We primarily debate in Missouri so most of the stuff on here will be from local tournaments that most of you have never heard of However if we do compete at a national circuit tournament I'll post that stuff on here as well
I won't post affs or advantages we haven't broken but they'll be posted as soon as possible afterwards
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Entry
Date
Clayton through Pattonville - Mexico Student Exchanges 1AC
Tournament: Clayton through Pattonville | Round: 1 | Opponent: | Judge: Inherency Contention 1 is Inherency: US-Mexico student exchanges are devastatingly low- we are losing competitive students to other nations. Wood 13 (Duncan, director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, professor and the director of the International Relations Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, “Educational cooperation and exchanges: An emerging issue,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Wood_Edu_US_Mex.pdf, Accessed 8/5/13, Keerthi) The challenge facing Mexico-U.S. educational exchanges Around the world university education is becoming more international in nature. In the West AND many Mexican students go to France to study as to the United States.
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially encourage and develop new student exchange and joint degree programs with Mexico.
STEM The only advantage is STEM education – this is a long advantage - Uniqueness- The United States is falling behind in STEM. Kluger 2013 (Jeffrey, senior editor at TIMES, Sept. 20, http://nation.time.com/2013/09/20/what-u-s-needs-to-be-the-leader-in-stem-again/, Keerthi, Accessed 9/20/13) There’s nothing like being successful in the past to make you feel like a loser AND that 80 of the papers I mentioned were from universities in China.” The plan solves STEM: A. Current education systems in Mexico and the US are insufficient – student exchanges solve STEM by creating collaboration and cultural ties. *Education systems are sufficient on both sides for success after exchanges Larsen 13 (Estefania Larsen, department of teaching, learning and teacher education at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, “Between World: Students’ Lived Experiences and Perspectives on Math. Science and Technology Education Between Mexico and the United States”, Digital Commons, 5/1/13, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030andcontext=teachlearnstudent) Implications for Public Policy¶ Within the context of improving education for transnational students on AND . Have their educations prepared them for a high quality life? Uncertain. B. The plan capitalizes on human capital and potential. *Now key- Mexico is poised to move from a middle income to high income country Wood 13 (Duncan, director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, professor and the director of the International Relations Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, “Educational cooperation and exchanges: An emerging issue,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Wood_Edu_US_Mex.pdf, Accessed 8/5/13, Keerthi) At a time when the Mexican and United States governments are looking for an opportunity AND would be to encourage higher levels of university-level exchanges between them. C. Hispanic workers are key to filling in the void Crotty 11?(James Marshall Crotty, Contributor at Forbes News, “Are Hispanics America's Next Great STEM Innovators?”, Forbes, 11/22/11, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesmarshallcrotty/2011/11/22/are-hispanics-americas-next-great-stem-innovators/) Unemployment in the U.S. is at its highest since the mid- AND cohort and this nation’s ever-expanding demand for STEM-educated labor? D. Provides adequate resources. Wood 13 (Duncan, director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, professor and the director of the International Relations Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, “Educational cooperation and exchanges: An emerging issue,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Wood_Edu_US_Mex.pdf, Accessed 8/5/13, Keerthi) The potential for expanding student exchange and international mobility programs between the United States and AND benefits to both economies and societies, and will greatly increase mutual understanding. E. Integrates students with government agencies, universities and research institutions. DOS 13 (Department of State Office of the Spokesperson, May 2 2013, “Facts: U.S.-Mexico Forum on Education, Innovation, Research,” http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/05/20130502146702.html#axzz2fUsJx9OT, Keerthi, Accessed 9/20/13) Through the High-Level Forum on Higher Education, Innovation, and Research, AND also draw on the expertise of the higher education community in both countries. Scenario _ is Science Diplomacy: STEM is key – scientific student exchanges bridge the gap for scientific dialogue. Committee on Science, Space and Technology 09 (House of Reps Committee, “House Approves Bills to Coordinate International Science and Technology Partnerships, STEM Education Programs in Federal Agencies,” http://archives.democrats.science.house.gov/press/PRArticle.aspx?NewsID=2495, Keerthi, Accessed 9/20/13) “Science diplomacy presents a unique and essential opportunity to develop and sustain friendships and AND federal STEM education activities, and improved dissemination of these activities to practitioners.” Specifically, improving science diplomacy with Latin America spills over. Albornoz et al. ’10 (Mario Albornoz, Mariano Matos Macedo, Claudio Alfaraz, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, “UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010,” http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/prospective-studies/unesco-science-report/unesco-science-report-2010/) If more countries are participating in science, we are also seeing a shift in AND have been working together to build a consensus on methodology (Box 2). Science diplomacy does work, spills over to actual government policy and solves extinction– robust data and the Syria issue empirically proves – most recent evidence. --OPWC proves that it works --spill-over from state-to-state contact to actual government policy --higher education and research is key --Impact: relations, climate change, wars, chemical weapons, economy, population growth, raw material arguments, food/energy/water security, culture, diplomacy Berg 10/16/13 (Dirk Jan van den Berg, President of Delft University of Technology. He was formerly Dutch Ambassador to China, and the United Nations in New York, 10/16/13, “Syria chemical weapons teams show how science can boost peace,” http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/16/opinion/opcw-science-peace, Keerthi, Acc 10/31/13) (CNN) -- The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded on October 11 to The AND the growing range of global challenges humanity will face in the coming decades. Scenario _ is Competitiveness: STEM jobs are key to US competitiveness- filling the job gap is key. NMS 2011?(National Math and Science Initiative, mission to improve student performance in STEM, Why m Education Matters”, NMS, 2011, http://www.nms.org/Portals/0/Docs/Why20Stem20Education20Matters.pdf) Science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) are where the jobs are AND percentage points, respectively. That increase could yield $75 trillion.13 US competitiveness stops great power wars—economic growth is vital to prevent collapse. Zalmay Khalilzad, 2011,Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, served as the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush, served as the director of policy planning at the Defense Department during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, “The Economy and National Security,” National Review, February 8th, Available Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024 Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to AND leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
