Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chandler Prep GG | Judge: Tran Delbert
See 1AC Blake.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: West BP | Judge: Stephen Goldberg
1AC Malintzin

Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: NIles North GY | Judge:
See 1AC Fullerton

Different ROB

The Roll of the Ballot is to best methodologically challenge acts of violence upon the Indigenous.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 4 | Opponent: Nevada Union SB | Judge: Lee Thach
Driving the red clay roads of the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation, Harriet Toro passed
AND
for is a seat at the table on policies that affect the border." 

That was Toro, a Tohono nation member, describing her everyday experiences along the US-Mexico warzone, a direct result of status quo policymaking 

Hendricks 5 (Tyche is an editor for The California Report on KQED Public Radio in San Francisco, where she curates a blog called, “Governing California: Making Sense of Our State of Disarray.” She is a lecturer at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley, and the director of the school’s California Immigration Reporting Project. She spent more than a dozen years at newspapers, most of them at the San Francisco Chronicle, where she covered the intersection of culture and politics – reporting on immigration, demographics and immigrant communities, accessed online via http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/ON-THE-BORDER-For-the-Tohono-O-odham-the-2558506.php#page-3) MM 

Toro frames the very essence of the resolution in discussing the modern-day effects of the very first instance of the United States’ economic engagement towards Mexico 

The 1853 Gadsden Purchase constituted this engagement – a lump sum paid to the Mexican government to obtain land at discount prices – among the terms of the agreement was the drawing of a line – one that to this day separates the Tohono O'odham people of the American southwest 

Who will listen to Toro’s creation story? Whose approach to the question of economic engagement most ethically responds to her challenges? When Toro’s manager closes with a description of a need for “a seat at the table," Cherokee author Andrea Smith contextualizes how you should situate your ethical response when she writes that
Smith 5 (Andrea, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide p 185-186) MM

Unfortunately, while Flabermas argues that the public sphere is fundamentally based on exclusion,
AND
and coercion, indigenous sovereignty and nationhood is predicated on interrelatedness and responsibility. 

These are the questions that frame the winner and loser of this debate.
This year’s topic is illusory – forms of economic engagement operate within the project of spatial militarization, formulating secure boundaries to separate sovereign nation-states in a drive for production and self-assurance – The problem is that these policies operate largely to the invisible extermination of indigenous peoples of Latin America in their quest for militarization, as the indigenous are seen as problems to the Eurocentric agenda
Shapiro 97 (Michael, Prof. of PoliSci @ Hawaii, Violent Cartographies, p.15-16) RH

Michel Foucault put the matter of geographic partisanship succinctly when he noted that "territory
AND
of approved sovereignties, it is the primary force determining recognized political subjectivity.

These border restrictions persist all across the southern line. Militarization fuels Border Patrol agents to shoot Tohono farmers and deny passage to tribal elders with tuberculosis
Luna-Firebaugh 2 (Eileen M., She is Associate Professor of American Indian
AND
. 1, Sovereignty and Governance, pgs. 159-181) MM

For many years, the Tohono O'odham Nation in Arizona has transported tribal members from
AND
American continent must be addressed if indigenous cultures and traditions are to survive.

The end point of continued border militarization is a legal killing zone, in which only the ‘authentic citizen’ counts as a person
Támez 11 (Margo García Támez (Lipan Apache, Jumano-Apache) received her Ph.D. in the American Studies Program at Washington State University in May 2010. “Our Way of Life is Our Resistance”: Indigenous Women and Anti-Imperialist Challenges to Militarization along the U.S.- Mexico Border. WORKS AND DAYS 57/58: Vol. 29, 2011) RH

Since 1848, the border has been a tool for the two states to repress
AND
constitution-free zone rooted in capitalism, war, and extermination.23 

Given the dangers of militarization, a shift towards the multiple epistemologies of indigenous women is potent in the context of the border
Támez 11 (Margo García Támez (Lipan Apache, Jumano-Apache) received her Ph.D. in the American Studies Program at Washington State University in May 2010. “Our Way of Life is Our Resistance”: Indigenous Women and Anti-Imperialist Challenges to Militarization along the U.S.- Mexico Border. WORKS AND DAYS 57/58: Vol. 29, 2011) RH

In their commitments to restore historical memory and to reclaim their foremothers’ histories and strategies
AND
assimilative forces promoted by the U.S. and Mexican states.11

Thus the advocacy: Affirm the 1AC as a narrative-based interrogation of Eurocentric border production

Imagination is a pre-requisite to decolonization. The most ethical form of progressive change should be to describe a world where the border line ceases to exist
Archuleta 5 (assistant professor of contemporary American Indian literature at the University of New Mexico, 2005 Elizabeth, "Securing Our Nation's Roads and Borden or Re-circling the Wagons; Leslie Marmon Silko's Destabilization of 'Borders," Wicazo Sa Review, 20.1, Accesed by Projectrause database) MM

Imagination is one of the most powerful tools in the move to decolonize, and
AND
significance of relationships with peoples south of the border and with the environment.

