapse. "I am holding back ... simply because of the administration’s request," Crapo told reporters after the hearing. Crapo said he believed in strong sanctions but had not decided how he would vote if a group of more hawkish senators led by Democrat Robert Menendez and Republican Mark Kirk pursued a plan to introduce sanctions legislation without going through the Banking Committee. Menendez said at the banking hearing that he remained deeply skeptical about Iran and said the Senate might need to pass a resolution spelling out what it sees as terms of an acceptable final agreement with Iran. The Obama administration is eager to remind companies hoping for an opening to do business with Iran that sanctions that have crippled the country’s economy remain in place. "We are very actively dissuading international oil companies and others who think that now may be a time to test the waters in Iran," David Cohen, undersecretary for terrorism and financial intelligence for the Treasury Department, said at the hearing.
Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on AND furthering goals laid out during his first. Here, however, John Kerry’s
If Congress isn’t careful, it will sabotage our country’s best opportunity to prevent war and a nuclear-armed Iran. The campaign to establish excessive new sanctions risks blowing up the preliminary deal reached to limit Iran’s nuclear program before it’s even gone into effect. If neither Congress nor Iranian hardliners get in the way, this agreement will freeze Iran’s nuclear progress for the first time in a decade. Key parts of Iran’s nuclear program will be stopped or rolled back for six months, and Iran will submit to unprecedented inspections. In return, Iran gets modest relief from existing sanctions and a commitment by the United States and our partners to refrain from adding any new ones. This six-month window gives our diplomats the space to hammer out a comprehensive settlement to guarantee Iran does not develop a nuclear weapon. The deal our diplomats negotiated with Iran is a landmark achievement for advancing America’s national security interests and strengthening the global non-proliferation regime. We should be celebrating it, not dealing it a death of a thousand cut
Iran prolif causes nuclear war Kroenig ’12 Assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations ~Matthew Kroenig "Time to Attack IranWhy a Strike Is the Least Bad Option" Feb 2012 http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136917/matthew-kroenig/time-to-attack-iran~~**
Having the bomb would give Iran greater cover for conventional aggression and coercive diplomacy, AND the two countries that could draw the United States in, as well.
3
1. The discourse of competitiveness shifts economic debates into nationalistic decisions over who deserves to live and who must die.
SCHOENBERGER Geography and Envt’l Engineering @ Johns Hopkins 98 "Discourse and practice in human geography" Progress in Human Geography 22 (1) p. 2-5 The second theme I want to draw on has to do with the ways in AND is accepted and even imitated by people in other spheres entirely is remarkable.
2. Competitiveness ensures environmental collapse- renders costs environmental externalities to growth and economic gain
Bristow, 2010 School of City 26 Regional Planning, Cardiff University Gillian, Resilient regions: re-’place’ing regional competitiveness, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 2010, 3, 153–167
The placelessness of the competitiveness discourse also has other signi?cant implications—implications which directly AND , thereby limiting its competitiveness for tomorrow (Bristow and Wells, 2005).
4. reject the aff to open spaces of resistance and deconstruct competitiveness
Sheppard, 02 – Eric, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota ("The Spaces and Times of Globalization: Place, Scale, Networks, and Positionality," Economic Geography, Vol. 78, No. 3, July 2002, JSTOR)RK
Although this symbiotic relationship between positionality and power may suggest a global economy with persistent AND hierarchies sometimes collapse overnight, as in Eastern Europe in and after 1989. Meanings and discourses closely articulate with, but certainly are not reducible to, the AND )), places come to share a common positionality in the space of discourse. Yet discourses from the margins have also shaped ideas in positionally advantaged places. Judith AND avoid oversimplifying this positionality into an undifferentiated state of postcoloniality (McClintock 1992).
4
Cuba is a violator of human rights
Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 ("Human rights under abuse in Cuba," Editorial, April 22nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html~~23storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013) The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to the idea that the piecemeal and illusory changes in Cuba under Gen. Raúl Castro represent a genuine political opening toward greater freedom. If anything, things are getting worse. The report, which covers 2012, says the independent Cuban Commission on Human Rights and Reconciliation counted 6,602 short-term detentions during the year, compared with 4,123 in 2011. In March 2012, the same commission recorded a 30-year record high of 1,158 short-term detentions in a single month just before the visit of Pope Benedict XVI. Among the many abuses cited by the 2012 report are the prison sentences handed out to members of the Unión Patriotica de Cuba, the estimated 3,000 citizens held under the charge of "potential dangerousness," state-orchestrated assaults against the Damas de Blanco (Ladies in White), the suspicious death of dissident Oswaldo Payá and so on. As in any dictatorship, telling the truth is a crime: Independent journalist Calixto Ramón Martínez Arias, the first to report on the cholera outbreak in Cuba, was jailed in September for the crime of desacato (insulting speech) and remained there until last week. The regime is willing to undertake some meek economic reforms to keep people employed. It has even dared to relax its travel requirements to allow more Cubans to leave the country if they can get a passport. Both of these are short-term survival measures, designed as escape valves for growing internal pressure. But when it comes to free speech, political activity and freedom of association — the building blocks of a free society — the report is a depressing chronicle of human-rights abuses and a valuable reminder that repression is the Castro regime’s only response to those who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.
Reject the aff- Moral duty to shun human rights abusers
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict. But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality? AND , on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions? We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of AND rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order. Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It AND it indirectly affects people’s rights. And this is where shunning fits in. Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order. When the AND three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order. An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious AND reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this? First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.) Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force." Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishment then can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it. Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we AND on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing. We can also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.
5
Text: The United States federal government substantially ease its economic restrictions on the Republic of Cuba. if and only if the Republic of Cuba agrees to combat human rights abuses
We should continue to demand significant reforms before relaxing U.S. policy
José R. Cárdenas, Nov. 13, ’12, an associate with the consulting firm VisionAmericas-http://www.visionamericas.com/, former Acting Assistant Administrator for Latin America and the Caribbean and Senior Advisor at the Organization of American States and as a senior professional staff member on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "Cuba policy in a second Obama term-http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/13/cuba_policy_in_a_second_obama_term," Foreign Policy, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/13/cuba_policy_in_a_second_obama_term-http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/13/cuba_policy_in_a_second_obama_term, ACC. 6-1-2013, JTJEDI Secondly, critics have convinced themselves that if it weren’t for the Cuban American lobby, the U.S. would have long ago reached an accommodation with the Castro dictatorship. What they refuse to recognize is that the biggest impediment to any fundamental change in the relationship is the absolute unwillingness of the dictatorship to undertake significant reforms that would put pressure on U.S. policymakers to reciprocate with policy changes. That said, to contemplate any serious re-evaluation of relations on the U.S. part as long as the regime systematically represses the Cuban people - to say nothing of the continued unjust incarceration of U.S. development worker Alan Gross — and relentlessly continues to thwart U.S. interests in international fora is just self-delusion
6
A. U.S backing out or Latin America now – china peacefully developing sphere of influence
B. China sees American economic engagement in Latin America as containment
Rose, 11 (Col. James K. Rose, U.S. Army South’s security cooperation division chief, U.S. Army War College, "SÍ, SE HABLA MANDRIN: ¶ CHINA’S GROWING ¶ INFLUENCE IN LATIN ¶ AMERICA", 2011, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA560114-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA560114, jk) Some estimates show that China has the potential to become the world?s largest AND Beijing to challenge U.S. interest and hegemony in the region.
C. Containment policies hurt US-China relations- pivot pushed us to the brink
Better relations with China would support wide-reaching political reform and liberalization. They AND and political resources to the region to ensure stability and mutual prosperity.
Steel
Studies go neg – no risk of water wars (Allouche 11) Jeremy Allouche, Visiting Fellow at the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of. Technology, "The Sustanability and Resilence of Global Water and Food Systems: Political Analysis of the Interplay Between Security, Resource Scarcity, Political Systems, and Global Trade" Food Policy, Volume 36, Supplement 1, January 2011, Pages S3–S8, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919210001272, accessed October 7, 2012.
The question of resource scarcity has led to many debates on whether scarcity (whether AND ~Barnett and Adger, 2007~ and Kevane and Gray, 2008).
Resource wars don’t happen and have root causes they don’t solve
Victor 07 David Victor, professor of law at Stanford Law School and the director of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, "What Resource Wars?" The National Interest, November 12, 2007, http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=16020
Rising energy prices and mounting concerns about environmental depletion have animated fears that the world AND , where the moniker "climate" conveniently obscures the deeper causal forces.
No risk of rapid resource shortages
Simon 96 Julian Simon (Former Professor of Business Administration at the University of Maryland, and Former Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute), The Ultimate Resource 2, 1996
The matter of risk aversion was considered at length in the discussion of nuclear energy AND about the appropriate level of confidence that progress will continue in the future.
With both the U.S. and China making gains in the region in AND democratic.alternative to U.S. influence presents a major problem.
CCP is strong – won’t collapse
YONGNIAN 12 (ZHENG, director of the East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, 12/9/2012, "Why the Chinese Communist Party will not collapse", http://vietnamcentre.wordpress.com/2012/09/13/why-the-chinese-communist-party-will-not-collapse/) The rise of the Jasmine Revolution and the collapse of the regimes in the Middle AND succession at all levels is incomparable to any other system, including democracy.
Despite this, the role of force in Asian international politics is becoming more limited AND strategic, political, diplomatic, and economic costs and risks are high.
No resource wars – empirics (Salehyan 07) Idean Salehyan, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of North Texas, "The New Myth About Climate Change" Foreign Policy, AUGUST 14, 2007 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922, accessed October 8, 2012.
First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that AND global warming causes conflict, we should not be witnessing this downward trend.
No China war – fears of economic loss and nationalism
At times in the past few months, China and Japan have appeared almost ready AND a more welcoming destination for foreign investment, and foster better trade relations.
Doremus 2k Holly (Law Professor, California), Washington and Lee Law Review, v. 11. 2000
Reluctant to concede such losses, tellers of the ecological horror story highlight how close AND a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse. n217
CCP legitimacy inevitable - slew of factors including economic growth
(Holbig and Gilley 10) Heike Holbig (GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies), and Bruce Gilley (Portland State University), Politics and Policy, June 2010, "Reclaiming Legitimacy in China", accessed May 27, 2012, http://web.pdx.edu/~~gilleyb/Holbig_Gilley_AsPublished.pdf
The contemporary politics of China re?ect an ongoing effort by the ruling Chinese Communist Party AND "human rights" in ways that support its existing performance and values.
Stainless steel production high- we’re breaking records
A senior Obama administration official told CBS News Friday that North Korea’s belligerent words and AND of Duty’ video game and it includes a targeting of the 7th Fleet."
Lots on flow
12/19/13
Dowling 1NC- Semis
Tournament: Dowling | Round: Semis | Opponent: Minneapolis South OT | Judge: Hancock, Tews, Birzer
1nc
Class is the driver of all social and existential conditions – even desire is determined by our material class conditions. Only emancipation from the status quo modes of production can enact any form of human freedom
(Ebert and Zavarzadeh 08) (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p.ix-xii)
Class is everywhere and nowhere. It is the most decisive condition of social life AND Marx put it, "estranges the species from man" (276).