Scenario _ is Cyber-Attacks: STEM solves Chinese cyber attack Lips and McNeill 9 (Dan Lips and Jena Baker McNeill, Senior Policy Analyst in the Domestic Policy Studies Department and Policy Analyst for Homeland Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies at the Heritage Foundation, “A New Approach to Improving Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math Education”, The Heritage Foundation, 4/15/9, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/04/a-new-approach-to-improving-science-technology-engineering-and-math-education) Those who underestimate the impact of a STEM-educated work force on a nation's AND of attacks depend on America's ability to produce citizens with superior STEM skills. Chinese cyber attack WILL happen and leads to space warfare quickly and covertly – strong US military capabilities can’t solve. *Cites Chinese documents and military files *US military can’t solve- China will disable GPS satellites *China will attack soon- C4ISR and military aggression Gertz 13 (Bill Gertz, senior editor at the Free Beacon, “ China’s Military Preparing for ‘People’s War’ in Cyberspace, Space Translated report reveals high-tech plans for cyber attacks, anti-satellite strikes”, The Washington Free Beacon, 7/30/13, http://freebeacon.com/china-military-preparing-for-peoples-war-in-cyberspace-space/) The new details of Chinese plans for cyber and space warfare were revealed in a AND obvious,” the study, “Research on Voidness of GPS,” said. Space warfare leads to extinction – outweighs nuclear war Mitchell 1 Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh (Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, “Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html) A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence AND space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen. Cyber warfare ensures nuclear war – retaliation and accidental launches. Fritz 9 (Jason - former Captain of the U.S. Army, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, MA in IR at Bond University, July, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control” http://icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf, Accessed 9/21/13) This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons. AND its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly. Scenario _ is Tech Leadership: US failure in STEM fields is collapsing tech leadership- causes extinction. Hummell et al 2k12 (Robert Hummel, PhD,*, Policy Research Division, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies Patrick Cheetham1, Justin Rossi1, Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy 2012 “US Science and Technology Leadership, and Technology Grand Challenges,” pg online @ http://www.synesisjournal.com/vol3_g/Hummel_2012_G14-39.pdf) Taken together, there is no direct evidence that the US has been overtaken in AND US technical leadership will require a dedicated and coordinated effort throughout the society. And, locking in tech leadership reduces all conflict Goldstein 2k7 (Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and AND Subscribing Institutions via Taylor and Francis Online, p. 647-648) Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for AND realize the transition to a new international order whose contours it will define. Scenario _ is Nanotech: Nanotech is inevitable within the decade Treder and Phoenix 7 Mike Treder, *Executive Director of CRN, BS Biology, University of Washington, Research Fellow with the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, a consultant to the Millennium Project of the American Council for the United Nations University and to the Future Technologies Advisory Group, serves on the Nanotech Briefs Editorial Advisory Board, is a member of the New York Academy of Sciences and a member of the World Future Society, and Chris Phoenix, CRN’s Director of Research, has studied nanotechnology for more than 15 years. BS, Symbolic Systems, MS, Computer Science, Stanford University. CRN's positions are the result of deliberations between its principals, Mike Treder and Chris Phoenix, informed by our mutual lifelong interest in emerging technologies and studies of societal dynamics, and sharpened through consultation with experts in many fields and continued research into both the technical and policy aspects of advanced nanotechnology, Center For Responsible Nanotechnology, Results of Our Ongoing Research, Last Updated 12/28/07, http://www.crnano.org/overview.htm Molecular manufacturing is the use of programmable chemistry to build exponential manufacturing systems and high AND to preserve most of the potential benefits while avoiding the most severe risks.¶ STEM is key to Nanotech leadership – multiple warrants Murday Et al 8 Dr. James S. Murday Office of Research Advancement ¶ University of Southern California Dr. Mihail Roco ¶ Senior Advisor for Nanotechnology ¶ National Science Foundation ¶ Dr. Mary Poats ¶ Engineering Education and Human Resource Development¶ Division of Engineering Education and Centers ¶ National Science Foundation 26-28 April 2008 Partnership for Nanotechnology Education http://www.nsf.gov/crssprgm/nano/reports/educ09_murdyworkshop.pdf The current interest, planning, and activity toward reinvigorating Science, Technology, Engineering AND of new instructional materials, some of which are available as cyberinfrastructure resources. Nanotech is inevitable --- U.S. leadership is key to stable development --- checks gray goo, super-weapons, and eco-collapse. Dennis 6 (Lindsay V., JD Candidate – Temple University School of Law, “Nanotechnology: Unique Science Requires Unique Solutions”, Temple Journal of Science, Technology and Environmental Law, Spring, 25 Temp. J. Sci. Tech. and Envtl. L. 87, Lexis) Nanotechnology, a newly developing field merging science and technology, promises a future of AND in this article as examples of what can be done to regulate nanotechnology. Uncontrolled and unregulated nanotech development causes extinction *Non-state actors and terrorists would release nanobots= grey goo. *Once this starts, it’s hard to stop *Inter-state arms races leads to war due to miscalc and escalation. Bostrom 2 (Nice, Ph.D, Professor – Oxford University, and Winner – Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, “Existential Risks Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards”, Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9, March, http://www.nickbostr...ial/risks.html) In a mature form, molecular nanotechnology will enable the construction of bacterium-scale AND arms race between the US and the USSR was predicted but occurred nevertheless.
Solvency Contention 2 is Solvency: The plan would create collaboration that vastly increases student exchanges and university research cooperation through joint degree programs Wood 13 (Duncan, director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, professor and the director of the International Relations Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, “Educational cooperation and exchanges: An emerging issue,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Wood_Edu_US_Mex.pdf, Accessed 8/5/13, Keerthi) To attain this goal, it makes sense to create a binational task force on AND for university degrees, working with existing accreditation organizations, governments and universities. The creation of a forum will get public and private universities to remove barriers and massively increase the number of US-Mexico student exchanges. Boz 13 (James, May 3, Freelance writer and consultant working on Latin American politics, security, economics and technology issues, regarded as one of the top foreign policy bloggers and reporters, runs his popular Latin American foreign policy blog called Blogging by Boz, Writes for Woodrow Wilson Center, “Fixing the problems in US-Mexico student exchanges” http://www.bloggingsbyboz.com/2011/02/could-instability-spread-to-latin.html, Accessed 8/5/13, Keerthi) One of the announcements that the US and Mexican governments want to highlight from President AND the forum can get universities, civil society and the private sector talking.
