Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Leland FS | Judge:
1
Interpretation: the kritik is a litmus test and the judge is an ethical intellectual choosing between competing methodologies for change
This means they have to win a defense of their assumptions prior to you concluding whether the alternative or the plan is a preferable action
Also, the 1AC was a rhetorical object, which means they must defend what it was and not what it could have been—that’s crucial when evaluating competing methodologies
The central question of this debate is that the exclusion of indigenous peoples provides the ontological grounding for modern sovereignty—any analysis which fails to foreground these histories is doomed to reproduce the horrors of colonialism

Byrd 11 (Jodi, Chickasaaw and Asst. Prof of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critics of Colonialism, p. xvii-xxi)--mm *We don’t endorse ableist language.
The Transit of Empire begins with a network of conflicting definitions to reflect upon the
AND
this crucial moment in history when everything appears to be headed towards collapse.
Before you determine what actions you should take, you must answer the gateway question of whether the Western problem-solution based ontology of fear is a good one. Voting negative affirms a planetary shift to Native ways of knowing which avoid serial policy failure and solves extinction
Zimmerman 6 (Mary Jane, Ph. D., Discussion Leader Being Nature’s Mind: Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Planetary Consciousness February 2, 2006, http://www.earthspirituality.org/archive/zimmerman_seminar.htm) MM
We don’t endorse gendered language  

Those caveats having been mentioned, I think, and many of my Native teachers
AND
range of perceptive abilities necessary for the next stages of life on earth.
Thus, the alternative—Manny and I affirm indigenousness as an entrance into holistic critical theory. This reprioritization of the body of the native as the necessary precondition for sovereignty makes possible ethical policymaking – thus the roll of the ballot – to best methodologically challenge acts of violence on the Indigenous.
Byrd 11 (Jodi, Chickasaaw and Asst. Prof of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critics of Colonialism, p. xxi-xlii)--mm
*We don’t endorse ableist or gendered language.
Although critical theory has focused much attention on the role of frontiers and Manifest Destiny
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we interpret the cacophonies colonialism has left us in the transit of empire.

2
The question “how should one act?” divorces ethics from individual essence

May 5 (Todd, Prof @ Clemson U, Gilles Deleuze: An Introduction, accessed online somewhere, p. 5-6)LA
By withdrawing allegiance to a cosmological order and by leveling out the status of human
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we may be addressed by philosophy in the space in which we live.
Holism solves endless violence

Gullette 80 (Alan, Author of works about Buddhism, Towards a Philosophy of Holism, Winter 1980 Philosophy 4000: Process Philosophy, http://alangullette.com/essays/philo/holism.htm)//LA
Philosophy must be holistic.  It has suffered, over the past two and a
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philosophy which must deal with nothing less than the whole phenomenon of existence.

Obama
Your Coes evidence reinforces images and rhetoric of American hegemony
Coes 11 (BEN COES, former speechwriter  in the George H.W. Bush administration, “The disease of a weak president”, September 30th, The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/)
Unfortunately, President Obama’s weakness in his response to Israel and Iran is a cause
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can only worry about preventing one foreign policy disaster, worry about this one
That attempt to reassert legitimacy guarantees slaughter and imperialist wars
Gullì 13 (Bruno, Kingsborough Community College @ City University of New York, For the Critique of Sovereignty and Violence, Accessed online somewhere, p. 5-8)LA *Pronoun replaced by ||| in the body of this text.
I think that we have now an understanding of what the situation is: The
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– in other words, a poetic rather than military and financial shift.
The drive to de-nuclearize and prevent pre-emptive strikes per their Krepon ev makes war and technocracy inevitable
BondGraham and Parrish 9 (Darwin BondGraham is a sociologist who lives and works in New Orleans, Phd candidate at UC Santa Barbera. Will Parrish is an anti-imperialist organizer and scholar living in northern California: "Anti-nuclear Nuclearism", http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/5782)
The Obama administration is likely to continue a policy that we call “anti-
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the anti-nuclear nuclearists the first and foremost problem of the nuclear age

WTO is the modern imperialist tools of the US
Banerjee 9 (Subhabrata Bobby, Director of Research at the School of Business, University of Western Sydney, HISTORIES OF OPPRESSION AND VOICES OF RESISTANCE: TOWARDS A THEORY OF THE TRANSLOCAL, REARTIKULACIJA #9, 2009, http://www.reartikulacija.org/?p=612/)

Old patterns of imperialism can be seen in the dominance of neoliberal policies in today’s
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dispossession: management by extraction, management by exclusion and management by expulsion.
Concern with external war discourse trivializes war inside the state, promoting an image of a peaceful state while the state continues its unending war against the Indigenous and other minorities.
Shapiro 97 MICHAEL J., VIOLENT CARTOGRAPHIES: MAPPING CULTURES OF WAR, PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AT UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI P 28-30
As a result, Euro-Americans, from the entrepreneurial settlers to the contemporary
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"outside," while the inside is depluralized as a unitary citizen body.
The affirmative’s naïve embargo removal proves the productive nature of power – lifting a repressive embargo will not free the Cuban people but will simply provide them with new corporate masters.
Mark 96 Mark, Detroit, Oct. 1, 1996, The imperialist Helms-Burton law and the myth of Cuban socialism, http://www.communistvoice.org/10cHelms.html

With Clinton and Congress trying to placate the right-wing on Cuba, another
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masses by Cuban state-capitalism and the foreign corporations it welcomes in.
The 1AC’s trade relies on the subjugation of Latin American alternatives to economic modernity. The supposed “universal” economy subjugates docile bodies to work and produce the economy that pervades everyday life and makes violence inevitable.
Escobar 1995 Arturo, Kenan Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill
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Encountering Development THE MAKING AND UNMAKING OF THE THIRD WORLD” 1995, page

ECONOMICS AS CULTURE Needless to say, economists do not see their science as a
AND
? What are the consequences of seeing life in terms of such constructions?
Science
The affirmative’s technology and production reifies Eurocentrism’s universal knowledge which depicts a future that won’t require social change. The epistemic base of Eurocentrism adopts it to portray its monopolistic claims as the ultimate reality.
Dinerstein 6 (Joel, Associate Professor at Tulane University and Director for the American Studies Program, US Modernism, Cultural Studies, Race and Ethnicity, 19th and 20th Century US Literature, Technology Studies, African-American Studies. Technology and Its Discontents: On the Verge of the Posthuman, jstor, American Quarterly, Volume 58, Number 3. 2006) RH
Technology has long been the unacknowledged source of European and Euro-American superiority within
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- sentences them to second-class status with regard to the future.
Science Co-operation creates new weapons—only a risk of rights abuses
Dickson 10
(David, director of SciDev. SciDev.net, 28 June. http://scidevnet.wordpress.com/category/science-diplomacy-conference-2010/)
There’s a general consensus in both the scientific and political worlds that the principle of
AND
and benefit from diplomatic agreements – but cannot provide the solutions to either.
Clinton solves—USAID meeting
Turekian 10
(Vaughan C., Chief international officer, AAAS, Washington, DC. Medical News Today, 21 July. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/195393.php)nd

"Innovation, science and technology must again become fundamental components of how
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"that encourage more people to put their own intellectual capital to work."
And, scientific thought maintains its chokehold over society by suppressing and eliminating all alternate opinions. If we can’t go card-for-card on the impact debate, it’s because they’ve killed all our authors. You should disregard the qualifications of the aff authors and dare to question underlying assumptions.
Nandy 88 (Ashis Nandy, quote wikipedia “one of the leading social, cultural and political critics of India and an internationally known public intellectual,” 1988, “Science as a reason of state,” http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu05se/uu05se02.htm#1.20introduction:20science20as20a20reason20of20state

The second moral of the story is more disturbing. Because the concept of science
AND
Fritjof Capra to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, it is roughly the same story.
Sugar Ethanol
Indigenous DA – a lack of contact with policymakers means wishes of non-Natives always takes precedence over those of Natives perpetuating dismissal of Native opinions and genocide.
Hovland and Wolburg 9 (authors, Advertising and Consumer Culture, University of Massachusetts. 2009) RH
A final ethical dilemma that shows the limitations of Utilitarianism is the depiction of Native
AND
in power when they are the majority. Therefore, the search continues.
Discourse of the Cuban Sugar Industry ignore previous harms of capitalism – exploit workers, land.
McCollum 11 – M.A. in history from Cal poly (Justin, A BRIEF HISTORIOGRAPHY OF U.S. HEGEMONY IN THE CUBAN SUGAR INDUSTRY, p. 3-4)JFHH
This historiographical essay maintains that the historical record of Cuba has been greatly shaped by
AND
, it will become clear that Cuba’s natural environment heavily influenced its history.
The general trend of Cuban historiography accentuates the role of U.S. capitalists
AND
United States used its position as both Cuba’s primary capital investor and sugar consumer 

to leverage Cuban politics.

Food security pays lip service to the hungry while serving as a justification for the violent expansion of global governance
Alcock 9 (Rupert, graduated with a distinction in the MSc in Development and Security from the Department of Politics, University of Bristol in 2009, MSc dissertation prize joint winner 2009, “Speaking Food: A Discourse Analytic Study of Food Security” 2009, pdf available online, p. 10-14  MT)

Since the 1970s, the concept of ‘food security’ has been the primary lens
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notions of risk, threat and permanent emergency that constitute its governmental rationale.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge:
1
First off is framework—
Interpretation: The 1AC and the 1NC were performances. They have to win both a political and a performative defense of their aff or you vote neg on presumption.
This also means you shouldn’t be concerned with mutual exclusivity

Evans 13 (Rashad, Former debate coach @ Emporia State U, https://www.facebook.com/groups/318979761518379/permalink/542109029205450/, October 14th 2013)?
Rashad Evans: Counter performances are always competitive. Performance based framework recognizes that there
AND

we say the role of the ballot is who best challenges Y.
2
Laguna Pubelo member Leslie Marmon Silko presents the opening passage of her novel “Ceremony”
Ceremony
I will tell you something about stories,
he said
AND
that
They would be happy
Because we would be defenseless then.

Miryam Espinosa-Dulanto presents the story of Tellervo, the giving tree
Espinosa-Dulanto 4 (Miryam. "Silent screams: Deconstructing (academia) the insider/outsider indigenous researcher positionalities." Decolonizing research in cross-cultural contexts: Critical personal narratives (2004): 45-51.) MM
Once upon a time, there was a tall, luscious, full-of
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wait? What else do we have to do to get Tellervo back?
Interpretation: the 1AC was a rhetorical object—they must defend what it was and not what it could have been. If we prove that an alternative method of decolonization is preferable to the aff they don’t get a perm and the advocacy is key to solve
Thus: Vote negative to affirm an Indigenous method of decolonization.
The method of Indigenous storytelling is critical disrupt colonial discourse both inside and outside the academy by grounding decolonization in the material oppression of the Indigenous. This is key to lay a framework for Indigenous sovereignty while transforming knowledge production to prevent the separation of body and knowledge.
Sium and Ritskes 13 (Aman and Eric, Indigenous authors, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada, “Speaking truth to power: Indigenous Storytelling as an act of living resistance” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 2, No. 1, 2013, pp. I-X, p. 2-4) RH
This issue begins with Mendoza’s examination of neoliberalism and nativist longing and, as she
AND
p. 58) that takes its direction from grassroots communities and activism.