Their focus on signifiers and localized resistance is rooted in a fear of power-it disables all political stances and allows the hegemonic forces of elites to expand unchecked. Resistance will fail until it is focused on a positive exercise of power
(Bertens 95) Johannes and Willem, the idea of postmodernism: a history, pg 197-199)
Postmodernism, however, repeats the defeatist gestures of modernism, although admittedly on another AND that has kept feminists on their guard vis a vis most postmodern theory.
The affirmative is emblematic of everything that has fractured the left and allowed the unrelenting expansion of global capitalism – Their focus on individualism and identity prefers the discursive to the material, everything is radically localized and they actively refuse to focus on state policy and its material consequences- All of these facets of the affirmative are welcomed by capital with open arms-they teach a politics devoid of an understanding of the material conditions of capital. Effective resistance and strategizing is not possible in the world of the affirmative.
Ebert in 95, (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Rethinking Marxism Association for Economic and Social Analysis, vol 8 no 2, The Knowable Good—Post-al Ethics, the Question of Justice and Red Feminism, index found here, http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/gr/gsce/d/rm.htm~~2395, article here, http://www.geocities.com/redtheory/AO/AOVol5-1RedFeminism.html ) What remains of "left" politics in the West is increasingly a post- AND of the (outmoded) ideological forms necessary to earlier stages of capitalism.
Critical studies against Western imperialism and colonialism misdiagnose the problem as one of ’science’ and ’knowledge’-this misdiagnoses the issue. Modern imperialism can only be understood as part of the material global expansion of capitalism.
Neil Lazarus in 11, Professor of English and Comparative Literary Studies at Warwick University, Institute of Race Relations, Vol. 53(1): 3–27, Race and Class In a commentary from the mid-1990s entitled ’East isn’t East’, Edward AND the moment of postcolonial studies’ emergence in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale. Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system
(Zizek and Daly 04) (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gord¬ian knot of postmodern protocol AND the abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.
Capitalist exploitation of Earth leads to extinction
(Foster 11) John Bellamy, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Capitalism and the Accumulation of Catastrophe, Monthly Review, December 2011~
Over the next few decades we are facing the possibility, indeed the probability, AND the environment, "from the point of view of natural science."3
The alternative is to challenge capitalism through a methodology of historical materialism.
Only through historical materialism can we understand how the material structures in which action occurs shapes our subjectivity.
(Lukacs 67) George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary’s Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness
The practical danger of every such dualism shows itself in the loss of any directive AND the interests of the movement as a whole" 23-24
The alternative provides an effective starting point for global revolution – our use of the academic sphere as an organizing space for anti-capitalist knowledge is able to produce global change – you should reject any permutation as it forfeits totality in favor of diluted knowledge incapable of achieving revolution
(Katz 2003) ADAM KATZ, adjunct English instructor at Onondaga Community College in Syracuse, NY. He received his Ph.D. in English literature from Syracuse. "The University and Revolutionary Practice: A Letter toward a Leninist Pedagogy" 2003, pg 237-239
Can we do otherwise? Other, that is, than reproducing the student as AND possibility for a heightening and waging of class struggle on a global scale.
Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the team who best methodologically challenges structural violence
Capitalism necessitates violence against people of different races – it is a means of dividing the working class to prevent revolution
Slavery in the colonies helped produce a boom in the 18th century economy that provided AND under modem capitalism. By its nature, capitalism fosters competition between workers.
Class is the driver of all social and existential conditions – even desire is determined by our material class conditions. Only emancipation from the status quo modes of production can enact any form of human freedom
(Ebert and Zavarzadeh 08) (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p.ix-xii)
Class is everywhere and nowhere. It is the most decisive condition of social life AND Marx put it, "estranges the species from man" (276).
Critical studies against Western imperialism and colonialism misdiagnose the problem as one of ’science’ and ’knowledge’-this misdiagnoses the issue. Modern imperialism can only be understood as part of the material global expansion of capitalism.
Neil Lazarus in 11, Professor of English and Comparative Literary Studies at Warwick University, Institute of Race Relations, Vol. 53(1): 3–27, Race and Class In a commentary from the mid-1990s entitled ’East isn’t East’, Edward AND the moment of postcolonial studies’ emergence in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The affirmative is emblematic of everything that has fractured the left and allowed the unrelenting expansion of global capitalism – Their focus on individualism and identity prefers the discursive to the material, everything is radically localized and they actively refuse to focus on state policy and its material consequences- All of these facets of the affirmative are welcomed by capital with open arms-they teach a politics devoid of an understanding of the material conditions of capital. Effective resistance and strategizing is not possible in the world of the affirmative.
Ebert in 95, (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Rethinking Marxism Association for Economic and Social Analysis, vol 8 no 2, The Knowable Good—Post-al Ethics, the Question of Justice and Red Feminism, index found here, http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/gr/gsce/d/rm.htm~~2395, article here, http://www.geocities.com/redtheory/AO/AOVol5-1RedFeminism.html ) What remains of "left" politics in the West is increasingly a post- AND of the (outmoded) ideological forms necessary to earlier stages of capitalism.
Border thinking is the last defense against capitalism on a new scale – their cultural critique only accommodates capitalism by absorbing the subjectivities as a way to "increase difference" – the affs methodology is only that of violent assimilation of the rest of the world into globalized capitalism
(Ebert 09) TERESA L. EBERT, professor @ State University of New York, Albany, phd from U of Minnesota "The Task of Cultural Critique" 2009, Pg 143-148.
Theorists of modern globalization have mapped the world as a transnational space beyond the limits AND culture, in which culture is seen as the superstructure of a material base
(Postmodernism 406). They are, in other words, consumptionist theories. AND be no place in which classes can confront one another" (154).
The naturalizing process of capitalism masks its role in ensuring subjugation on a global scale. Our primary ethico-political responsibility is to challenge the organizing principles which found this system
(Zizek and Daly 04) (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek pg. 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gord¬ian knot of postmodern protocol AND the abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.
Border criticism plays into the hands of capitalism by rewriting historical materialist analysis off class as another false opposition – This erases that the constitution of modern society occurs through a relationship between those with property and those without
Ebert and Zavarzadeh in 2008(Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p.74-76) Neoliberalism and its representational technologies have made the exploitation of workers of the South not AND relation of opposition to each other but are simply two versions of difference.
Their affirmative, with its emphasis on the ethics of the Other, mourning, and representation, is the epitome of a toothless, facile leftism that is secretly wedded to the core of the system it hopes to critique. The desire for the public sphere to become inclusive of mourning and different understandings of the human is nothing more than an alibi for the liberal-democratic-capitalist status quo. Butler’s critical public perpetually plays the loyal opposition to the system, never willing to question its foundations. Putting our activist eggs in the affirmative’s basket is quite literally a recipe for political irrelevance and capitalist domination.
(Smith 09) Paul, Professor of Cultural Studies at George Mason University, 2004, Vol. 12, No. 1-2, p. 259-260~
What all this amounts to, as I’m sure many other commentators have seen and AND in a precarious state if this liberalism were its proper and uncontested location.
The cultural turn that focuses on ’lived experiences’ and social conditions confuses phenomenological changes with an ontological transformation of capitalism – capitalism hasn’t changed, it still relies on the exploitation of surplus labor.
(Ebert and Zavarzadeh 08) (Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p. xviii)
The turn to culture represents culture as an assemblage of para-autonomous practices of AND a time when causal relations are, like class itself, declared dead.
Capitalist exploitation of Earth leads to extinction
(Foster 11) John Bellamy, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Capitalism and the Accumulation of Catastrophe, Monthly Review, December 2011~
Over the next few decades we are facing the possibility, indeed the probability, AND the environment, "from the point of view of natural science."3
The alternative is to challenge capitalism through a methodology of historical materialism.
Only through historical materialism can we understand how the material structures in which action occurs shapes our subjectivity.
(Lukacs 67) George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary’s Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness
The practical danger of every such dualism shows itself in the loss of any directive AND the interests of the movement as a whole" 23-24
The alternative provides an effective starting point for global revolution – our use of the academic sphere as an organizing space for anti-capitalist knowledge is able to produce global change – you should reject any permutation as it forfeits totality in favor of diluted knowledge incapable of achieving revolution
(Katz 2003) ADAM KATZ, adjunct English instructor at Onondaga Community College in Syracuse, NY. He received his Ph.D. in English literature from Syracuse. "The University and Revolutionary Practice: A Letter toward a Leninist Pedagogy" 2003, pg 237-239
Can we do otherwise? Other, that is, than reproducing the student as AND As teachers, we should strive for that precision in drawing and clarifying distinctions
, and in relating them to the unevenness and contradictoriness of global capitalist-imperialist AND possibility for a heightening and waging of class struggle on a global scale.
Capitalism necessitates violence against people of different races – it is a means of dividing the working class to prevent revolution
Slavery in the colonies helped produce a boom in the 18th century economy that provided AND the source of racism—capitalism—and build a new socialist society.
12/19/13
New Trier 1NC- Doubles
Tournament: New Trier | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Northside College Prep ER | Judge: Mary Gregg, Wayne Tang, Kevin Hern
1
A. interpretation "Increase" means a net increase
Rogers 5 (Judge – New York, et al., Petitioners v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondent, NSR Manufacturers Roundtable, et al., Intervenors, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, ; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, 6/24, Lexis)
~48~ Statutory Interpretation. HN16While the CAA defines a "modification" as AND car five or ten years ago when the engine was in perfect condition.
b. violation- aff results in a net decrease of economic flows
c. vote neg-
a. limits- doubles the amount of plausible affs by allowing bidirectionality
b. ground- spikes all core economic links by engaging to END economic engagement
The days when Republicans thought they could deliver ransom notes to Barack Obama are gone AND at any moment. But the reverse direction of their travel is unmistakable.