1/30/14
Cuba Science 1AC
Tournament: | Round: 1 | Opponent: | Judge: Cuba science 1ac 1ac – inherency Contention 1 is Inherency: Current restrictions for scientists impair effective engagement Lempinen 2012 (Edward Lempinen, Public Information Officer and analyst at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Oceans, Weather, Health—U.S. Researchers Explore Potential Collaboration with Cuban Colleagues,” May 1 2012, http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/0501cuba.shtml, Keerthi, Acc 11/19/13) They are next-door neighbors, sharing all the amenities and challenges of the AND we’re both faced with similar issues, even though our systems are different.” Plan: The United States federal government should lift all restrictions that preclude scientific cooperation with the Republic of Cuba. We claim fiat and all legislative intent. 1ac – science diplomacy New scientific partnerships spill over to solve for broader science diplomacy Hormats 12 - served as the U.S. Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment since 2009. (Robert, “Science Diplomacy and Twenty-First Century Statecraft”, March 2012, http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/files/science_diplomacy_and_twenty-first_century_statecraft_science__diplomacy.pdf, HW) While the scientific partnerships AND further enable technological innovation. The plan is a necessary starting point to solve alt causes globally. Johnson 2012 (Stephen Johnson, senior fellow and director of the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 20 years of experience in Western Hemisphere affairs in policymaking, former deputy assistant secretary of defense for Western Hemisphere affairs, former public affairs official at the Department of Defense and the State Department, B.A. from University of Wyoming and an M.A.L.S. from Georgetown University, "U.S.-Cuba Academic and Science-Based Exchanges", August 2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 11/17/13) As in other countries, U.S. and Cuban authorities look favorably on AND of the population, who are compelled to work for the state. 50 The US is a critical international beacon of scientific diplomacy- institutions will engage with us. Turekian 10 (Vaugh. Director, Center for Science Diplomacy, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Keynote Address at USC Center for on Public Diplomacy Conference, 2010. http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/media/Science20Diplomacy20Proceedings.pdf, Accessed 8/5/13, Keerthi) Science diplomacy does work and spills over to actual policy – robust data and the Syria issue empirically proves – most recent evidence. --OPWC proves that it works --spill-over from state-to-state contact to actual government policy Berg 10/16/13 (Dirk Jan van den Berg, President of Delft University of Technology. He was formerly Dutch Ambassador to China, and the United Nations in New York, 10/16/13, “Syria chemical weapons teams show how science can boost peace,” http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/16/opinion/opcw-science-peace, Keerthi, Acc 10/31/13) (CNN) -- The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded on AND challenges humanity will face in the coming decades. Try-or-die – extinction is inevitable without scientific exchange – and it’s key to solving all other impacts. Sackett 10 (Penny, – former Chief Scientist for Australia, former Program Director at the NSF, PhD in theoretical physics, the Director of the Australian National University (ANU) Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 8/10, “Science diplomacy: Collaboration for solutions,” published in the Forum for Australian-European Science and Technology cooperation magazine, http://www.chiefscientist.gov.au/2010/08/science-diplomacy-collaboration-for-solutions/, Accessed 8/5/13, Keerthi) Imagine for a moment that the globe is inhabited by a single individual who roams AND trade and security. Many countries have recognised the value of science diplomacy. And, science diplomacy checks escalation of conflicts – it’s an impact filter – it also solves ocean acidification, Arctic war, nuclear escalation Royal Society, 10 – a Fellowship of more than 1400 outstanding individuals from all AND the Royal Society’s MP-Scientist Pairing Scheme has been running since 2001. Ocean acidification causes mass extinction – empirically proven Boswell, 11 Randy. Staff Writer for the Vancouver Sun. “Mass extinction due to high ocean acidity: Canadian-led team solves biggest mystery in Earth history.” http://www.vancouversun.com/business/technology/Mass+extinction+high+ocean+acidity+study/5377124/story.html. September 9. A Canadian-led team of scientists may have AND dinosaur age 65 million years ago. Arctic war escalates and goes nuclear- miscalc is likely. Wallace and Staples 10 Michael Wallace is Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia; Steven Staples is President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa, March 2010, “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue”, http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition. AND geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change.”
1ac – atmospheric science Cuban science cooperation is key to effective Atmospheric Science Lempinen 2012 (Edward Lempinen, Public Information Officer and analyst at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Oceans, Weather, Health—U.S. Researchers Explore Potential Collaboration with Cuban Colleagues,” May 1 2012, http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/0501cuba.shtml, Keerthi, Acc 11/19/13) Atmospheric research is another area where Cuba and the United States share tangible common interests AND so that Americans and the Cubans together can benefit from measurements in Cuba.” Specifically expanding atmospheric science is critical to solve ozone depletion – the brink is now NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2013 Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion and Recovery http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/research/themes/o3/ In each year beginning in the early 1980s the stratospheric ozone layer over Antarctica has AND accurately attributing any observed changes in the ozone layer to their appropriate cause.? Continued ozone depletion results in extinction FES, 9 "The Ozone Layer", 2-17-09, http://festiveearth.com/index27739.pdf?option=com_content26do_pdf=126id=96~~ The ozone layer is a portion of earth AND allows life, as we know it, to exist. Specifically, it kills phytoplankton Charles Welch Ozone Hole Consequence, cites, Dr Patrick Neale, of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center , researcher at Ozone Hole Inc, received an award from UN environmental protection division, 2013 http:www.theozonehole.com/consequences.htm-http://www.theozonehole.com/consequences.htmajh The Southern Ocean is one of the world's most AND for temperate latitudes by the year 2050. Phytoplankton loss causes extinction – oxygen depletion and food chains UPI June 6, 2008 (http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/) Increased carbon levels in ocean water could have devastating impacts on marine life, scientists AND . like Bishop. "We would lose everything," he told UPI. 1ac – environment proper Cuba is a biological hotspot. US-Cuba cooperation cements preservation and protects keystone species. Ordonez 2012 (Franco Ordonez, reporter for McClatchy News and analyst at United States Dept. of Labor, May 21 2012, cites Vaughan Turekian, atmospheric geochemist and chief international officer at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Scientists work to bridge political gap between Cuba, U.S.,” http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/21/149603/scientists-work-to-bridge-political.html, Keerthi, Acc 11/17/13) VINALES, CUBA — Cuban and American scientists have joined forces in an effort to AND officials about rebuilding fish stocks for species of fish that populate the region. Specifically, US Cuba cooperation solves ocean bio-d. Luxner 09-- Larry Luxner is news editor of The Washington Diplomat and editor of CubaNews. His specialty is Latin America and the Middle East, and he's written more than 2,000 articles for publications ranging from National Journal to Saudi Aramco World. (“Experts urge joint US-Cuba marine