Behind privilege is the power to change – the recognition of any ideology in a hierarchical mode of comparison recreates colonial structures - decolonial project is key to a more holistic truth
Mignolo 7 (Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University, “DELINKING: The rhetoric of modernity, the logic of coloniality and the grammar of de-coloniality” May 22, 2007, pp. 458-459. Project MUSE) RH

Nobody has access to an ultimate truth, and, consequently, no one person
AND
is for changing the terms in addition to the content of the conversation.

The attempt to funnel our advocacy into the framework of the modern sovereign state has empirically failed – evidence of rights gained consumes their offense, but the transition to a narrative based history is key to future progress
Stewart-Harawira 11 (Makere, Ph.D from the University of Auckland, New Zealand and is an Associate Professor in Indigenous Education and Globalization at the University of Alberta. She has also held positions at the University of Auckland and Te Whare Wananga o Awanuiarangi, a tribal university in New Zealand, “Indigenous Ways of Being and Post-Imperial Global Learning,” Building Global Democracy, 2011) MM 

Long before contemporary globalisation, indigenous peoples across the earth traversed continents and oceans,
AND
deep interconnection as the basis of citizenry in a post-imperial order.

The narrative form of storytelling is integral to the Tohono advocacy – methods outside of it are epistemologically incomplete
Naranjo 11 (Reuben Vasquez, Jr, Tohono descendent and pHD of philosophy from ASU, “Hua A’aga: Basket Stories from the Field, the Tohono O’odham Community of A:L Pi’ichkiñ (Pitiquito), Sonora Mexico,” submitted 8/2/11) MM 

This entire doctoral project, including the ceramic mural and accompanying narratives, is grounded
AND
pascola dance can trigger a story that will now survive one more generation.

Western conceptions of ethics are premised on an epistemology of domination which guarantees that all projects within modernity will fail and produce false knowledge about the world. A loss of Native knowledge and the ceremonial world prevents a true form of progress
Hester and Cheney 1(Lee, Associate Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma, Jim, Publications in Environmental Philosophy at University of Wisconsin-Manitowoc. Truth and Native American epistemology. SOCIAL EPISTEMOLOGY, 2001, VOL. 15, NO. 4, 319–334) RH

Making use of J. L. Austin’s notion of the performative function of language
AND
in the maturation of Native American understanding from information to knowledge to maturity.

Institutional education upholds dominant social structures, perpetuating Western values– only the aff creates a model of education that is holistically complete
Ortiz 12 (Michael; Taking Henry Giroux’s Borderless Pedagogy to Our Institutions of Higher Learning; Aug 4; truth-out.org/opinion/item/10549-continuing-toward-girouxs-borderless-pedagogy) RH

Additionally, colleges and universities (both public and private) also exist as sites
AND
continued attempt to raise the consciousness of everyone involved even without administrative support). 

Our criticism of status quo policymaking is thus: why can we assume that with a mere adjustment in where and how we engage Latin America can we make progress to alter the mentalities that have brought us to the brink of collapse? We must begin with the basic questions of knowledge and our orientations to the world. It is a tale of historical arrogance that propagates the assumption that Western thinking holds the absolute claim to knowledge
Zimmerman 6 (Mary Jane, Ph. D., Discussion Leader Being Nature’s Mind: Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Planetary Consciousness February 2, 2006, http://www.earthspirituality.org/archive/zimmerman_seminar.htm) MM
We don’t endorse gendered language  

Those caveats having been mentioned, I think, and many of my Native teachers
AND
range of perceptive abilities necessary for the next stages of life on earth.

We refuse the structure and form of thinking of West – the resolution is a replication of the dominance of western thinking. We must challenge this interpretation of reality to re-examine the basis of knowledge in debate - thus the role of the ballot - to best performatively and methodologically challenge acts of violence upon the indigenous
Deloria Jr. 99 (Vine Deloria Jr 1999 Theologian, legal scholar, JD, Ph.D, M.Div, standing rock Sioux, For This Land, p101-102) MM

If there were any serious concern about liberation we would see thousands of people simply
AND
the racial background of students on the basis of their applications for admission.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster CD | Judge: Scott Philips
1AC Fullerton with the 1AC Blake Role of the Ballot

Tournament: La Costa | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley JS | Judge:
Same as 1AC Fullerton

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge:
Same as 1AC for Wake

Tournament: ASU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Juan Diego WF | Judge: Bugrov, Lewis, McGougan
There is no museum at 57 Higuera St., not even a plaque. When
AND
no longer hold grudges and feel resentments, and that will take time."
Krauss 97 (Clifford, he became bureau chief of The New York Times Canada bureau in 2002. Before that he was the Buenos Aires bureau chief since April 1998. Before that, he was the police department bureau chief for the metropolitan desk, a position he held since January 1994. Previously, from 1992 to 1993, he covered Congress in The Times’ Washington bureau. From 1990 to 1991, he covered the State Department in Washington and before that, he was the bureau's night editor. “A Historic Figure Is Still Hated by Many in Mexico” New York Times March 26, 1997, Accessed online via http://www.csus.edu/indiv/o/obriene/art111/readings/AHistoricFigureIsStillHatedByManyInMexico.htm)—mm