Now, the central question of this debate is that the exclusion of indigenous peoples provides the ontological grounding for modern sovereignty—any analysis which fails to focus on these histories is doomed to reproduce the horrors of colonialism

Byrd 11 (Jodi, Chickasaaw and Asst. Prof of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critics of Colonialism, p. xvii-xxi)--mm *We don’t endorse ableist language.
The Transit of Empire begins with a network of conflicting definitions to reflect upon the
AND
this crucial moment in history when everything appears to be headed towards collapse.

3
The 1AC is a painting, and the debate round an antiquated museaum—their attempted politicization of art in the search for the satisfaction of stacking up ballots just ends up a commodified cog in the neoliberal machine—evacuating meaning from the 1AC is the proverbial wrench

Emmelhainz 13 (Irmgard, Ph.D. from U of Toronto and independent writer, translator and researcher based in Guatemala City where she teaches cinematic analysis, Art and the Cultural Turn: Farewell to Committed, Autonomous Art?, e-flux, http://www.e-flux.com/journal/art-and-the-cultural-turn-farewell-to-committed-autonomous-art/)~-~-mm *We don’t endorse gendered language *Clarity edits marked by |||
Neoliberal policies tend to erode ways of life. For this reason, contemporary social
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the contagious attitude of those who have nothing to either gain or lose.
This is an example of museumification, wherein they control not only the content of artwork but its specific mode of interpretation

Groys 13 (Boris, Global Distinguished Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies at New York University, Entering the Flow: Museum between Archive and Gesamtkunstwerk, from lecture at Museo Reina Sophia, http://www.e-flux.com/journal/entering-the-flow-museum-between-archive-and-gesamtkunstwerk/)~-~-mm
At this point, however, one has to be reminded that according to Walter
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—with the radically contingent, transitory, precarious conditions of their existence.

That utilitarian functioning turns the case

Kester 13 (Grant, Prof of Art History at UCSD, the Device Laid Bare: On Some Limitations in Current Art Criticism, http://www.e-flux.com/journal/the-device-laid-bare-on-some-limitations-in-current-art-criticism/)~-~-mm
Finally, I want to note that dialogical practices suggest a very different understanding of
AND
is, in the social or collective form taken by aesthetic experience itself.

Pedagogy
Western philosophy exhibits a lack of open-mindedness, closing down whenever presented with Indigenous theories of knowledge – Exclusion leads to incomplete understanding of the world.
Pratt 11 (Scott L., Scott L. Pratt is Associate Professor of
AND
in APA Newsletter Volume 10, Number 2, 2011. PDF) MM
In the final chapter of Cries from a Metis Heart, titled “My Symposium
AND
, atone for their sins, and look forward to a new dance.

Engagement
The 1AC’s attempt to legislate equality using humanitarian intervention is doomed to failure because it presupposes an inequality between the helper and the helped—turns the case

May 8 (Todd, Prof @ Clemson U, The Political Thought of Jacques Rancière: Creating Equality, Edinburgh U Press, p. 151-3) LA
For Rancière, the contemporary political expression of Levinas’ ethical approach lies in the humanitarian
AND
chased from their destroyed homes, of violated women or massacred men.”20

The thesis of our criticism is that people escape—the affirmative’s focus on particular events of revolution and revolt obscures the transformative nature of the status quo’s everday practices. The question of this debate shouldn’t be the final endpoint of transforming a system, but rather how to begin.

Papadopoulos et al. 8 (Dimitris Papadopoulos*, Niamh Stephenson, and Vassilis Tsainos*, U of Leicester*, U of New South Wales, U of Hamburg*, Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the Twenty-First Century, p. xii-xiii)LA *Pronouns replaced by ||| in the body of this text.
This book is about social transformation; it proposes a processual vision of change.
AND
primarily imperceptible. We argue that these moments where people subvert their existing situations 

without naming their practice (or having it named) as subversion are the most
AND
the sensibility to perceive moments when things do not yet have a name.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kinkaid BR | Judge: Bennet Clifford
1
Interpretation: the kritik is a litmus test and the judge is an ethical intellectual choosing between competing methodologies for change
This means they have to win a defense of their assumptions prior to you concluding whether the alternative or the plan is a preferable action
Also, the 1AC was a rhetorical object, which means they must defend what it was and not what it could have been—that’s crucial when evaluating competing methodologies
The central question of this debate is that the exclusion of indigenous peoples provides the ontological grounding for modern sovereignty—any analysis which fails to foreground these histories is doomed to reproduce the horrors of colonialism

Byrd 11 (Jodi, Chickasaaw and Asst. Prof of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critics of Colonialism, p. xvii-xxi)--mm *We don’t endorse ableist language.
The Transit of Empire begins with a network of conflicting definitions to reflect upon the
AND
this crucial moment in history when everything appears to be headed towards collapse.

Unproblematized use of Western norms for conflict resolution commits ontological violence and marginalizes world views – turns fairness
Walker 4 (Polly O. of Cherokee and Anglo descent and holds a PhD in conflict transformation from the University of Queensland in Australia. “Decolonizing conflict resolution: addressing the ontological violence of westernization,” The American Indian Quarterly 28.3 and4 (2004) 527-549) RH
In this article I have argued that Western problem-solving models of conflict resolution
AND
able to access conflict transformation processes that are in alignment with Indigenous worldviews.

Thus, the alternative—Manny and I affirm indigenousness as the basis for resistance. This reprioritization of the body of the native as the necessary precondition for the aff’s harms accesses the root cause

Byrd 11 (Jodi, Chickasaaw and Asst. Prof of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critics of Colonialism, p. xxiii-xxxv)--mm
*We don’t endorse ableist or gendered language.
In setting a precedent for U.S. empire through evocations of the doctrine
AND
work and research questions reflect the best of our governance and diplomatic traditions.

It’s not possible to solve the problems of modern society with the same mind that created them—there’s only a risk the alt solves better, and the impact is extinction

Zimmerman 6 (Mary Jane Ph. D, Discussion Leader @ Partnership for Earth Spirituality and Prof of Literature @ Holy Names U and Central New Mexico Community College, Being Nature’s Mind: Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Planetary Consciousness, 2/2/6, http://www.earthspirituality.org/archive/zimmerman_seminar.htm)//LAfromMM *We don’t endorse ableist or gendered language. *Clarity edits to this text marked by |||.
Those caveats having been mentioned, I think, and many of my Native teachers
AND
range of perceptive abilities necessary for the next stages of life on earth.

Epistemological questioning uncovers assumptions to avoid policy failure – key to avoid their impacts – means you should be skeptical of their scholarship
Reus-Smit 12 – Professor of International Relations at the European University Institute, Florence (Christian, “International Relations, Irrelevant? Don’t Blame Theory”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies June 2012 vol. 40 no. 3 525-540, dml)
However widespread it might be, the notion that IR’s lack of practical relevance stems
AND
part of keeping us honest, making it practically relevant despite its abstraction.

Case

Solvency

The affirmative’s framing of progressive social policy is NOT a benign strategy of inclusion but rather a NEW technology of predatory capitalism

Winlow and Hall 13 (Simon and Steve, Prof @ the Social Futures Institute @ Teesside U, Rethinking Social Exclusion: The End of the Social?, SAGE, p. 3-7)LA *We don’t endorse ableist language.
In many respects, these rather basic questions have become lost amid a growing assortment
AND
‘policies’ required to do anything concrete about the problem of social exclusion.

The role of the intellectual in specifically academic spaces is to speak truth to power—the impact is endless colonial violence

Steele 10 (Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Kansas, Brent, Defacing Power: The Aesthetics of Insecurity in Global Politics, p. 130-132, dml) *We don’t endorse gendered or ableist language.
When facing these dire warnings regarding the manner in which academic-intellectuals are seduced
AND
to remain a place fit for human habitation” (1964 2006:
233). 

In addition, their attempts at pre-emption only prove our links – pre-emption is a form of colonization trying to suppress Indigenous resistance and shut us out of the debate so that we no longer are able to resist and the state can screw over the Indigenous with their policies.
Advantage

The aff’s humanitarian discourse is a way for the West to relieve it’s guilt of having committed atrocities in the past – the West thinks that only inhuman evil people commit violence, and humanitarianism remedies that image. The impact is endless violence.
Douzinas 7 (Costas, Professor Law at University of London, “Human Rights and Empire: The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism” p. 70-78) RH
In this moral universe, the claim that there is a single essence to humanity
AND
displaced. Horrible, atrocious acts are only committed by the evil inhuman other

. Indeed, the human rights movement came into life late, after the Second
AND
the way that images of suffering work on our emotional and psychological lift. 

The affirmative’s technology and production reifies Eurocentrism’s universal knowledge which depicts a future that won’t require social change. The epistemic base of Eurocentrism adopts it to portray its monopolistic claims as the ultimate reality.
Dinerstein 6 (Joel, Associate Professor at Tulane University and Director for the American Studies Program, US Modernism, Cultural Studies, Race and Ethnicity, 19th and 20th Century US Literature, Technology Studies, African-American Studies. Technology and Its Discontents: On the Verge of the Posthuman, jstor, American Quarterly, Volume 58, Number 3. 2006) RH
Technology has long been the unacknowledged source of European and Euro-American superiority within
AND
not require social or political change.7 Technological progress has long structured \

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westminster DH | Judge: Scott Brown
Rational agricultural practice reduces the world to standing reserve
Von Maltzahn 94 (Kraft Eberhard, Prof @ King’s College (Halifax) and Dalhousie U, Nature as Landscape: Dwelling and Understanding, p. 47-52)LA
The conservationist wants to preserve the natural order with its abundance of special places for
AND
construct an environmental situation that allows a solution to the problem at hand.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Donnie Grasse
The island serves as a colonial center for recolonization
Stratford 13 Elaine, Ph.D. in Philosophy from the Center for Environmental Studies at the University of Adelaide, Associate Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies and Head of School at UTasmania, “The Idea of the Archipelago: Contemplating Island Relations,” Island Studies Journal 8(1)

Nominally a group of islands, more properly a sea studded with islands, and
AND
nuanced understanding of the significance of mobilities in colonial and postcolonial contexts”.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul GaDo | Judge:
The rule-based morality of the 1AC is a mechanism for eliminating the guilt inherent in responsibility – the goal of this project is the elimination of all moral choice.
Bauman 95 (Zygmunt Bauman, Prof. Sociology @ U of Leeds, "Life in Fragments: Essays in Postmodern Morality, p. 3-5)
It was only the modern project of remaking the world to the measure of human
AND
moral self, modernity offered freedom complete with patented ways of escaping it.

The hierarchies comprised of status quo power relations create estrangement that dehumanize – this destroys value to life
Radovanovi? 12 Olivera, University of Masaryk, Department of Sociology supervised by Csaba Szaló, PhD “Society as a Garden: Justification and Operationalization of Foucaldian “Right to Kill” in the Contemporary World” (http://is.muni.cz/th/236868/fss_m/Ma_Thesis_Olivera_Radovanovic.pdf)
Bureaucrats are, Bauman argues in this respect, defined not so much by the
AND
A more detailed explication of this occurrence expects you in the following chapter.