conservation effort”—5/2009 http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1751) Saltwater fish, migratory birds, turtles and marine mammals couldn’t care less about the AND , law and innovative private-sector partnerships to solve key environmental problems. Ocean biodiversity loss causes extinction Craig 03 Robin Kundis, Attorneys’ Title Insurance Fund Professor at Florida State University College of Law and leading environmental law scholar, Winter 2003, “Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii,” Lexis WD Specific hotspot biodiversity spills over to other ecosystems. Key to ag, medicine and disease prevention, and ecosystems. Mittermeier ’11 (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots) Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible AND than 30 of original vegetation remaining” criterion to a genuine hotspot. Agriculture is the biggest impact and solves extinction. Lugar 11 (Richard G., U.S. Senator – Indiana and Former Chair – Senate Foreign Relations Committee, “Plant Power”, Our Planet, 14(3), http://www.unep.org/ourplanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html) Disease spread causes extinction Yu 9 (Victoria, 5/22/09, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate.” Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science. http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate) Citing the CDC and R. Calsbeek, a lecturer at Dartmouth Biodiversity prevents extinction Dr. Glen Barry 13, Political ecologist with expert proficiencies in old forest protection, climate change, and environmental sustainability policy, Ph.D. in "Land Resources" and Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development” from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, “ECOLOGY SCIENCE: Terrestrial Ecosystem Loss and Biosphere Collapse,” Forests.org, February 4, 2013, pg. http://forests.org/blog/2013/02/ecology-science-terrestrial-ec.asp Blunt, Biocentric Discussion on Avoiding Global Ecosystem Collapse and Achieving Global Ecological Sustainability Science AND across scales when enough life is lost beyond thresholds, living systems die. Regardless of extinction-level impacts, you have an a-priori obligation to default to bio-d and species extinction---neglecting it makes human extinction possible and it’s the only impact that transcends this debate. Bookchin 87 (Murray Bookchin, co-founder of the Institute of Social Ecology, 1987, "An Appeal For Social and Psychological Sanity," The Modern Crisis, Published by Black Rose Books Ltd., ISBN 0920057624, p. 106-108) Industrially and technologically, we are moving at an ever- AND to reproduce a green and living world. 1ac – solvency Contention 2 is Solvency: The plan results in academic exchanges and information sharing – it builds a GLOBAL model for scholarship, information sharing and diplomacy. Johnson 2012 (Stephen Johnson, senior fellow and director of the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 20 years of experience in Western Hemisphere affairs in policymaking, former deputy assistant secretary of defense for Western Hemisphere affairs, former public affairs official at the Department of Defense and the State Department, B.A. from University of Wyoming and an M.A.L.S. from Georgetown University, "U.S.-Cuba Academic and Science-Based Exchanges", August 2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 11/17/13) Since the early days of official U.S. public diplomacy at AND guidelines, seek Cuban partners, and pay expenses. Cuba will say “yes” to the AFF and scientists will cooperate. Lempinen 2012 (Edward Lempinen, Public Information Officer and analyst at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Oceans, Weather, Health—U.S. Researchers Explore Potential Collaboration with Cuban Colleagues,” May 1 2012, http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/0501cuba.shtml, Keerthi, Acc 11/19/13) Today, however, scientists in both Cuba and the United States are exploring whether AND Sergio Jorge Pastrana, foreign secretary of the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Other areas of travel are increasing – no offense Gibson 13 (William E. Gibson, Sun-Sentinel's Washington bureau chief for 25 years, has covered six presidential elections and 13 sessions of Congress, studied journalism at the University of Kansas and Columbia University, “Jay-Z and Beyoncé tour stokes desire to visit Cuba,” Sun-Sentinel, 6-2-2013, http://www.sun-sentinel.com/fl-cuba-travel-congressional-push-20130602,0,7448204.story) Jay-Z and Beyoncé's controversial trip to Cuba four weeks ago has stoked public AND 50 years hasn't improved that situation. We need to try something new." Even if the AFF doesn’t completely improve scientific cooperation, it creates the political conditions necessary for future science policies. Lempinen 2012 (Edward Lempinen, Public Information Officer and analyst at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Oceans, Weather, Health—U.S. Researchers Explore Potential Collaboration with Cuban Colleagues,” May 1 2012, http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/0501cuba.shtml, Keerthi, Acc 11/19/13) These may be small steps, but they have a significant value in helping to build the foundation for AND can actually contribute to both countries.” Empirics prove that the plan works and overcomes alt causes Johnson 2012 (Stephen Johnson, senior fellow and director of the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 20 years of experience in Western Hemisphere affairs in policymaking, former deputy assistant secretary of defense for Western Hemisphere affairs, former public affairs official at the Department of Defense and the State Department, B.A. from University of Wyoming and an M.A.L.S. from Georgetown University, "U.S.-Cuba Academic and Science-Based Exchanges", August 2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 11/17/13) It is worth noting that U.S. advocates of science AND and plan scholarly exchanges in similar situations. 1ac – framing All Disads are non unique – We have scientific exchanges now, just nowhere near enough. Johnson 2012 (Stephen Johnson, senior fellow and director of the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 20 years of experience in Western Hemisphere affairs in policymaking, former deputy assistant secretary of defense for Western Hemisphere affairs, former public affairs official at the Department of Defense and the State Department, B.A. from University of Wyoming and an M.A.L.S. from Georgetown University, "U.S.-Cuba Academic and Science-Based Exchanges", August 2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 11/17/13) For now, most exchanges involve multiday conferences AND from studying abroad, opportunities are few. No war – Rising powers will be cooperative and integrated into the liberal international order Ikenberry 11 – (May/June issue of Foreign Affairs, G. John, PhD, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, “The Future of the Liberal World Order,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/67730/g-john-ikenberry/the-future-of-the-liberal-world-order?page=show) For all these reasons, many observers have concluded that world politics is experiencing not AND and prosperity that it has provided since the middle of the twentieth century. Nuclear War wouldn’t cause extinction. Brian Martin, 7-4-11, Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, associate, http://www.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/meet/2002/Martin_ActivismNuclearWar.html, da: 7-4-2011 The confrontation between Indian and Pakistani governments earlier this year showed that military use of nuclear weapons is quite possible. There are other plausible scenarios. A US military attack against Iraq could lead Saddam Hussein to release chemical or biological weapons, providing a trigger for a US nuclear strike. Israeli nuclear weapons might also be unleashed. Another possibility is accidental nuclear war. Paul Rogers in his book Losing Control says that the risk of nuclear war has increased due to proliferation, increased emphasis on nuclear war-fighting, reduced commitment to arms control (especially by the US government) and Russian reliance on nuclear arms as its conventional forces disintegrate. A major nuclear war could kill AND death toll in the thousands or less.