To call someone a Malinchista is to call them a traitor, one who undermines the dominant culture in divulging secrets to the invader—this mentality is a form of scapegoating that continues in Mexico
Alarcón 89 (Norma, she is a Chicana author, professor, and publisher in the United States. She is the founder of Third Woman Press and a major figure in Chicana feminism, Traddutora, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism, Cultural Critique, No. 13, The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division (autumn, 1989), pp. 57-87)--mm
*We don’t endorse gendered pronouns and/or language

In the eyes of the conquered (oppressed), anyone who approximates la lengua or
AND
having been conquered-the rape of women and the emasculation of men.

Malinche’s work as translator for Cortez formed today’s resolution—she is still blamed for having guided a group of Spanish explorers through lands of foreign traditions and for engaging the indigenous peoples of the continent to fuel Spanish economic gain—her presence has pervaded social relations, making a shift in mindset a necessary pre-requisite for progressive change

Status quo mechanisms makes ethics impossible and ‘radical liberation’ a self-convincing defense mechanism—be wary of quick calls to large-scale reform
Zameret 11 (Yair, Haifa University and Hebrew Scholar, Ethics, Scapegoating and Pseudo-Left - The Strange Story of an Israeli Scapegoat, pg. 18-20)--mm
*We don’t endorse gendered pronouns and/or language 

Scapegoating, the evolutional response for the survival problem created in us by the ethical
AND
, dedicated to the scapegoating-driven phenomenon of the Pseudo-Left.

The impact is dehumanization—scapegoating of ethics relieves actors of their individual culpability, making violence inevitable and justified
Marziani 1 (Paola, writer for Italian journal ‘Human Rights Awareness,’ human rights activist, On Scapegoating, Ref. HRA 2001/1, http://www.hrawareness.org/onscapegoating.pdf, pg. 4-7)--mm
*We don’t endorse gendered pronouns and/or language

The quest for strong leadership and scapegoating are two sides of the same coin.
AND
possible is a most important—as yet unfulfilled—goal of civilization. 

Post-independence readings of Malintzin fail to question the foundation of the nation state through which patriotism is possible—the traversing of migrants in a dynamic interchange across the border makes the narrative of Malinche one of power to overcome the status quo’s obsession with nationalistic ideologies
Peña 5 (Ezequiel,  Ph.D University of Texas at Austin and Associate Professor and Training Director, Counseling Psychology Doctoral Program, Reconfiguring Epistemological Pacts: A Lacanian and Post-Lacanian Discourse Analysis of Chicano Cultural Nationalist, Chicana Feminist, and Chicano/a Dissident Intellectual Subject Positions, submitted 2005)--mm
*We don’t endorse gendered pronouns and/or language

II. Analysis of Previous Views of Aztlán and La Malinche: Although Chicano cultural
AND
, and spiritual traversing of borders in the transnational Chicano/a  imaginary.  

Thus the advocacy: Manny and I affirm the narrative of Malintzin Tenepal through critical cosmopolitanism 

The commitment to refusing dichotomies of thinking and cultures is integral to the affirmative—in the face of modern discourses stressing hierarchies of knowledge and militarization of state-centric epistemologies, shifting your perception of La Malinche can be a utopian instance of demilitarization  
Peña 5 (Ezequiel,  Ph.D University of Texas at Austin and Associate Professor and Training Director, Counseling Psychology Doctoral Program, Reconfiguring Epistemological Pacts: A Lacanian and Post-Lacanian Discourse Analysis of Chicano Cultural Nationalist, Chicana Feminist, and Chicano/a Dissident Intellectual Subject Positions, submitted 2005)--mm
*We don’t endorse gendered pronouns and/or language

III. La Malinche’s Subject Position Refigured yet Again: If one finds currency in
AND
Chicana and Chicano subjectivity, discourse, social space,  and cultural memory.

A critical cosmopolitanism is key—commitment to the method combats questions of assuming the identity of some ‘Other’ or seeing cultural difference as reason for disgust and modern problems
Delanty 6 (Gerard, Professor of Sociology and Social and Political Thought (Sociology, Centre for Social and Political Thought at University of Sussex, England, the Cosmopolitan Imagination: Critical Cosmopolitanism and Social Theory, the British Journal of Sociology 2006 Volume 57 Issue 1)--mm
*We don’t endorse gendered pronouns and/or language

The dimensions of critical cosmopolitanism: The definition of cosmopolitanism proposed in this paper has
AND
critical cosmopolitan  sociology concerns precisely this space, the discursive space of translations.

