Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lowell VC | Judge: Gene Chien

The United States Federal Government should provide renewable energy assistance to Mexico through the establishment of a new commission modeled off of the Border Environmental Cooperation Commission that is dedicated exclusively to renewable energy projects.

Counterplan solves – using the BECC for alternative energy project trades off with funding for other priorities

Reed* and Kelly 2K – *Project Director Texas Center for Policy Studies, Executive Director Texas Center for Policy Studies (Cyrus Reed and Mary Kelly, “Expanding the Mandate: Should the Border Environment Cooperation Commission and North American Development Bank go beyond Water, Wastewater and Solid Waste Management Projects and How Do They Get There?” Comments on Utilizing the Lending Capacity of the NADB, July, http://www.texascenter.org/publications/expansion.pdf) MR
B. Institutional Implications Perhaps ...to support adequate BECC review and certification.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell GS | Judge: Elyse Conklin
1NC CP
Text: The United States federal government should propose through binding consultation to Brazil that it should reduce restrictions on the registration or renewal of trademarks or trade names in connection with a business confiscated by the government of Cuba. The United States federal government should support this proposal during consultation. The United States federal government should abide by the results of consultation. 

Observation 1: Competition

1. “Resolved” means “to make a firm decision about”, American Heritage Dictionary, 03 – indicates certainty
   2. “Should” means “used to express obligation”, Dictionary.com, 03.
   3. The CP also tests the immediacy and certainty of the plan. Voting for the aff has the opportunity cost of preventing using the aff in negotiations with Brazil.
   Observation 2: US-Brazil Relations:
   Genuine consultation revitalizes US-Brazilian relations.
   Einaudi ’11 (Luigi R., Distinguished Visiting fellow in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, “Brazil and the United States: The Need for Strategic Engagement,” March 2011, .pdf)

The United States ... complexity of the task.

Increased relations solves warming
Sweig et al 11 (Julia E. Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, AND Samuel W. Bodman, and James D. Wolfensohn, Chairmen, Wolfensohn and Company, LLC) (“Global Brazil and U.S.-Brazil Relations” Council on Foreign Relations Task Force Report, July 12, 2011, http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Brazil_TFR_66.pdf BLOV)
Brazil’s economic success... opportunities for cooperation. 

Warming turns every impact
Burke 8 (Sharon, sr fellow and dir of the energy security project at the Center for a New American Security, Chapter 6 of Climatic Cataclysm: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Climate Change, edited by Kurt Campbell, p 157-165)
At the same time... compromise agricultural productivity.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: Damien MR | Judge: Chris Patterson
The United States federal government should insert into prior binding and genuine consultation with Maquiladora workers over whether or not the United States federal government should offer financial assistance toward the assembly-for-export industry in Mexico, including full public participation in all parts of the dispute settlement process.

The affirmative excludes the voices of the workers who are being exploited in the status quo – the counterplan solves for the inclusion of the oppressed into the political—
O ‘Rourke ‘8  (Michael, lecturer in the School of Psychotherapy at Independent Colleges, Dublin, Ireland, “Rancière and Crip Theory”,http://ranciere.blogspot.com/2008/02/rancire-and-crip-theory.html)//gingE
Crip Theory’s emphases ... of Crip Theory’s lessons.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame SK | Judge: Ryan Saxe
CP
CP text: The United States Executive Branch should do everything in their power to eliminate the effects of the embargo.
The presidential has broad authority to solve the case without Congressional involvement or approval.
Propst ’11 (Stephen F., Partner @ Hogan Lovells US LLP. “Presidential Authority To Modify Economic Sanctions Against Cuba,” A legal analysis prepared at the request of the Cuba Study Group and released in connection with a forum on U.S.-Cuba Relations at The Brookings Institution, 15 February 2011)-mikee

Through a complex... authorization from Congress.

Tournament: Bingham Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Logan BS | Judge: Misty Tippets, Zach Williams
More than anything, the 1AC is a moderate call for change and optimism. Their view on the world is enshrined in a vision of the future that is perfected, united, peaceful, and happy.

We think this is a terrible starting point—our relationship to the world is structured by lack. The problem with their method is that there is always someone or something that forecloses the possibility for pure optimism. 

In fact, optimism is exactly what these dominant structures want you to believe in. Passive resistance is really controlled by the state. Of course they don’t want a violent revolution.

Even if the aff is a call for change, more than anything, it is a call for inclusion and reform, which ultimately just retrench the system
Edelman and Berlant ’13 (Lee Edelman, professor of English at Tufts Univeristy and Lauren Berlant, professor of English at University of Chicago. 2013. Sex, or the Unbearable)gingE
It is in the context ... ways of thinking sex?

Our counter – advocacy is to embrace the queer art of failure
Halberstam ’11 (Judith "The Queer Art of Failure¶ " Duke Univ. Press Professor of English and Director of The Center for Feminist Research at University of Southern California)gingE
Failure, of course, goes ...its indeterminate qualities.

Tournament: Young Lawyers | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego AL | Judge: Chris Hall
1NC CP
Text: President Barack Obama should direct the Office of Foreign Asset Controls to discontinue its enforcement of economic sanctions on Cuba.
And the United States Senate should ratify the Rome Statute.
The CP avoids politics and has multiple internal links to solve multilateralism
Bracknell, 11 – Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council (Butch, “The U.S. and the International Criminal Court: An unfinished debate”, May 26, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/26/opinion/la-oe-bracknell-icc-20110526)//eek

The National Security Strategy... except when it is not.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: Head Royce PT | Judge: James Stevensen
Text: We should establish a bilateral human trafficking prevention partnership with the government of Mexico

Recognition of our individual responsibility to affect the world around us is a form of politics that refuses to be complicit with the violence perpetrated by others. Only individual action to resist violence can create change.
Kappeler 95 (Susanne now works as a freelance writer and teaches in England and Germany. She is also the author of The Pornography of Representation, The Will to Violence, ISBN 9780745613055, pgs 5-7)

A politics aiming ... critique of ideology itself.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Green Valley BH | Judge: Richard Idriss
Counteradvocacy – endorse the entirety of the 1AC absent the use of the term “Latin America”
The term “Latin America” is violent – It homogenizes an entire region and washes over cultural difference of native peoples in favor of European imperialism and should be rejected
Mabry ‘2 (Donald J. Professor of History Mississippi State University “Colonial Latin America” pp.iv-v http://historicaltextarchive.com/latin/colonial.pdf November 1, 2002) BSH

Colonial Latin America, ... find other examples.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 3 | Opponent: Leland DK | Judge: Cat Duffy
The United States federal government should approve the Trans-boundary Hydrocarbon Agreement as defined in House Resolution 1613, and only if, the Mexican government agrees to confront corruption by:
• allowing consecutive re-election of non-presidential elected representatives but also limits the number of terms for a given position.
• expanding its performance-based counter-narcotics funding programs to the Mexican States.

The counterplan provides leverage to incentivize reform and solves corruption
Velez-Green, Reyes, and Ramicone, 12  (Alex, Robin, and Anthony, The Institute of Politics is a non-profit organization located in the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, “THE WAR ON MEXICAN CARTELS: OPTIONS FOR U.S. AND MEXICAN POLICY-MAKERS”, September 2012, http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf)//eek

One way to reduce ... produce more direct results.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles North BG | Judge: Rachel Boroditsky
Counterplan text: The United States federal government should adopt a no first use declaratory policy.

A definite policy deters terrorist groups by stopping the flow of supplies and sparking debate about WMD legitimacy with their supporters.
Sagan, 2009. Scott D. Sagan, Ph.D from Stanford, co-director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation, consultant to the office of the Secretary of Defense. “The Case for No First Use” June 2009, pg. 163-182
http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/22534/51-3_12_Sagan_author_proof.pdf
Deterring nuclear terrorism... the first place.20

Tournament: Bingham | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stansbury GD | Judge: Melissa Weiner

The Executive branch of the United States should grant public interest parole and an employment authorization document to low-skilled laborers who perform agricultural work in the United States who qualify for employment based visas. The Executive branch should grant parole status for people granted parole under this category indefinitely.