Reject the aff and embrace individual responsibility. Only the alternative can solve the violence of the 1AC.
Bauman 97 (Zygmunt, Professor of sociology at the University of Leeds, Postmodernity and its Discontents, 1997) RH
This, however, is not the problem most relevant to our main topic --
AND
the same degree of practical, positive freedom they have been enjoying themselves.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: South East PR | Judge:
Externalizing ethics onto legal institutions trades off with personal ethics
Rozo 4 (Diego, MA in philosophy and Cultural Analysis @ U of Amsterdam, Forgiving the Unforgivable: On Violence, Power, and the Possibility of Justice, p. 19-21, http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/tesis/colfuturo/Forgiving20the20Unforgivable.pdf)//LA  *We don’t endorse gendered language.
Within the legal order the relations between individuals will resemble this logic where suffering is
AND
– the law infiltrates into and seeks to rule our most private conflicts.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Niles West BA | Judge: Dave Westin
Their analysis of biodiversity ignores Indigenous methods which are key to sustain a spiritual relationship with the land.
First Eagle 97 (Dennis Martinez, Takelma Inter-Tribal Project Restoration Consultant, “American Indian cultural models for sustaining biodiversity,”1997 p. 109-110) RH

We’re experiencing a global assault that’s unparalleled in world history an assault on our cultures
AND
evolutionary time—this world is going to be a much poorer place.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayzata GN | Judge: Dave Westin
Second link is the analytical method: their calculus assumes a rational, steady state of political analysis and becomes a cycle of desiring assent, disengaging students in the process. We should privilege discursive analysis before concrete statements of action, or we risk racking up support for the sake of nothing more than support itself
Bogost 7 (Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher, professor in digital media at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames, ©The MIT Press 2010 Georgia Tech JS)--mm
Clarity edits marked by ||| We do not endorse gendered and/or ableist language 

Consider the type of advergames discussed earlier. Games with weak procedural rhetorics like Ms. Match are created in
AND
the game produces deliberation, which implies neither immediate assent nor dissent.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul GaDo | Judge:
The affirmative’s engagement with a specific country upholds the geopolitical order of bordered nation-states. The border suppresses the non-citizen - Indigenous identity and knowledge – upholding colonial violence.
Orozco-Mendoza 8 (Elva, doctorate in political theory at University of Massachusetts, Borderlands Theory: Producing Border Epistemologies with Gloria Anzaldúa, Thesis, 4/24/2008, p.8-12) RH

One of the goals of modernity…
AND
…differentiation that must be defended. (Balibar, 2004: 23). 

Vote negative to refuse to engage in violent Western epistemology. We must challenge their interpretation of reality to re-examine the basis of knowledge in debate.
Deloria Jr. 99 (Vine Deloria Jr 1999 Theologian, legal scholar, JD, Ph.D, M.Div, standing rock Sioux, For This Land, p101-102) MM

If there were any serious concern…
AND
…basis of their applications for admission.
 
Our criticism prompts reflection on the structures of western culture. It also alters the scientific ontological relationship to the world that destroys the concept of interconnectedness. The result is the new ways of engaging politics.
Zimmerman 6 (Mary Jane, Ph. D., Discussion Leader Being Nature’s Mind: Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Planetary Consciousness February 2, 2006, http://www.earthspirituality.org/archive/zimmerman_seminar.htm) MM

Those caveats having been mentioned…
AND
…stages of life on earth.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westminster DH | Judge: Scott Brown
Mecheduniya: My name is Mecheduniya and I am Vetuana, from the municipality of
AND
place for young indigenous people to return to their community and their culture.
Wadajaniyu: My name is Wadajaniyu in Vetuana and Arturo Asiza in Spanish. I
AND
the areas of study. We now have eight indigenous groups represented here.
Wadajaniyu: I always critiqued the traditional universities because I have two daughters who studied
AND
as in written form because I learned to write in a traditional school.

That was Mecheduniya and Wadajaniyu discussing the personal harms Western education has inflicted on indigenous tribes along the Venezuela border and the need for an Indigenous pedagogy.
Published by Martinez et al in 2009, page 197 (Carlos Martinez, Venezuela Program Director for Global Exchange, Michael Fox, journalist and documentarian, Jojo Farrell, editor, translated by Martinez and Fox, Venezuela Speaks!: Voices from the Grassroots, interviews held October-November 2009, pgs. 197-199, JZ) Mecheduniya and Wadajaniyu Personal Histories.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: Octas | Opponent: Damien BS | Judge: Teja Vepa, Trevor Campbell, Sean Fitzhenry
Note: Will insert specific links

Driving the red clay roads of the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation, Harriet Toro passed
AND
for is a seat at the table on policies that affect the border."
That was Toro, a Tohono nation member, describing her everyday experiences along the US-Mexico warzone, a direct result of status quo policymaking
Hendricks 5 (Tyche is an editor for The California Report on KQED Public Radio in San Francisco, where she curates a blog called, “Governing California: Making Sense of Our State of Disarray.” She is a lecturer at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley, and the director of the school’s California Immigration Reporting Project. She spent more than a dozen years at newspapers, most of them at the San Francisco Chronicle, where she covered the intersection of culture and politics – reporting on immigration, demographics and immigrant communities, accessed online via http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/ON-THE-BORDER-For-the-Tohono-O-odham-the-2558506.php#page-3) MM 

Interpretation—The kritik is a litmus test—The team with the best method for questioning the assumptions of the 1AC should win the debate—unless the affirmative justifies their fundamental assumptions the alternative can be a more productive way of engaging the resolution.

The affirmative’s engagement with a specific country upholds the geopolitical order of bordered nation-states. The border suppresses the non-citizen - Indigenous identity and knowledge – upholding colonial violence.
Orozco-Mendoza 8 (Elva, doctorate in political theory at University of Massachusetts, Borderlands Theory: Producing Border Epistemologies with Gloria Anzaldúa, Thesis, 4/24/2008, p.8-12) RH
One of the goals of modernity8 was to change the obscurantism of the world into
AND
a differentiation that must be defended. (Balibar, 2004: 23). 

Specifically, economic engagement is a self-fulfilling desire founded upon a state-centered hierarchy which uses imperial knowledge to marginalize Indigenous worldviews.
Mignolo 11 (Walter, Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University. THE DARKER SIDE OF WESTERN MODERNITY. DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS Durham and London zoil. 2011 p.140-143) RH
We are now in a position to extend Benveniste's formal apparatus of enunciation to account
AND
linguistic, and conceptual grounding that defines and is managed by Western civilization. 

Insert specific Link

The colonialism of early America is the root cause of wars today—they are extensions of genocidal carnage against native people
Street 4 (Paul Street, author, March 11, 2004. “Those Who Deny the Crimes of the Past Reflections on American Racist Atrocity Denial, 1776-2004,” http://thereitis.org/displayarticle242.html 

It is especially important to appreciate the significance of the vicious, often explicitly genocidal
AND
future as long as they retain the means and motive to do so.

Thus the alternative “Reject the affirmative and assume the discourse of Red pedagogy alienated by the 1AC.” This praxis foregrounds Native intellectualism, allowing the creation of a decolonized space and the permission of genuine social reform  
Grande 8 Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, “Red Pedagogy: The Un-Methodology,” Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies, eds. Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln, and Linda Tuhiwai Smith, p 249-250
From the standpoint of Red pedagogy, the primary lesson in all of this is
AND
soul of America, so too does the more hopeful spirit of indigeneity.

Additionally, colleges and universities (both public and private) also exist as sites
AND
continued attempt to raise the consciousness of everyone involved even without administrative support).
Epistemological questioning uncovers assumptions to avoid policy failure – key to avoid their impacts – means you should be skeptical of their scholarship
Reus-Smit 12 – Professor of International Relations at the European University Institute, Florence (Christian, “International Relations, Irrelevant? Don’t Blame Theory”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies June 2012 vol. 40 no. 3 525-540, dml)
However widespread it might be, the notion that IR’s lack of practical relevance stems
AND
part of keeping us honest, making it practically relevant despite its abstraction.

Be skeptical of their scholarship - coloniality is impossible to recognize from the aff’s perspective of modernity.
Mignolo 5 (Walter, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature at Duke University, The Idea of Latin America, 2005, page 4-5, RH)
Max Weber has been credited, after Hegel, with having conceptualized “modernity”
AND
in the second paradigm, in the double density of modernity/coloniality.
How do these two entangled concepts, modernity and coloniality, work together as two
AND
an example of how things may look from the varied experiences of coloniality.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul GC | Judge: Richard Mancuso
The affirmative’s assumnption of a Latin America and the United States upholds geopolitical order of bordered nation-states. The border suppresses the non-citizen - Indigenous identity and knowledge – upholding colonial violence – turns case
Orozco-Mendoza 8 (Elva, doctorate in political theory at University of Massachusetts, Borderlands Theory: Producing Border Epistemologies with Gloria Anzaldúa, Thesis, 4/24/2008, p.8-12) RH
One of the goals of modernity8 was to change the obscurantism of the world into
AND
a differentiation that must be defended. (Balibar, 2004: 23).

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul GaDo | Judge:
Relations are strong now, The Forum and other meetings list common efforts
DOC, 3/25. The United States Department of Commerce (“Building on the Strength of U.S.-Brazil Economic Relationship.” 7/6/13. http://www.commerce.gov/blog/2013/03/25/building-strength-us-brazil-economic-relationship. KJ)
The U.S.-Brazil CEO Forum was created in 2007 to bring private
AND
as Colombia and Panama – that will take place in mid-May.

Plan acts unilaterally and opens trade in Latin America – sours relations
Aguado 12 Research Associate at Council on Hemispheric Affairs, (Mar, “BRAZIL: PLAYING CHESS IN LATIN AMERICA”, 8/6/12, http://www.coha.org/brazil-playing-chess-in-latin-america/, HW)
Half a century ago, a spirit of “what is good for the USA
AND
pillars supporting the region through diverse and more integrated engagements with its neighbors.

Relations key to human rights - turns the aff.
Meyer 13 (Peter, 2/27, Analyst in Latin American Affairs, “Brazil-U.S. Relations”, Date accessed: 7/6/13, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33456.pdf, LE)
In March 2008, Brazil and the United States signed an agreement known as the
AND
Consolidated  Appropriations Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-74).

Tournament: ASU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kent Denver BJ | Judge: Michelle Vered
Driving the red clay roads of the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation, Harriet Toro passed
AND
for is a seat at the table on policies that affect the border." 

That was Toro, a Tohono nation member, describing her everyday experiences along the US-Mexico warzone, a direct result of status quo policymaking
Hendricks 5 (Tyche is an editor for The California Report on KQED Public Radio in San Francisco, where she curates a blog called, “Governing California: Making Sense of Our State of Disarray.” She is a lecturer at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley, and the director of the school’s California Immigration Reporting Project. She spent more than a dozen years at newspapers, most of them at the San Francisco Chronicle, where she covered the intersection of culture and politics – reporting on immigration, demographics and immigrant communities, accessed online via http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/ON-THE-BORDER-For-the-Tohono-O-odham-the-2558506.php#page-3) MM

Interpretation: the advocacy is a litmus test, and the judge is an ethical intellectual choosing between competing methodologies for change

This means if we prove that an alternative method of advocacy is preferable to the aff or the status quo then you vote negative to endorse desirable methods of knowledge production 

The 1AC was a rhetorical object—they must defend what it was and not what it could have been—crucial when evaluating competing methods 

The central question of this debate is that all modern conceptions of empire deflect modes of Indianness that make politics possible in the first place—either vote neg on presumption or affirm a lens shift
Byrd 11 (Jodi, Chickasaaw, and Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critics of Colonialism, pg. xvii-xxi)--mm

The Transit of Empire begins with a network of conflicting definitions to reflect upon the
AND
this crucial moment in history when everything appears to be headed towards collapse. 