Politics are infused with conceptions of Mestiza histories—modern legislative policies lead not only to a standardized textbook curriculum, but the simultaneous suspension of feminist progress—guarantees stagnation—thus the role of the ballot: to best performatively and methodologically embrace cultural difference through interaction
Taylor 6 (Analisa, Prof. of Spanish at the University of Oregon, Malinche and Matriarchal Utopia: Gendered Visions of Indigeneity in Mexico, Signs, Vol. 31, No. 3, pg. 825-29)--mm
*We don’t endorse gendered pronouns and/or language

According to Estela Serret, the emergence of a cohesive state-directed discourse of
AND
of ancient Me´xico- Tenochtitlan and modern-day Mexico City.

Only affirmation rejects methodological nationalism and the nation-state as the natural unit of politics
Oates 10 (John, Ph.D. candidate in political science at The Ohio State University March 3, 2010, Methodological Nationalism in International Theory:  Rethinking Sovereignty as Constituent Power, Draft for Research in International Politics)--mm 

The Problem of Methodological Nationalism: The term methodological nationalism was first employed by Herminio
AND
theory is continue to provide critical and relevant knowledge about international political life.

Tournament: NFL Nationals | Round: 2 | Opponent: Douglas HS | Judge:
Read the Tohono Aff (1AC Fullerton) all rounds except Round 6, when we read the Jodi Byrd Aff from the TOC.
We never read a plan text at this tournament, and for that matter, all year.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: North Valley SH | Judge: Jim Schultz
The struggle continues to the south
Hendricks 5 (Tyche is an editor for The California Report on KQED Public Radio in San Francisco, where she curates a blog called, “Governing California: Making Sense of Our State of Disarray.” She is a lecturer at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley, and the director of the school’s California Immigration Reporting Project. She spent more than a dozen years at newspapers, most of them at the San Francisco Chronicle, where she covered the intersection of culture and politics – reporting on immigration, demographics and immigrant communities, accessed online via http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/ON-THE-BORDER-For-the-Tohono-O-odham-the-2558506.php#page-3) MM 

Driving the red clay roads of the Tohono Oand#39;odham Indian Reservation, Harriet Toro passed
AND
for is a seat at the table on policies that affect the border.and#34; 

Toro frames the very essence of the resolution in discussing the modern-day effects of the very first instance of the United States’ economic engagement towards Mexico
The 1853 Gadsden Purchase constituted this engagement – a lump sum paid to the Mexican government to obtain land at discount prices – among the terms of the agreement was the drawing of a line – one that to this day separates the Tohono Oand#39;odham people of the American southwest
Who will listen to Toro’s creation story? Whose approach to the question of economic engagement most ethically responds to her challenges? When Toro’s manager closes with a description of a need for “a seat at the table,and#34; Cherokee author Andrea Smith contextualizes how you should situate your ethical response when she writes that
Smith 5 (Andrea, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide p 185-186) MM

Unfortunately, while Flabermas argues that the public sphere is fundamentally based on exclusion,
AND
and coercion, indigenous sovereignty and nationhood is predicated on interrelatedness and responsibility. 

These are the questions that frame the winner and loser of this debate.
This year’s topic is illusory – forms of economic engagement operate within the project of spatial militarization, formulating secure boundaries to separate sovereign nation-states in a drive for production and self-assurance – The problem is that these policies operate largely to the invisible extermination of indigenous peoples of Latin America in their quest for militarization, as the indigenous are seen as problems to the Eurocentric agenda
Shapiro 97 (Michael, Prof. of PoliSci @ Hawaii, Violent Cartographies, p.15-16) RH

Michel Foucault put the matter of geographic partisanship succinctly when he noted that and#34;territory
AND
of approved sovereignties, it is the primary force determining recognized political subjectivity.
These border restrictions persist all across the southern line. Militarization fuels Border Patrol agents to shoot Tohono farmers and deny passage to tribal elders with tuberculosis
Luna-Firebaugh 2 (Eileen M., She is Associate Professor of American Indian
AND
. 1, Sovereignty and Governance, pgs. 159-181) MM

For many years, the Tohono Oand#39;odham Nation in Arizona has transported tribal members from
AND
American continent must be addressed if indigenous cultures and traditions are to survive.

The end point of continued border militarization is a legal killing zone, in which only the ‘authentic citizen’ counts as a person
Támez 11 (Margo García Támez (Lipan Apache, Jumano-Apache) received her Ph.D. in the American Studies Program at Washington State University in May 2010. “Our Way of Life is Our Resistance”: Indigenous Women and Anti-Imperialist Challenges to Militarization along the U.S.- Mexico Border. WORKS AND DAYS 57/58: Vol. 29, 2011) RH

Since 1848, the border has been a tool for the two states to repress
AND
constitution-free zone rooted in capitalism, war, and extermination.23 

Given the dangers of militarization, a shift towards the multiple epistemologies of indigenous women is potent in the context of the border
Támez 11 (Margo García Támez (Lipan Apache, Jumano-Apache) received her Ph.D. in the American Studies Program at Washington State University in May 2010. “Our Way of Life is Our Resistance”: Indigenous Women and Anti-Imperialist Challenges to Militarization along the U.S.- Mexico Border. WORKS AND DAYS 57/58: Vol. 29, 2011) RH

