Obama is taking a hard line stance against Cuba now – the plan is perceived as appeasement
Forero 1/22/13 - NPR’s South America correspondent and The Washington Post’s correspondent for Colombia and Venezuela (Juan, "Obama’s Unfinished Business: Latin America", January 22 of 2013, NPR, http://www.npr.org/2013/01/22/169980241/obamas-unfinished-business-latin-america) FORERO: Well, I think that there are a number of policies that are AND they do in Latin America but what they do outside of the region. And I think that has a lot to do with George Bush, too, because the Bush administration was very unpopular in the region for its foreign policy in the Middle East. And the Obama administration is not blamed for that policy, even though in many ways, of course, the Obama administration has followed the line. And so I think Obama is much more popular because of that. He’s also come down here on a couple of different occasions and those have been fairly successful trips. MARTIN: Let’s start with a country where there was a very difficult and tense relationship with the George W. Bush administration, and that is with Venezuela. President Hugo Chavez, he’s been a hero to the international left, a staunch opponent of kind of U.S. policy in the region. But he has had significant health problems in recent years, hasn’t been seen in public very much at all. What’s going on there? For people who haven’t kept up with this. FORERO: Well, the latest came just a couple of days ago when the vice president, Nicolas Maduro, said he was optimistic that Chavez could be back in Venezuela sooner rather than later. But like everything in Venezuela, you know, especially about Chavez’s health, there was very little detail. Let me recap and tell you what’s going on. Chavez has been battling cancer for about 19 months. And on December 11th, he surprised the country when he announced that he would undergo a fourth operation. In fact, it was that day when he underwent the operation to remove cancerous tissue from his pelvic region. The thing is, he hasn’t been heard from since. Keep in mind that AND his body it’s located, or whether he’s even coming back to Venezuela. MARTIN: So what’s been the U.S. posture toward all this? How has the U.S. reacted to all of this? FORERO: Well, the U.S. has been cautious in its comments. It’s coming out to say that they’d like to see a peaceful transition, meaning a peaceful constitutional transition if Chavez were not to come back to power or if he were permanently sidelined, either because of death or because he’s incapacitated. What’s really gotten the attention in the United States, and I guess in Latin America, is how the U.S. has over the past few weeks been working back channels to renew frayed relations that Washington has had with Caracas, with Venezuela, for years. These countries do not have ambassadors. In other words, there’s not an American ambassador in Venezuela. The DEA, which used to operate in Venezuela, is not permitted to do much of anything. And of course Chavez frequently rails against U.S. imperialism and warns that the U.S. is on the verge of invading. So the Obama administration is hoping that if there is a transition they’ll be able to have better relations with the next guy. MARTIN: Let’s move on to Cuba. And if you’re just joining us we’re speaking with NPR’s Juan Forero. We’re talking about the challenges facing President Obama in Latin America during his second term. Let’s talk about Cuba. One of the big news items from the region has been the Cuban government has finally relaxed its travel policy after many, many years. And so now there’s talk of a reciprocal move by the Obama administration. What can you tell us about that? FORERO: Well, I think there’s two policy shifts in Cuba that are super AND on any significant change such as ending its economic embargo of the island. And I don’t see that that is going to happen. I mean, the U.S. has long said that the Castros - that is Raul, the president, and his brother Fidel - have to be gone before the U.S. engages Cuba. And I think it’s important to note that American diplomats, I think, would love to see an end to the embargo. Because it’s very damaging to the U.S. It permits the Cubans to claim it’s being bullied by a superpower. And the embargo just hasn’t worked. You know, it hasn’t ousted the communist government there. But the Obama administration, I think, faces domestic issues here. First of all, most Americans simply don’t care about Cuba. And I think that the Cuban-American community, which does, has a leadership which continues to support a hard line against Cuba. And Obama knows full well that that community, the Cuban-American community, particularly in Florida, does vote.
Engagement with Cuba sends a signal of appeasement
North Korea is shifting back toward confrontation—-weak US credibility of threat causes war
Julian Ryall 9/10, Japan Correspondent for The Daily Telegraph, "Back to business as usual for North Korea", 2013, www.dw.de/back-to-business-as-usual-for-north-korea/a-17077430 "President ~Barack~ Obama is fluctuating one way and then another on Syria AND After that, the Korean peninsula will be reunited within another two years."
Korean war goes nuclear, spills over globally—-risk of miscalc is high and this time is different
Steven Metz 13, Chairman of the Regional Strategy and Planning Department and Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute, 3/13/13, "Strategic Horizons: Thinking the Unthinkable on a Second Korean War," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12786/strategic-horizons-thinking-the-unthinkable-on-a-second-korean-war Today, North Korea is the most dangerous country on earth and the greatest threat AND two continued mutual trade and investment. Stranger things have happened in statecraft.
PTX
Immigration reform has momentum and will pass
The Editorial Board 10/25 ~"Editorial: Can Congress pass immigration reform by year’s end?", The Sacramento Bee~ Now that the U.S. House has passed a water resources bill in AND vote on the House floor to see if the Senate bill would pass?