Calling in a favor on the plan burns up Obama’s limited leverage with House Republicans—PC is finite
Before President Obama speaks to the nation about Syria tonight, take a look at what this fall will look like inside America. There are 49 million people in the country who suffered inadequate access to food in 2012, leaving the percentage of "food-insecure" Americans at about one-sixth of the US population. At the same time, Congress refused to pass food-stamp legislation this summer, pushing it off again and threatening draconian cuts. The country will crash into the debt ceiling in mid-October, which would be an economic disaster, especially with a government shutdown looming at the same time. These are deadlines that Congress already learned two years ago not to toy with, but memories appear to be preciously short. The Federal Reserve needs a new chief in three months, someone who will help AND to some – with a Congress already unwilling to do the President’s bidding. Congress was supposed to pass a farm bill this summer, but declined to do so even though the task is already two years late. As a result, the country has no farm bill, leaving agricultural subsidies up in the air, farmers uncertain about what their financial picture looks like, and a potential food crisis on the horizon. The two main housing agencies, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, have been in limbo for four years and are desperately in need of reform that should start this fall, but there is scant attention to the problem. These are the problems going unattended by the Obama administration while his aides and cabinet members have been wasting the nation’s time making the rounds on television and Capitol Hill stumping for a profoundly unpopular war. The fact that all this chest-beating was for naught, and an easy solution seems on the horizon, belies the single-minded intensity that the Obama White House brought to its insistence on bombing Syria. More than one wag has suggested, with the utmost reason, that if Obama had brought this kind of passion to domestic initiatives, the country would be in better condition right now. As it is, public policy is embarrassingly in shambles at home while the administration throws all of its resources and political capital behind a widely hated plan to get involved in a civil war overseas. The upshot for the president may be that it’s easier to wage war with a foreign power than go head-to-head with the US Congress, even as America suffers from neglect. This is the paradox that President Obama is facing this fall, as he appears to turn his back on a number of crucial and urgent domestic initiatives in order to spend all of his meager political capital on striking Syria. Syria does present a significant humanitarian crisis, which has been true for the past two years that the Obama administration has completely ignored the atrocities of Bashar al-Assad. Two years is also roughly the same amount of time that key domestic initiatives have also gone ignored as Obama and Congress engage in petty battles for dominance and leave the country to run itself on a starvation diet imposed by sequestration cuts. Leon Panetta tells the story of how he tried to lobby against sequestration only to be told: Leon, you don’t understand. The Congress is resigned to failure. Similarly, those on Wall Street, the Federal Reserve, those working at government agencies, and voters themselves have become all too practiced at ignoring the determined incompetence of those in Washington. Political capital – the ability to horse-trade and win political favors from a AND on the domestic tasks it wants to accomplish, one at a time. The president is scheduled to speak six times this week, mostly about Syria. That includes evening news interviews, an address to the nation, and numerous other speeches. Behind the scenes, he is calling members of Congress to get them to fall into line. Secretary of State John Kerry is omnipresent, so ubiquitous on TV that it may be easier just to get him his own talk show called Syria Today. It would be a treat to see White House aides lobbying as aggressively – and on as many talk shows – for a better food stamp bill, an end to the debt-ceiling drama, or a solution to the senseless sequestration cuts, as it is on what is clearly a useless boondoggle in Syria. There’s no reason to believe that Congress can have an all-consuming debate about Syria and then, somehow refreshed, return to a domestic agenda that has been as chaotic and urgent as any in recent memory. The President should have judged his options better. As it is, he should now judge his actions better.
Failure to raise the debt ceiling ensures collapse of the global economy, U.S. economic leadership, and free trade
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Extinction
Auslin 09 (Michael, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, 2009, "Averting Disaster Preventing the worst case scenario in Asia", 2-5, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/016/115jtnqw.asp?page=2) AS THEY DEAL WITH a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the AND types of miscalculation and greed that have destroyed international systems in the past.
3
1. The discourse of competitiveness shifts economic debates into nationalistic decisions over who deserves to live and who must die.
SCHOENBERGER Geography and Envt’l Engineering @ Johns Hopkins 98 "Discourse and practice in human geography" Progress in Human Geography 22 (1) p. 2-5 The second theme I want to draw on has to do with the ways in AND is accepted and even imitated by people in other spheres entirely is remarkable.
2. Competitiveness ensures environmental collapse- renders costs environmental externalities to growth and economic gain
Bristow, 2010 School of City 26 Regional Planning, Cardiff University Gillian, Resilient regions: re-’place’ing regional competitiveness, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 2010, 3, 153–167
The placelessness of the competitiveness discourse also has other signi?cant implications—implications which directly AND , thereby limiting its competitiveness for tomorrow (Bristow and Wells, 2005).
3. The hierarchical mobility of competitiveness destroys those who fail to produce.
DAVIS Sociology @ Leeds 2008 "Bauman on Globalization" in The Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman eds. Michael Hviid Jacobsen and Paul Poder p. 145-146
It is this stark opposition between tourists and vagabonds that Bauman (2004) develops AND of global solutions, has led Bauman to explain globalization as entirely ’negative’.
4. Our alternative- reject the aff to open spaces of resistance and deconstruct competitiveness
Sheppard, 02 – Eric, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota ("The Spaces and Times of Globalization: Place, Scale, Networks, and Positionality," Economic Geography, Vol. 78, No. 3, July 2002, JSTOR)RK
Although this symbiotic relationship between positionality and power may suggest a global economy with persistent AND hierarchies sometimes collapse overnight, as in Eastern Europe in and after 1989. Meanings and discourses closely articulate with, but certainly are not reducible to, the AND )), places come to share a common positionality in the space of discourse. Yet discourses from the margins have also shaped ideas in positionally advantaged places. Judith AND avoid oversimplifying this positionality into an undifferentiated state of postcoloniality (McClintock 1992).
4
A. U.S backing out or Latin America now – china peacefully developing sphere of influence
Hilton 13 (Isabel Hilton is a London-based writer and broadcaster. She was formerly Latin America editor of The Independent newspaper, NOREF Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource center, China in Latin America: Hegemonic challenge?, February 2013, http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/26ff1a0cc3c0b6d5692c8afbc054aad9.pdf, AC) The United States, distracted elsewhere in recent years, ¶ has reacted calmly to AND allies of the U.S. could face ¶ some uncomfortable choices.
B. China sees American economic engagement in Latin America as containment
Rose, 11 (Col. James K. Rose, U.S. Army South’s security cooperation division chief, U.S. Army War College, "SÍ, SE HABLA MANDRIN: ¶ CHINA’S GROWING ¶ INFLUENCE IN LATIN ¶ AMERICA", 2011, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA560114, jk) Some estimates show that China has the potential to become the world?s largest AND Beijing to challenge U.S. interest and hegemony in the region.
C. Containment policies hurt US-China relations- pivot pushed us to the brink
Ikenson, 13 (Dan Ikenson is an author, speaker and Director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, The Manzella Report, "Is the U.S.-Chinese Relationship Deteriorating?", http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/629-is-the-u-s-chinese-relationship-deteriorating, March 7th 2013, jk) In 2012, the administration reported progress toward completion of a trade agreement between the AND from one where containment of China has become a more prominent policy objective.
D. Strong US-Sino relations prevent several scenarios for global war, disease, terrorism, prolif, and warming
Better relations with China would support wide-reaching political reform and liberalization. They AND and political resources to the region to ensure stability and mutual prosperity.
5
Reject the aff- Moral duty to shun human rights abusers
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict. But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality? AND , on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions? We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of AND rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order. Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It AND it indirectly affects people’s rights. And this is where shunning fits in. Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order. When the AND three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order. An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious AND reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this? First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.) Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force." Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishment then can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it. Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we AND on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing. We can also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.
Drugs
1) Their Rawlins 13 concludes that cooperative U.S./Mexico efforts fail. Its a neg card
2) cant solve
a) Alt Cause — money transfers can’t be stopped - physical transfers, underground market, bitcoins.
Matonis 13 Jon Matonis executive director of the Bitcoin Foundation and an e-money researcher and crypto economist focused on expanding the circulation of nonpolitical digital currencies. AmericanBanker " Life-Saving Remittances Smothered by Anti-Money-Laundering Laws" JUL 24, 2013 1:54pm ET http://www.americanbanker.com/bankthink/life-saving-remittances-smothered-by-anti-money-laundering-laws-1060845-1.html mje The law of unintended consequences strikes again. This time NGOs and political leaders are AND the two leading banks in the market unless they offered remittances to Somalia.
b) Shady bankers
No enforcement — shady bankers
Arnold, 5 (Guy, specialist in north-south relations who writes mainly in the areas of African history and politics, and international affairs, former Director of the Africa Bureau, The International Drugs Trade, pg. 209, Routledge, Tashma) Profits from drug trafficking can only be usefully employed by the criminal underworld when the AND they themselves are able to make a profit out of handling such money.
c) Drug prices would trickle — no serious reduction in demand
Williams, 11 (Ray B., "Why ’The War on Drugs’ Has Failed," Psychology Today, 6/6/11, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wired-success/201106/why-the-war-drugs-has-failed, Tashma) At least 500 economists, including Nobel prize winners Milton Friedman, George Akerlof and AND that 85 of high school seniors found marijuana "easy to obtain." Numerous experts have criticized The War on Drugs as the wrong approach to deal with AND political system is undermining the foundations of democracy in several Latin American countries.
D) No resources
Ending illegal drug activity is impossible —- the necessary resources don’t exist
Kan, 9 (Paul R., Associate Professor of National Security Studies and the Henry L. Stimson Chair of Military Studies at the US Army War College, Drugs and Contemporary Warfare, pg. 67-68, Potomac Books Inc., Tashma) For example, there are not enough resources that could be dedicated to capture and AND i.e., oil and natural gas) are highly obstructable.5
No impact to the drug trade- no reason it escalates
terror
Terrorists won’t use nukes – immorality and no goals
Beckman 2k ~Peter, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, et aI, The Nuclear Predicament: Nuclear Weapons in the Twenty-First Century, 3rd edition, p. 227-228~
Would it be rational for terrorists to use nuclear weapons? An act is rational AND out, given the temporary nature of the nuclear threat they would pose?
Presidential hopeful Barack Obama said Thursday he would not use nuclear weapons "in any circumstance" to fight terrorism in Afghanistan and Pakistan, drawing criticism from Hillary Rodham Clinton and other Democratic rivals."I think it would be a profound mistake for us to use nuclear weapons in any circumstance," Obama said, with a pause, "involving civilians." Then he quickly added, "Let me scratch that. There’s been no discussion of nuclear weapons. That’s not on the table."
Despite this, the role of force in Asian international politics is becoming more limited AND strategic, political, diplomatic, and economic costs and risks are high.
Fin cred
1) Their Johnson 13 evidence proves regulations would just cause situations where banks would be shuttered or the fed’s reputation is damaged because they can’t enforce, neither are good for the global econ - here’s evidence they’re in a Double-Bind — No enforcement or your enforcement kills the economy. Also Alt Cause. Murphy 13 Dylan Murphy Money Laundering and The Drug Trade: The Role of the Banks Global Research, May 07, 2013 http://www.globalresearch.ca/money-laundering-and-the-drug-trade-the-role-of-the-banks/5334205 mje If any member of the public is caught in possession of a few grammes of AND not only too big to fail they are also too big to jail.
Scenario 1 - U.S./China
1) debt ceiling should have triggered this
2) read imx defense
3) U.S. is the cause of cyber attacks — their evidence makes this claim — aff wouldn’t stop motivation of U.S. policymakers to launch cyberattacks at China.
4) Read imx D to cyberattacks
Scenario 2 - banking
1) Their Johnson 12 internal link doesn’t reference money laundering but British Libor scandals that threaten banking stability. And — these aren’t the same as money laundering violations — here’s evidence. RT 12 RT - Russian media company "Despite high profits HSBC puts aside billions for money laundering fines" July 30, 2012 (http://rt.com/business/hsbc-money-laundering-billion-375/ mje) HSBC has set aside nearly 242bln to cover potential money-laundering charges as AND Libor manipulation and regulators are investigating a dozen other banks around the world.
10/17/13
New Trier 1NC- Round 4
Tournament: New Trier | Round: 4 | Opponent: Walter Payton College MY | Judge: Erin Dinser
1
Interpretation - "Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2 The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the AND shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct) Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you AND run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Violation – the plan isn’t
Voting issue:
Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the Neg’s research burden
Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy
2
Will pass- talks andavidlovesyo8;…………………………...d optimism
Belvedere 10/11 Matthew J. Belvedere Producer, CNBC’s "Squawk Box"Friday, 11 Oct 2013 "Debt ceiling talks could lead to breakthrough: Rep. Kevin Brady" http://www.cnbc.com/id/101105337
The negotiations between GOP leaders and President Barack Obama are "pretty encouraging" and AND always raise the debt limit, there’s not a limit," he said.