In their commitments to restore historical memory and to reclaim their foremothers’ histories and strategies
AND
assimilative forces promoted by the U.S. and Mexican states.11

Thus the advocacy: Affirm the 1AC as a genealogical interrogation of Eurocentric border production

Imagination is a pre-requisite to decolonization. The most ethical form of progressive change should be to describe a world where the border line ceases to exist
Archuleta 5 (assistant professor of contemporary American Indian literature at the University of New Mexico, 2005 Elizabeth, and#34;Securing Our Nationand#39;s Roads and Borden or Re-circling the Wagons; Leslie Marmon Silkoand#39;s Destabilization of and#39;Borders,and#34; Wicazo Sa Review, 20.1, Accesed by Projectrause database) MM

Imagination is one of the most powerful tools in the move to decolonize, and
AND
significance of relationships with peoples south of the border and with the environment.

Behind privilege is the power to change – the recognition of any ideology in a hierarchical mode of comparison recreates colonial structures - decolonial project is key to a more holistic truth
Mignolo 7 (Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University, “DELINKING: The rhetoric of modernity, the logic of coloniality and the grammar of de-coloniality” May 22, 2007, pp. 458-459. Project MUSE) RH

Nobody has access to an ultimate truth, and, consequently, no one person
AND
is for changing the terms in addition to the content of the conversation.
The attempt to funnel our advocacy into the framework of the modern sovereign state has empirically failed – evidence of rights gained consumes their offense, but the transition to a narrative based history is key to future progress
Stewart-Harawira 11 (Makere, Ph.D from the University of Auckland, New Zealand and is an Associate Professor in Indigenous Education and Globalization at the University of Alberta. She has also held positions at the University of Auckland and Te Whare Wananga o Awanuiarangi, a tribal university in New Zealand, “Indigenous Ways of Being and Post-Imperial Global Learning,” Building Global Democracy, 2011) MM 

Long before contemporary globalisation, indigenous peoples across the earth traversed continents and oceans,
AND
deep interconnection as the basis of citizenry in a post-imperial order.

The narrative form of storytelling is integral to the advocacy – methods outside of it are epistemologically incomplete
Garrett 96 (Michael Tlanusta, “and#34;TWO PEOPLEand#34;: AN AMERICAN INDIAN NARRATIVE OF BICULTURAL IDENTITY” Published in the Journal of American Indian Education, Vol. 36, Number 1 – Accessed online via http://jaie.asu.edu/v36/V36S1pt1.htm) MM

For many American Indian tribes or nations, the oral tradition of storytelling serves as
AND
, you must recognize where you stand in relation to everything around you.and#34;

Western conceptions of ethics are premised on an epistemology of domination which guarantees that all projects within modernity will fail and produce false knowledge about the world. A loss of Native knowledge and the ceremonial world prevents a true form of progress
Hester and Cheney 1(Lee, Associate Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma, Jim, Publications in Environmental Philosophy at University of Wisconsin-Manitowoc. Truth and Native American epistemology. SOCIAL EPISTEMOLOGY, 2001, VOL. 15, NO. 4, 319–334) RH

Making use of J. L. Austin’s notion of the performative function of language
AND
in the maturation of Native American understanding from information to knowledge to maturity.
Institutional education upholds dominant social structures, perpetuating Western values– only the aff creates a model of education that is holistically complete
Ortiz 12 (Michael; Taking Henry Giroux’s Borderless Pedagogy to Our Institutions of Higher Learning; Aug 4; truth-out.org/opinion/item/10549-continuing-toward-girouxs-borderless-pedagogy) RH

Additionally, colleges and universities (both public and private) also exist as sites
AND
continued attempt to raise the consciousness of everyone involved even without administrative support).
Our criticism of status quo policymaking is thus: why can we assume that with a mere adjustment in where and how we engage Latin America can we make productive strides to alter the mentalities that have brought us to the brink of collapse? We must begin with the basic questions of knowledge and our orientations to the world. It is a tale of historical arrogance that propagates the assumption that Western thinking holds the absolute claim to knowledge
Zimmerman 6 (Mary Jane, Ph. D., Discussion Leader Being Nature’s Mind: Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Planetary Consciousness February 2, 2006, http://www.earthspirituality.org/archive/zimmerman_seminar.htm) MM
We don’t endorse gendered language  

Those caveats having been mentioned, I think, and many of my Native teachers
AND
range of perceptive abilities necessary for the next stages of life on earth.

We refuse the structure and form of thinking of West – the resolution is a replication of the dominance of western thinking. We must challenge this interpretation of reality to re-examine the basis of knowledge in debate - thus the role of the ballot - to best performatively and methodologically challenge acts of violence upon the indigenous
Deloria Jr. 99 (Vine Deloria Jr 1999 Theologian, legal scholar, JD, Ph.D, M.Div, standing rock Sioux, For This Land, p101-102) MM

If there were any serious concern about liberation we would see thousands of people simply
AND
the racial background of students on the basis of their applications for admission.