It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR
Scher10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~ The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come AND than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.
Lugar 2k Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee (Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. "calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability," pg online @ http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html) In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning AND in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.
CP
The United States federal government should offer to repeal Section 211 of the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations act of 1998 if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.
Counterplan solves the case—-Latin American governments will say yes—-it triggers Cuban reform that avoids a Vietnamese model during the transition—-and it avoids politics
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, "The Right Deal on Cuba," online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American AND change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.
Advantage 1
No chance of war from economic decline—-best and most recent data
Royal 10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, ECST=Economic Cost Signaling Theory) Conclusion. The logic of ECST supports arguments for greater economic interdependence to reduce the AND even though such signals may be the most effective during an economic crisis.
b. Tectonic stresses and diminishing returns – innovation is unsustainable and only further guarantees collapse
MacKenzie 8 – science journalist who writes regularly in New Scientist and other publications, cites Joseph Tainter, Head of the Department of Environment and Society at Utah State University, leader at the Rocky Mountain Research Station in the USDA Forest Service, also cites Thomas Homer-Dixon, director of the Waterloo Institute for Complexity and Innovation, CIGI Chair of Global Systems at the Balsillie School of International Affairs (Debora, 04/05, "Are we doomed?" EBSCO) Homer-Dixon doubts we can stave off collapse completely. He points to what AND stagnation or collapse, and in the long run this cannot be sustainable.
c. Their evidence ignores the newest and best data
Brown 11 – distinguished professor at the University of New Mexico and external faculty of AND Fe Institute, January, "Energetic Limits to Economic Growth," JSTOR) We are by no means the first to write about the limits to economic growth AND to the central but largely underappreciated role of energetic limits to economic growth.
d. Now is key – the point of no return is within 3 years
Ulansey 6 – Professor of Philosophy and Religion at the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University, and has taught at the University of California at Berkeley, Boston University, Barnard College (Columbia University), the University of Vermont, and Princeton University. He is the author of a book published by Oxford University Press (and is now completing a second book which will also be published by Oxford), and has published articles in Scientific American and numerous other scholarly journals (David, April, "Audio: David Ulansey — The Impending Mass Extinction and How to Stop It," http://www.energybulletin.net/node/23694) My talk at the Be-In will be about the fact that the world’s AND Soviet Union, or the birth of new religions like Christianity or Buddhism21
And collapse causes a permanent mindset shift
Baker 10 – adjunct professor at Dona Ana Branch Community College, author of Sacred Demise: Walking The Spiritual Path of Industrial Civilization’s Collapse (Carolyn, 12/09, "Transition: The Sacred, The Scared, And The Scarred," http://www.countercurrents.org/baker091210.htm) I began researching Peak Oil, climate change, and economic collapse in 2002, AND permit the kind of existence on this planet that industrial civilization has created.
Devastating economic collapse is inevitable – collapse now is key to a permanent shift that prevents total catastrophe that is more severe than any other collapse
Lazzaro 12 ~(Joseph, U.S. Editor of IB Times, Managing Editor of financial news web sites Wall Street Europe and Wall Street Italia, Economics Editor for AOL’s Daily Finance) "Five Social Conditions That Could Collapse The U.S. Economic System" International Business Times March 30 2012~ AT In a sense, the controversial radio talk-show host and former Fox News AND degrees, poses a threat to the U.S. economic system.
Their arguments are trapped within the logic of growth and don’t assume recent events – prefer our authors
Baker 10 – adjunct professor at Dona Ana Branch Community College, author of Sacred Demise: Walking The Spiritual Path of Industrial Civilization’s Collapse (Carolyn, 12/09, "Transition: The Sacred, The Scared, And The Scarred," http://www.countercurrents.org/baker091210.htm) There can be no Great Turning without the collapse of the endless growth model and AND fresh, new approach that does indeed place inner transition at the core.
And the peak for K wave is 2025
Chase-Dunn 99 – Director of the Institute for Research on World-Systems, University of California-Riverside (Christopher, Bruce Podobnik, Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Lewis and Clark College, The Future of Global Conflict, p. 43) While the onset of a period of hegemonic rivalry is in itself disturbing, the AND process of beginning a new upturn which will reach its apex around 2025.
Growth causes global environmental destruction and extinction—-tech can’t solve because political commitment to growth distorts market signals
Speth 8 – James Gustave Speth, dean of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University, founder of the World Resources Institute, Professor at Vermont Law School, Former Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality in the Executive Office of the President, Co-founder of the Natural Resources Defense Council, 2008, The Bridge at the Edge of the World, p. 6-9 But the much larger and more threatening impacts stem from the economic activity of those AND today’s destructive growth and transform economic activity into something environmentally benign and restorative.
Advantage 2
No extinction from diseases – natural selection checks.