The president can grant parole and work authorization on “public interest” grounds- is just as attractive as visas

Gary Endelman and Cyrus D. Mehta

 J.D., University of Houston and Columbia- 2009, The Path Less Taken: Is There An Alternative To Waiting For Comprehensive Immigration Reform?,  http://www.ilw.com/articles/2009,0225-endelman.shtm#bio
Dinesh Shenoy made a huge first step ...about any non-citizen.12

Tournament: Alta | Round: 5 | Opponent: Juan Diego ZL | Judge: Cade Cottrell
Text: Samantha Power should propose to the UN the creation and enforcement of the guidelines presented as per our UN evidence – we’ll clarify.

CP solves multilat
UN 12 – United Nations Centre, (“24 September 2012 – A special meeting on how best to strengthen the world’s multilateral system to better promote sustainable development kicked off at UN Headquarters in New York today with a call for new thinking and greater policy coherence on the issue”, September 24, 2012, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42977andCr=ecosocandCr1#.Uf9kDZJvNAR))//sawyer
 “The world faces ... development agenda beyond 2015.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: Head Royce PT | Judge: James Stevensen
The United States federal government should establish a bilateral labor exploitation prevention partnership with the government of Mexico

Your “trafficking” discourse is steeped in ethnocentric language and western assumptions-This causes racism and otherization, which turns the case
Capous-Desyllas, MSW Portland State University, 7 Moshoula, “A Critique of the Global Trafficking Discourse and U.S. Policy”, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYZ/is_4_34/ai_n25466118/
Trafficking has been nationally ... the need to 'protect victims.'

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Octas | Opponent: CPS AG | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, Christian Rodriguez, Rob Mulholand
Text: The United States federal government should place every country on the list of state sponsors of terrorism.
The CP solves – we delegitimize the securitizing logic of the terror list beyond merely the existence of Cuba.

Tournament: Bingham round robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lone Peak BM | Judge: Melissa Weiner, Khalid Sharif
Text: The United States federal government should place every country on the list of state sponsors of terrorism.
The CP solves – we delegitimize the securitizing logic of the terror list beyond merely the existence of Cuba.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Marks KP | Judge: Carly Woo

Text: The United States federal government should legalize and regulate marijuana in the United States.

Decriminalization now but that doesn’t stop the violence- only legalization solves

Sarachan 12(Sydney Sarachan, PBS, November 19 2012, Legalizing marijuana, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/ask-the-experts/ask-the-experts-legalizing-marijuana/15474/,PS)
NF: Decriminalization is a step ... labeling their products.

Drug war undermines US-Mexico relations- only the CP can solve that

Rosenblum 11(Marc R. Rosenblum, Senior Policy Analyst at the Migration Policy Institute (MPI),¶ where he works on the Labor Markets Initiative, April 2011, pg 17, US immigration policy, and Mexico-US¶ migration issues, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/usmexico-cooperation.pdf,PS)
On the other hand, ... reform framework began to emerge.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Gaston
Text: The United States federal government should eliminate the list of state sponsors of terrorism. 

The CP solves – we eliminate the legitimacy for any defense of government securitization of terrorism

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Leucadia GY | Judge: Gulati, Sukhi Tsai, Christine Vishwanath, Ajay

Text: The United States federal government should lift its trade embargo against Cuba and should begin negotiations of a bilateral commercial agreement and formally enter a reciprocal trade agreement with Cuba.

The idea of “normalization” is rooted in a drive to enforce a violent norm, which excludes the “non-normal” other

Campbell ‘8 (Fiona Kumari, “Refusing Able(ness): A Preliminary Conversation about Ableism,” M/C Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2008, http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/46)//erg

Viewing the disabled body... discourses of ableism for their very legitimization.

The discursive construction of norms necessarily condemns those ohters outside of those norms to abject life

Campbell ‘8 (Fiona Kumari, “Refusing Able(ness): A Preliminary Conversation about Ableism,” M/C Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2008, http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/46)//erg

Inscribing certain bodies ... summarizes this system of thought aptly:

The idea that Cuba needs to be “normalized” is ableist rhetoric and is based in xenophobic ideals used to mark people for extermination.  Immigrants were considered “feebleminded”, leading to systematic sterilization and institutionalization – Ableism paints people with disabilities as something to be controlled or eliminated in favor of a violently imposed norm.

Wilson 2003 (James, James C. Wilson is a Professor of English at the University of Cincinnati, where he teaches in a pro-fessional writing and editing program, 2003, “Evolving Metaphors of Disease in Postgenomic Science: Stigmatizing Disability”,   Rhetoric Review, Volume 22, Page 197-202,  http://www.jstor.org/stable/3093041,  Accessed 6/28/12, JK)
Another common rhetorical strategy i... beginning to be understood.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: Head Royce PT | Judge: James Stevensen
Text: The United States federal government should institute a withholding tax of forty percent on the portfolio interest income earned by Mexico and its investors, negotiate a sufficient reduction to this withholding rate to Mexico if it satisfies adequate benchmarks regarding human trafficking, and negotiate to coordinate this tax policy. We’ll clarify.
The counterplan ramps up financial pressure and provides a sufficient economic incentive to take action against human trafficking
Fahey ‘9
Diane. Assc Prof Law @ NYU School of Law.  “Can Tax Policy Stop Human Trafficking?” The Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol 40 No 2. Winter 2009. Ln
All of the various U.N. ... benefit victims of trafficking (the poor.) 

Funds and economic assistance will be funneled to the wealthy at the expense of oppressed populations.  The counterplan prevents this because it forces social reform before assistance occurs. The permutation cannot solve because it would a loophole for the target nation.
Fahey ‘9
Diane.  Assc Prof Law @ NYU School of Law.  “Can Tax Policy Stop Human Trafficking?” The Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol 40 No 2. Winter 2009. ln
This continuing race to ... money for emergencies.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego FW | Judge: Silbey
A. Uniqueness: Next few months are key for broader budget reforms – bipartisan cooperation is likely but not guaranteed
Hook and Peterson, 10/16/13. Janet Hook covers Congress and politics in the Wall Street Journal's Washington bureau. Kristina Peterson covers Congress from the Wall Street Journal's Washington bureau. “Congress Passes Debt, Budget Deal.” Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303680404579139212598765046 – clawan
The House voted ... over the health law.

B. Links:

1. Drains capital – Backlash and hostage-taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven
   LeoGrande, 12
   William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf
   The Second Obama ... policymakers to take action.

2. Obama’s leverage is critical to Congressional action
Dionne, 10/17/13. Eugene Joseph "E. J." Dionne, Jr is an American journalist and political commentator, and a long-time op-ed columnist for The Washington Post. “Please, Can We Govern Now?” http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/10/17/please_can_we_govern_now_120353.html – clawan
We should never ... it plays in American life. 

C. Impacts: 

1. We’re already on the brink after these last talks – another round would devastate the global economy
   Hormats, 10/17/13. Robert D. "Bob" Hormats was sworn in as Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment on September 23, 2009. Hormats was formerly Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs. He joined Goldman Sachs in 1982. “The Fire Next Time: Why another debt crisis would be a national security disaster.” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/10/17/the_fire_next_time – clawan
   Those who see ... would surely linger.

2. The impact is global nuclear war
Freidberg and Schonfeld, 8 --- *Professor of Politics and IR at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School, AND senior editor of Commentary and a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton (10/21/2008, Aaron and Gabriel, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)

With the global ...continued American leadership.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame SK | Judge: Ryan Saxe
A. CIR will pass – Republican fragmentation and desire for re-election
Shiner, 10/22/13. Meredith Shiner is a staff writer for Roll Call. “Did the Shutdown Help the Immigration Cause?” http://www.rollcall.com/news/did_the_shutdown_help_the_immigration_cause-228577-1.html?zkPrintable=true – clawan
Advocates of an ...and on entitlements,” he said.