Alternative mechanisms still get spun as blame and drain pc
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Extinction
Auslin 09 (Michael, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, 2009, "Averting Disaster Preventing the worst case scenario in Asia", 2-5, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/016/115jtnqw.asp?page=2) AS THEY DEAL WITH a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the AND types of miscalculation and greed that have destroyed international systems in the past.
3
Cuba is a violator of human rights
Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 ("Human rights under abuse in Cuba," Editorial, April 22nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html~~23storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013) The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to the idea that the piecemeal and illusory changes in Cuba under Gen. Raúl Castro represent a genuine political opening toward greater freedom. If anything, things are getting worse. The report, which covers 2012, says the independent Cuban Commission on Human Rights and Reconciliation counted 6,602 short-term detentions during the year, compared with 4,123 in 2011. In March 2012, the same commission recorded a 30-year record high of 1,158 short-term detentions in a single month just before the visit of Pope Benedict XVI. Among the many abuses cited by the 2012 report are the prison sentences handed out to members of the Unión Patriotica de Cuba, the estimated 3,000 citizens held under the charge of "potential dangerousness," state-orchestrated assaults against the Damas de Blanco (Ladies in White), the suspicious death of dissident Oswaldo Payá and so on. As in any dictatorship, telling the truth is a crime: Independent journalist Calixto Ramón Martínez Arias, the first to report on the cholera outbreak in Cuba, was jailed in September for the crime of desacato (insulting speech) and remained there until last week. The regime is willing to undertake some meek economic reforms to keep people employed. It has even dared to relax its travel requirements to allow more Cubans to leave the country if they can get a passport. Both of these are short-term survival measures, designed as escape valves for growing internal pressure. But when it comes to free speech, political activity and freedom of association — the building blocks of a free society — the report is a depressing chronicle of human-rights abuses and a valuable reminder that repression is the Castro regime’s only response to those who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.
Reject the aff- Moral duty to shun human rights abusers
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict. But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality? AND , on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions? We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of AND rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order. Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It AND it indirectly affects people’s rights. And this is where shunning fits in. Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order. When the AND three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order. An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious AND reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this? First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.) Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force." Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishment then can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it. Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we AND on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing. We can also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.
4
Text: The United States Executive Branch should pursue trade liberalization with Cuba for agriculture commodities if and only if the Republic of Cuba agrees to combat human rights abuses
We should continue to demand significant reforms before relaxing U.S. policy
José R. Cárdenas, Nov. 13, ’12, an associate with the consulting firm VisionAmericas, former Acting Assistant Administrator for Latin America and the Caribbean and Senior Advisor at the Organization of American States and as a senior professional staff member on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "Cuba policy in a second Obama term," Foreign Policy, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/13/cuba_policy_in_a_second_obama_term, ACC. 6-1-2013, JTJEDI Secondly, critics have convinced themselves that if it weren’t for the Cuban American lobby, the U.S. would have long ago reached an accommodation with the Castro dictatorship. What they refuse to recognize is that the biggest impediment to any fundamental change in the relationship is the absolute unwillingness of the dictatorship to undertake significant reforms that would put pressure on U.S. policymakers to reciprocate with policy changes. That said, to contemplate any serious re-evaluation of relations on the U.S. part as long as the regime systematically represses the Cuban people - to say nothing of the continued unjust incarceration of U.S. development worker Alan Gross — and relentlessly continues to thwart U.S. interests in international fora is just self-delusion
5
A. U.S backing out or Latin America now – china peacefully developing sphere of influence
Hilton 13 (Isabel Hilton is a London-based writer and broadcaster. She was formerly Latin America editor of The Independent newspaper, NOREF Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource center, China in Latin America: Hegemonic challenge?, February 2013, http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/26ff1a0cc3c0b6d5692c8afbc054aad9.pdf, AC) The United States, distracted elsewhere in recent years, ¶ has reacted calmly to AND allies of the U.S. could face ¶ some uncomfortable choices.
B. China sees American economic engagement in Latin America as containment
Rose, 11 (Col. James K. Rose, U.S. Army South’s security cooperation division chief, U.S. Army War College, "SÍ, SE HABLA MANDRIN: ¶ CHINA’S GROWING ¶ INFLUENCE IN LATIN ¶ AMERICA", 2011, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA560114, jk) Some estimates show that China has the potential to become the world?s largest AND Beijing to challenge U.S. interest and hegemony in the region.
C. Containment policies hurt US-China relations- pivot pushed us to the brink
Ikenson, 13 (Dan Ikenson is an author, speaker and Director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, The Manzella Report, "Is the U.S.-Chinese Relationship Deteriorating?", http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/629-is-the-u-s-chinese-relationship-deteriorating, March 7th 2013, jk) In 2012, the administration reported progress toward completion of a trade agreement between the AND from one where containment of China has become a more prominent policy objective.
D. Strong US-Sino relations prevent several scenarios for global war, disease, terrorism, prolif, and warming
Better relations with China would support wide-reaching political reform and liberalization. They AND and political resources to the region to ensure stability and mutual prosperity.
Ag
Ending the trade embargo undermines Cuba’s worm tech exports. Their expertise exist because of financial constraints – not choice
But when the USSR collapsed in 1990/91, Cuba’s ability to feed itself AND late 1980s to between 1,000 and 1,500 by 1993. Radical action was needed, and quickly. "Cuba had to produce twice as much food, with less than half the chemical inputs," according to the COSG. Land was switched from export crops to food production, and tractors were switched for oxen. People were encouraged to move from the city to the land and organic farming methods were introduced. "Integrated pest management, crop rotation, composting and soil conservation were implemented," says the COSG. The country had to become expert in techniques like worm composting and biopesticides. "Worms and worm farm technology is now a Cuban export," says Dr Stephen Wilkinson, assistant director of the International Institute for the Study of Cuba. Thus, the unique system of organoponicos, or urban organic farming, was started AND says, food intake is back at 2,600 calories a day. Organoponico plaza A visit to Havana’s largest organoponico, the three-hectare Organoponico Plaza, which lies a stone’s throw from the city’s Plaza de la Revolución and the desk of Raul Castro, confirms that the scheme is doing well. Rows of strikingly neat irrigated raised beds are home to seasonal crops of lettuces, spring onions, chives, garlic and parsley. Guava and noni fruit trees provide shade around the perimeter, while on the far side compost piles sit next to plastic tunnels used to raise seedlings. Outside in the shop, signs extol the virtues of eating your greens. The shop is open only on Mondays. Produce is sold by the people who work the garden (they keep 50 of sales, so are motivated to produce a lot) to the people who live nearby. In this case, the organoponico serves an estate that wouldn’t look out of place in Tower Hamlets or Easterhouse. Yet inside, butterflies flit and the head gardener, Toni, turns sod like he is digging at Prince Charles’s Highgrove estate. A success then? "In terms of improving the diet of the population it has had a beneficial effect," says Wilkinson. "And it has been a success in terms of meeting some of the food security needs," he says, "but it has not resolved the problem since the island still imports a great deal of food." And change is on the horizon, which might be good for living standards, AND pesticide and fertiliser use mainly due to "financial constraints, not choice".
Turns ag - Worms are key to our planetary survival. Vermicomposting expertise is limited
Blakemore 10 - Studied ’VermEcology’ for 30 years and holds qualifications in ecology, computing and permaculture. ~Dr. Rob Blakemore, "Wonder Worm to the rescue," Our World 2.0, July 2, 2010, pg. http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/wonder-worm-to-the-rescue/
Can worms help save the planet? I think so and, before arguing my case, please let me state my position from the start: I am an ecologist. Not just the type of trendy person who faithfully recycles — although I am fashionably green and a semi-vegetarian who tries to recycle as many beer bottles as possible. No, I am also the other, scientific kind. The science of ecology is generally defined as a study of organisms and their environment, i.e., everything21 However, I would be somewhat more categorical and say that it is "The study of organisms, their products whether alive or dead, and their environment" — i.e., even more of everything, including fossil fuels and human endeavour21 An ecologist then, is someone who considers holistic workings of a natural ecosystem in all its complexity and diversity throughout its time-cycle while breaking it down into its component parts and honing in on its few key, controlling entities. Simultaneously practicing as a generalist and as a multi-faceted specialist. Deeds of the dirt The experience of growing up in rural England alongside my grandfather, the village farrier AND the living organisms, paramount amongst which is the humble, hidden earthworm. Here I must air my strong objections to marine biologists such as Sylvia Earle who pointed out after winning the TED 2009 Prize that the oceans make up 70 of the surface of the Earth and the rest is just "dirt". Approximately 99.4 of our food and fibre is produced on land and only 0.6 comes from oceans and other aquatic ecosystems combined, according to FAO. The calorific value obtained from ocean catches, freshwater fishing and aquaculture adds up to just about 10-16 of the current human total. (These figures are slightly skewed for maritime countries like Japan and Iceland but still, more than 80 of our nutrition is terrestrial in origin). Furthermore, I am sure Dr. Earle accepts that the oceanic ecosystem is wholly dependent upon dissolved nutrients washed down or blown from the soil and is similarly affected by pollution mainly from activity on the land. Her survival depends as much as anyone’s on the "just dirt" part. Thus it is abysmal that scientific knowledge of the oceans is infinitely deeper than for terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, Leonardo da Vinci’s observed 500 years ago that "We know more about the movement of celestial bodies than about the soil underfoot" and this still rings true today. The journal Science, realizing that our knowledge is so scant, produced a special 2004 issue entitled Soils — The Final Frontier. Why waste precious funds and brain resources on the vain discovery of useless planets overhead or new deep-sea species that will still be there tomorrow, while vital unrecognized organisms literally beneath our feet disappear at an increasingly alarming rate and to our peril? Why are we not concentrating our efforts and valuable resources on protecting and preserving the tangible deeds of our earthly home patch for current and future generations of Earthlings? Where on earth is our Soil Ecology Institute? Global worming We talk of greenhouse gasses and global warming yet it is the lithosphere, not AND an Our World 2.0 article on this ’ red hot power’.) Proper management of our arable, pastoral and forest soils is the most practically feasible mechanism to sequester atmospheric carbon without any adverse effects. Atmospheric carbon is entirely recycled via the soil from plants in around 12-20 years — all of this being processed through the intestines of worms. Vermicomposting of organics and encouraging soil biodiversity by rebuilding humus provides a natural closed-system remedy with neither waste nor loss of productivity. Down-to-Earth soil species All manner of dirt and disease always ends up in the sod and consequentially its ecology is naturally robust. Yet, the soil suffers the most profound and significant effects from over-exploitation and faces the greatest threat from erosion, destruction and pollution with artificial chemicals and/or transgenes. Despite its importance, soil biodiversity is so poorly known that even obvious organisms like the relatively large worms are mostly unclassified. On each field trip I find new species and, of the 10,000 that have been given scientific names thus far (perhaps less than a third of the total), we know something of the ecology about a dozen species. But what we do know doesn’t look good. Unprecedented loss of species abundance and diversity combined with high extinction rates are bringing Earth into new and uncharted territory. We urgently need triage. Laboratories crammed with scores of ecologists could study just worms for their whole careers and still we would only progress slightly from our current poor state of knowledge, but our gain would be justifiable and have tangible effects on resolving pressing environmental issues. But this is not the current situation. Fundamentally we can justify study of soil ecology because it affects all our lives and AND healthy soil in which any healthy crop could develop in the first place. If we ask "Which group of organisms would cause the most disruption to life AND claim such importance for their study subject? Looking forward to the past One of the main predictions, highly optimistic, in the revolutionary move into our post-industrial era (see Alvin Toffler’s The Third Wave for details) was that genetic engineering would provide new production methods and have profound effects on