THEY TRADE OFF WITH INDIGENOUS POLITICS—the focus on any other priorities makes the task of dismantling the settler state impossible—the story of America is a long one, and they’ve chosen to tell the wrong part of it

Their knowledge production affirms a hellish existence where death, murder, war, rape, and racism are ordinary facts of life – turns the aff and makes violence inevitable
Maldonado-Torres 8 (Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21)DDI13
Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested." 

Thus the counter-advocacy—
Manny and I affirm indigenousness as an entrance into holistic critical theory
 
Such a commitment recognizes pre-political questions, fundamentally altering our individual relationship to the legislative in affirming the possibility of politics informed by the discourses of multiple indigenous people – thus the roll of the ballot – to best methodologically challenge acts of violence upon the Indigenous.
Byrd 11 (Jodi, Chickasaaw, and Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critics of Colonialism, pg. xxi-xlii)--mm
*We don’t endorse gendered language and/or pronouns 

Although critical theory has focused much attention on the role of frontiers and Manifest Destiny
AND
we interpret the cacophonies colonialism has left us in the transit of empire.

This educational space is key—absent our method, policies are policing  
Aloi 5 (Daniel, December 13, 2005, quoting Susy Grande, Indigenous scholar http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec05/Grande.dea.html) MM
*Clarity edits marked by ||| 

"American Indian tribes -- as internal sovereigns -- are viewed as inherently destabilizing to
AND
to a universal patriarchy but to the historical and material implications of colonization.

A decolonial method that includes Indigenous viewpoints is vital to productive policymaking.
Green 3 (Dr. Joyce, professor at the University of Regina, “Self-determination, Citizenship, and Federalism: Indigenous and Canadian Palimpsest,” Public Policy Paper 13, March 2003, Public Policy Paper Series) RH
Good public policy is always located in a theoretical framework, although sometimes that framework
AND
the process of thinking things through will be helpful to reconceptualising policy initiatives. 

Epistemological questioning uncovers assumptions to avoid policy failure—don’t say we’re unimportant
Reus-Smit 12 – Professor of International Relations at the European University Institute, Florence (Christian, “International Relations, Irrelevant? Don’t Blame Theory”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies June 2012 vol. 40 no. 3 525-540, dml)
However widespread it might be, the notion that IR’s lack of practical relevance stems
AND
part of keeping us honest, making it practically relevant despite its abstraction.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 6 | Opponent: CPS BY | Judge:
CTS Kritik of policy relevance is backwards – epistemologically flawed and results in worse policies
Horgan and Boyle 8   John – dept of psych at penn state, intntl center for study of terrorism. Michael – school of international relations, univ. of St. Andrews. “Critical Studies on Terrorism”

The issue of policy relevance¶ One of the tensions within CTS concerns the issue
AND
portrayal of¶ those engaged in policy relevant search than this assessment allows.

You create the “us”-“them” dualism that you kritik
Horgan and Boyle 8   John – dept of psych at penn state, intntl center for study of terrorism. Michael – school of international relations, univ. of St. Andrews. “Critical Studies on Terrorism”
Creating a mirror image¶ Jackson and his colleagues argue ‘the case for critical
AND
critical reading of the current¶ CTS work is taken in that light.

Can’t solve economic terrorism—plan doesn’t lift the embargo
Carone, Executive Director of Cuba Democracy Advocates, 13
Mauricio Claver, 4-2-13, The American, “Cuba Sees an Opening,” http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism, accessed 6-26-13, PR
Kerry supported unilaterally easing sanctions on Cuba during his Senate career, and speculation that
AND
Congress and lead to an unconditional lifting of sanctions in the near future.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Timberline JF | Judge: Nathaniel Haas
Framing warming in terms of extinction fails – cedes power to climate deniers and creates a disincentive to change
Gross and Gilles 12 Mathew Barrett, Director of Internet Communications for Howard Dean's 2004 presidential campaign and MS from University of Montana, and Mel, Director of Sol Kula Healing, both authors of The Last Myth: What the Rise of Apocalyptic Thinking Tells Us About America, “How Apocalyptic Thinking Prevents Us from Taking Political Action,” 23 Apr 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/how-apocalyptic-thinking-prevents-us-from-taking-political-action/255758/  myost

For example, annual climate-related disasters such as droughts, storms, and
AND
about a future apocalypse, scientists tell us that the trend is accelerating.

Tournament: La Costa | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien CS | Judge: Joel Su
Start the movement against the burden of rejoinder

Cohn 13 (Nate, Former debater and current policy something-or-other, Post on Facebook College Policy Debate page 11/24/13, https://www.facebook.com/groups/184680248392191/permalink/185430014983881/)//LA
Why? Oddly, this is the unreasonable result of a reasonable part of debate
AND
debate, basically as soon as a capable team tries to do it.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Joshua Hone
Bataille’s ideology is firmly rooted within enlightenment conceptions of civilization as an endpoint—turns their transgression args because they are no longer spontaneous and makes colonialism a PQ
Halliwell and Mousley 3 (Martin and Andrew, Critical Humanisms: Humanist/Anti-Humanist Dialogues)--mm
It did not take long For the Lascaux cave art to become integrated with a
AND
express, he concludes, is man just turning into a hiunian.2’

Vote neg – they can’t have ethics and destroy Native Americans
Hester and Cheney 1(Lee, Associate Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma, Jim, Publications in Environmental Philosophy at University of Wisconsin-Manitowoc. Truth and Native American epistemology. SOCIAL EPISTEMOLOGY, 2001, VOL. 15, NO. 4, 319–334) RH
Making use of J. L. Austin’s notion of the performative function of language
AND
in the maturation of Native American understanding from information to knowledge to maturity.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Debnil Sur
There is no museum at 57 Higuera St., not even a plaque. When
AND
no longer hold grudges and feel resentments, and that will take time."
*Krauss 97 (Clifford, he became bureau chief of The New York Times Canada bureau in 2002. Before that he was the Buenos Aires bureau chief since April 1998. Before that, he was the police department bureau chief for the metropolitan desk, a position he held since January 1994. Previously, from 1992 to 1993, he covered Congress in The Times’ Washington bureau. From 1990 to 1991, he covered the State Department in Washington and before that, he was the bureau's night editor. “A Historic Figure Is Still Hated by Many in Mexico” New York Times March 26, 1997, Accessed online via http://www.csus.edu/indiv/o/obriene/art111/readings/AHistoricFigureIsStillHatedByManyInMexico.htm)—mm

Interpretation: the kritik is a litmus test, and the judge is an ethical intellectual choosing between competing methodologies for change

This means if we prove that an alternative method of advocacy is preferable to the aff or the status quo then you vote negative to endorse desirable methods of knowledge production 

The 1AC was a rhetorical object—they must defend what it was and not what it could have been—crucial when evaluating competing methods 

The central question of this debate is that all modern conceptions of empire deflect modes of Indianness that make politics possible in the first place—either vote neg on presumption or affirm a lens shift
Byrd 11 (Jodi, Chickasaaw, and Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critics of Colonialism, pg. xvii-xxi)--mm

The Transit of Empire begins with a network of conflicting definitions to reflect upon the
AND
this crucial moment in history when everything appears to be headed towards collapse. 

The affirmative’s assumption of the nation-state as the natural unit of politics reinscribes methodological nationalism and legitimizes the ontological premises of empire—vote neg on presumption
Oates 10 (John, Ph.D. candidate in political science at The Ohio State University March 3, 2010, Methodological Nationalism in International Theory:  Rethinking Sovereignty as Constituent Power, Draft for Research in International Politics)--mm 

The Problem of Methodological Nationalism: The term methodological nationalism was first employed by Herminio
AND
theory is continue to provide critical and relevant knowledge about international political life.

Nationalism prevents an effective response to impending doom—only articulating a shared identity can prevent extinction
Smith 3 (Roger, Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania and PhD Harvard University 2003, Stories Of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership, Cambridge University Press, p. 166-169)--mm 

It is certainly important to oppose such evolutionary doctrines by all intellectually credible means.
AND
that supply some stronger sense of moral purpose to human and cosmic existence.

Our advocacy is a criticism of the 1ac’s reliance on methodological nationalism. Manny and I affirm the narrative of Malintzin Tenepal through critical cosmopolitanism 

The commitment to refusing dichotomies of thinking and cultures is integral to the advocacy—in the face of modern discourses stressing hierarchies of knowledge and militarization of state-centric epistemologies, shifting your perception of La Malinche can be a utopian instance of demilitarization  
Peña 5 (Ezequiel,  Ph.D University of Texas at Austin and Associate Professor and Training Director, Counseling Psychology Doctoral Program, Reconfiguring Epistemological Pacts: A Lacanian and Post-Lacanian Discourse Analysis of Chicano Cultural Nationalist, Chicana Feminist, and Chicano/a Dissident Intellectual Subject Positions, submitted 2005)--mm
*We don’t endorse gendered pronouns and/or language

III. La Malinche’s Subject Position Refigured yet Again: If one finds currency in
AND
Chicana and Chicano subjectivity, discourse, social space,  and cultural memory.

That’s key--commitment combats questions of assuming the identity of some ‘Other’ or seeing cultural difference as reason for modern problems—individualism makes it incompatible with squo social science
Delanty 6 (Gerard, Professor of Sociology and Social and Political Thought (Sociology, Centre for Social and Political Thought at University of Sussex, England, the Cosmopolitan Imagination: Critical Cosmopolitanism and Social Theory, the British Journal of Sociology 2006 Volume 57 Issue 1)--mm
*We don’t endorse gendered pronouns and/or language

The dimensions of critical cosmopolitanism: The definition of cosmopolitanism proposed in this paper has
AND
critical cosmopolitan  sociology concerns precisely this space, the discursive space of translations.

Our framework is to investigate methodology before policy recommendations—rejecting methodological nationalism creates a new research agenda that advances cosmopolitanism thus the role of the ballot: to best performatively and methodologically embrace cultural difference through interaction

Beck and Sznaider 6 (professor of sociology at Munich's Ludwig-Maximilian University and the London School of Economics, and author of World at Risk AND Professor of Sociology in the School of Behavioral Sciences at the Academic College of Tel-Aviv-Yaffo, Israel 2006, Unpacking cosmopolitanism for the social sciences: a research agenda, The British Journal of Sociology, 57.1, http://promusica.se/Library/Electronic20texts/Beck_Sznaider2006.pdf

Methodological nationalism takes the following premises for granted: it equates societies with nation-
AND
if the social sciences want to avoid becoming a museum of antiquated ideas.