B. Links:

2. Political capital is key.
LAHT, 12/31 (Latin American Herald Tribune “Obama Ready to Spend Political Capital on Immigration” December 31, 2012. http://laht.com/article.asp?categoryid=12395andarticleid=329931)

President Barack Obama... other conservative groups.

C. Impacts:

1. Immigration reform key to sustained growth.
   Kimball, ’12 (Miles Kimball is an economics professor at the University of Michigan, “Obama could really help the US economy by pushing for more legal immigration,” November 7, 2012, http://qz.com/25055/obama-could-really-help-the-us-economy-by-pushing-for-more-legal-immigration/)-mikee

Now is the perfect ... part of that coalition.

2. Decline in growth causes nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 (Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, AM)

Of course, the ... a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell GS | Judge: Elyse Conklin
DA
A. Uniqueness: Obama has the upper hand on debt limit now but GOP demands could create a complicated battle
Kapur, 9/9 -~-- TPM’s senior congressional reporter and Supreme Court correspondent
(9/9/2013, Sahil, “Is House GOP Backing Down In Debt Limit Fight?” http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2013/09/house-gop-cantor-memo-debt-ceiling-cr-sequester-immigration.php)
House Republicans ... discretionary spending.”

B. Links:

1. Drains capital – Backlash and hostage-taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven – Cuba policy is totally unique
   LeoGrande, 12
   William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf
   The Second Obama Administration... to take action.

2. Political capital is finite – the plan would tradeoff with economic priorities  
Moore, 9/10 -~-- Guardian's US finance and economics editor
(Heidi, 9/10/2013, “Syria: the great distraction; Obama is focused on a conflict abroad, but the fight he should be gearing up for is with Congress on America's economic security,” http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester)
Before President Obama... judge his actions better.

C. Impacts: 

1. This will destroy the U.S. and global economy
   Davidson, 9/10 (Adam - co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money” 9/10/2013, “Our Debt to Society,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0))
   This is the ... riskier and costlier.

2. The impact is global nuclear war
Freidberg and Schonfeld, 8 -~-- *Professor of Politics and IR at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School, AND senior editor of Commentary and a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton (10/21/2008, Aaron and Gabriel, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)
With the global ... continued American leadership.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Gaston
Uniqueness - No oil drilling in the squo – all companies have bailed.
O’Grady ‘13
Mary O'Grady is a member of the editorial board at The Wall Street Journal – WSJ – April 24, 2013 – http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324474004578442511561458392.html
Then came promises of ... shallow-water drilling. 

Sanctions discouraging Cuban drilling – makes other countries more appealing.
Krauss ‘12
(et al; Clifford Krauss has been a correspondent for The New York Times since 1990. He currently is a national business correspondent based in Houston, covering energy. He covered the State Department, Congress and the New York City police department before serving as Buenos Aires bureau chief and Toronto bureau chief. Before working at The Times, he worked as a foreign correspondent for The Wall Street Journal and was the Edward R. Murrow fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is author of “Inside Central America: Its People, Politics and History,” (1991). He has published articles in Foreign Affairs, GQ and Wilson Quarterly, along with other publications. New York Times – November 9, 2012 – http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/10/world/americas/rigs-departure-to-hamper-cubas-oil-prospects.html?_r=0)
The best-case scenario ... to drill exploration wells. 

B. Link - Lifting sanctions uniquely causes drilling. Prefer daily drilling damage over unlikely accidental catastrophe.
White ‘10
(Jonathan P. White; J.D. 2010, University of Colorado Law School. Mr. White thanks Daniel Whittle, Cuba Program Director, Environmental Defense Fund; Dr. Orlando Rey Santos, Lawyer and Director of the Environmental Directorate, Ministry of Science, Technology, and the Environment (CITMA), Havana, Cuba; and Richard Charter, Senior Policy Advisor, Defenders of Wildlife, for their guidance and input in preparation of this note. Summer, 2010 – Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy – 21 COLO. J. INT'L ENVTL. L. and POL'Y 557 – lexis)
Even without a catastrophe ... may inhibit drilling. n162

Impact - Spill spreads and kills ecosystems, which are key to regional biodiversity.
Almeida ‘12
Rob Almeida is Partner/CMO at gCaptain. He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1999 with a B.S in Naval Architecture and spent 6.5 years on active duty as a Surface Warfare Officer. He worked for a year as a Roughneck/Rig Manager trainee on board the drillship Discoverer Americas. May 18th – http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/

In short however, ... planned for in advance.

Biodiversity in specific hotspots checks extinction. Key to ag, medicine, and ecosystems
Mittermeier ‘11
(et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)

Extinction is the gravest ... a genuine hotspot.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 3 | Opponent: Leland DK | Judge: Cat Duffy
Prices will stay high in the sqo
Schoen, 13 – NBC Economics Reporter (John, “What’s pushing oil prices higher?”, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/13862677/ns/business-answer_desk/t/whats-pushing-oil-prices-higher/#.UjKeLmTwKNw)//eek

The Iraq war has ... as speculators bail out.

TBA solves forgein dependence
CFR, ’12 (Committee on Foreign Relations (John Kerry Chairman, Richard Lugar Ranking, William Danvers Staff Director, 20 other Congressional Representatives, “OIL, MEXICO, AND THE TRANSBOUNDARY AGREEMENT,” A MINORITY STAFF REPORT, December 21, 2012, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77567/html/CPRT-112SPRT77567.htm)

The centerpiece of the ... support U.S. energy security.

Independently of supply, Saudi Arabi would flood the market in response to the plan
Hulbert, 12 – European Energy Review Analyst (Matthew, Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations; Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Security Studies, “OPEC’s pending Bloodbath,” June 10th, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/06/10/opecs-pending-bloodbath/)

That’s unlikely to happen, ... itself out of existence.

Oil prices key to the Russian economy
Schuman 12 (Michael, Asia and Economics Correspondent – TIME, B.A. in Asian History and Political Science – University of Pennsylvania, M.A. in International Affairs – Columbia University, “Why Vladimir Putin Needs Higher Oil Prices”, Time, 7-5, http://business.time.com/2012/07/05/why-vladimir-putin-needs-higher-oil-prices/, Deech)

But Vladimir Putin is ... to firm up his popularity.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Correspondent – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, ... its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Bingham round robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lone Peak BM | Judge: Melissa Weiner, Khalid Sharif
perception of using the list for domestic politics exacerbates international image of American belligerence
*lack of inclusion of proven state sponsors of terrorism like Pakistan proves lack of US legitimacy
Stephens 11 – Director of the Center for Democracy in the Americas (Sarah, “Get Cuba off the List of State Sponsors of Terror,” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sarah-stephens/get-cuba-off-the-list-of-_b_935191.html, amils)
It is both untrue and ... get Cuba off the list.

Exposure of hypocrisy decreases US sway in global geopolitics – the aff reverses that trend.
Farrell and Finnemore, ’13. Henry Farrell is an Irish-born political scientist at George Washington University. He previously taught at the University of Toronto and earned his PhD from Georgetown University. Martha Finnemore is a University Professor at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2013. “The End of Hypocrisy.” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140155/henry-farrell-and-martha-finnemore/the-end-of-hypocrisy – clawan
The deeper threat that ... address it head-on.