future development. In many ways this has been borne out in medical use and microbial ’manufacture’ with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that provide some potential benefit and serve some purpose, albeit at huge cost. But there are equally large risks. Rather obviously, the main characteristic of life is to reproduce and disperse. The architects of the modified corn, cotton, soy, wheat, rice and spuds are often of exactly the same companies (or at least profit-driven mind-sets) that produced the toxic chemicals that they are now telling us their new GMO technology will replace — just as chemical engineers promised solutions to all our problems previously. In 1962 Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring first alerted us to risks of agricultural chemical pollution, exacerbated by bioaccumulation in body tissue (especially of invertebrates such as earthworms) and bioconcentration further up the food-chain. But whatever the problem, these chemicals will eventually disperse and decline once production halts. With biology the reverse is true. Design a plant to be herbicide or insect resistant and it will increase and spread by its own means, by cross-pollination or genetic drift. Case in point is the illegitimate escape in Japan of feral oilseed rape ( Brassica napus) genetically modified to resist herbicide that, as with any similar calamity, will continue in an uncontrollable fashion. Rather than addressing immediate environmental issues per se, much of scientific resources are diverted into molecular studies, mostly for industrial agricultural production, that are inordinately expensive, or into agronomic trials of effective toxic biocide applications. Mostly this is not requested by informed consumers nor by farmers who must rely on the advice of often industry-funded ’experts’ and extension officers (hopefully not advertisers). Surprisingly and shamefully, almost zero funding is available for research on organic production ’alternatives’ that are dismissed as impractical fads. Yet it is their implementation, since the start of the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, that has brought us this far. Let’s not let topsoil slip through our fingers Topsoil is the most valuable resource upon which civilizations depend. Its rapid loss combined with soil fertility and soil health decline are of greatest immediate concern. How important is loss of topsoil? Basically without fertile topsoil there is no plant AND seriously degraded, according to the UN’S 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Loss of topsoil has been due to the combined effects of desertification, salinization, AND degraded, and Asia, where 11 is now unsuitable for farming. In addition to those pollutants commonly recognized as originating from biocides and fertilizers, there are many other sources — such as antibiotics associated with intensive animal production, plus a ’cocktail’ of human-processed pollutants like drugs, solvents and synthetic hormones from birth control pills — that all make their way into the environment in an infinite variety of unforeseeable combinations. Suggested remediation to soil decline and agricultural production are to use GMO crops and other high-tech applications, because there is an assumption that topsoil formation is a centuries-old process that is essentially non-renewable and thus is gone forever. This view is false and there are several examples of methods that can be applied to restore fertile topsoils to farms, and in a time frame as short as a matter of a few years. Feed the worm "When the question is asked, ’Can I build top-soil?’ the answer is ’Yes’, and when the first question is followed by a second question, ’How?’ the answer is ’Feed earthworms’," so wrote Eve Balfour in the introduction to Thomas J. Barrett’s book, Harnessing the Earthworm. Indeed there are many instances of organic farms around the world preserving or restoring healthy AND well known and widely adopted by national and local communities and individuals worldwide. William Blake urged us "~t~o see a world in a grain of sand and a heaven in a wildflower". Soil survey of the abundance and diversity of earthworms in a soil will provide a good measure of natural fertility, as these are the monitors and mediators of soil health. That some of our honourable predecessors appreciated the worm’s role is manifest by one translation of the Chinese characters for ’earthworms’ being ’angels of the earth’. Seeing a worm turned up by the plough and eaten by a bird started Prince Siddhartha (Gautama Buddah) on his contemplative path to understanding the Cycle-of-Life. In the Classical world, the ’father of biology’, Aristotle, called earthworms the "soil’s entrails" and it is reported that Cleopatra decreed them sacred. Charles Darwin, British naturalist and father of evolution, also had an interest in AND of earthworms on soils and plant growth, and thus on human survival. Believing his worm work one of his most crucial contributions, Darwin stated: "It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organized creatures… "The vegetable mould ~humus~ which covers, as with a mantle, the surface of the land, has all passed many times through their bodies." Hopefully it will continue thus. In 1981, as a centennial tribute to Darwin’s seminal work, I completed a AND cost savings in chemicals and environmental degradation. (Details are presented here.) Look up to the worm My thesis is that each of the three major interlinked influences on our world – AND -process organic ’wastes’ via worms, for a natural compost fertilizer.
The agroecological revolution is sweeping Latin America in the status quo
Altieri 26 Toledo 11 Miguel A. Altieri 26 Victor Manuel Toledo The agroecological revolution in Latin America: rescuing nature, ensuring food sovereignty and empowering peasants The Journal of Peasant Studies Volume 38, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor 26 Francis Online pages 587-612 This paper provides an overview of what we call ’agroecological revolution’ in Latin America AND agribusiness and agroexports while opening new political roads for Latin American agrarian societies.
Lifting the embargo will destroy Cuba’s model of sustainable polyculture agriculture
Carmen G. Gonzalez, ’3, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Summer 2003, SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, p. 729-33 Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the AND and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.
Status quo farming is sustainable- tech and innovation solves for their impacts
Multilat
Too many barriers block further expansion of multilateralism
Haass 10 Richard Haass (President of the Council on Foreign Relations), Council on Foreign Relations, January 5, 2010, "The Case for Messy Multilateralism", accessed May 8, 2011, http://www.cfr.org/un/case-messy-multilateralism/p21132
But to acknowledge that we are all multilateralists now (or at least need to AND populations and economies equal standing with, say, China or the US.
Multilateral institutions fail
Mead 08 Walter Russell Mead (Henry A. Kissinger senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations), Opinio Juris, February 8, 2008, "What is the Future of Global Institutions and International Law?", accessed November 22, 2010, http://opiniojuris.org/author/walter-russel-mead/
A tendency in world politics that I think the US media sometimes misses is the AND which global institutions continue to play a limited, frustrating and partial role.
Doesn’t solve warming - empirics prove we won’t take part
U.S. policymakers long ago ceded a leadership role on global climate change AND the one under devel- opment by Kerry, Graham, and Lieberman.
Aff doesn’t solve multilat- no coherent reason trading with Cuba over agriculture is sufficient to solve for multilat
No US-China war – economics
Shor 12 Professor of History – Wayne State, Francis, "Declining US Hegemony and Rising Chinese Power: A Formula for Conflict?", Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 11(1), pp. 157-167)
While the United States no longer dominates the global economy as it did during the AND of the U.S. governing elite’s ideological commitment to national security.
Normalized US-Cuban ties coming. Happens by 2018 under Diaz-Canel.
The mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind exceeding small. So it AND the half-century-old revolutionary process into new and unfamiliar waters. By 2018, Fidel Castro, aged 86, long described as an ageing revolutionary AND would be able to forge a new and beneficial relationship with the US.
The Obama Administration should be prepared to take, in quick progression, three important AND no limits. Nevertheless, it is time to replace belligerency with détente.
1
Interpretation - "Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2 The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the AND shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct) Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you AND run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Violation – the plan isn’t
Voting issue:
Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the Neg’s research burden
Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy
2
Will pass- talks andavidlovesyo8;…………………………...d optimism
Belvedere 10/11 Matthew J. Belvedere Producer, CNBC’s "Squawk Box"Friday, 11 Oct 2013 "Debt ceiling talks could lead to breakthrough: Rep. Kevin Brady" http://www.cnbc.com/id/101105337
The negotiations between GOP leaders and President Barack Obama are "pretty encouraging" and AND always raise the debt limit, there’s not a limit," he said.
Alternative mechanisms still get spun as blame and drain pc
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Extinction
Auslin 09 (Michael, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, 2009, "Averting Disaster Preventing the worst case scenario in Asia", 2-5, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/016/115jtnqw.asp?page=2) AS THEY DEAL WITH a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the AND types of miscalculation and greed that have destroyed international systems in the past.
3
Cuba is a violator of human rights
Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 ("Human rights under abuse in Cuba," Editorial, April 22nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html~~23storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013) The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to the idea that the piecemeal and illusory changes in Cuba under Gen. Raúl Castro represent a genuine political opening toward greater freedom. If anything, things are getting worse. The report, which covers 2012, says the independent Cuban Commission on Human Rights and Reconciliation counted 6,602 short-term detentions during the year, compared with 4,123 in 2011. In March 2012, the same commission recorded a 30-year record high of 1,158 short-term detentions in a single month just before the visit of Pope Benedict XVI. Among the many abuses cited by the 2012 report are the prison sentences handed out to members of the Unión Patriotica de Cuba, the estimated 3,000 citizens held under the charge of "potential dangerousness," state-orchestrated assaults against the Damas de Blanco (Ladies in White), the suspicious death of dissident Oswaldo Payá and so on. As in any dictatorship, telling the truth is a crime: Independent journalist Calixto Ramón Martínez Arias, the first to report on the cholera outbreak in Cuba, was jailed in September for the crime of desacato (insulting speech) and remained there until last week. The regime is willing to undertake some meek economic reforms to keep people employed. It has even dared to relax its travel requirements to allow more Cubans to leave the country if they can get a passport. Both of these are short-term survival measures, designed as escape valves for growing internal pressure. But when it comes to free speech, political activity and freedom of association — the building blocks of a free society — the report is a depressing chronicle of human-rights abuses and a valuable reminder that repression is the Castro regime’s only response to those who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.
Reject the aff- Moral duty to shun human rights abusers
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict. But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality? AND , on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions? We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of AND rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order. Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It AND it indirectly affects people’s rights. And this is where shunning fits in. Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order. When the AND three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order. An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious AND reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this? First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.) Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force." Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishment then can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it. Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we AND on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing. We can also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.
4
Text: The United States Executive Branch should pursue trade liberalization with Cuba for agriculture commodities if and only if the Republic of Cuba agrees to combat human rights abuses
We should continue to demand significant reforms before relaxing U.S. policy
José R. Cárdenas, Nov. 13, ’12, an associate with the consulting firm VisionAmericas, former Acting Assistant Administrator for Latin America and the Caribbean and Senior Advisor at the Organization of American States and as a senior professional staff member on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "Cuba policy in a second Obama term," Foreign Policy, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/13/cuba_policy_in_a_second_obama_term, ACC. 6-1-2013, JTJEDI Secondly, critics have convinced themselves that if it weren’t for the Cuban American lobby, the U.S. would have long ago reached an accommodation with the Castro dictatorship. What they refuse to recognize is that the biggest impediment to any fundamental change in the relationship is the absolute unwillingness of the dictatorship to undertake significant reforms that would put pressure on U.S. policymakers to reciprocate with policy changes. That said, to contemplate any serious re-evaluation of relations on the U.S. part as long as the regime systematically represses the Cuban people - to say nothing of the continued unjust incarceration of U.S. development worker Alan Gross — and relentlessly continues to thwart U.S. interests in international fora is just self-delusion
5
A. U.S backing out or Latin America now – china peacefully developing sphere of influence
Hilton 13 (Isabel Hilton is a London-based writer and broadcaster. She was formerly Latin America editor of The Independent newspaper, NOREF Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource center, China in Latin America: Hegemonic challenge?, February 2013, http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/26ff1a0cc3c0b6d5692c8afbc054aad9.pdf, AC) The United States, distracted elsewhere in recent years, ¶ has reacted calmly to AND allies of the U.S. could face ¶ some uncomfortable choices.