1/30/14
GSL Workshop - Cuban Oil 1AC
Tournament: GSL Workshop | Round: 1 | Opponent: Ladue FC | Judge: Inherency First, Cuba will inevitably drill for oil off their coast due to energy needs. The current US embargo only prevents proactive US safety experts and measures. David LaGesse, energy researcher at the University of Texas at Austin, states in 2012 (David LaGesse¶ reporter, with recent articles that have appeared in National Geographic, Money, and most frequently in U.S. News and World Report – National Geographic News – November 19, 2012 – internally quoting Jorge Piñon, a former president of Amoco Oil Latin America (now part of BP) and an expert on Cuba's energy sector who is now a research fellow at the University of Texas at Austin.– http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2012/11/121119-cuba-oil-quest/, Accessed 8/8/13) But an energy-poor Cuba also has its risks. One of the chief AND a major find. But that doesn't mean Cuba will give up trying.
Plan Text Plan: As they pertain to crude oil reservoirs, the United States federal government should lift its restrictions that preclude firms from exploring, extracting, refining, importing, or coordinating engineering and safety protocols with the Republic of Cuba. We will claim all legislative intent, fiat, and normal means.
Advantage 1: Oil Spills
Firstly, as we mentioned above, Cuba will attempt to gain oil resources by drilling off their coasts in the Gulf of Mexico and below Florida.
Secondly, the United States owns the highest quality safety equipment- without the United States, Cuba and another nations will fail. Chris Helman, energy reporter at Forbes, writes in 2011, (Christopher Helman – Forbes Staff: Southwest Bureau covering Houston, the US energy capital – Forbes – “U.S. Should Drop Cuba Embargo For Oil Exploration” – December 12th – http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2011/12/12/u-s-should-drop-cuba-embargo-for-oil-exploration/) In a few months Spanish oil company Repsol will start drilling for oil off the AND its people and scrounge for spare parts from the rest of the world.
Third, absent these proactive U.S. steps, accidents like oil spills are inevitable. Erika Boltad, a reporter for Anchorage Daily News, citing the International Association of Drilling Contractors, states in 2012, (Erika Bolstad is a reporter who covers Washington for the Anchorage Daily News, the Idaho Statesman and McClatchy Newspapers. This evidence internally quotes Lee Hunt, the former president of the International Association of Drilling Contractors. Hunt, in this instance, is arguably not biased in favor of drilling, as he is speaking to safety and clean-up regimes and he is speaking before a liberal think-tank in favor of human rights – McClatchy Newspapers – May 10, 2012 – http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/10/148433/cuba-embargo-could-threaten-oil.html#.UaoUWpyADq0) The 50-year-old U.S. embargo of Cuba is getting AND in advance the kind of technologies that would be required," Reilly said.
Fourth, another environmental oil disaster caused by Cuba would leave unprecedented damage and kill regional ecosystems Rob Almeida, with a Bachelors in Naval Architecture from the US Naval Academy, states in 2012, (Rob Almeida is Partner/CMO at gCaptain. He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1999 with a B.S in Naval Architecture and spent 6.5 years on active duty as a Surface Warfare Officer. He worked for a year as a Roughneck/Rig Manager trainee on board the drillship Discoverer Americas. May 18th – http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/) In short however, Cuba’s AND if not planned for in advance.
Fifth, this all-important regional biodiversity is crucial to society’s agriculture, medicine, and various other stabilizing products. Dr. Russell Mittermeier, a biological anthropologist with a Ph.D. from Harvard, states in 2011: (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots) Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible AND than 30 of original vegetation remaining” criterion to a genuine hotspot.
Advantage 2: Relations
First, U.S. ties with Latin America are at a crucial point in history- we must act now to reverse tension, or they will permanently fail. Michael Shifter, professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University, reports in 2012 (Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council's journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf) Relations between the United AND Summit of the Americas in Cartagena, Colombia.
Secondly, Cuban oil cooperation establishes a long-term framework for normalization of relations. Adam Lanier, holding a BA in International Law from the University of North Carolina, writes in 2013 (C. Adam Lanier, J.D. Candidate at the University of North Carolina School of Law, holds a B.A. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2013 (“In Deepwater: Cuba, Offshore Drilling, and Political Brinkmanship,” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation (38 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 571), Winter, Lexis-Nexis) IV. Recommendations¶ AND acceptable terms. *595
Third, US-Cuban cooperation is necessary to broadly improve existing US-Latin American tensions. Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, Ph.D. in Political Science from University of Nebraska, reports in 2010 (Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,” a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 3-4) The development of Cuba as an energy partner will not solve America’s energy problems. AND enhance the environment, conserve energy, and provide improved quality of life.”
Effective U.S.-Latin America relations resolve every major international threat and promote stability. Julie Swieg, fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relation, states in 2008, (Julia E. Swieg et. Al, May 2008 (Chairs: Charlene Barshefsky, and James T. Hill, President, The JT Hill Group, Inc. Director: Shannon K. O'Neil, Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies Senior Adviser: Julia E. Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, U.S.-Latin America Relations, A New Direction for a New Reality, Council on Foregin Relations, http://www.cfr.org/mexico/us-latin-america-relations/p16279) Latin America has never AND throughout the hemisphere.
Solvency
First, our proposal is effective, would gain acceptance from US firms, and is topical as economic engagement Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, previously cited, writes in 2010: Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,” a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 125-26 There are numerous areas in the energy sector in which the United States and Cuba AND changes in the Cuban embargo so that this type of engagement can occur.
Secondly, Cuba would agree with the United States on this issue, which spills over into broader cooperation. Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado continues in 2010 Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,” a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 120 Undoubtedly, after fifty years of enmity, there is a significant lack of trust AND the way to establishing much-needed familiarity and confidence across these communities.