American influence is declining regardless of military clout – attempts to reassert authority will only expedite the shift
Adams, ’13. Gordon Adams is professor of international relations at American University's School of International Service and distinguished fellow at the Stimson Center. OCTOBER 29, 2013. “Rebalancing the World Stage: Why America can no longer be both an actor and director.” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/10/29/rebalancing_the_world_stage_america?page=0,1 – clawan
This exercise is a compelling ... the director of the show.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Coppell GS | Judge: Ryan Blais
1NC Iran Ptx
A) Uniqueness: Congress is moving away from Iran sanctions bills but they’re still on the table – Obama PC is key to ensure success of negotiations
Armbruster, 2/12/14. Ben Armbruster, reporter for Think Progress. “More Than 100 House Members Sign Letter Supporting Diplomacy With Iran.” http://thinkprogress.org/world/2014/02/12/3283231/house-letter-iran-diplomacy/ -- clawan
More than one hundred ... with Iran.
B) Plan unpopular – Backlash and hostage-taking
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration ... happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.
C) Sanctions destroy peaceful diplomacy efforts that escalates to nuclear war.
(prefer our qualified evidence that cites history and political conditions inside Iran)
Kahl ’13 (Colin H. Kahl is an associate professor in Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and a senior fellow and director of the Middle East Security Program at the Center for a New American Security. From 2009 to 2011, he was the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East. “The Danger of New Iran Sanctions,” December 31, 2013, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-danger-new-iran-sanctions-9651?page=show)

The Geneva “interim” agreement ...regain lost ground.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Carrollton DT | Judge: Mathew Malia
A. Uniqueness: Patent reform will pass – consensus, lobbying, momentum. Now is key
Wilson and Tummarello, 4/7/14. Megan R. Wilson and Kate Tummarello for The Hill. “Friction tests patent reform push.” http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/202868-friction-tests-patent-reform-push – clawan
The tech industry is making an ... the details of which are not entirely finished — but maybe they see that its going to happen.”
B. Links
Plan unpopular – Backlash and hostage-taking
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive ...urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

PC key to patent success and Obama’s pushing for reforms
Kravetz, 3/20/14. David Kravetz, Wired, “History Will Remember Obama as the Great Slayer of Patent Trolls.” http://www.wired.com/2014/03/obama-legacy-patent-trolls/ -- clawan
But Obama will leave another gift to posterity... on innovation, not costly and needless litigation.”
C. Impacts

1. Fixing the patent crisis is key to growth and US competiveness – independently, IPR harmonization solves warming and disease.
   Lehman, ‘9 (Bruce A., former assistant Secretary of Commerce, “The International Patent System and the New Administration,” Science Progress, Winter 2008/2009, www.scienceprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/.../lehman.pdf)

THE WORLD TODAY faces many ...advantage secure.
2. Relative US economic collapse causes dangerous multipolarity and war – rising powers threaten great power wars and global extinction.
Khalilzad ‘11 (Zalmay, February 8, “The Economy and National Security” National Review, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)

Today, economic and ... powers such as China.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Green Valley BH | Judge: Richard Idriss
Our interpretation is the affirmative team must defend the hypothetical implications of a topical policy action implemented by the United States federal government.

The role of the ballot is to endorse whoever wins the game.

They are not revolutionary rather they live in fear of the onto security god. The separation of their object of criticism into a sphere beyond touch is a worship of the structures they purport to oppose.
Agamben 7 (Giorgio Agamben; Profanations; Zone Books; pg. 73-74)

The Roman jurists knew... had separated and petrified.

Fairness – their aff’s refusal to use the USfg makes it impossible to debate.  The USfg is the only stable and universal actor – this destroys the game model and is a prerequisite to evaluating their truth claims.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: Octas | Opponent: Notre Dame BA | Judge: Claire McKinney, Ian Beier, Jacob Thompson
Our interpretation is the 1AC must be presented as a shared discussion, not a owned object.

Before they get to weigh “their” 1AC they need to justify that the advocacy is theirs. Intellectual property is a way that a new class, the vectoral class, pits the producers of information against each other in competitive environments to ensure their continued exploitation.  This process results in escalating series of natural and humanitarian disasters, as capital needs to find more forms of property to base itself on.
A Hacker Manifesto, 4 (McKenzie Wark; has Ph.D. from Murdoch University, Professor of Culture and Media at Eugene Lang College, Professor of Liberal Studies at the New School for Social Research; “A Hacker Manifesto,” Harvard University Press, paragraph 24-47)

Information, like land or ... not a moment too soon.

Tournament: Young Lawyers | Round: 1 | Opponent: Skyview FF | Judge: Steve Sanchez
A – Interpretation
(   )  Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of action by the United States Federal Government.  

B – Definitions
Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)
should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it.  

Federal government is the central government in Washington DC
Encarta Online 2005,
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html#howtocite
United States (Government), the combination of federal, state, and local laws, bodies, and agencies that is responsible for carrying out the operations of the United States. The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC. 

Resolved implies a policy
Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4) 

It also requires a firm decision
American Heritage 2000 (Dictionary.com)
Resolved Firmness of purpose; resolution. A determination or decision; a fixed purpose. A formal resolution made by a deliberative body.

C – Vote neg
1 – Predictability- The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer.  Even if it is good to talk about their 1AC, they must prove we could have logically anticipated it.  This question comes prior to the merits of the aff because it implicates our ability to debate.
Ruth Lessl Shively, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas AandM, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 181-2

The requirements given … agreement or harmony. 

Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a of a focused, common ground of debate
Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003, When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf

What happened in … each of those key features.

2 – Limits- the aff interpretation explodes the number of potential affirmatives to anything that has a loose relationship to space- They have functionally made their own resolution which at best turns debates into space good/bad
Limits are an inevitable part of living in society, but learning to exercise creativity within limits celebrates life- constant attempts to un-limit ourselves creante an unbearable burden and empties out the value to life
Ramaekers 2001 Stefan, Teaching to lie and obey: Nietzsche and Education, Journal of Philosophy of Education 35.2 

The nature of … of Nietzsche's writings.

3 – Education-
A focus on policy is necessary to learn the pragmatic details of powerful institutions – acting without this knowledge is doomed to fail in the face of policy pros who know what they’re talking about
McClean, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at Molloy College in New York, ‘1 (David E., “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope”, Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, http://www.americanphilosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/) 

Or we might … "managerial class."

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Gaston
A. Interpretation: The affirmative must exclusively defend the hypothetical implementation and consequences of a topical policy enacted by the United States federal government.
B. Definitions:

1. “Should” denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
   American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)
   should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it.  
   2. Resolved implies a policy
   Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm
   Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)
   C. Vote Negative:
2. Limits – they explode affirmatives to include anything that has a relationship to transportation infrastructure because they can claim advantages based off their methodology and in-round discourse. Limits are good - ensures clash and incentivizes innovative research.
   2. Predictability – Debate about discourse and personal advocacies don’t have a stable literature base – necessary for strategic pre-round strategies and stable and effective debating.
   3. Ground – our interpretation preserves spending and political disads, competitive CPs, and core impact turns. This ensures real-world debating and reciprocity.
   4. Extra topicality – advantages predicated off of discourse or methodology inevitably devolve from transportation infrastructure and claim solvency based off of speech instead of implementation – makes negative argumentation impossible.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Green Valley BH | Judge: Richard Idriss
Their use of politics is rooted in a frame of literal affirmation
Edelman ’98 (Lee Edelman, Professor of English at Tufts University “The Future Is Kid Stuff: Queer Theory, Disidentification, and the Death Drive”¶ Source: Narrative, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Jan., 1998), pp. 18-30 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20107133)//JL
But what helps him ... a political framework that compulsively

This framework is a gateway issue—before they can claim their affirmative solves or weigh the impacts of the aff, need to justify the epistemological baggage of the act of affirmation. We should embrace the negation of the sinthomosexual, a figure that embodies what Edelman calls “lack”

Their affirmation necessitates opposition to what we call the sinthomosexual—that just results in more violence because the sinthomosexual embodies negation and is oppositional to all affirmation
Stavrakakis ’99 (Yannis Stavrakakis, PhD, “Lacan and the Political” in 1999)JL
What is this dialectic ... symbolic/imaginary nexus producing reality.