B. China sees American economic engagement in Latin America as containment
Rose, 11 (Col. James K. Rose, U.S. Army South’s security cooperation division chief, U.S. Army War College, "SÍ, SE HABLA MANDRIN: ¶ CHINA’S GROWING ¶ INFLUENCE IN LATIN ¶ AMERICA", 2011, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA560114, jk) Some estimates show that China has the potential to become the world?s largest AND Beijing to challenge U.S. interest and hegemony in the region.
C. Containment policies hurt US-China relations- pivot pushed us to the brink
Ikenson, 13 (Dan Ikenson is an author, speaker and Director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, The Manzella Report, "Is the U.S.-Chinese Relationship Deteriorating?", http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/629-is-the-u-s-chinese-relationship-deteriorating, March 7th 2013, jk) In 2012, the administration reported progress toward completion of a trade agreement between the AND from one where containment of China has become a more prominent policy objective.
D. Strong US-Sino relations prevent several scenarios for global war, disease, terrorism, prolif, and warming
Better relations with China would support wide-reaching political reform and liberalization. They AND and political resources to the region to ensure stability and mutual prosperity.
Ag
Ending the trade embargo undermines Cuba’s worm tech exports. Their expertise exist because of financial constraints – not choice
But when the USSR collapsed in 1990/91, Cuba’s ability to feed itself AND late 1980s to between 1,000 and 1,500 by 1993. Radical action was needed, and quickly. "Cuba had to produce twice as much food, with less than half the chemical inputs," according to the COSG. Land was switched from export crops to food production, and tractors were switched for oxen. People were encouraged to move from the city to the land and organic farming methods were introduced. "Integrated pest management, crop rotation, composting and soil conservation were implemented," says the COSG. The country had to become expert in techniques like worm composting and biopesticides. "Worms and worm farm technology is now a Cuban export," says Dr Stephen Wilkinson, assistant director of the International Institute for the Study of Cuba. Thus, the unique system of organoponicos, or urban organic farming, was started AND says, food intake is back at 2,600 calories a day. Organoponico plaza A visit to Havana’s largest organoponico, the three-hectare Organoponico Plaza, which lies a stone’s throw from the city’s Plaza de la Revolución and the desk of Raul Castro, confirms that the scheme is doing well. Rows of strikingly neat irrigated raised beds are home to seasonal crops of lettuces, spring onions, chives, garlic and parsley. Guava and noni fruit trees provide shade around the perimeter, while on the far side compost piles sit next to plastic tunnels used to raise seedlings. Outside in the shop, signs extol the virtues of eating your greens. The shop is open only on Mondays. Produce is sold by the people who work the garden (they keep 50 of sales, so are motivated to produce a lot) to the people who live nearby. In this case, the organoponico serves an estate that wouldn’t look out of place in Tower Hamlets or Easterhouse. Yet inside, butterflies flit and the head gardener, Toni, turns sod like he is digging at Prince Charles’s Highgrove estate. A success then? "In terms of improving the diet of the population it has had a beneficial effect," says Wilkinson. "And it has been a success in terms of meeting some of the food security needs," he says, "but it has not resolved the problem since the island still imports a great deal of food." And change is on the horizon, which might be good for living standards, AND pesticide and fertiliser use mainly due to "financial constraints, not choice".
Turns ag - Worms are key to our planetary survival. Vermicomposting expertise is limited
Blakemore 10 - Studied ’VermEcology’ for 30 years and holds qualifications in ecology, computing and permaculture. ~Dr. Rob Blakemore, "Wonder Worm to the rescue," Our World 2.0, July 2, 2010, pg. http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/wonder-worm-to-the-rescue/
Can worms help save the planet? I think so and, before arguing my case, please let me state my position from the start: I am an ecologist. Not just the type of trendy person who faithfully recycles — although I am fashionably green and a semi-vegetarian who tries to recycle as many beer bottles as possible. No, I am also the other, scientific kind. The science of ecology is generally defined as a study of organisms and their environment, i.e., everything21 However, I would be somewhat more categorical and say that it is "The study of organisms, their products whether alive or dead, and their environment" — i.e., even more of everything, including fossil fuels and human endeavour21 An ecologist then, is someone who considers holistic workings of a natural ecosystem in all its complexity and diversity throughout its time-cycle while breaking it down into its component parts and honing in on its few key, controlling entities. Simultaneously practicing as a generalist and as a multi-faceted specialist. Deeds of the dirt The experience of growing up in rural England alongside my grandfather, the village farrier AND the living organisms, paramount amongst which is the humble, hidden earthworm. Here I must air my strong objections to marine biologists such as Sylvia Earle who pointed out after winning the TED 2009 Prize that the oceans make up 70 of the surface of the Earth and the rest is just "dirt". Approximately 99.4 of our food and fibre is produced on land and only 0.6 comes from oceans and other aquatic ecosystems combined, according to FAO. The calorific value obtained from ocean catches, freshwater fishing and aquaculture adds up to just about 10-16 of the current human total. (These figures are slightly skewed for maritime countries like Japan and Iceland but still, more than 80 of our nutrition is terrestrial in origin). Furthermore, I am sure Dr. Earle accepts that the oceanic ecosystem is wholly dependent upon dissolved nutrients washed down or blown from the soil and is similarly affected by pollution mainly from activity on the land. Her survival depends as much as anyone’s on the "just dirt" part. Thus it is abysmal that scientific knowledge of the oceans is infinitely deeper than for terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, Leonardo da Vinci’s observed 500 years ago that "We know more about the movement of celestial bodies than about the soil underfoot" and this still rings true today. The journal Science, realizing that our knowledge is so scant, produced a special 2004 issue entitled Soils — The Final Frontier. Why waste precious funds and brain resources on the vain discovery of useless planets overhead or new deep-sea species that will still be there tomorrow, while vital unrecognized organisms literally beneath our feet disappear at an increasingly alarming rate and to our peril? Why are we not concentrating our efforts and valuable resources on protecting and preserving the tangible deeds of our earthly home patch for current and future generations of Earthlings? Where on earth is our Soil Ecology Institute? Global worming We talk of greenhouse gasses and global warming yet it is the lithosphere, not AND an Our World 2.0 article on this ’ red hot power’.) Proper management of our arable, pastoral and forest soils is the most practically feasible mechanism to sequester atmospheric carbon without any adverse effects. Atmospheric carbon is entirely recycled via the soil from plants in around 12-20 years — all of this being processed through the intestines of worms. Vermicomposting of organics and encouraging soil biodiversity by rebuilding humus provides a natural closed-system remedy with neither waste nor loss of productivity. Down-to-Earth soil species All manner of dirt and disease always ends up in the sod and consequentially its ecology is naturally robust. Yet, the soil suffers the most profound and significant effects from over-exploitation and faces the greatest threat from erosion, destruction and pollution with artificial chemicals and/or transgenes. Despite its importance, soil biodiversity is so poorly known that even obvious organisms like the relatively large worms are mostly unclassified. On each field trip I find new species and, of the 10,000 that have been given scientific names thus far (perhaps less than a third of the total), we know something of the ecology about a dozen species. But what we do know doesn’t look good. Unprecedented loss of species abundance and diversity combined with high extinction rates are bringing Earth into new and uncharted territory. We urgently need triage. Laboratories crammed with scores of ecologists could study just worms for their whole careers and still we would only progress slightly from our current poor state of knowledge, but our gain would be justifiable and have tangible effects on resolving pressing environmental issues. But this is not the current situation. Fundamentally we can justify study of soil ecology because it affects all our lives and AND healthy soil in which any healthy crop could develop in the first place. If we ask "Which group of organisms would cause the most disruption to life AND claim such importance for their study subject? Looking forward to the past One of the main predictions, highly optimistic, in the revolutionary move into our post-industrial era (see Alvin Toffler’s The Third Wave for details) was that genetic engineering would provide new production methods and have profound effects on future development. In many ways this has been borne out in medical use and microbial ’manufacture’ with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that provide some potential benefit and serve some purpose, albeit at huge cost. But there are equally large risks. Rather obviously, the main characteristic of life is to reproduce and disperse. The architects of the modified corn, cotton, soy, wheat, rice and spuds are often of exactly the same companies (or at least profit-driven mind-sets) that produced the toxic chemicals that they are now telling us their new GMO technology will replace — just as chemical engineers promised solutions to all our problems previously. In 1962 Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring first alerted us to risks of agricultural chemical pollution, exacerbated by bioaccumulation in body tissue (especially of invertebrates such as earthworms) and bioconcentration further up the food-chain. But whatever the problem, these chemicals will eventually disperse and decline once production halts. With biology the reverse is true. Design a plant to be herbicide or insect resistant and it will increase and spread by its own means, by cross-pollination or genetic drift. Case in point is the illegitimate escape in Japan of feral oilseed rape ( Brassica napus) genetically modified to resist herbicide that, as with any similar calamity, will continue in an uncontrollable fashion. Rather than addressing immediate environmental issues per se, much of scientific resources are diverted into molecular studies, mostly for industrial agricultural production, that are inordinately expensive, or into agronomic trials of effective toxic biocide applications. Mostly this is not requested by informed consumers nor by farmers who must rely on the advice of often industry-funded ’experts’ and extension officers (hopefully not advertisers). Surprisingly and shamefully, almost zero funding is available for research on organic production ’alternatives’ that are dismissed as impractical fads. Yet it is their implementation, since the start of the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, that has brought us this far. Let’s not let topsoil slip through our fingers Topsoil is the most valuable resource upon which civilizations depend. Its rapid loss combined with soil fertility and soil health decline are of greatest immediate concern. How important is loss of topsoil? Basically without fertile topsoil there is no plant AND seriously degraded, according to the UN’S 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Loss of topsoil has been due to the combined effects of desertification, salinization, AND degraded, and Asia, where 11 is now unsuitable for farming. In addition to those pollutants commonly recognized as originating from biocides and fertilizers, there are many other sources — such as antibiotics associated with intensive animal production, plus a ’cocktail’ of human-processed pollutants like drugs, solvents and synthetic hormones from birth control pills — that all make their way into the environment in an infinite variety of unforeseeable combinations. Suggested remediation to soil decline and agricultural production are to use GMO crops and other high-tech applications, because there is an assumption that topsoil formation is a centuries-old process that is essentially non-renewable and thus is gone forever. This view is false and there are several examples of methods that can be applied to restore fertile topsoils to farms, and in a time frame as short as a matter of a few years. Feed the worm "When the question is asked, ’Can I build top-soil?’ the answer is ’Yes’, and when the first question is followed by a second question, ’How?’ the answer is ’Feed earthworms’," so wrote Eve Balfour in the introduction to Thomas J. Barrett’s book, Harnessing the Earthworm. Indeed there are many instances of organic farms around the world preserving or restoring healthy AND well known and widely adopted by national and local communities and individuals worldwide. William Blake urged us "~t~o see a world in a grain of sand and a heaven in a wildflower". Soil survey of the abundance and diversity of earthworms in a soil will provide a good measure of natural fertility, as these are the monitors and mediators of soil health. That some of our honourable predecessors appreciated the worm’s role is manifest by one translation of the Chinese characters for ’earthworms’ being ’angels of the earth’. Seeing a worm turned up by the plough and eaten by a bird started Prince Siddhartha (Gautama Buddah) on his contemplative path to understanding the Cycle-of-Life. In the Classical world, the ’father of biology’, Aristotle, called earthworms the "soil’s entrails" and it is reported that Cleopatra decreed them sacred. Charles Darwin, British naturalist and father of evolution, also had an interest in AND of earthworms on soils and plant growth, and thus on human survival. Believing his worm work one of his most crucial contributions, Darwin stated: "It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organized creatures… "The vegetable mould ~humus~ which covers, as with a mantle, the surface of the land, has all passed many times through their bodies." Hopefully it will continue thus. In 1981, as a centennial tribute to Darwin’s seminal work, I completed a AND cost savings in chemicals and environmental degradation. (Details are presented here.) Look up to the worm My thesis is that each of the three major interlinked influences on our world – AND -process organic ’wastes’ via worms, for a natural compost fertilizer.