Tournament: NFL Nationals | Round: 5 | Opponent: East Chapel Hill WZ | Judge:
The 1AC is epistemically unjustified—agriculture trade liberalization will actually crush Cuban agriculture as subsidized US agribusiness takes over the market

Gonzalez 3 – Assistant professor at Seattle University School of Law
(Carmen, “SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA” p. 729-33, Summer 2003, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944##)HA
Cuba was able to transform its agricultural development model as a consequence
AND
as the Cuban government failed to restrict U.S. rice imports in the first

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: South East PR | Judge:
Lifting the embargo wouldn’t help the Cuban people-internal blockades mean that no goods go to the people
Carter, Washington Times Writer, 2k (Tom, Sept 21, 2000 Cubanet, “Doctors testify lifting Cuba sanctions would not help average citizens” http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/sep00/21e6.htm, accessed 7/9/13, KR)
Lifting the U.S. economic embargo to allow the sale of food and
AND
.S. embargo, the Cuban people will suffer," she said.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 6 | Opponent: CPS BY | Judge:
The affirmative’s naïve removal of the embargo proves the productive nature of power – lifting a repressive embargo will not free the Cuban people but will simply provide them with new corporate masters.
Mark 96 Mark, Detroit, Oct. 1, 1996, The imperialist Helms-Burton law and the myth of Cuban socialism, http://www.communistvoice.org/10cHelms.html

With Clinton and Congress trying to placate the right-wing on Cuba, another
AND
masses by Cuban state-capitalism and the foreign corporations it welcomes in. 

Removing Cuba from the list is justified by normalization of economic relations, incorporating them into globalization
Metzker, 13
Jared, “Pressure Building for U.S. to Remove Cuba from ‘Terror Sponsor’ List” IPS http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/pressure-building-for-u-s-to-remove-cuba-from-terror-sponsor-list/
Experts here are stepping up calls for the U.S. government to remove
AND
“would in turn help Cubans lead more prosperous and independent lives.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 6 | Opponent: CPS BY | Judge:
Attempts for more democracy exclude Native American tradition
Bluemel 6 (Erik B. Bluemel, Assistant Professor at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law and a scholar in the fields of environmental law, indigenous peoples law, and global administrative law)  Separating Instrumental from Intrinsic Rights: Toward an Understanding of Indigenous Participation in International Rule-Making  American Indian Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 1 (2005/2006), pp. 55-132Published by: University of Oklahoma College of Law) RH
Indigenous groups share some of the same group pathologies described above by Professor Rossi:
AND
nondemocratic indigenous groups would not enhance the democratic nature of the international regime.

Tournament: The Prestigious East LA NFL Qualifier | Round: 1 | Opponent: San Marino KW | Judge: Richard Mancuso
Their conception of disease normalizes an understanding of life as emergent and dangerous

Papadopoulos et al. 8 (Dimitris Papadopoulos*, Niamh Stephenson, and Vassilis Tsainos*, U of Leicester*, U of New South Wales, U of Hamburg*, Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the Twenty-First Century, p. 126-9)LA
When the head of WHO’s Global Influenza programme said that ‘the objective
AND
disasters through the networking of government and private agencies responsible for their maintenance.

Necessitates exclusionary practices to purify the self
Schell 97 (Heather Schell, Phd Candidate at Stanford University, 1997, Configurations 5.1)
Although I like the implications of Haraway's and Martin's analyses, an examination of immune
AND
prey interactions; anything that we cannot kill is ipso facto a competitor.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Debnil Sur
The war on drugs is a justification for US intervention

Fukumi 8 (Sayaka, PhD student in International Relations at the University of Nottingham, Cocaine Trafficking in Latin America, Ashgate Publishing Company, pg. 174-175,)
Also, the US war on drugs increased the dependency of Andean states on the
AND
from the coercive manner of the United States to pursue its interests.235
It is said that the United States has transferred the costs of war on drugs
AND
host governments, particularly ‘during electoral campaigns or after dramatic incidents’.239

Tournament: ASU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lowell CV | Judge:
Eco-Imperialism DA—their epistemology forcibly exports Western ecological values onto the third world under the guise of aid—turns the case

Soomin and Shirley 9, - Keimyung International College, Daegu, Republic of Korea, (Lim and Dr. Steven, “Eco-Imperialism: The Global North’s Weapon of Mass intervention,” Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 2009, Vol 1, No 3, 846-860)A-Berg
To break the cycle of poverty and dependency that exists in the less developed world
AND
dictated from the top down, with little or no voice from the citizenry

Tournament: NFL Nationals | Round: 8 | Opponent: Bellaire WZ | Judge:
The 1AC’s depiction of the economy as a simplistic causal process is flawed and ignores complexity.
Arthur 99 External Professor, Santa Fe Institute and Visiting Researcher, Intelligent Systems Lab, PARC, Economist with a specialty in Complexity Economics; “Complexity and the Economy”; Science, New Series, Vol. 284, No. 5411 (Apr. 2, 1999), pp. 107-109 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2899147; Boyce

After two centuries of studying equilibria-static patterns that call for no
AND
economic theory but theory at a more general, out-of-equilibrium level.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westminster DH | Judge: Scott Brown
We may read all or only some of these turns.

Economic engagement is a self-fulling desire founded upon a state-centered hierarchy of method and knowledge. The state uses imperial knowledge to crush any epistemic resistance to modernity and marginalizes Indigenous worldviews.
Mignolo 11 (Walter, Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University. THE DARKER SIDE OF WESTERN MODERNITY. DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS Durham and London zoil. 2011 p.140-143) RH
We are now in a position to extend Benveniste's formal apparatus of enunciation to account
AND
- and ego-politics of knowledge managed to prevail through economically sustained institutions

 (universities, museums, delegations, state officers, armies, etc.).
AND
linguistic, and conceptual grounding that defines and is managed by Western civilization. 

Manufacturing rationality is based in colonial knowledge production – market rationality is not inevitable – the market is only made to appear inevitable by colonial knowledge in order to legitimize its existence
Ibarra-Colado 06 (Eduardo. Head of the Department of Institutional Studies at the Autonomous Metropolitan University, Campus Cuajimalpa and professor of Management and Organization Studies. He obtained his PhD in Sociology with Honors at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. June 20. Organization Studies and Epistemic Coloniality in Latin America: Thinking Otherness from the Margins. Universidad Aut´onoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Mexico)

For the last two decades, however, the economic opening up and the¶
AND
form of control to hide the colonial condition¶ (Mignolo, 2000).

The 1AC relies on the subjugation of Latin American alternatives to economic modernity. The supposed “universal” economy subjugates docile bodies to work and produce the economy that pervades everyday life and makes violence inevitable.

Escobar 1995 Arturo, Kenan Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill Director, Institute of Latin American Studies, UNC-Chapel Hill Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, UNC-Chapel Hill Adjunct Professor, Department of Communications, UNC-Chapel Hill Fellow, Institute of Arts and Humanities, UNC Fellow, Center for Urban and Regional Research, UNC Facilitator, World Anthropologies Network / Red de Antropologías Mundiales Research Associate, Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, Bogotá, “Encountering Development THE MAKING AND UNMAKING OF THE THIRD WORLD” 1995, page
ECONOMICS AS CULTURE Needless to say, economists do not see their science as a
AND
? What are the consequences of seeing life in terms of such constructions?

Tournament: ASU | Round: Semis | Opponent: Damien LR | Judge: Patel, Thiele, Vered
A technological solution to warming and ecology reframes human agency in terms of violence, framing nature as something for use by humans. Destructive exploitation of the environment is the only response and turns case.
Beckman 0( Tad, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Humanities and Social Sciences at Harvey Mudd College, “Martin Heidegger and Environmental Ethics,” http://thuban.ac.hmc.edu/~tbeckman/personal/Heidart.html)

To uncover the essence of modern technology is to discover why technology stands today as
AND
is danger in the highest sense." {7, p. 28}

Tournament: ASU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lowell CV | Judge:
They preach external manifestations of environmental harms instead of our personal complicity which allows the destruction of the environment to continue in a covert fashion and prevents future environmental reform—vote neg on presumption
Bobertz 95 (Bradley C, March, Texas Law Review, Professor of Law at University of Nebraska College of Law, “Legitimizing Pollution through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory”, Lexis)

Without commonly accepted religious ceremonies to expiate guilt, Americans turn instead to the sanctifying
AND
is liberated, free to pursue its old ways without fear of reprisal.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
Extinction rhetoric turns the case—this is an independent reason to vote negative even if they win their framing

Callahan 73 Daniel J. Callahan, The Tyranny of Survival: And other pathologies of civilized life. Pg 91-93 This evidence edited for gendered language
That individuals, tribes, communities and nations have committed so much will, energy
AND
of survival at the cost of everything decent in man or outright extinction.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
They avoid the root cause of poverty with analysis of famine
Barnett 2k (Jon, Prof @ U of Melbourne, Destabilizing the Environment-Conflict Thesis, Review of International Studies 26(2), April 2000, p. 271-288)LA
To equate famine with warfare and threat is to deny the prima facie issue of
AND
the issue of population growth is understood as a probable cause of war.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Joshua Hone
The affirmative’s gender neutral account of sacrifice masks the appropriation of female reproductive power and violence against women.
Roberts-Hughes 2008
Rebecca, Erotic transgression and sexual difference in Georges Bataille, Kings College, http://kcl.academia.edu/RebeccaRobertsHughes/Papers/139881/Erotic_Transgression_and_Sexual_Difference_in_Georges_Bataille
As well as being sacrificial victims, in much of Bataille’s work women are related
AND
to him) in which there can only be totality and no difference. 

---Reject the affirmative --- Only a strategy of feminist separatism can challenge the drive towards global destruction.
Weedon 1999
Chris, the Chair of the Centre for Critical and Cultural Theory at Cardiff University, Feminism, theory, and the politics of difference, p. 90-93
In the order of reason which has governed Western thought since the rise of Ancient
AND
nor their language can exist. (1994: 106; original 1989)

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Debnil Sur
Food security pays lip service to the hungry while serving as a justification for the violent expansion of global governance
Alcock 9 (Rupert, graduated with a distinction in the MSc in Development and Security from the Department of Politics, University of Bristol in 2009, MSc dissertation prize joint winner 2009, “Speaking Food: A Discourse Analytic Study of Food Security” 2009, pdf available online, p. 10-14  MT)

Since the 1970s, the concept of ‘food security’ has been the primary lens
AND
notions of risk, threat and permanent emergency that constitute its governmental rationale.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 3 | Opponent: McClintock BO | Judge: Jackson Challinor
First off is framework—

Interpretation: The 1AC and the 1NC were performances. They have to win both a political and a performative defense of their aff or you vote neg on presumption.
This also means you shouldn’t be concerned with mutual exclusivity
Evans 13 (Rashad, Former debate coach @ Emporia State U, https://www.facebook.com/groups/318979761518379/permalink/542109029205450, October 14th 2013)?