Tournament: Young Lawyers | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego AL | Judge: Chris Hall
Text: President Barack Obama should direct the Office of Foreign Asset Controls to discontinue its enforcement of economic sanctions on Cuba and the United States Senate should ratify the Rome Statute.

The CP avoids politics and has multiple internal links to solve multilateralism
Bracknell, 11 – Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council (Butch, “The U.S. and the International Criminal Court: An unfinished debate”, May 26, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/26/opinion/la-oe-bracknell-icc-20110526)//eek

The National Security Strategy ...except when it is not.

Tournament: Bingham round robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lone Peak BM | Judge: Melissa Weiner, Khalid Sharif
In the face of an accelerating ecological crisis, the aff has decided to advocate a strategy of expansionism – increasing engagement over the natural world for the sole purpose of human interest. This ignores the importance of environmental ethics and is violently anthropocentric.
Sivil, 2000 (Richard Sivil studied at the University of Durban Westville, and at the University of Natal, Durban. He has been lecturing philosophy since 1996. “WHY WE NEED A NEW ETHIC FOR THE ENVIRONMENT”, 2000, http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/II-7/chapter_vii.htm)

 Three most significant ... an environmental ethic.

Anthropocentric ideologies cause ecocide- the alternative is the only unique try or die scenario.
Gottlieb 94 — Roger S. Gottlieb, Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University, 1994 (“Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology,” Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, Summer, Available Online athttp://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm, Accessed 07-26-2011)
Here I will at least begin in … nor for the other, but for us all. 

Here I will at least ... other, but for us all.

The alternative is to undergo the thought experiment in order to embrace the global suicide of humanity. The alternative solves the anthropocentric ideology.
Kochi and Ordan 8
(Queen’s University, Borderlands journal, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)JFS

For some, guided by ... forget, suppress or repress it.

Tournament: Alta | Round: Quarters | Opponent: CPS GA | Judge: Scott Phillips, Sam Allen, Mike Bausch
Economic engagement is part of the West’s adventure to carnivalize the world. This globalization of values is the right everything has to its own place in the museum. In attempting to export its culture everywhere the West has exhausted its own culture; in an attempt to restore it the West clothes itself in the cultures it has already converted. This is the farce of modernity that cryogenizes all culture and forces us to realize culture no longer exists.
Baudrillard, 6 – Not dead yet (Jean Baudrillard; Cannibal and Carnival: The Play of Global Antagonism; Seagull Books; 3-10; September 2006)eek

WE MAY START OUT ... cheap finery of all cultures.

Burn it down! jk, but refuse everything on the grounds of nothing.  Refuse the assimilation of the aff with an illogical no.  This rejection forces the West to realize its own in adequacy and collapse.
Baudrillard, 6 – Not dead yet  - Not dead yet (Jean, “THE PYRES OF AUTUMN”, January-February 2006, New Left Review. Vol. 37)eek

Fifteen hundred cars burned.. end is nowhere in sight.

Tournament: Bingham | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Matea Ivanovic

The affirmative takes the position of the Maoist—their veneration of the oppressed constructs an ideal subaltern consciousness with which they can engage in parasitic solidarity—this is virulent form of colonialism, which turns debate into a site for the consumption of Otherness for personal gain.

Chow ‘93

(Rey Chow, Professor of Comparative Literature at Brown University, Writing Diaspora, p. 10-13)

The Orientalist has a special sibling ... had our consciousnesses "raised."

This oppressive solidarity locks in cycles of exclusionary violence—making their impacts inevitable.  You should reject the affirmative because of their failure to question the indebtedness of their intellectual project to institutions mired in the very privilege they sanctimoniously criticize—your obligation as an intellectual is to struggle against becoming the object and instrument of power.

Chow ‘93

(Rey Chow, Professor of Comparative Literature at Brown University, Writing Diaspora, p. 16-17)

Why are "tactics" useful ... in the military no less than in the academic sense?

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Gaston
The aff is a heroic exception—they operate above the law or constraints of the topic in order to achieve ethical good—however, their prominent position in the community allows for a proliferation of the exception and incentivizes others to follow suit, but less successfully and often endangering the very thing they’re trying to achieve
McGowan ‘9 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
The exceptional superhero ... conservative political figures.

The alternative is to vote negative to tarnish the aff’s public image with a mask of evil. It allows for them to continue their heroism without recognition

The very thing that allows exceptionality to multiply is recognition—misrecognition is key to avoid this proliferation. Only through becoming indistinguishable with criminality is it possible to avoid the road to fascism
McGowan ‘9 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009, http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
The problem with ... road to fascist rule.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Octas | Opponent: CPS AG | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, Christian Rodriguez, Rob Mulholand
The gift of the aff towards non-represented groups hides egoism and guarantees the aff’s impacts are inevitable—it’s a demonstration that they have the ability to give. It indebts the Other such that the aff will always be exercising power over them—they use the aff as a means for self-preservation
Williams 2k (Christopher R. Williams, PhD, forensic psychology, professor and chairman of the Department of Criminal Justice Studies at Bradley University, Bruce A. Arrigo, PhD, administration of justice, professor of criminology, law, and society, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina, Faculty Associate in the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics, “The (Im)Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ‘Gift’ of the Majority,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2000, pgs. 321-343)
Reciprocation on your part ... conceit of the advantaged.

The alternative is to vote negative to make the aff a hero without heroic recognition
Only through allowing the aff’s public image to be tarnished can they ever be a true hero and avoid fascism—misrecognition is key to real heroism, which is the best form of creating change and creating awareness within debate—means the alt solves the impacts of the aff better because it allows the recipient to not be indebted
McGowan ‘9 (Todd McGowan, Associate Professor, film theory, University of Vermont, PhD, Ohio State University, studies the intersection of Hegel, psychoanalysis, and existentialism and cinema, “The Exceptional Darkness of The Dark Knight,” Jump Cut, No. 51, Spring 2009,http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/darkKnightKant/text.html)
The film begins ... the road to fascist rule.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Interlake LM | Judge: Steele, Orion Gokcebay, Nicole Montano, Frank

The first link is Stolen Land - the affirmative devotes itself to a pet project of perfecting America, but with this project comes a silent sin. They attempt to describe identity and discourse but can't come to terms with a key prior material issue: We. Are. On.  Stolen. Land. - Despite their best interests, genocide is able to rear its ugly head within the affirmative as they reaffirm colonial structures.

Churchill in 1996 Ward. “From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism, 1985-1995” Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Colorado. Govering Council of the Colorado pg. 520

Let's imagine that ... accomplishing positive change in North America. 

The second link is Silence - more specifically, remaining complicit to Native American genocide and violence results in extermination of peoples elsewhere. The progressive change the affirmative calls for takes place on a continent of a dark, ugly past. Their complicity creates a “boomerang effect” that replicates and magnifies violence. The “not until it affects me will I ever take action” mindset results in hundreds of millions dying and a modern day holocaust that should be an a-priori rejection.

Schwab in 2006  Gabriele, “Writing against memory and forgetting” Literature and Medicine 25.1 (2006) 95-121 FERGUSON

Human beings have... concur with this assumption.

Third is 'progressive politics' The 1AC's discussion of 'interrogation' and 'historical narritives' begs the question of starting points - if violence should be a point of interrogation, then why focus on the US/Mexico border? We should interrogate the nation the border encloses

Thus Claire and I present the alternative - vote negative to proudly say “United States OUT” and embrace Fourth World decolonization movements.

Churchill in 2003Ward, Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Colorado Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader 263-5, Questia, FERGUSON

The primary purpose of ... within everybody's liberatory agenda.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego FW | Judge: Silbey
There is no difference between life and death – their imagination of death traps us in our literal bodies and kill true psychological life
Avens 80 (“James Hillman: Toward a Poetic Psychology”; ‘Journal of Religion and Health Vol. 19 No.3’; http://www.scribd.com/doc/23953790/Roberts-Avens-James-Hillman-Toward-a-Poetic-Psychology Robert Avens; PhD in religious studies; Written Fall 1980; ; Accessed November 8, 2012) *we don’t endorse the use of gendered language

The closeness of ... the Narcissus myth.