The agroecological revolution is sweeping Latin America in the status quo
Altieri 26 Toledo 11 Miguel A. Altieri 26 Victor Manuel Toledo The agroecological revolution in Latin America: rescuing nature, ensuring food sovereignty and empowering peasants The Journal of Peasant Studies Volume 38, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor 26 Francis Online pages 587-612 This paper provides an overview of what we call ’agroecological revolution’ in Latin America AND agribusiness and agroexports while opening new political roads for Latin American agrarian societies.
Lifting the embargo will destroy Cuba’s model of sustainable polyculture agriculture
Carmen G. Gonzalez, ’3, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Summer 2003, SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, p. 729-33 Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the AND and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.
Status quo farming is sustainable- tech and innovation solves for their impacts
Multilat
Too many barriers block further expansion of multilateralism
Haass 10 Richard Haass (President of the Council on Foreign Relations), Council on Foreign Relations, January 5, 2010, "The Case for Messy Multilateralism", accessed May 8, 2011, http://www.cfr.org/un/case-messy-multilateralism/p21132
But to acknowledge that we are all multilateralists now (or at least need to AND populations and economies equal standing with, say, China or the US.
Multilateral institutions fail
Mead 08 Walter Russell Mead (Henry A. Kissinger senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations), Opinio Juris, February 8, 2008, "What is the Future of Global Institutions and International Law?", accessed November 22, 2010, http://opiniojuris.org/author/walter-russel-mead/
A tendency in world politics that I think the US media sometimes misses is the AND which global institutions continue to play a limited, frustrating and partial role.
Doesn’t solve warming - empirics prove we won’t take part
U.S. policymakers long ago ceded a leadership role on global climate change AND the one under devel- opment by Kerry, Graham, and Lieberman.
Aff doesn’t solve multilat- no coherent reason trading with Cuba over agriculture is sufficient to solve for multilat
No US-China war – economics
Shor 12 Professor of History – Wayne State, Francis, "Declining US Hegemony and Rising Chinese Power: A Formula for Conflict?", Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 11(1), pp. 157-167)
While the United States no longer dominates the global economy as it did during the AND of the U.S. governing elite’s ideological commitment to national security.
Normalized US-Cuban ties coming. Happens by 2018 under Diaz-Canel.
The mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind exceeding small. So it AND the half-century-old revolutionary process into new and unfamiliar waters. By 2018, Fidel Castro, aged 86, long described as an ageing revolutionary AND would be able to forge a new and beneficial relationship with the US.
The Obama Administration should be prepared to take, in quick progression, three important AND no limits. Nevertheless, it is time to replace belligerency with détente.
10/17/13
New Trier 1NC- Round 6
Tournament: New Trier | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West BC | Judge: Nate Al-Najjar
T
Interpretation - "Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2 The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the AND shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct) Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you AND run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Violation – the plan isn’t
Voting issue:
Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the Neg’s research burden
Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy
The days when Republicans thought they could deliver ransom notes to Barack Obama are gone AND at any moment. But the reverse direction of their travel is unmistakable.
Ratification process leads to backlash and presidential involvement—politically controversial
Taylor 13 (Phil Taylor, environment and energy reporter, E26E publishing, "E26E: U.S.-Mexico transboundary agreement mired in Congress," http://www.foreign.senate.gov/publications/download/oil-mexico-and-the-transboundary-agreement, January 9, 2013) It is unclear who in the Senate objected to the agreement’s passage, but sources AND not consult with them before pushing the agreement through in the lame duck.
Obama’s capital is key
Allen, 9-19-13 (Politico, Jonathan, "GOP battles boost President Obama", dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=17961849-5BE5-43CA-B1BC-ED8A12A534EB)
There’s a simple reason President Barack Obama is using his bully pulpit to focus the AND the government shouldn’t shut down and that the country should pay its bills.
Failure to raise the debt ceiling ensures collapse of the global economy, U.S. economic leadership, and free trade
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Econ decline causes war- that’s 1AC Royal
DA
Reject the aff- Moral duty to shun human rights abusers
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict. But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality? AND , on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions? We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of AND rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order. Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It AND it indirectly affects people’s rights. And this is where shunning fits in. Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order. When the AND three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order. An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious AND reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this? First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.) Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force." Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishment then can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it. Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we AND on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing. We can also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.
CP
Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in a national network of liquid fluorine thorium nuclear energy reactors.
The plan solves fossil fuel dependence – expertise and empirics prove
Cowan 10 (Aaron, The Examiner, internally cites Dr. Carlo Rubbia, an Italian particle physicist who won the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics, graduate of Scuola Normale in Italy, PhD in physics from Columbia University, former President of the National Agency for Atomic Energy, August 30, 2010, "Thorium could replace oil and coal in five years says Nobel prize winner," http://www.examiner.com/article/thorium-could-replace-oil-and-coal-five-years-says-nobel-prize-winner, alp)
Particle physicist and Nobel prize winner Carlo Rubbia claims that mankind could get all its AND due to the government’s current willingness to provide funding for nuclear projects again.
Heg
Containment policies hurt US-China relations- pivot pushed us to the brink
Ikenson, 13 (Dan Ikenson is an author, speaker and Director of Cato’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, The Manzella Report, "Is the U.S.-Chinese Relationship Deteriorating?", http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/629-is-the-u-s-chinese-relationship-deteriorating, March 7th 2013, jk) In 2012, the administration reported progress toward completion of a trade agreement between the AND from one where containment of China has become a more prominent policy objective.
Strong US-Sino relations prevent several scenarios for global war, disease, terrorism, prolif, and warming
Better relations with China would support wide-reaching political reform and liberalization. They AND and political resources to the region to ensure stability and mutual prosperity.
Status quo solves the advantage – new energy policy and US energy boom specifically solve hegemony
Energy is a profoundly important aspect of U.S. national security and foreign AND alike. Disruptions in supply in one location can have global economic impacts. Energy shapes national interests and international relations. It influences politics, development, governance AND the United States and other countries toward cleaner, more sustainable energy solutions. The current optimism about the U.S. energy picture is a relatively new AND the United States is already the top natural gas producer in the world. Meanwhile, natural gas imports are down almost 60 percent since 2005, and the AND from coal to natural gas in power generation, and improving energy efficiency.
The new U.S. energy posture and outlook will directly strengthen the nation’s AND ,000 Americans in 2010, a number that could double by 2020. Natural gas production has also sparked a domestic manufacturing revival. Manufacturers in energy- AND as the resolve, to remain a preeminent power for years to come. The United States’ new energy posture allows Washington to engage in international affairs from a AND is being used in Syria today and was used in Libya in 2011.
Hegemony is terminally unsustainable and fails – encourages soft-balancing, hard-balancing, free-riding, and aggressive intervention which facilitates great power conflict
The United States’ activism has entailed a long list of ambitious foreign policy projects. AND to this objective, leading to constant tension with Iran and North Korea. In pursuit of this ambitious agenda, the United States has consistently spent hundreds of AND their lives, not to mention the countless civilians caught in the crossfire. This undisciplined, expensive, and bloody strategy has done untold harm to U. AND that the Great Recession and the United States’ ballooning debt have rendered unsustainable. It is time to abandon the United States’ hegemonic strategy and replace it with one AND it would help preserve the country’s prosperity and security over the long run. ACTION AND REACTION The United States emerged from the Cold War as the single most powerful state in AND its thousands of nuclear weapons deter other countries from ever entertaining an invasion. Ironically, however, instead of relying on these inherent advantages for its security, the United States has acted with a profound sense of insecurity, adopting an unnecessarily militarized and forward-leaning foreign policy. That strategy has generated predictable pushback. Since the 1990s, rivals have resorted to what scholars call "soft balancing" — low-grade diplomatic opposition. China and Russia regularly use the rules of liberal international institutions to delegitimize the United States’ actions.
In the UN Security Council, they wielded their veto power to deny the West AND common threat posed by a greater power has driven unnatural partners to cooperate. American activism has also generated harder forms of balancing. China has worked assiduously to AND country as large and as active as the United States intensifies these responses. Such reactions will only grow stronger as emerging economies convert their wealth into military power AND energy resources to export, and it still produces some impressive weapons systems. FIGHTING IDENTITY Just as emerging powers have gotten stronger, so, too, have the small AND gravely if the world’s leader lets wars great and small run their course. The enduring strength of these substate groups should give American policymakers pause, since the AND and foreign peoples react with hostility to outsiders trying to control their lives. The Iraq war has been a costly case in point. Officials in the Bush AND The Kurdish parts of Iraq barely acknowledge their membership in the larger state. By now, it is clear that the United States has worn out its welcome AND and futile effort to transform Afghanistan, and the Obama administration continued it. FRIENDS WITHOUT BENEFITS Another problematic response to the United States’ grand strategy comes from its friends: free AND of Chinese military power — an air, missile, and naval threat. Although these regions have avoided major wars, the United States has had to bear AND the security of Germany and Japan. This is welfare for the rich. U.S. security guarantees also encourage plucky allies to challenge more powerful states AND absent the long-standing backing of the U.S. government.
No impact – challengers are integrating themselves into the liberal-international order
Ikenberry 11 G. John Ikenberry (Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and the author of Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order) Foreign Affairs "The Future of the Liberal World Order: Internationalism After America" May/June 2011CJ
But this panicked narrative misses a deeper reality: although the United States’ position in AND and prosperity that it has provided since the middle of the twentieth century.