Tournament: All | Round: Finals | Opponent: FW Hacks | Judge:
Pre-req

Our epistemological questioning uncovers assumptions to avoid policy failure – the aff is a pre-requisite to their roleplaying education and any actual social change.
Reus-Smit 12 – Professor of International Relations at the European University Institute, Florence (Christian, “International Relations, Irrelevant? Don’t Blame Theory”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies June 2012 vol. 40 no. 3 525-540, dml)
However widespread it might be, the notion that IR’s lack of practical relevance stems
AND
part of keeping us honest, making it practically relevant despite its abstraction.

TSE

This is especially true with indigenous epistemology – it provides new ways of thinking and resources vital to policymaking and roleplaying education.
Pratt 2, (Scott L., Scott L. Pratt is Associate Professor
AND
/hltf/files/2011/02/Binder3.pdf) MM
The response I propose to the received history of American pragmatism is not intended as
AND
history and a response to the ongoing problem of the coexistence of different cultures
in American society.

Decisionmaking

Framework is focused on the solidarity of the state – any decision making net benefit occurs within the oppressive regime of the state and reproduces violence.
Shapiro 97 (Michael, Prof. of PoliSci @ Hawaii, Violent Cartographies, Pg. x-xi) RH
For example, for those preoccupied with the geopolitical strategies of violence, the current
AND
they produce a world whose focal points are the power centers of states.

Switch Side Mod 

Debate isn’t deliberative
Livingston 12—Assistant prof of Government @ Cornell
(Alexander, “Avoiding Deliberative Democracy? Micropolitics, Manipulation, and the Public Sphere”, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 3 (2012), pp. 269-294, dml)
It is important here to stress what a critical theory of deliberative democracy is not
AND
as to displace old prejudices and allow new identities and claims to flourish. 

Simulation is sadface
Antonio 95 (Robert J., Professor of Sociology at the University of Kansas, “Nietzsche's Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 101, No. 1 (Jul., 1995), pp. 1-43

The "problem of the actor," Nietzsche said, "troubled me for the
AND
117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4). 

Defs 

We are the USFG
Raney 10 Gary Raney – Ada County Sherriff, “ Ada County Sheriff Gary Raney Response to Inquiry regarding Oathkeepers”, October 25th, 2010, http://wearechangeidaho.org/CategoryArticles.php?id=1
First premise: “They” – the federal government – are not a
AND
like an enemy. In my opinion, it is our general apathy as voters that, by an omission of a vote

AT Harris 

This evidence is a description of his feelings, not a normative statement about how debate should be—this evidence should be encouraged not to be read in debate, reason to vote aff
Harris 13—coach at Kansas, wrote the ballot
(Scott, comment on Facebook—not really sure how to cite this as evidence but here is a permalink to the comment https://www.facebook.com/groups/318979761518379/permalink/542109029205450/?comment_id=543121432437543andoffset=0andtotal_comments=172 and here is a screenshot of it http://gyazo.com/862864baa38a01331dd026ee2f6e2087, dml)

Would people please stop trying to use my ballot as evidence of anything. My
AND
called him a liar than I apologize because that was not my intent.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge:
1AC
Colonialism has pervaded status quo policy simulations, no longer making debates about plan action, but about the importance of avoiding nuclear war and using Latin America as a resource to get us there  
Sid Meier’s 2008 video game, Civilization IV, echoes this procedural model: it allows the player to hold the levers of power—acting as the head of a colonial voyage, Civilization presents the player with agency to make deals with local indigenous populations, and to grow a fledgling nation to conquer the Americas, all while avoiding failure, expulsion by angry Natives
Many were shocked to find a game that endorsed colonization as a commodity--Civilization IV’s designers responded by stressing the open-ended nature of the game—just change the coding, the plan text, and you can make ethical decisions
However, the promise of the designer was not neutral—colonialism is literally built into the game’s coding, into its procedural rhetoric—it compels the player to forego ethics and reconquer the Americas
Mir and Owens 13 (*Rebecca and Trevor, *New York Historical Society, Library of Congress, in Playing with the Past, Digital Games and the Simulation of History, Editors Kapell, Matthew Wilhelm and Elliott, Andrew B.R, ©Blomsbury Publishing 2013)--mm
Clarity edits marked by ||| We do not endorse gendered and/or ableist language 

The 2008 release of Sid Meier’s Civilization IV Colonization (hereafter Colonization) sparked an
AND
encourages players to educate these Converted Natives in order to win the game.
The resolution gives us the same promise: policy simulation lends space for ethical decision-making and neutral dialogue—just change the plantext, the coding, and you’re on your way
Even if in theory the resolution lends the tools for ethical decisionmaking, the way debaters simulate and persuade in the status quo is at odds with the ethical ideal: reading a plantext is an invitation for neg teams to read as many crappy disads as possible and to try to outspread and outweigh the aff, making debate a race to quantity over quality—this both makes persuasion into a numbers game and prevents ethical encounters, disengaging students in the process. Every video game contains a procedural rhetoric—our analysis is key   
Bogost 7 (Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher, professor in digital media at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames, ©The MIT Press 2010 Georgia Tech JS)--mm
Clarity edits marked by ||| We do not endorse gendered and/or ableist language 