A destroyed psyche is the root of all violence. Genocide is end result of a soulless understanding of the world.  
Walter A. Davis 2001 (Deracination: Historicity, Hiroshima, and the Tragic Imperative. State University of New York Press, p. 95-96)

It is never enough... with the sublime. 

The alternative is to love death.
Death should be loved not hated – to experience death is to open up our life to an imagination of death – this shatters the literalisms of life and heals the psyche
Hillman 77 (James; is Founding Fellow of the Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture and the former director of the Jung Institute; Written 1977; Re-visioning Psychology; Harper Collins)

Humanism’s psychology follows ... more imaginally “unreal” reality.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell GS | Judge: Elyse Conklin
K - Hillman
A: Link: Modern warfare exchanges the battlefield for distant command centers where the enemy can be eliminated with the push of a button – this doesn’t engage our desire to fight - instead of hating war we should embrace it – only then can we repair the psyche
Hillman 04 (James, retired Director of the Jung Institute, “A Terrible Love of War”, The Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-011-4, pgs 90-92)
Why dwell on... would be enough.

B) Impacts
Peace is merely the absence of war – it leaves us in a state of psychic numbness
Hillman 04 (James, retired Director of the Jung Institute, “A Terrible Love of War”, The Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-011-4, pgs 30-31)
The worst of war ... declared for a sword.

C) The alternative is to love war.
Also, the alternative comes first because war is the primary psychological task that shapes all of our notions about society
Hillman 04 (James, retired Director of the Jung Institute, “A Terrible Love of War”, The Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-011-4, pgs 1-3)
One sentence in ... the purpose of this book.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell GS | Judge: Elyse Conklin
K - IPR
A. Fictitious Commodities – intellectual property rights are not an inevitable phenomenon, but rather the result of a concerted effort to engrain a narrative of “knowledge scarcity” in all of us. This myth is at the heart of the 1AC, and serves to elevate idea ownership to an absolute right status
Christopher May, Professor of Political Economy, Lancaster University, July 2004 (“Cosmopolitan Legalism Meets Thin Community,” Government and Opposition, Volume 39 Issue 3)
The most important... property in knowledge.

B. Culture Control – so-called “intellectual property” makes up the dominant cultural images which shape our understanding of the world. IPRs commodify cultural forms to foreclose the option of challenging these images. In doing so the affirmative reinforces a hegemonic worldview at the expense of meaningful dissent
Fiona Macmillan, Professor of Law, Birkbeck College, University of London, 2003 (“Copyright’s Commodification of Creativity,” http://www.oiprc.ox.ac.uk/)
So the media ...commodifying cultural forms.100

C. VOTE NEGATIVE – the ballot should serve as an endorsement of the productive elements of piracy written off by the affirmative. This is the essential first step to knowledge de-commodification
Christopher May, Senior Lecturer in International Political Economy, University of the West of England, 2004 (“Commodifying the information age,” www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrb/script-ed/issue3/asp)
The history of IPRs ... freely wherever you can.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Octas | Opponent: CPS AG | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, Christian Rodriguez, Rob Mulholand
They are monkeys, which wouldn’t be so bad if they didn’t want to be humans.  
Kafka, 17 – Witty Bio (Franz, “A Report to the Academy,” 1917)eek

Honored members of the Academy! ... I have only made a report.

Tournament: Young Lawyers | Round: 1 | Opponent: Skyview FF | Judge: Steve Sanchez
They see themselves as the outsiders fighting the hegemonic insiders – they base all of their aff off a static position of what they oppose – and thus define themselves by what they oppose – they just entrench it
Mann 96 – (Paul Mann has a Ph.D. in English at Pomona, Jan. 1996, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", Post Modern Culture, Volume 6, No. 2, Project Muse)

The position is … other tactical forms.

The alternative is to vote aff to vote neg.
We must propose positions without attaching ourselves to them – by affirming their movement but not giving it the ballot you take their movement underground
Mann 96 – (Paul Mann has a Ph.D. in English at Pomona, Jan. 1996, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", Post Modern Culture, Volume 6, No. 2, Project Muse)

The standpoint, identification …, in the following manner:

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: Damien MR | Judge: Chris Patterson
Their drive for normalcy, freedom and fixes to the world’s problems splits the psyche and pathologizes all that we associate as not valuable
Thomas Moore in 1990 (Thomas Moore is the author of the bestselling book Care of the Soul and fifteen other books. He has Ph. D. in religion from Syracuse University and has won several awards for his work, including an honorary doctorate from Lesley University. The essential James Hillman: a blue fire, Routledge; 1 edition, 1-3)-mikee

Because of its ... symptoms is our soul. 

C) Impacts
A destroyed psyche is the root of all violence. Genocide and extinction are the end result of a soulless understanding of the world.
Walter A. Davis 2001 (Deracination: Historicity, Hiroshima, and the Tragic Imperative. State Univesrity of New York Press, p. 95-96)

It is never enough ... with the sublime. 

D) The alternative is to love what the Aff hates.
This means entering into the pathologies of the affirmative. We acknowledge the harms of the 1AC, but not as psychologically wrong and inherently bad. We recognize that the psyche has a hand in everything and we love what the psyche presents.
Hillman 96 (James Hillman, retired Director of the Jung Institute, “The Soul’s Code”, Warner Books, pg 33-35)

Each biographical exemplifies ... symptom of calling.

Tournament: Young Lawyers | Round: Finals | Opponent: Juan Diego CW | Judge: Liz Letak, D Mooers-Putzer, M Mooers-Putzer
Their impact depends on orientalist knowledge that guarantee nuclear racism and apartheid
Hugh Gusterson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology 14(1):111-143. American Anthropological Association.

According to the ... recognized nuclear powers.

Racism is a reason to vote negative at this moment in the debate- it is the biggest and cruelest impact in the round
Joseph Barndt, co-director of Crossroads, a multicultural ministry, 1991, Dismantling Racism: The Continuing Challenge to White America, p. 155-6
The limitations imposed ...it to continue.

Tournament: Alta | Round: Quarters | Opponent: CPS GA | Judge: Scott Phillips, Sam Allen, Mike Bausch
The affirmative’s flashback to remember the suffering of Mestizaje is rooted in an ascetic ideal that hides suffering with an over proliferation of jouissance, creating charred figures where we feel alive but we are not—we are simply “undead”
Zupancic ‘3 (Alenka Zupancic, “The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two,” 47-49)gingE
It might seem that ... provides them with enjoyment.

The alternative is to forget the pain of the 1AC—embracing oblivion is key to breaking away from these memories that allows us to resurrect ourselves from the inaction the aff creates
Zupancic ‘3 (Alenka Zupancic, “The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two,” 47-49)gingE
This is perhaps the moment ... the possibility of a new one.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Interlake LM | Judge: Steele, Orion Gokcebay, Nicole Montano, Frank

In the face of the worst catastrophe ever perpetuated the aff maintains a politics of neutrality.  Billions of animals are slaughtered but the aff refuses to challenge these structures of oppression.  Rather they focus exclusively on human concerns.  This is not benign neglect but rather a calculated strategy to privilege certain interests over others.  Bell and Russell explain in 2000,

Bell and Russell 2K, (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)//eek

For this reason, the ... anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentrism subjects animals to an eternal Treblinka.  Trillions of animals have already been slaughtered in factor farms and viviosected in laboratories.  Current society views the animal other as an object that only as useful as what it provides to its human oppressors.  In the face of this institutionalized speciescide virtually nothing has been done.  The time for action is now.  Isacat tells us in 2008,

Isacat 8 (Ben Isacat; has a Ph.D. in animal behavioural ecology and a bachelor’s in psychology and biology; Written April 2008; “Animal Holocaust”; http://www.animalethics.org.uk/i-ch1-3-animalholocaust.html; Accessed April 12, 2013)eek

Mass extinction is... the extermination camps..." (4) 

While other political projects work toward inclusion and equal rights Animal Liberation works toward a total exclusion of the animal.  This is because human nature is founded upon a violent speciesism and any inclusion can only lead to further genocidal violence.  We will put the animal first in every instance and will only settle for total liberation by any means necessary.  Screaming Wolf explains,

If  an  animal  researcher  said... their reasons for these conclusions.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Green Valley BH | Judge: Richard Idriss

1. Non-humans are necessarily excluded from the 1ac movement.
   Bell and Russell 2K
   (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf 10/24/11)

For this reason, ... anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.