Rashad Evans: Counter performances are always competitive. Performance based framework recognizes that there
AND

we say the role of the ballot is who best challenges Y.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Joshua Hone
Give us the Ballot
There’s no intrinsic connection with affirming expenditure and voting aff – voting neg would show the 1AC was a waste of time.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Donnie Grasse
Hegemony is a myth—the attempt to reassert legitimacy guarantees slaughter and imperialist wars

Gullì 13 (Bruno, Kingsborough Community College @ City University of New York, For the Critique of Sovereignty and Violence, Accessed online somewhere, p. 5-8)LA *Pronoun replaced by ||| in the body of this text.
I think that we have now an understanding of what the situation is: The
AND
– in other words, a poetic rather than military and financial shift.

Tournament: NFL Nationals | Round: 1 | Opponent: Edina RS | Judge:
No Impact - US decline will not spark wars.
MacDonald and Parent 11—Professor of Political Science at Williams College and Professor of Political Science at University of Miami Paul K. MacDonald and Joseph M. Parent, “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Spring 2011), pp. 7–44

Our findings are directly relevant to what appears to be an impending great...
AND
...U.S. grand strategic problems and risk unnecessary clashes. 101

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: South East PR | Judge:
The aff’s humanitarian discourse is a way for the West to relieve it’s guilt of having committed atrocities in the past – the West thinks that only inhuman evil people commit violence, and humanitarianism remedies that image. The impact is endless violence.
Douzinas 7 (Costas, Professor Law at University of London, “Human Rights and Empire: The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism” p. 70-78) RH
In this moral universe, the claim that there is a single essence to humanity
AND
displaced. Horrible, atrocious acts are only committed by the evil inhuman other

. Indeed, the human rights movement came into life late, after the Second
AND
the way that images of suffering work on our emotional and psychological lift.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Woodward Academy PS | Judge: Ross Garrett
The 1AC is a typical leftist response to international oppression that remains silent in on-going colonization of native North America.  The plan masks the colonial state, appearing benevolent and fail to address why the 1AC acts on stolen land. Failure to address these questions means they perpetuate colonialism.
Kenis 3 (Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, “I am Indigenist: Notes on the Ideology of the Fourth World”).
Leaving aside questions concerning the validity of various treaties, the beginning point for any
AND
for attainment of everyone seriously committed to accomplishing positive change in North America.

Their colonialist knowledge production inherently denies the possibility of Native influence on its origins. They take ideas to have been conceived Ex Nihilo, systematically excluding those of others.
Pratt 2, (Scott L., Scott L. Pratt is Associate Professor
AND
/hltf/files/2011/02/Binder3.pdf) MM
The alternative history, the story of genius, is proposed by Vernon Parrington in
AND
recognized tradition, American philosophers seemed willing to accept this.

The aff’s analysis of race as part of the colonial matrix and not just modernity is key for alt solvency. The aff solves better. – also a reason perm solves
Mignolo 10 (Walter, Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University. “The geopolitics of knowledge and the colonial difference,” 2010. Article) RH
Changes did not encroach equally on diverse societies and local histories. Modernity/coloniality
AND
like to conclude by highlighting some of them in view of future discussions.

The alternative is to reject the aff and embrace Indigenous scholarship. Even if they might not be correct, equal representation is a pre-requisite for a transformation of scholarship.
Cook-Lynn 97 (Elizabeth, “Who Stole Native American Studies?” Wicazo Sa Review. Vol. 12, No. 1, Spring 1997 – Accessed online via http://www4.uwm.edu/letsci/ais/pdf/whostole_cooklynn.pdf pg. 9-28) MM
Since Native American Studies is so little understood as an academic discipline, since its
AND
been responsible for disfiguring and deforming Native peoples, communities, and nations.

K comes first - In order to understand Latin America we must first analyze coloniality
Mignolo, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature at Duke University, 2005
(Walter, The Idea of Latin America, page xiii, RH)
To excavate coloniality, then, one must always include and analyze the project of
AND
how the West was born and how the modern world order was founded.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
Biofuels trade off with local palm-seed oil production—it’s a necessary project of the west
Orakpo 11 (Ebele, reporter and interview of Dr. Henry Boyo, Senior Lecturer and Head of Hardware Development Laboratory, University of Lagos, ‘Nigeria needs indigenous technology,’ http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/11/nigeria-needs-indigenous-technology/)~-~-mm

We can get bio-diesel from oils of the jatropha plant, vegetable and
AND
bio-diesel do not find their way to the edible oil market.

Tournament: NFL Nationals | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge:
The affirmative’s investment in the state is a conduct OF conduct, an ontological mono-politics which reinforces a normative conception of Being ensuring violent neoliberalization

Joronen 13 (Mikko, Department of Geography and Geology, Geography Section, University of Turku, Finland, “Conceptualising New Modes of State Governmentality: Power, Violence and the Ontological Mono-politics of Neoliberalism” Geopolitics, 00:1–15, pp. 7-9)
Heidegger’s notion of massive and gigantic spread of enframing as a particular
AND
but instead to explore the complex ways of their “demonic combination”.43

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Debnil Sur
Their top-down conception of warming solutions is just a veiled resource grab— they try to reform warming without demolishing economic institutions that sustain global capitalism – means the aff fails and impacts are inevitable. 

Shiva 12 (Vandana, Philosopher, Environmental Activist, and Eco-Feminist, Author of 20 books and 500 papers, Imposed Austerity vs Chosen Simplicity: Who Will Pay For Which Adjustments?, Published on Other News, http://www.ethicalmarkets.com/2012/03/01/imposed-austerity-vs-chosen-simplicity-who-will-pay-for-which-adjustments/)recut from NU MV by LA
The world is in ecological and economic meltdown. Ecological limits and limits set by
AND
rights and freedoms of all species and all people are protected and respected.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Donnie Grasse
Multilateralism trades off with local human rights enforcement

Alvarez 2k (José E., NYU School of Law, Multilateralism and its Discontents, EJIL Oxford Journals, 2000, 11(2), p. 393-411, http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/2/393.full.pdf)//LA

Whether or not one agrees with these critiques from the left and right, it
AND
, even when these may better achieve the ends we ostensibly want.2s

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul GC | Judge: Richard Mancuso
Laguna Pubelo member Leslie Marmon Silko presents the opening passage of her novel “Ceremony”
Ceremony
I will tell you something about stories,
he said
AND
that
They would be happy
Because we would be defenseless then.

The struggle continues to the south
Hendricks 5 (Tyche is an editor for The California Report on KQED Public Radio in San Francisco, where she curates a blog called, “Governing California: Making Sense of Our State of Disarray.” She is a lecturer at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley, and the director of the school’s California Immigration Reporting Project. She spent more than a dozen years at newspapers, most of them at the San Francisco Chronicle, where she covered the intersection of culture and politics – reporting on immigration, demographics and immigrant communities, accessed online via http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/ON-THE-BORDER-For-the-Tohono-O-odham-the-2558506.php#page-3) MM 

Driving the red clay roads of the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation, Harriet Toro passed
AND
for is a seat at the table on policies that affect the border." 

Interpretation: the 1AC was a rhetorical object—they must defend what it was and not what it could have been. If we prove that an alternative method of decolonization is preferable to the aff they don’t get a perm and the advocacy is key to solve

Thus: Vote negative to affirm an Indigenous method of decolonization.
The method of Indigenous storytelling is critical disrupt colonial discourse both inside and outside the academy by grounding decolonization in the material oppression of the Indigenous. This is key to lay a framework for Indigenous sovereignty while transforming knowledge production to prevent the separation of body and knowledge. - thus the role of the ballot - to best performatively and methodologically challenge acts of violence upon the indigenous
Sium and Ritskes 13 (Aman and Eric, Indigenous authors, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada, “Speaking truth to power: Indigenous Storytelling as an act of living resistance” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 2, No. 1, 2013, pp. I-X, p. 2-4) RH
This issue begins with Mendoza’s examination of neoliberalism and nativist longing and, as she
AND
p. 58) that takes its direction from grassroots communities and activism.

And, their epistemology systematically excludes the ideas of native culture and existence.
Pratt 2, (Scott L., Scott L. Pratt is Associate Professor
AND
/hltf/files/2011/02/Binder3.pdf) MM
While White recalls the vision of European thought in America, John Smith, in
AND
general reconsideration of American thought and its potential to help address new problems.

Vote negative to endorse indigenous narratives speaking in this round. We must challenge their interpretation of reality to re-examine the basis of knowledge in debate – minor reforms are not enough.
Deloria Jr. 99 (Vine Deloria Jr 1999 Theologian, legal scholar, JD, Ph.D, M.Div, standing rock Sioux, For This Land, p101-102) MM
If there were any serious concern about liberation we would see thousands of people simply
AND
the racial background of students on the basis of their applications for admission.  

Absolute adherence to evidence based education perpetuates colonial dominance – only an incorporation can solve.
Shahjahan 11 (Riyad Ahmen, Center for Leadership and Diversity @ U of Toronto, Decolonizing the evidence-based education and policy movement: revealing the colonial vestiges in educational policy, research, and neoliberal reform, Journal of Education Policy, 26(2), March 2011, p. 181-206)LA
Derived from western thought, colonial discourses perpetuated binary concepts which were ‘never equal
AND
in the field of education, as evidenced by the critics mentioned above.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lowell CV | Judge:
A technological solution to warming and ecology reframes human agency in terms of violence, framing nature as something for use by humans. Destructive exploitation of the environment is the only response and turns case.
Beckman 0(Tad, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Humanities and Social Sciences at Harvey Mudd College, “Martin Heidegger and Environmental Ethics,” http://thuban.ac.hmc.edu/~tbeckman/personal/Heidart.html)
To uncover the essence of modern technology is to discover why technology stands today as
AND
is danger in the highest sense." {7, p. 28}

Tournament: NFL Nationals | Round: 1 | Opponent: Edina RS | Judge:
A)Neg’s war epistemology rooted in psychological factors - empirics
Goldstein 11 Joshua S., September/October 2011. Professor Emeritus of IR at American University,  http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/think_again_war
"The World Is a More Violent Place Than It Used to Be." No
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our behavior can sink, not of how high our standards have risen." 

B)War won’t happen – Their scenarios are exaggerated and ignore counteracting forces such as nuclear deterrence and international institutions – the cost of war is simply too great.
Deudney and Ikenberry 09 Daniel, Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins, John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, The Myth of the Autocratic Revival: Why Liberal Democracy Will Prevail, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb

This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing  
AND
inside and through the flexible and accommodating institutions of the liberal international order.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Niles West BA | Judge: Dave Westin
No justification for normative action – there is a disconnect between material agency and the 1AC —turns education and is an independent reason to reject the aff
Schlag 90 (Pierre, Prof of Law @ U Colorado Boulder, Normative and Nowhere to Go, Stanford Law Review, Nov 1990, https://www.pravo.unizg.hr/_download/repository/SchlagSLR.pdf)//LA
So much for the top ten of normative legal thought in the eighties. Now
AND
to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect. FN32

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles West CB | Judge: Richard Min

Overheating DA

No Mexico overheating now—prefer our ev—macroeconomic indicators

Goforth, 12 – (Sean, author of Axis of Unity: Venezuela, Iran and the Threat to America, “Overheating economies: cause for alarm in the southern cone,” http://mexicotoday.org/article/overheating-economies-cause-alarm-southern-cone) 

US investment causes FAST and LARGE capital inflows

Villarreal, 12 – (Angeles Villarreal Specialist in International Trade and Finance August 9, 2012 “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf)
 

That turns the economy

BIS, 10 – (Bank for International Settlements, José Sidaoui, Manuel Ramos-Francia and Gabriel Cuadra“Global liquidity, capital flows and challenges
for policymakers: the Mexican experience“2010 (date is most recent cite), http://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap57q.pdf)

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles West CB | Judge: Richard Min

Pacific Alliance CP

Text: the United States federal government should enter the Pacific Alliance to ¬¬¬¬ _. The United States federal government should enact the affirmative’s legislation if and only if it is admitted into the Pacific Alliance. 