Even if they win a risk of transition – rising powers won’t use war to overturn the international system
Ikenberry 08 G. John Ikenberry (Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and the author of Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order) Foreign Affairs "The Rise of China and the Future of the West" January/February 2008CJ
The most important benefit of these features today is that they give the Western order AND change. War-driven change has been abolished as a historical process.
No US-China war – economics
Shor 12 Professor of History – Wayne State, Francis, "Declining US Hegemony and Rising Chinese Power: A Formula for Conflict?", Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 11(1), pp. 157-167)
While the United States no longer dominates the global economy as it did during the AND of the U.S. governing elite’s ideological commitment to national security.
Despite this, the role of force in Asian international politics is becoming more limited AND strategic, political, diplomatic, and economic costs and risks are high.
AND, No escalation
Thayer 05 Bradley A. Thayer (Associate professor of defense and strategic studies), Comparative Strategy, 2005, "Confronting China"
Nonetheless, despite improvements in Chinese military power, the U.S. military AND only have a greater advantage when it deploys its ballistic missile defense system.
Coop
Mexico and US relations high – economically integrated
Shifter 13 (Michael, Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council’s journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter-American Dialogue, "A More Ambitious Agenda" February 2013 http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD9042_USMexicoReportEnglishFinal.pdf CLans) Mexico and the United States have forged one of the strongest and most productive relationships AND closely involved, providing money, technology and intelligence to the Mexican government.
US-Mexican relations are resilient – Interdependent networks
Gaytan 12 (José Alberto Gaytan; PhD @ the School of International Studies @ UMiami; Bachelor of Law @ University of Nuevo León; Director of Legal Services of IMSS. Mexican Migrant Farmworkers’ Impact on South Florida: A Case Study in the Context of US–Mexican Relations’)L Shen Mexico and the United States are two neighboring countries whose connections are complex, broad AND the signatory nations has doubled, totaling 883 billion dollars within that period.
No oil shortages – storage and surge capacity solve
Kendell 98 James Kendell (director of the Oil and Gas Division at the Energy Information Agency in Washington, DC), National Energy Information Center, July 22, 1998, "Measures of Oil Import Dependence", accessed February 23, 2011, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/issues98/oimport.html
By 1990 the United States and other governments had created emergency stockpiles of oil as AND to 3.2 million barrels per day in 20209 (Figure 4).
No oil war – free markets solve
Baily 06 Ronald Baily (Science Correspondent for Reason Magazine), Reason Magazine, May 6, 2006, "Peak Oil Panic", accessed February 23, 2011, http://www.reason.com/news/show/36645.html
The good news is that the peak oil doomsters are probably wrong that world oil AND spur industrialized countries to cut back on imports and develop alternative energy technologies.
This seems paradoxical for it has sometimes been said that the Kremlin’s attack on South AND which moves 750,000 barrels of oil across Turkish territory every day.
Bioterrorism is exaggerated
Arms Control Center 10
(Scientists Working Group on Biological and Chemical Weapons, report in response to the Graham-Talent Commission report on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism, Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation), January 26, 2010, "Biological threats: a matter of balance", accessed June 7, 2012, http://armscontrolcenter.org/policy/biochem/articles/biological_threats_a_matter_of_balance/
The bioterrorist threat has been greatly exaggerated. New bioweapons assessments are needed that take AND of disease spread, which skewed the outcomes towards inflated and unlikely results.
AIDS illustrates the further point that despite the progress made by modern medicine in the AND to localize an infectious disease. The reason is improvements in medical science.
No impact to failed states- won’t lash out AND no scenario for nuclear escelation
That’s good news for the American economy and especially its trade deficit, which AND be spared if painfully high oil prices cripple the Chinese or Indian economies.
Interpretation - "Engagement" means positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2 The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the AND shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.
Means QPQ
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct) Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you AND run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Voting issue:
Limits —- functionally narrows the topic -few cases can defend conditioning —- alternative has no check on tiny affs
Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy
2
Patent reform on the doorstep of passage but still tenuous
After almost three weeks of heated debate, palace intrigue, semantic suggestions, and AND , and are able to seal this deal after they return on Monday.
Goodlatte 3/12(Robert (R-VA), House Judiciary Committee chair, Rep "Bipartisan Road Map for Protecting and Encouraging American Innovation," Roll Call 3-12-14, www.rollcall.com/news/bipartisan_road_map_for_protecting_and_encouraging_american_innovation-231413-1.html?pg=2) Throughout our nation’s history, great ideas have powered our economic prosperity and security, AND patent litigation and keeping U.S. patent laws up to date.
====Ensures conflict suppression- no alt causes==== Hubbard ’10 (Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Empirical Analysis By: Jesse Hubbard Jesse Hubbard Program Assistant at Open Society Foundations Washington, District Of Columbia International Affairs Previous National Democratic Institute (NDI), National Defense University, Office of Congressman Jim Himes Education PPE at University of Oxford, 2010 Regression analysis of this data shows that Pearson’s r-value is -.836. AND fearsome, but it is vulnerable to even a short blast of wind.
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All US engagement is rooted in the framework of neoliberalism
Couldry ’10 Professor of Media and Communications at Goldsmiths University of London Nick, "Why Voice Matters: Culture and Politics After Neoliberalism," pg. 4-5
What type of object do we understand neoliberalism to be? The economic policies with AND that need to be organized as markets, blocking other narratives from view.
Neoliberalism constructs an ontology of destruction that renders the natural world unlivable- failure to confront these assumptions through a lens of sustainability causes perpetual violence that makes extinction inevitable
Darder, ’10 Professor of Education at the University of Illinois, Preface Author, Kahn, Richard, and Richard V. Kahn. Critical pedagogy, ecoliteracy, 26 planetary crisis: The ecopedagogy movement. Vol. 359. Peter Lang Pub Incorporated, 2010
It is fitting to begin my words about Richard Kahn’s Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, AND the well-being of all species with whom we walk the earth.
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Reject the aff- Moral duty to shun human rights abusers
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict. But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality? AND , on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions? We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of AND rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order. Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It AND it indirectly affects people’s rights. And this is where shunning fits in. Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order. When the AND three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order. An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious AND reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this? First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his call for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.) Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force." Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order. Punishment then can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it. Yet not every immoral action requires that we shun. As noted above, we AND on the moral order itself through flagrant, willful, and persistent wrongdoing. We can also now see why failure to shun can under certain circumstances suggest complicity. But it is not that we have a duty to shun because failure to do so suggests complicity. Rather, because we have an obligation to shun in certain circumstances, when we fail to do so others may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.
Reject the aff as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagement.
Munck, professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion, 3 (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy 26 Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, "Neoliberalism, necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?", Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 3, pp 495–511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal20Library/Trade20and20Countries/Neoliberalism,20necessitarianism20and20alternatives20in20Latin20America.pdf, ZBurdette)
Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives AND is back in the foreground of thinking and practice around alternative economic theories. There is no alternative (TINA) was an oft-repeated expression of Margaret AND underline the urgency of developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.
5
The United States federal government should provide technical assistance to the government of Mexico for implementation of commercial domestic intellectual property protections if and only if Mexico demonstrates that human rights conditions have significantly improved. The USFG should enact a periodic certification process to determine that abuses are effectively investigated and prosecuted.
Engagement without human rights conditions crushes international credibility
However, research conducted by our respective organizations, Mexico’s National Human Rights Commission, AND established by Congress, particularly those dealing with prosecuting military abuses and torture:
In the midst of what many are calling the Arab world’s 1989, the United AND concerted and collective effort to be upheld, especially in times of crisis.
Coop
No reason they solve ocean tectonics- they can’t reconfigure the Earth’s crust just by talking to Mexico
Doremus 2k Holly (Law Professor, California), Washington and Lee Law Review, v. 11. 2000
Reluctant to concede such losses, tellers of the ecological horror story highlight how close AND a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse. n217
They don’t access extinction – empirics prove
Marine ecosystems are specifically resilient
Kennedy ’2 Victor Kennedy, PhD Environmental Science and Dir. Cooperative Oxford Lab., 2002, "Coastal and Marine Ecosystems and Global Climate Change," Pew, http://www.pewclimate.org/projects/marine.cfm There is evidence that marine organisms and ecosystems are resilient to environmental change. Steele (1991) hypothesized that the biological components of marine systems are tightly coupled to physical factors, allowing them to respond quickly to rapid environmental change and thus rendering them ecologically adaptable. Some species also have wide genetic variability throughout their range, which may allow for adaptation to climate change.
Captive breeding and subsequent re-introduction of a threatened species is an important and AND and direction, providing a safety net when other protective measures have failed.
Squo solves Mexican biodiversity – multiple projects being funded
The World Bank Group ’11 an environmental agency ~The World Bank Group, , "An Effective Public-Private Partnership for Mexico’s Protected Areas", 2011, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/EXTBIODIVERSITY/0contentMDK:23264975~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:400953,00.html?cid=3001_5~ Mexico is a ’mega-diverse’ country, with the fourth-highest number of AND requires that CONANP establish conservation priorities with the input of local advisory committees.
trade
Space cooperation ensures continued relations
Sankaran, 4/7 (Jaganath, http://www.spacenews.com/article/opinion/40127space-cooperation-a-vital-new-front-for-india-us-relations**, is a postdoctoral scholar at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. ) ¶ Indian scientists preparing to launch their Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) in November AND active data sharing and cooperative development of algorithms to understand the data produced.
Alt cause to relations- Khobragade- postdates their evidence
Tharoor, 14 January 13th, http://world.time.com/2014/01/13/khobragade-us-india-diplomacy/**, Ishaan is a senior editor at TIME magazine Devyani Khobragade, the Indian diplomat at the center of a controversial spat between the AND "And it’s not as rosy a picture as they might have hoped."
Despite this, the role of force in Asian international politics is becoming more limited AND strategic, political, diplomatic, and economic costs and risks are high.
The war won’t escalate
(Dyer 02) Gwynne Dyer (freelance journalist and lecturer on international affairs), The Hamilton Spectator, May 25, 2002, "Pakistan and India Have World on Brink of Another Nuclear War", accessed June 10, 2010, http://nuclearno.com/text.asp?3091
For those who do not live in the subcontinent, the most important fact is AND deaths over the next decade, but the damage elsewhere would be slight.
A slew of recent empirics disprove the Indo-Pak scenario – deterrence solves the impact – prefer scholarly research over random news sources
(Narang 10) Vipin Narang, Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Government at Harvard University and a research fellow at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, "Posturing for Peace?" International Security, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Winter 2009/10), pp. 38–78, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.38, accessed October 8, 2012.
Pakistan’s asymmetric escalation nuclear posture has had a distinct deterrent effect on Indian leaders. AND triggering Pakistani nuclear use—a concern not present during the catalytic phase.
Layne 98 Associate Prof. @ Naval Postgraduate School (Christopher, Summer, World Policy Journal, p. 8-28, L/N, RG) These arguments notwithstanding, international economic interdependence does not cause peace. In fact, AND rivals, and hence attempt to ensure they become richer than their rivals.
An emerging narrative in 2012 is that a proliferation of protectionist, treaty-violating AND that suggests that the kerfuffle is containable and the recent trend reversible.1
The problem is on India’s side- not ours- their author
As far as India has come, it may fail to recognize its true economic AND similar anti-innovation policies in the clean technology and information technology sectors.