2. The foundation that the affirmatives movement is based on is profoundly anthropocentric in nature. It inherently has a human non-human distinction within it.
Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)

Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes ... juridical ordering of war.

Anthropocentric ideologies cause ecocide- the alternative is the only unique try or die scenario.
Gottlieb 94 — Roger S. Gottlieb, Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University, 1994 (“Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology,” Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, Summer, Available Online athttp://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm, Accessed 07-26-2011)
Here I will at least begin in … nor for the other, but for us all. 

The alternative is to undergo the thought experiment in order to embrace the global suicide of humanity. The alternative solves the anthropocentric ideology.
Kochi and Ordan 8
(Queen’s University, Borderlands journal, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)JFS

For some, guided ... suppress or repress it.

Tournament: Alta | Round: Quarters | Opponent: CPS GA | Judge: Scott Phillips, Sam Allen, Mike Bausch
You are negation of negation—the only end point to that form of affirmation is a limit of the reaction to negation’s radicality. You are reactive affirmation, affirmation in reaction to the suffering outlined by the 1AC that culminates in passive nihilism. Our alternative is to embrace an affirmation of your affirmation—only then can we endorse an affirmation of being, not a function of being
Zupancic ‘3 (Alenka Zupancic, “The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two”)gingE
To put it differently.... minimal difference of the same.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Green Valley BH | Judge: Richard Idriss
Despite their claim of “an aff that hasn’t been run before,” it’s HAS been run because of Eternal Recurrence
Owen ’95 (David Owen 1995 "Nietzsche, Politics and Modernity, p. 112-5)JL

This passage is characterised ... ('Once more unto the diet, dear friends ...').

That’s a voting issue for false disclosure—punishment paradigm is best

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola GW | Judge: Alex Kosmach

Your focus leads to passivity

Antonio, 95 (Nietzsche's Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History  American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 101, No. 1 (Jul., 1995), pp. 1-43)eek

The "problem of the actor," ... the way for a new type of tyrant (Nietzsche 1986, pp. 137, 168; 1974, pp. 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
 

The affirmative’s use of fiat to mediate images of suffering is rooted in an ascetic ideal that hides suffering with an over proliferation of jouissance, creating charred figures where we feel alive but we are not—we are simply “undead”

Zupancic ‘3 (Alenka Zupancic, “The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two,” 47-49)gingE

It might seem that ... provides them with enjoyment. 

This division of real war and simulation is the root of the genocidal mindset

Der Derian, 2k – Prof. of IR @ UMass, Amherst, and Brown University (James, “Virtuous War/Virtual Theory,” International Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 4 (Oct., 2000), pp. 771-788, JSTOR)

In a sense, war has... games blur together.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles North BG | Judge: Rachel Boroditsky

The American visa process is inherently hostile to the stranger-alien- it scrutinizes and humiliates applicants to ensure they are fit to live among us legitimizing broader biopolitical interventions

Rajan ‘8

   (Rajeswari Sunder 'Response', Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 5:2, 218 – 221)

Here the concept of the “threshold” ... developments of the present.

The distribution of visas as a political strategy for inclusion injects sovereign authority into migration – turns the case by making all inclusion temporary and fleeting.

Salter, ‘8

 (Mark, School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, “When the exception becomes the rule: borders, sovereignty, and citizenship” Citizenship Studies v. 12 n. 4 August 2008 365-380)-mikee

Sovereignty is performed dialogically ...grounded in capricious sovereignty. 

Alternative- Refuse visas as an acceptable form of inclusion and instead struggle to negotiate a hospitable welcome for those to whom the affirmative appeals.

Our alternative views hospitality as a paradox or aporia. Its not an impossible quest for unconditional hospitality but instead a negotiation- a constant struggle driven by that ideal towards a better relationship with the other than the affirmative’s acceptance of conditional hospitality.

Bulley ‘6

 (Dan-, Review of International Studies, “Negotiating ethics: Campbell, ontopology, and hospitality”, Vol. 32)  

So far, a definition of hospitality... in the inside/outside logic of IR.

Tournament: Young Lawyers | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego AL | Judge: Chris Hall
The plan attempts to remake the target countries in the image of Northern development through economic engagement. Challenging the limits of neoliberalism in public spaces is key to politicize alternative strategies.
Sheppard et al., Minnesota geography professor, 2010
(Eric, “Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus”, Geoforum, 41.2, ScienceDirect)

We have shown ... cultural subordination” (Fraser, 1997, p. 28).

Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in inequality, political oppression, and military intervention—moral obligation to put those sacrificed by Western growth at the center of decision making.
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization The goal of ... main economic objective.

Reject the affirmative in order to decolonize economic engagement. 

Alt solves- questioning the politics of space and knowledge that make engagement an economic tool of manipulation is key to sustainable development.  
Walsh, Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, 2012
(Catherine, “The Politics of Naming”, Cultural Studies, 26.1, Project Muse)

Cultural Studies, in ... the politics of naming.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola GW | Judge: Alex Kosmach

We defend all of the 1AC sans their preemptive framing arguments

The AFF’s attempt to secure against queer perspectives gives epistemic privilege to heteronormativity which marks queer bodies for violence

Transfer a topos of apocalypse from the warhead onto the queer body as the condition of death that justifies endless state power.

Coviello 2k (Peter assistant professor of English at Bowdoin College, “Apocalypse From Now On” 2000RC)

What is so disturbing ... to be made weirdly coordinate

The visceral violence of queer bashing will culminate in a gay genocide. However, because queer bodies cannot be distinctly marked out by one visible identifier, we destroy ourselves in the drive to purification, culminating in omnicide.

Sedgwick ‘8 (Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, 2008 The Epistemology of the Closet, 127-130)
From at least the biblical story ... be opened and opened and opened?

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lowell VC | Judge: Gene Chien

CP Text: We endorse the entirety of the 1AC absent their preemptive framing contention

Preemption is an act of governing that seeks to dominate and create a space of security

Amoore and de Goede 8 (Louise, Professor in the Department of Geography @ Durham University and Marieke, Marieke de Goede Professor of Politics, @ Department of Politics of the University of Amsterdam ‘Introduction’ Risk and the War on Terror Routledge, 2008 BSH) ATS – “Automated Targeting System” computer-based screening program deployed by the US to screen international travelers at all air, land and sea borders

A risk beyond risk ... ‘‘a special kind of alchemy’’ (cf. O’Malley 2002).

This securitization creates a self-fulfilling prophecy culminating in biopolitcal genocide.

Der Derian 5 (James, is a Watson Institute research professor of international studies and professor of political science at Brown University. “National Security: An Accident Waiting to Happen.”  Harvard International Review, Vol. 27, No. 3 9/4/05  BSH)

However, the discourse of the... prolongation of total war by other means."

Tournament: Bingham Round Robin | Round: Semis | Opponent: Lone Peak BM | Judge: Khalid Sharif, Zach Williams, Hellebuick
Their use of the state is not benign – Government has been violently imposed upon us through conquest, deceit and fraud. Be it authoritarian or democratic, the form a particular state takes is simply a kind of disguise which masks its drive to domination.
Newman 10, Saul, Australian political theorist and central post-anarchist thinker. Newman coined the term ‘post-anarchism’ “The Politics of Postanarchism” pp.-28-30

This implacable critique of ... same project of infinite expansion.