Non-topical – counterplan violates the word ‘resolved’ in the resolution

Resolved implies action with certainty
American Heritage 0 (The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition,
http://www.bartleby.com/61/87/R0178700.html)

And, the member countries will say yes – already approval from Peru
MercoPress 6/13 (MercoPress is an online news agency based in Montevideo, Uruguay. It provides information focused on Latin America and the South Atlantic in general, with a particular emphasis on Mercosur member countries and covering the region's insular territories, mainly the Falkland Islands, “Peruvian president Humala wants the US as observer of the Pacific Alliance,” Accessed online via http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/13/peruvian-president-humala-wants-the-us-as-observer-of-the-pacific-alliance) MM

US is on board with Colombian approval
Global Times 5/28 (Agencies, interpreted from Biden’s discussion with Colombian president. “US willing to join Pacific Alliance as observer: Biden” Accessed online via http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/784862.shtml#.Ub9HvvmyBsk) MM

Net-Benefit Placeholder

Conditioning is key
Gabriel 8/23 (Dana, activist and independent researcher, he writes about trade, globalization, sovereignty, security, as well as other issues, “U.S. Economic Hegemony: Consolidation and Deepening of the Pacific Alliance Trade Bloc,” https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2013/08/23/18742020.php) MM

Counterplan solves the case – prefer our specific stats
Van Zant 5/29 (Dawn, President and founder of www.Investorideas.com, which is a leader in investor stock research by sector; Sectors covered include water and renewable energy stocks, biotech stocks, mining and gold stocks, energy stocks, natural gas stocks, tech (includes cloud and social networking), defense stocks, nanotech, China stocks and agriculture. “Go South Young Man; the Pacific Alliance Presents A New Frontier of Investment Opportunities at Alianza del Pacifico, Cali, Colombia” accessed online via http://www.investorideas.com/news/2013/mining/05291.asp) MM

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Niles West BA | Judge: Dave Westin
Their understanding of China is predicated on self-identity, not objectivity—we must adjust our analyses toward an understanding of lack

Pan 4 (Chengxin, Prof @ school of international and political studies, Deakin U. PhD in pol sci and IR, The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics, 1 June 2004, http://www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-china/796470-1.html)
Having examined how the "China threat" literature is enabled by and serves the
AND
the containment perspectives and hegemonic ambitions of U.S. foreign policy.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul GC | Judge: Richard Mancuso
The thesis of our turn is that people escape—the affirmative’s focus on particular events of revolution and revolt obscures the transformative nature of the status quo’s everday practices. The question of this debate shouldn’t be the final endpoint of transforming a system, but rather how to begin.

Papadopoulos et al. 8 (Dimitris Papadopoulos*, Niamh Stephenson, and Vassilis Tsainos*, U of Leicester*, U of New South Wales, U of Hamburg*, Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the Twenty-First Century, p. xii-xiii)LA *Pronouns replaced by ||| in the body of this text.
This book is about social transformation; it proposes a processual vision of change.
AND
we cultivate the sensibility to perceive moments when things do not yet have a name.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul GC | Judge: Richard Mancuso
Postcolonial epistemology dichotemizes Indigenous epistemology that prevents any epistemological shift key for decolonization
Alfaisal 11, (Haifa S. Professor at the College of Arts, King Saud University, “Indigenous Epistemology and the Decolonisation of Postcolonialism,” studies in social and political thought, Volume 19, Summer 2011, p.25-26) RH
Tracing the genealogy of indigenous epistemology in postcolonialism reveals that the indigenous voice was first
AND
that are considered retrograde and archaic because they belong to an indigenous epistemology.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Joshua Hone
The world is a black, hopeless place, but the affirmative’s politics of optimism and affirmation cause us to ignore our own complicity in violence—negation resolves the aff better

Pozo 9 (ANTONIO GUTIÉRREZ, Filozofická fakulta, Sevilská univerzita, Sevilla, Španielsko POZO, A. G.: Utopia in Black: The Negative Aesthetics of Adorno and the Contemporary Black Art, FILOZOFIA 64, 2009, No 5, p. 481-6)--mm *We don’t endorse holocaust rhetoric.
The Materialistic Aesthetics of Black Art. Colours talk, mean; they are texts1
AND
giving it the word, making the world be expressed through the works.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 3 | Opponent: McClintock BO | Judge: Jackson Challinor
The 1AC is an example of museumification, wherein they control not only the content of artwork but its specific mode of interpretation – results in endless violence and means no reason to vote aff
Groys 13 (Boris, Global Distinguished Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies at New York University, Entering the Flow: Museum between Archive and Gesamtkunstwerk, from lecture at Museo Reina Sophia, http://www.e-flux.com/journal/entering-the-flow-museum-between-archive-and-gesamtkunstwerk/)~-~-mm 

At this point, however, one has to be reminded that according to Walter
AND
—with the radically contingent, transitory, precarious conditions of their existence.

The 1AC is a painting, and the debate round an antiquated museaum—their attempted politicization of art in the search for the satisfaction of stacking up ballots just ends up a commodified cog in the neoliberal machine—evacuating meaning from the 1AC is the proverbial wrench

Emmelhainz 13 (Irmgard, Ph.D. from U of Toronto and independent writer, translator and researcher based in Guatemala City where she teaches cinematic analysis, Art and the Cultural Turn: Farewell to Committed, Autonomous Art?, e-flux, http://www.e-flux.com/journal/art-and-the-cultural-turn-farewell-to-committed-autonomous-art/)~-~-mm *We don’t endorse gendered language *Clarity edits marked by |||
Neoliberal policies tend to erode ways of life. For this reason, contemporary social
AND
the contagious attitude of those who have nothing to either gain or lose.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westminster DH | Judge: Scott Brown
The 1AC’s attempt to preemptively bracket out our criticism functions as a normalization of the doctrine of preemption—they read hanghoj ev pre-empting Ks - the impact is biopolitics and the destruction of the right to life

Goh 6 (Irving, Harvard University and National University of Singapore, Disagreeing Preemptive/Prophylaxis: From Phillip K. Dick to Jacques Rancière, Fast Capitalism 2.1, http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/2_1/goh.html) LA

1. In the world of Philip K. Dick's Minority Report (1956),
   AND
   . Preemptive bullets into the head would take away that chance of hypothesis.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul GC | Judge: Richard Mancuso
Their reasons of privilege in fueling the decolonial project create a hierarchy of increasing oppression—turns case
Smith 13 (Andrea, indigenous activist, “The Problem with “Privilege” http://unsettlingamerica.wordpress.com/2013/09/17/the-problem-with-privilege/) MM
In my experience working with a multitude of anti-racist organizing projects over the
AND
and the colonized/racialized subject as the occasion for self-reflexivity.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Donnie Grasse
Prolif rhetoric makes war inevitable
Cohn et al 5 Carol Cohn (Director of the Consortium on Gender, Security, and Human Rights), Felicity Hill (Peace and Security Adviser to the United Nations Development Fund for Women), and Sara Ruddick (Professor of philosophy and women's studies at Eugene Lang College, The New School for Social Research), “The Relevance of Gender for Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction”

“Proliferation” is not a mere description or mirror of a phenomenon that is
AND
defence, which would otherwise be difficult to justify on rational security grounds.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent De Paul GC | Judge: Richard Mancuso
The 1AC’s attempt to distribute equality using their advocacy is doomed to failure because it presupposes an inequality between the helper and the helped—turns the case

May 8 (Todd, Prof @ Clemson U, The Political Thought of Jacques Rancière: Creating Equality, Edinburgh U Press, p. 151-3) LA
For Rancière, the contemporary political expression of Levinas’ ethical approach lies in the humanitarian
AND
chased from their destroyed homes, of violated women or massacred men.”20
The alternative is to reject the 1AC’s justifications for advocacy in favor of an endorsement of equality as a presupposition to their politics—only reversing the plan’s relationship to equality can solve

May 8 (Todd, Prof @ Clemson U, The Political Thought of Jacques Rancière: Creating Equality, Edinburgh U Press, p. 46-49) LA
To think of politics in terms of policing is our common approach. Its province
AND
but for the sake of nothing at all other than one’s own equality.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Joshua Hone
We, the flesh of the United States federal government, are capable of reasserting the excessive enjoyment of life through sacrifice.  We, the flesh of the United States federal government, should hold a binding national policy referendum over whether to gloriously sacrifice our flesh to live like suns and implement the result.

Genuine citizen engagement in energy policy formation is critical engage the body politic with it’s own beurocratic excess.
Hendriks 2009
Carolyn M., Crawford School of Economics and Government @ Australia National University, Securing public legitimacy for long-term energy reforms, PUBLIC POLICY NETWORK CONFERENCETHE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, CANBERRA29-30 JANUARY
Integrate policy development with empowered forms of citizen engagement A more radical strategy would be
AND
have to reconsider their views on the role of citizens in energy politics.

Engagement with the people is a prerequisite to larger expressions of uselessness.
Löwy 2009
Michael, Fellow of the IIRE in Amsterdam and former research director of the French National Council for Scientific Research, Climate Change - a contribution to the debate, IV Online magazine : IV418, http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1741
Ecosocialist planning must be based on democratic and pluralist debate, at every level of
AND
result of their struggles, their self-education and their social experience.

The impact is American imperialism.
Cox 2012
William John, retired police officer, prosecutor, public interest lawyer, author and political activist, Global Research - Political Transformation in America: Effectuating Real Democracy by a Voters’ Rights Amendment, http://thevoters.org/
A National Policy Referendum can produce a number of positive results: First, the
AND
democracy is no longer an option. It is a matter of survival!

War turns the affirmative--Military conflict always subordinates sovereignty to a particular project
Irwin 2002
Alexander, Saints of the impossible: Bataille, Weil, and the politics of the sacred, pg
The military is and must be dominated by the principle of action, by the
AND
not want to be deepened and the lyricism of horror suits it badly.”

Tournament: NFL Nationals | Round: 1 | Opponent: Edina RS | Judge:
Text: The United States federal government should hold a binding national referendum to insert plan text. The United States federal government should enact the aforementioned legislation if and only if the referendum receives more than 50 of the popular vote.

And, public would vote yes:

Public supports lifting the embargo, travel ban, and disapproves of Cuba’s placement on the terror list.
Coren 14 (Courtney, Newsmax, “Poll: Most Americans Support Lifting Embargo Against Cuba,” 2/11/14, http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/cuba-poll-embargo-Atlantic-Council/2014/02/11/id/552103/) RH
The United States has had a trade embargo against Cuba for more than 50 years
AND
1959 revolution and took control of properties owned by the United States. 