Finally, United States safety protocol and technology is vital to Cuban oil development. Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado concludes in 2010 Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, PhD of Political Science, University of Nebraska, 2010, “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation,” a Brookings Publication – obtained as an ebook through MSU Electronic Resources – page 125 As mentioned often throughout this book, the potential of Cuba’s offshore oil reserves may AND this area as part of energy resource development and production-sharing scenarios.
9/8/13
Mexican Space Agency 1AC - Lay
Tournament: Marquette | Round: 1 | Opponent: | Judge: Mexico Space Agency 1AC Lay Inherency The Mexican space industry, or AEM, is on the verge of expansive growth – however, in order to be effective, further development is key. Jiminez et al. 2013 (Francisco Javier Mendieta Jimenez, premier director of the Mexican Space Agency AEM; Saul D Santillan Guttierez, Centro de Tecnología Avanzada, PhD in Engineering; Enrique Pacheco-Cabrera, researcher at the University of Surrey; Jose Alberto Ramirez Aguilar, doctorate; Carlos Romo Fuentes, doctorate; Jorge Sanchez Gomez; Jorge Alfredo Ferrer Perez; Alberto Ramirez Aguila, researcher; Saul de la Rose Nieves, prof at School of Engineering, Natl. Autonomous University of Mexico; Fernando Velazquez Villegas, AEM; Emilio Sanchez Medina, AEM; “Developing a Space Program for Mexico,” published and sponsored by United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/pres/copuos2013/tech-23.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 1/21/14) •After lenghty discussions, the AEM was approved in an structure that let them AND • Societal approach for services like remote education, health and disaster prevention.
Solvency Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Mexico by providing technical assistance and investment in the Mexican non-military space industry. We’ll claim fiat and normal means of policymaking. If you have any questions, just ask, and we’ll clarify. With our policy proposal in mind, let’s move to the second contention, solvency, or how the plan will be effective – First, US assistance is specifically vital in the Mexican space industry – a variety of reasons prove that the US is the most experienced. --global focus and experience, past space program and experiences in the US, compartmentalization from the military sector, technology innovation and development, and potential for growth Forman et al. 2009 (Johanna Mendelson Forman, Senior Associate at the Center for Strategic and International Studies Program on Crisis, Conflict and Cooperation, scholar at the U.S. Institute of Peace, Ph.D. in Latin American history, MA in International Affairs; Vincent Sabathier, senior associate with the CSIS Technology and Public Policy Program; G. Ryan Faith, Research Analyst at the Space Foundation, BS in Engineering Mechanics, BA in Chemistry and Math, Minor in Economics and Business Administration; Ashley Bander, program manager of CSIS Space Initiatives, BA in Political Science and Intl. Studies, MA in Diplomacy and IR; Thomas Cook, scholar at the Americas Program at CSIS, BA in Political Science and Economics; Ann Janaina Nelson, MA in Latin America studies, intern scholar at CSIS, researcher at the Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; “Toward the Heavens: Latin America’s Emerging Space Programs,” August 2009, Published by the CSIS Americas Program and Space Initiatives, http://csis.org/files/publication/090730_Mendelson_TowardHeavens_Web.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 1/21/14) The United States is particularly well suited to make very effective use of space as AND in Latin American on civilian space technology for both diplomatic and commercial reasons. Secondly, the affirmative plan resolves issues in Mexico’s space industry – Mexico would comply AND investment would result in joint innovation and new infrastructure. Negocios 2012 (Negocious, also ProMexico, is the Mexican Government Institution in charge of strengthening Mexican participation in the international economy, establishes Foreign Direct Investment links, 2012 is the LATEST it was published, since the article itself mentions events in 2012 (no specific publication date is given, although it was last updated in 2014) “Investment Opportunities in the Mexican Space Industry,” http://negocios.promexico.gob.mx/english/05-2013/art02.html, Keerthi, Acc 1/22/14, AEM = Agencia Espacial Mexicana, or Mexican Space Agency) Space infrastructure is the backbone that holds and links satellite space systems and national security AND high-impact work with state-ofthe-art quality and innovation. Third, more investment secures long term projects, rather than short term failures, providing the impetus for space development --Mexico already has the qualified workers, just need direction Pacheco et al. 2009 (E. Pacheco, researcher at the University of Surrey; E. Vincente- Vivas, prof. and researcher at the Institute Ingenieria UNAM; R. Conte, researcher at Centro De Investigacion Cientifica y Educacion Superior de Ensenada, “Satellite and Space Communications Research in Mexico: Contributions to a National Program,” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, http://www.enu.kz/repository/2009/AIAA-2009-6410.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 1/23/14) Mexico has tried at different attempts to enter the space communications research, and even AND , apart from creative ideas, funding, and good scientists and engineers. 1AC – Natural Disasters In order for any policy to be effective, it must have clear advantages. The affirmative plan itself, assistance in the Mexican space industry, has a few clear advantages that we will isolate. The first advantage to passing the affirmative plan is successful response to natural disasters in Mexico: First, Mexico is uniquely vulnerable to natural disasters now – intensity of storms is increasing and there’s no end in sight. Althaus 2013 (Dudley Althaus, senior correspondent for Mexico and Central America, 8/20/13, “Mexico storms: An unnatural disaster, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/mexico/130920/mexico-storms-ingrid-manuel-unnatural-disaster, Keerthi, Acc 1/21/14) MEXICO CITY — Another storm season has brought a fresh spate of death-dealing AND things accumulate and create a greater tragedy. Greed prevails over other concerns.” Second, fortunately, development of the Mexican space sector would result in scientific advancement in domestic technology –this creates a fast response and simplicity that the detection of natural environmental disasters. Rayzoga 2010 (Jesus B. Rayzoga, director of Earth Space Agency, researchers dedicated to informing the public of future space programs and developments, President of the Mexican Space Society, Member of the Institute for Advanced Sciences, “Why Mexico needs a space agency,” http://www.earthspaceagency.org/space-opinions/why-mexico-needs-a-space-agency.html, Keerthi, Acc 1/24/14) A Mexican space agency should be a generator of scientific-driven minds for Mexico AND the world, and promptly to begin to be a space faring nation. Third, further advanced warning is vital to responding toz natural threats- the current void in disaster response in Mexico is primarily because of a lack of early warning for preparedness. Disaster policy is reactive, rather than proactive. Gonzalez and Magaña, last updated 2011, originally published 2006 (Fernando Gonzalez, PhD and researcher at the Institute for International Law, graduated from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, finished program on International Legal Studies; Victor Magaña, Researcher of National Autonomous University of Mexico; “Mexico Country Case Study on Domestic Policy Frameworks for Adaptation in the Water Sector,” published and sponsored by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/36318827.