This adherence to state structures ultimately manifests itself in oppressive systems of capital and endless security logic
Newman 10, Saul, Australian political theorist and central post-anarchist thinker. Newman coined the term ‘post-anarchism’ “The Politics of Postanarchism” pp.-27-28

How this idea jars ... immolated and interred’.31

Tournament: Bingham | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Matea Ivanovic
The Affirmatives obsession with voice undermines the resistance of the subaltern - Silence is a discursive strategy that subverts dominate power structures and exercises agency. Vote negative to respect the silence of the subaltern.
Pal 11, (Mahuya, Assistant Professor, University of South Florida, Ph.D., Purdue University. "Silence and Slander as Resistance in Subaltern Organizing" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, TBA, Boston, MA, http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p492091_index.html May 25, 2011 BSH)

Even as I explore the ... function of everyday forms of resistance.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Gaston

1. The discourse of terror frames difference as fundamentalist to justify implicating entire groups of people, exonerating their own production through a framing of extremist. This justifies the demonization of difference.
   Bleiker ‘3 Roland Bleiker, “Aestheticizing Terrorism”, Australian Journal of Politics and History, volume 49, number 3, pp. 430-445

While the nature... the Persian Gulf War”.27

2. The war on terror recreates terror – the state of exception that the plan creates is elevated to a permanent state legitimizing the right of police and military intervention, normalizing violence and makes terrorism inevitable

Aretxaga 1 – Professor of Anthropology at the University of Texis at Austin, visiting professor at the University of Chicago, former professor at Harvard University “Terror as Thrill: First Thoughts on the ‘War on Terrorism’ Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 75, No. 1, Winter 2001, Published by The Feorge Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research, pp. 139-150. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3318342

This "material culture" ... areas of the world. 

3. The idea of a threatening “terrorist” in academic discourse, such as debate, constructs the terrorist as the sexual, queer, and racial “monster” that is defined in relation to a heteronormative patriotism.
Puar and Rai 02 (Jasbir K. Puar, assistant professor of women's studies and geography at Rutgers University. Amit S. Rai teaches cultural and literary studies at the New School University in New York City. “Monster, Terrorist, Fag:  The War on Terrorism and the Production of Docile Patriots” Social Text 20.3 (2002), project muse.)

How are gender ... organizing in response to September 11.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: SF Austin SB | Judge: Jim Freeman
The AFF stabilizes a world that is antiqueer – this allows for assimilation strategies that allows “good white gays and lesbians” to be part of a larger power structure of capitalism, patriarchy, and heteronormativity that is violent against difference. The only strategy is a total conflict with the totality.
Mary Nardini gang (criminal queers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin “toward the queerest insurrection”RC) 

In the discourse of queer, ... and empire. This is our¶ history.
The alternative is to embrace the queer art of failure
Halberstam 12 (J. Jack cultural critic, a transgender theorist, and an activist  Professor of American Studies and Ethnicity, Gender Studies and Comparative Literature at the University of Southern California. “Gaga Feminism Sex, Gender, and the End of Normal” 2012 RC)

Welcome to the gagapocalypse! ... end of “normal¶ life.”

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Holy Names HR | Judge: Michael Barclay
A. Interpretation and violation - the Aff must defend all three branches of the federal government - they don't  -- they specify their agent

We have definitional support - 'the' is a mass noun
American Heritage '2K

Used before a singular noun indicating that the noun is generic: The wolf is an endangered species. 

B. Vote negative -

1. Crushes neg ground - allows them to specify down to tiny, unpredictable agents that we won't be prepared to debate and they can strategically change
   2. Extra-topical - allows them to claim specific agent advantages that go beyond the scope of the topic. Extra-topicality is voting issue because it proves the resolution insufficient and is a no-cost burden for the Aff.

Tournament: Bingham | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stansbury GD | Judge: Melissa Weiner

“Economic engagement” is limited to DIRECTLY expanding economic ties

Çelik 11

 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration ...position of others in the same direction.

This is only tangible trade and financial benefits --- immigration is CULTURAL engagement, not economic

Haass 00

 – Richard Haass and Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 5-6

Architects of engagement strategies ... in the upcoming decades.

Voting issue for limits and ground --- non-economic areas are huge, overstretch research burdens and require completely different strategies --- visas specifically creates hundreds of different mechanisms --- trade and finance allow sufficient flexibility but lock-in a core mechanism for preparation

FX T – the aff only garners economic benefits as a result of a minor policy change

Tournament: Young Lawyers | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego AL | Judge: Chris Hall
A. Interpretation: “Economic engagement” is a long term process of increasing economic contacts and interdependence in multiple-areas to influence the political behavior of a state
Resnick ‘1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, “Defining Engagement”, Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
A REFINED DEFINITION... of positive sanctions.

B. Violation: Removing restrictions/sanctions do not directly expand economic ties in multiple areas. A long term process of contact is not mandated by the plan – at best they are effectually topical.
C. Prefer our interpretation

1. Precise Limits—they meld any type of engagement with economic engagement and allow negative state action—they could normalize economic relations which is a topical version
   2. Ground—they bypass most of our offense—we lose disads based on commodity trade and the US extending economic engagement like pink tide, oil, sphere of influence DA’s, and international counterplans—makes negation impossible

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lowell VC | Judge: Gene Chien
A. Violation – economic engagement is the exchange of goods, services, capital and labor – energy is a non-economic partnership.
Rose, 8 -- UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, "Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties," April 2008, www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1

Non-Economic Engagement ... both theory and practice, is positive.

B. Vote Neg – 

First, Ground – allowing energy affs adds a whole new topic into an already broad resolution – narrow limits are key to a fair research burden and innovation. 

Second, Education – only the neg interp limits the topic to the core of economic engagement – allowing energy affs skews the focus of the resolution to the fringe, decking topic specific education

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 2 | Opponent: Head Royce PT | Judge: James Stevensen
A. Interpretation – The instruments of engagement must be exclusively economic
Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES” BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW and POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)

The approach to ... conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

B. Violation – anti-trafficking is not solely economic
WTO, 7 – organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade; deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments (World Trade Organization, “World Trade Report 2007”, 2007, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr07-2b_e.pdf)//AY

The third cluster ... schools of constructivism.

C. Vote negative

1. Predictable limits – they explode the topic – blurring the lines of economic engagement makes any positive foreign interaction topical
   2. Ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans
   3. Extra T – inclusion of non-economic engagement allows them to gain non-topical unpredictable advantages and to spike out of all DAs

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 3 | Opponent: Leland DK | Judge: Cat Duffy
A. Interpretation: Topical affirmatives must only increase federal government engagement with Cuba through trade agreements or direct aid. 

1. “Economic engagement” must be government-to-government.
   Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic: U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)

Economic engagement between ...  countries than to others.

2. ‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)

Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – the plan merely removes barriers to private sector economic engagement  

C. Voter for limits and ground

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Holy Names HR | Judge: Michael Barclay
Selective or individualized measures are not substantial – res requires broader engagement.
Davidsson 02 (Elias Davidsson 20 March 2002 (Rev. November 2003) in “The mechanism of economic sanctions: Changing
perceptions and euphemisms” http://www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf)
“Economic sanctions”, a mode ... rather than to affect the economy

And, Substantially means “without material qualification”
Blacks Law Dictionary 1990

a. Violation – the aff qualifies their economic engagement within one particular good.
b. Standards

1. Broader engagement with greater effects on individual life is heart of the topic – key to evaluating words like “substantially”.
   2. Ground – explodes neg research burden and forces us to research every export of every topic country.
   3. Limits – fair and predictable number of affirmatives, limited only to broader policies that can be applied to each topic country.