When we make claims intended to persuade, how do we know if they were
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economy by aligning the goals of education with those of institutionalization and production.
Do you remember how port dredging worked? The mechanism for improving port security? How to implement plastic highway reinforcement? The quantified nature of debate necessitates a change, lest it continue to tag discussions “useless” that don’t provide enough utility or persuasion. Policy simulations in the squo serve only to rack up support for the sake of support itself, training bad policy pros—we need another model, examining the assumptions behind debate arguments can mirror the process by which we examine the assumptions behind Civilization IV   
Bogost 7 (Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher, professor in digital media at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames, ©The MIT Press 2010 Georgia Tech JS)--mm
Clarity edits marked by ||| We do not endorse gendered and/or ableist language 

Consider the type of advergames discussed earlier. Games with weak procedural rhetorics like Ms
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, the game produces deliberation, which implies neither immediate assent nor dissent.
The impact is value to life—continuing status quo debates makes persuasion into a numbers game: happiness no longer has meaning because it is premised off of a hedonic desire to consume. Analyzing the procedural rhetoric of video games is the antithesis of this desire, fueling a new, autotelic research methodology that also increases individual happiness—our thought experiment can question political systems, social and cultural practices and can change our practices of persuasion
McGonigal 11 (Jane, game designer and author, Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World, ©Penguin Publishing Georgia Tech JS)--mm
Clarity edits marked by ||| We do not endorse gendered and/or ableist language 

Many different competing theories of happiness have emerged from the field of positive psychology,
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lives by playing games. They’re actively making their real lives more rewarding.
Thus the advocacy: affirm the 1ac as an interrogation of the procedural rhetoric of economic engagement toward Latin America.
Analyzing how policy simulation is coded is key to creating simulation fever—every individual’s interpretation will be different and only analyzing procedural rhetoric creates a system where that dissonance is understood—debate and video games share many similarities, and leaving the assumptions behind both practices unquestioned only reinforces the squo
Bogost 7 (Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher, professor in digital media at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames, ©The MIT Press 2010 Georgia Tech JS)--mm
Clarity edits marked by ||| We do not endorse gendered and/or ableist language 

Social scientists may note that such conversations could be measured using qualitative analysis. The
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, how our world functions, and what we want it to become.
While there’s no 12 step program for decisionmaking skills, we’re confident that analyzing videogames creates a better simulation by changing the starting point of discussions: beginning with the questioning of epistemological assumptions and then discussing plan mechanisms—the video game is the ideal vehicle to facilitate this change in sequencing in our discussions
Bogost 6 (Ian, Playing Politics: Videogames for Politics, Activism, and Advocacy, First Monday, special issue number 7, September 2006 Georgia Tech JS)--mm
Clarity edits marked by ||| We do not endorse gendered and/or ableist language

Through procedural rhetoric, videogames can create highly compressed versions of the embodied experiences both
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whose primary purpose is to editorialize, teach, and make political statements.
Our questioning of the procedural rhetoric in Civilization IV is a litmus test for questioning the assumptions behind policymaking to actually make holistic discussions. Only using video games as a starting point can alter the way we simulate in debate; as intellectuals, the role of discussion should be to best methodologically interrogate procedural rhetoric
Chapman 13 (Adam, Univ. of Hull, Affording History: Civilization and the Ecological Approach, in Playing with the Past: Digital Games and the Simulation of History, Editors Kapell, Matthew Wilhelm and Elliott, Andrew B.R, ©Blomsbury Publishing 2013)--mm

Perhaps more important than the game’s interesting arguments about past affordances is the second layer
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that still allows the player to playfully configure historical narratives and counterfactual scenarios.

Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: those who arent on the wiki | Judge:
Aff: manny.medrano2@gmail.com
Neg: rhathaway24@gmail.com 

Have a nice day!

Tournament: ASU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Juan Diego WF | Judge: Bugrov, Lewis, McGougan
Reject Juan Diego WF--

Modifying gendered language per their 1nc Badiou evidence is a form of erasure that effaces the history of feminist struggle
Gross 9 (Rita M, founder in the field of Buddhist feminist theology, A Garland of Feminist Reflections: Forty Years of Religious Exploration, University of California Press, Mar. 5, 2009) MM *Clarity edit to the body of this text surrounded by |||.

In this case, one could truly forget gender by taking out gender-specific
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that it is done far more frequently than we would like to know. 

The impact is value to life
Showalter 81 (Elaine, Literary Critic and Feminist, Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness, in Critical Inquiry vol. 8, no. 2, Writing and Sexual Difference, Winter 1981, http://l-adam-mekler.com/showalter_fem_crit_wilderness.pdf; LA)

Some radical feminist critics, primarily in France but also in the United States,
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Seduction and Betrayal or Susan Sontag's Illness as Metaphorcan seem arid and strained.

Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Chirs Thiele
The very essence of economic engagement with Latin America relies on the subjugation of Indigenous alternatives to economic modernity. The resolution intends for us to simulate fixing the suffering and inferior economies of the Third World using supposed “universal” economy but infact subjugates docile bodies to work and produce the economy that pervades everyday life and makes violence inevitable.
Escobar 1995 Arturo, Kenan Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill
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Encountering Development THE MAKING AND UNMAKING OF THE THIRD WORLD” 1995, page

ECONOMICS AS CULTURE Needless to say, economists do not see their science as a
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? What are the consequences of seeing life in terms of such constructions?
Moreover, the central question of the resolution is that the exclusion of indigenous peoples provides the ontological grounding for modern sovereignty—any analysis which fails to foreground these histories is doomed to reproduce the horrors of colonialism

Byrd 11 (Jodi, Chickasaaw and Asst. Prof of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critics of Colonialism, p. xvii-xxi)--mm *We don’t endorse ableist language.
The Transit of Empire begins with a network of conflicting definitions to reflect upon the
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this crucial moment in history when everything appears to be headed towards collapse.

Thus Manny and I affirm indigenousness as the basis for challenging colonial politics. This reprioritization of the body of the native as the necessary precondition for the all violence.

Byrd 11 (Jodi, Chickasaaw and Asst. Prof of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critics of Colonialism, p. xxiii-xxxv)--mm
*We don’t endorse ableist or gendered language.
In setting a precedent for U.S. empire through evocations of the doctrine
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we interpret the cacophonies colonialism has left us in the transit of empire.
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Current political remedies aren’t the answer – lamenting the slaughter of Indigenous people but refusing to question the legitimacy of the nation state reinscirbes colonial politics.
Smith 5 (Andrea, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide p 185-186) MM
Unfortunately, while Flabermas argues that the public sphere is fundamentally based on exclusion,
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and coercion, indigenous sovereignty and nationhood is predicated on interrelatedness and responsibility.
Before you determine what actions you should take, you must answer the gateway question of whether the Western problem-solution based ontology of fear is a good one. Voting aff affirms a planetary shift to Native ways of knowing which avoid serial policy failure and solves extinction

Zimmerman 6 (Mary Jane Ph. D, Discussion Leader @ Partnership for Earth Spirituality and Prof of Literature @ Holy Names U and Central New Mexico Community College, Being Nature’s Mind: Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Planetary Consciousness, 2/2/6, http://www.earthspirituality.org/archive/zimmerman_seminar.htm)//LAfromMM *We don’t endorse ableist or gendered language. *Clarity edits to this text marked by |||.
Since 1999, I have participated in the Language of Spirituality dialogues between Native Americans
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range of perceptive abilities necessary for the next stages of life on earth.
1:40 Western knowledge presupposes an epistemology of domination that destroys ethics and can’t describe objective reality—only indigenous methods provide the possibility for an ethical model.

Hester and Cheney 1 (Lee and Jim, Associate Prof of American Indian Studies @ University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma and Dept of Publications in Environmental Philosophy at University of Wisconsin-Manitowoc, Truth and Native American Epistemology, Social Epistemology 15(4), p.319–34) RH *We don’t endorse ableist language.
Making use of J. L. Austin’s notion of the performative function of language
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in the maturation of Native American understanding from information to knowledge to maturity.
You have an obligation to reform education - Institutions education upholds dominant social relations and locks in authoritarianism. Aligning your ballot with Indigenousness is a prerequisite to change

Ortiz 12 (Michael, Taking Henry Giroux’s Borderless Pedagogy to Our Institutions of Higher Learning; Aug 4; truth-out.org/opinion/item/10549-continuing-toward-girouxs-borderless-pedagogy) RH
Additionally, colleges and universities (both public and private) also exist as sites
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continued attempt to raise the consciousness of everyone involved even without administrative support).
Epistemological questioning uncovers assumptions to avoid policy failure—don’t say we’re just philosophical musings
Reus-Smit 12 – Professor of International Relations at the European University Institute, Florence (Christian, “International Relations, Irrelevant? Don’t Blame Theory”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies June 2012 vol. 40 no. 3 525-540, dml)
However widespread it might be, the notion that IR’s lack of practical relevance stems
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is part of keeping us honest, making it practically relevant despite its abstraction

Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Coppell BJ | Judge: Joe Krakoff
Reparations through the modern sovereign state have empirically failed – evidence of rights gained consumes their offense, but the transition to an Indigenous based history is key to future progress
Stewart-Harawira 11 (Makere, Ph.D from the University of Auckland, New Zealand and is an Associate Professor in Indigenous Education and Globalization at the University of Alberta. She has also held positions at the University of Auckland and Te Whare Wananga o Awanuiarangi, a tribal university in New Zealand, “Indigenous Ways of Being and Post-Imperial Global Learning,” Building Global Democracy, 2011) MM 

Long before contemporary globalisation, indigenous peoples across the earth
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deep interconnection as the basis of citizenry in a post-imperial order.