The net benefit is direct democracy and public engagement — in the status quo we only have representatives make policy for us, therefore giving us no say in the political process once representatives are elected

Representative structures destroy the power of the multitude to resist biopolitical control—power of decision is key

Hardt and Negri 9 Michael-Professor Duke University, PhD, Comparative Literature, University of Washington, 1990 and Antonio-an Italian political philosopher, Commonwealth, Harvard University Press, 2009, pg. 304-306
The metaphor of a great conversation, however, paints a picture of these productive
AND
within a democracy of producing subjectivities endowed together with the power of decision. 

Biopower eliminates the value to life and is the root cause of genocidal violence

Babcock 11 (David John, Brown University, BIOPOWER, PROFESSIONAL SUBJECTIVITY, AND ANGLOPHONE POSTCOLONIAL LITERARY STUDIES: ISHIGURO, COETZEE, ONDAATJE, http://repository.library.brown.edu:8080/fedora/objects/bdr:11224/datastreams/PDF/content) LA
The definition that Foucault himself gives for this ?life? that must be fostered
AND
to make intelligible the relationship between individuals and the biopolitical technologies of state rule

 that emerged in the eighteenth century. This subject is known by the rights
AND
of power, which the modern nation-state was charged with protecting.

Binding referenda are key

Rourke 92 John-Prof. of political science, Univ. of Conn. et al, Direct Democracy and International Politics: Deciding International Issues through Referendums, p. 17-AC
Carole Pateman offers a classic presentation of the argument for “positive participation”: “
AND
democracy will perish- whether or not elites keep them from initiating legislation.”

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 3 | Opponent: McClintock BO | Judge: Jackson Challinor
The 1AC is apt in describing the ethical injustice of neolib, but leaves out how it is pertinent FOR THEM save for this condesending savior mentality.
Halberstam 13 - Professor of English and Director of The Center for Feminist Research at University of Southern California. (Jack, http://www.minorcompositions.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/undercommons-web.pdf, The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study) –modified

These kinds of examples get to the heart of Moten and Harney’s world of the
AND
another collaborative unit of study) call “no church in the wild.”

Tournament: La Costa | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien CS | Judge: Joel Su
Facts are meaningless and bad. Their internal link chains are factoids, which are worse. 1ac was detrimental to the cause of their position. This is not a critique of the law.
Schlag 13 (Pierre, “Facts (The),” his blog, 1/28/2013, http://brazenandtenured.com/2013/01/28/facts-the/) 

But let me explain about the facts. First, notice, that the most
AND
it’s because they’re not functioning as “just facts,” but something more.

Information is uniquely dissuasive—vote neg.
Baudrillard 92 (Jean, Pataphysics of Year 2000, online) 

Outside of this gravitational pull which keeps bodies in orbit, all the atoms of
AND
us, it disappears under the microscope or into the stereophony of information.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: South East PR | Judge:
Cuba’s government is oppressing its people and restricting their freedom of speech – don’t engage Cuba
Gonzalez, Heritage Foundation communications vice president, 11
Mike, 7-26-11, The Foundry, “Media Fails to Report on Castro Regime’s Brutal Oppression,” http://blog.heritage.org/2011/07/26/media-fails-to-report-on-castro-regimes-brutal-oppression/, accessed 6-24-13, PR YGS

Last week, just outside Cuba’s holiest Catholic shrine, government thugs attacked in plain
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to terrorize and drag a bunch of older women naked through the streets.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
Their only verification of the 1AC is social science data—
Vote neg on presumption—these studies can’t be applied to policy formulation

Davies 4 (Philip, PhD, Government Chief Social Researcher’s Office, Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, Is Evidence-Based Government Possible?, Lecture presented to the 4th Annual Campbell Colaboration Colloquium)LA
Methodological Problems and Social Scientific Knowledge Proponents of evidence-based policy and practice acknowledge
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types of evidence can fill until new sound research evidence can be established.

Turns the case

Davies 4 (Philip, PhD, Government Chief Social Researcher’s Office, Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, Is Evidence-Based Government Possible?, Lecture presented to the 4th Annual Campbell Colaboration Colloquium)LA *We don’t defend ableist language.
Pilot Studies and Case Studies Pilot studies and case studies are other sources of evidence
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2000) and the Foot and Mouth crisis (Royal Society, 2002).

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Debnil Sur
The role of the academic is to speak truth to power, not tell the government what they should do – they shut down critical thinking and deliberation. Ceding imagination to the state effaces agency and unlocks atrocity – choose to confront your role in violence
Steele, 10 – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Kansas
(Brent, Defacing Power: The Aesthetics of Insecurity in Global Politics pg 130-132, dml) gender/ableist language modified with brackets
When facing these dire warnings regarding the manner in which academic-intellectuals are seduced
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a place fit for human habitation” (1964 2006: 233).

Tournament: La Costa | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien CS | Judge: Joel Su
A. Interpretation—“economic engagement” is EXCLUSIVELY economic
Jakstaite 10 (Gerda, Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania), “CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES” BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW and POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
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other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

Tournament: The Prestigious East LA NFL Qualifier | Round: 1 | Opponent: San Marino KW | Judge: Richard Mancuso
The affirmative’s technology and production reifies Eurocentrism’s universal knowledge which depicts a future that won’t require social change. The epistemic base of Eurocentrism adopts it to portray its monopolistic claims as the ultimate reality.
Dinerstein 6 (Joel, Associate Professor at Tulane University and Director for the American Studies Program, US Modernism, Cultural Studies, Race and Ethnicity, 19th and 20th Century US Literature, Technology Studies, African-American Studies. Technology and Its Discontents: On the Verge of the Posthuman, jstor, American Quarterly, Volume 58, Number 3. 2006) RH

Technology has long been the unacknowledged source of European and Euro-American superiority within
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- sentences them to second-class status with regard to the future.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayzata GN | Judge: Dave Westin
Depiction of terrorists reinforce the characterization of Indigenous peoples as terrorists which reinforces structural violence.
Palmater 11 (Pam, Indigenous activist, From Savages to Terrorists: Justifying Genocide of First Nations, May 15, 2011)RH

The terminology, description, and context used by government officials, politicians, academics, and others to describe Indigenous peoples is
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Sadly, some of our own even partake in promoting the negative stereotypes against our people.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Niles West BA | Judge: Dave Westin
Paranoid politics outweigh everything and “threats real” isn’t responsive

McGowan 13 (Todd, Prof @ U of Vermont, Enjoying What We Don’t Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis, p. 44-9)LA
While nostalgia locates the ultimate enjoyment in the subjects own past, paranoia locates it
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leaves subjects unable to locate and recognize the nature of their own enjoyment.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
Representation of trafficking as a monolithic problem ignores the differences between trafficked populations – this precludes solvency and ignores the plethora of differences that drive the practice
Crawford, 10 – (Mary, Professor of Psychology and Women’s Studies at the University of Connecticut; author of more than 50 research articles and ten books; “Sex Trafficking in South Asia Telling Maya’s Story,” Routledge Research on Gender in Asia, Taylor and Francis Group, 2010, ISBN 978-0-415-77843-5 or 978-0-203-86281 for e-book)HO
Sex trafficking is not uniform across social, cultural, and political contexts, but
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involved: victims, perpetrators, governments, and anti-trafficking groups.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Joshua Hone
Embracing excess is intellectual masturbation whose value is instantly collapsed the minute it is deployed as academic currency in a debate round
Paul Mann, Literature prof @ Pomona, 1999, Masocriticism, p. 67-69
I would like at one and the same time to affirm this model and to
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theory itself as death. Of theory-death. A double fatality.

Alt: vote negative to trash the aff.  

Is there a not a certain paradox in spending a bunch of time cutting cards and prepping arguments to win round arguing for the value of waste?  Why read the 1AC at all, why not dump it on the side of the road before coming to the tournament?  Perhaps the right reading of the aff is as a display of wealth, a demonstration of the excess argument produced by hours of labor over the summer.

If so, then this strategic, instrumental, bourgeoisie, attitude towards production is replicated by Bataille himself in his support for Stalinist terror in the name of political expediency.  This mechanized efficiency is the end point of the aff.
 
Instead we suggest you trash the aff.  Leave the 1AC in the trash pan of history.  At the very least, ignore the remaining aff speeches: get up for a smoke during the 2AC.  You don’t need to listen to them anymore.

Our alternative is the reciprocal response to reading the Bataille aff.  The affirmative as masters of excess should have to live in fear of us peasant hordes rioting and burning their elegant display of wealth.  
Not Bored ‘3.  Not Bored, an autonomous, situationist-inspired, low-budget, irregularly published, photocopied journal, July 2003 issue, “Trashing Georges Bataille, "Accursed" Stalinist”  http://www.notbored.org/bataille.html
Though we have only commented upon them once before, Bataille's books, especially the
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when their beautiful phrases will be drowned out by death screams in riots.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lowell CV | Judge:
A lack of contact with policymakers means wishes of non-Natives always takes precedence over those of Natives perpetuating dismissal of Native opinions and genocide.
Hovland and Wolburg 9 (authors, Advertising and Consumer Culture, University of Massachusetts. 2009) RH
A final ethical dilemma that shows the limitations of Utilitarianism is the depiction of Native Americans
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problems of privileging those in power when they are the majority. Therefore, the search continues.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
Their discourse of external war trivializes war inside the state, promoting an image of a peaceful state while the state continues its unending war against the Indigenous and other minorities.
Shapiro 97 MICHAEL J., VIOLENT CARTOGRAPHIES: MAPPING CULTURES OF WAR, PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AT UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI P 28-30

As a result, Euro-Americans, from the entrepreneurial settlers to the contemporary
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"outside," while the inside is depluralized as a unitary citizen body.

And, the further occupation of Native North America furthers nuclear violence.
Kato, ’11 (Masahide, professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Hawaii, interview with Christopher Spurlock, “Expanding Our Collective Conceptual Horizon,” kdebate, Forthcoming Issue: Volume I, Issue I, bgm)

With the passage of the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty in 1996,
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peoples as it opens and closes its destructive cycle on the indigenous lands.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lowell CV | Judge:
They only perpetuates university discourse—actually prevents action to “solve” warming, whatever that means

Bryant 13 (Levi R., Collin College, TX, The Intentional Stance and the Functional Stance, 9/18/13, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2013/09/18/the-intentional-stance-and-the-functional-stance/)//LA
Do we need to believe in anthropogenic climate change? I pose this question,
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debate we’re still doing nothing even though that’s not our intention to debate.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN MS | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
There is no warming progress without Indigenous insight – impact is serial policy failure
Martin 11 (Allison, Research associate in forestry and agriculture, she is currently pursuing a dual master’s degree in International Relations and Natural Resources and Sustainable Development at American University in Washington, D.C. and the United Nations-mandated University for Peace in Costa Rica.  She graduated with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia. “AMERICAN INDIAN KNOWLEDGE: WHY INDIGENOUS PARTICIPATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR EFFECTIVE U.S. CLIMATE POLICY” Spring, 2011. Accessed online via http://www.american.edu/sis/gep/upload/Allison-Martin-NRSD-2011-SRP.pdf) MM  

In addition to deviating from the perspective of the majority of Americans that climate change
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including the integrative and place-based principles and understandings of American Indians.