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 1/24/14) Recent changes in the Mexican legislation on Civil Protection have resulted in the allocation of AND not implements due to limited funds for this part of the development plan. Finally, the impact - natural disasters in Mexico are devastating – they increase inequality, wreck local governmental structures, and undermine future growth and progress in the nation. Eulich 2013 (Whitney Eulich, Latin America researcher, former Rotary International Cultural Ambassadorial Fellow in Latin American nations, Masters in human rights, Latin America, and conflict resolution at Columbia University, CS Monitor, “Mexico's storms: Should governments put emphasis on climate change prevention?,” http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/Latin-America-Monitor/2013/0924/Mexico-s-storms-Should-governments-put-emphasis-on-climate-change-prevention, Keerthi, Acc 1/21/14) “But the point is we are paying the consequences … from our AND damaged roads and transportation arteries, and the scores of people still missing. 1AC – Aerospace Industry In addition to improving response to natural disasters, the affirmative plan will have a second advantage, the improvement of the Mexican aerospace sector. For clarification, aerospace industry is the sector that researchers, designs, manufactures, and operates aircraft or spacecraft: First, The plan improves the Mexican aerospace sector’s growth – provides human capital, improves credibility, and creates technological competition. Samra et al. 2013 (Elena Achar Samra, Head of the Export Promotion Unit; Alejandro Delgado Ayala, titular de la Unidad de Apoyos y Relaciones Institucionales de ProMéxico economic ministry, Carlos Eduardo Sanchez Pavon, Head of the Investment and International Business Promotion Unit, “FLIGHT PLAN MEXICO’S AEROSPACE INDUSTRY ROAD MAP 2013,” http://www.promexico.gob.mx/work/models/promexico/Resource/1985/1/images/ROAD-MAP-Aerospace-2013.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 1/24/14) An essential factor for the development of any industry is the availability of human capital AND greater specialization and concentration on niche oppor- tunities in the space economy. Second, space development would leverage the private sector and global market integration – that means the entire global aerospace sector is improved by Mexican improvements. Samra et al. 2012 (Elena Achar Samra, Head of the Export Promotion Unit; Alejandro Delgado Ayala, titular de la Unidad de Apoyos y Relaciones Institucionales de ProMéxico economic ministry, Carlos Eduardo Sanchez Pavon, Head of the Investment and International Business Promotion Unit, “Orbit Plan: Roadmap for Mexico's Space Industry,” October 2012, http://www.promexico.gob.mx/work/models/comercio/Resource/130/1/images/Plan20de20Orbita20201320-20ING.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 1/24/14) The competition between two important economic the former USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics AND of opportunity and create innovative projects to become a world-class industry. Third, specifically, the Mexican aerospace sector also maintains the aerospace sector in the United States – however, more research and development is key. Economic Intelligence Unit, 2013 (research institution that analyzes economic risks, subset of the Economist, Aug 23, 2013, “Mexico economy: Quick View - Booming aerospace industry looks to expand,” https://globalconnections.hsbc.com/global/en/articles/mexico-economy-quick-view-booming-aerospace-industry-looks-expand, Keerthi, Acc 1/24/14) The statements by Carlos Bello Roch came ahead of the industry's annual summit in Querétaro AND of the sector) towards research and development, as well as engineering. Fourth, A strong aerospace sector is vital to maintain United States airpower and supremacy in aerial conflict. Lexington Institute 13 Public policy think tank, “America Is A Superpower Because It Is An Air Power”, 1/24, http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/142016/air-power-makes-america-a-superpower.html Finally, the U.S. is the dominant air power in the world AND multiplier, providing more aircraft on the flight line to support the warfighters. Fifth, Air Force is key to deterrence - decline causes global nuclear war and conflict Thompson, March 2013--Loren B., PhD, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, Lexington Institute, www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Defense/AirDominance-ISR.pdf The United States has enjoyed global air dominance for many decades. No U. AND and providing that vigilance is an overarching mission of the nation's air forces.
2/16/14
Venezuela Oil 1AC - Lay
Tournament: GSL Finals | Round: 1 | Opponent: | Judge: 1AC – Inherency Venezuela is a small nation in South America. Under the rule of Hugo Chavez, Venezuela isolated itself from the United States by using anti-American rhetoric and expelling diplomats and government officials. Without the US, Venezuela has developed an oil industry that generates 95 of its income, holding massive oil reserves in the Orinoco oil belt. When leader Hugo Chavez died early in 2013, he left to his successor Nicolas Maduro an oil industry in severe decline, risking many negative consequences for the international community. Because my partner Keerthi and I believe that the Venezuelan oil industry must be revived through US cooperation, we affirm the resolution and support economic engagement toward the country of Venezuela. We will provide various contentions to support our claim. Contention 1 is Inherency, or the current state of affairs: The Venezuelan oil industry will inevitably decline. --No expertise and reinvestment due to political uncertainty Ladislaw and Verrastro 2013 (Sarah Ladislaw, co-director and senior fellow with the Energy and National Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Frank Verrastro, senior vice president and James R. Schlesinger Chair for Energy and Geopolitics at CSIS, 3/6/13, “Post-Chavez Outlook for Venezuelan Oil Production,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, http://csis.org/publication/post-chavez-outlook-venezuelan-oil-production, Keerthi, Acc 11/29/13) Despite its enormous oil resources, Venezuela’s oil production (regardless of whose figures you AND production and a worsening economic outlook for Venezuela during a politically difficult time. In order to reverse this decline in production, we present the following federal policy proposal, the Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its technical assistance and investment in the liberalization of Venezuela’s oil sector. We’ll claim fiat and normal means. For clarification, the Venezuelan oil industry might be referred to as PDVSA, which stands for Petroleos de Venezuela South America. 1AC – Solvency Our second contention is Solvency, or how enacting the affirmative policy proposal would be effective: First, the US should provide investment in Venezuela’s oil sector. Wilson 2011 (Lt. Colonel Jeffrey K. Wilson, US Army War College Strategy, published March 18, 2005, last updated 2011, “PROMOTING STABILITY AND SECURITY IN VENEZUELA” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA431740 NCHO, Acc 11/29/13, GOV=Government of Venezuela) Although some estimates show that Venezuela has restored oil production to levels seen¶ prior AND gas available for export.58 Both countries could benefit from such development. Second, specifically in regards to Venezuela, US technical assistance is key—we have the best management expertise, technology, and investment capital. Farnsworth 2013 (Eric Farnsworth, vice president of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society, 4/11/2013, “ENERGY SECURITY OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN, HEARING BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20130411/100622/HHRG-113-FA07-Wstate-FarnsworthE-20130411.pdf, Acc 11/29/13) Finally, we should begin to view energy—specifically natural gas—as a AND our technical assistance to improve the investment climate and the rule of law. Third, Venezuela would say “yes” to and comply with US assistance – US oil leverage overwhelms domestic and political concerns. Metzker 2013 (Jared Metzker, Inter Press Service Reporter at DC, citing Diana Villiers Negroponte, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institute, citing Michael Shifter, Adjunct Professor at Georgetown, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and president of the Inter-American Dialogue, June 17, 2013, “Analysts Say Oil Could Help Mend U.S.-Venezuela Relations,” http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/analysts-say-oil-could-help-mend-u-s-venezuela-relations/ Accessed 8/10/13) A shift in U.S. foreign policy towards Venezuela may be pending as AND , counter-narcotics and assistance in ridding Colombia of its FARC rebels. Fourth, the newest statements indicate cooperation is possible and Venezuela would say “yes” – the US just needs to extend an olive branch. Embassy of Venezuela 14 (Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Ministry of People’s Power for Foreign Affairs, 1/16/14, “Venezuela Reiterates Willingness for Positive Relations with U.S.,” http://venezuela-us.org/2014/01/16/venezuela-reiterates-willingness-for-positive-relations-with-u-s/, Keerthi, Acc 1/16/14) Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro expressed on Wednesday the willingness of his government to establish fluid AND of the past. The global reality has changed substantially in recent years.” 1AC – Relations Improving the Venezuelan oil sector will have several advantages and reasons to prefer. The first advantage is improving the relationship between the US and Latin America: First, engagement with Venezuela provides an avenue for relations with not only Venezuela, but the broader Latin American region. --US expelled diplomats and didn’t offer condolences. --Isolating Venezuela only strengthens Venezuelan anti-Americanism by creating a common enemy and reducing economic status --positive unconditional engagement is vital Griffin 2013 (John, writer for the Harvard Crimson, Professor of Finance at McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin, “Engage with Venezuela”, 4/2/13 one Keerthi, Acc 11/30/13) When Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez died in early February, his country was thrown into AND vinegar—it’s high time we started trying to catch them with honey. Second, good relations with Latin America as a whole are vital to collectively tackle environmental threats against the Amazon Rainforest. Bander et al. 2009 (Ashley Bander – M.A. Diplomacy and IR @ Seton Hall University, B.A. Political Science and IR @ Virginia Tech, G. Ryan Faith – B.Sc in Engineering Mechanics @ University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, adjunct fellow and former program manager for Space Initiatives @ Center for Strategic and Int. Studies, Vincent Sabathier – senior fellow and director for Space Initiatives @ CSIS, Johana Mendelson Forman – senior associate @ CSIS, Ph.D in Latin American history @ Washington University, Master’s Degree in IR @ Columbia, August 2009, “Toward the Heavens Latin America’s Emerging Space Programs”, http://csis.org/files/publication/090730_Mendelson_TowardHeavens_Web.pdf, Keerthi, Acc 11/30/13) In this context, the United States is losing an opportunity to exercise its smart AND massive rain forests through earth observation and other technologies that support these goals. Third, the Amazon Rainforest is fragile- destruction creates a ripple effect which accelerates oxygen loss, threatening humanity. --k2 biodiversity, stops climate change WWF 13 (“About the Amazon,” World Wildlife Foundation, http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/about_the_amazon/, Keerthi, Accessed 8/26/13) A region of world records¶ Spanning 6.7 million km2 (twice the AND Amazon an important factor in regulating global climate (Nepstad et al 2008). 1AC – Economy In addition to protecting the Amazon, we will provide a second advantage to enacting the plan – the improvement of regional economy: First, lack of oil production is pushing the Venezuelan economy closer to destruction – Increasing US assistance revitalizes the economy -Only the US can handle Venezuelan oil because of crude refineries -They will send overflow to China -Even if Maduro likes Chavez policies – their economic trajectory was unsustainable so they would support the plan Krauss 2013 (Clifford Krauss, March 8 2013, “Dwindling Production Has Led to Lesser Role for Venezuela as Major Oil Power,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/09/world/americas/venezuelas-role-as-oil-power-diminished.html?_r=0, Keerthi, Acc 11/29/13) International oil prices have barely moved since Mr. Chávez died. OPEC has decided AND a matter of time before some significant changes will have to be instituted.” Second, Venezuelan economic turmoil risks instability across the region. Johnson 2007 (Stephen Johnson, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies at the Heritage Foundation, 2/12/03, last updated 2007, “Stability and Democracy, Not Oil, Are at Risk in Venezuela,” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2003/02/stability-and-democracy-not-oil, Keerthi, Acc 11/30/13) Compared to Iraq's Saddam Hussein or North Korea's Kim Jong-il, Hugo Chávez AND and work for the kind of prosperity that has so far eluded them. Third, instability in Latin America not only risks conflict and war in nations, but also collapses the basis US global leadership. Ellis, 2004 (R. Evan.,professor of national security studies, modeling, gaming, and simulation with the Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, with a research focus on Latin America’s relationships with external actors, including China, Russia, and Iran, “The Impact of Instability in Latin America”, http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/119.pdf) The growing disorder in the nations of the Andean ridge highlights a dangerous new phenomenon AND the region and undercut the basis for U.S. global power. Finally, US global leadership, or hegemony, solves all global problems – it incentivizes cooperation on a broad array of problems. Brooks et al., 13 – *Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, William C. Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College (“Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement”, January/February 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward) What goes for the global economy goes for other forms of international cooperation. Here AND a factor not mentioned openly but present in the back of statesmen's minds."