Pharma Investments 5 ~Pharma Investments, Ventures 26 Law Weekly 05 "SARS; Quarantine is cost saving and effective in containing emerging infections"~ Quarantine is cost saving and effective in containing emerging infections. "Over time, AND . J Infect, 2005;50(5):386-393).
No spread and adaptation checks
CDC 13 TB bacteria can live in the body without making you sick. This is called AND will go from having latent TB infection to being sick with TB disease.
Exports, imports, and finance are "economic" engagement
Gallagher 1 – Katherine Gallagher, Senior Staff Attorney at the Center for Constitutional Rights, "Sanctions’ Effects on Human Rights Violations", The Monitor: Journal of International Studies, 8(1), Fall, http://web.wm.edu/so/monitor/issues/08-1/1-gallagher.htm
Types of Sanctions Working positively or negatively, sanctions provide inducements or threats to the offenders to encourage AND
economic, travel, military, diplomatic, and cultural.~9~ Economic: Increased worldwide economic interdependence has greatly expanded the popularity of economic sanctions. As the most frequently used type of sanction, these sanctions are employed in both of case studies examined in this report. Economic sanctions are divided into three categories: limiting exports to a country, limiting the imports from that country, and imposing financial sanctions. Financial sanctions entail: ~The~ blocking of government assets held abroad, limiting access to financial markets and restricting loans and credits, restricting international transfer payments and restricting the sale and trade of property abroad, ~as well as~…freezing development aid.~10~ The first of these three options is the easiest to implement because exports are more easily controlled, while the source of imports can be difficult to identify.~11~ Generally, financial sanctions are more effective than export controls because the sanctioned nation can purchase the exports from another country. However, import controls have the greatest impact on a nation’s economy, severely limiting financial growth.~12~ Travel: Travel sanctions limit the travel capabilities of particular individuals as well as their mode of transportation, reducing air travel significantly.~13~ These sanctions are also imposed on both countries examined. Such narrowly applied sanctions more effectively punish the government officials and military leaders responsible for the human rights violations, limiting their ability to conduct overseas business and political dealings. Military: These sanctions specifically target the non-compliant government by imposing "arms embargoes or…terminating military assistance or training."~14~ The most prevalent issue of debate connected to the use of military sanctions is the impairment of the sanctioned country’s self-defense capability.~15~ South Africa and Iraq have both subjected to these sanctions. Diplomatic: Diplomatic sanctions focus specifically on "rulers of a sanctioned State: diplomats AND when these leaders wish to retain international standing for economic and nationalistic purposes. Cultural: Similar to diplomatic sanctions, cultural sanctions aim to disgrace a nation. The mildest manner of sanctioning, cultural sanctions involve banning "athletes…folk dancers, musicians, and other artists…~as well as~ restrictions…on educational and tourist travel."~18~ The ban on South African athletes from Olympic competition from 1970 to 1991 exemplifies a cultural sanction.~19~
The also violate its—-"Its" is possessive
American Heritage 9 ~The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, updated 2009, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/its~~ its (ts)¶ adj. The possessive form of it.¶ Used as a modifier before a noun: The airline canceled its early flight to New York.
Vote Neg
Limits—they open the floodgates to allow the removal of non-economic sanction affs—-makes neg research impossible
Effects T time 2—-their aff takes an action to allow an institution to increase economic engagement—-plan in a vaccum isn’t economic engagement
DA
Immigration will pass —- Debt ceiling collapse put republicans on the defensive and Obama’s made it top of the agenda
President Barack Obama used a very urgent tone Thursday in remarks designed to press House Republicans to pass immigration reform, calling on them at least twice to try to get it done "this year." "Let’s not wait," the president said. "It doesn’t get easier to just put it off. Let’s do it now." Politically speaking, the president is right. The longer the immigration debate drags on, the lower the odds it will culminate in a bill on his desk. Here’s why. Every day that goes by is a day closer to the 2014 midterm elections. And the months leading up to Election Day are a time for lawmakers to campaign, raise money, and do everything they can to hold on to their jobs. It’s not a time for a contentious legislative debate that could complicate the fall campaign. That’s why history has shown that little gets done legislatively right before the election. Members are in their districts and states more and more often and less and less willing to take risks in Congress. And immigration reform is a risky proposition for many House Republicans. Despite national polls showing the public largely in favor of overhauling the nation’s laws, the calculus is often different back home. This is in large part why months after the Senate passed a sweeping bipartisan immigration bill, the House has yet to act. But that doesn’t mean it won’t. Republicans have already moved ahead on some piecemeal measures. And House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, said Wednesday that he was "hopeful" something could get done by the end of the year. Coming off a fiscal battle that badly damaged the Republican brand, there is, arguably, more political incentive for Boehner to act on immigration than there has been in the past. Republicans need to repair their image. Helping pass broadly popular reforms is one way to do that. But there isn’t much time left on the legislative calendar this year, and it’s not clear whether Boehner will bring immigration to a vote before the year is up. But this much we do know: Every day that goes by makes it increasingly difficult to pass new immigration laws.
Lugar 2k Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee (Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. "calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability," pg online @ http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html) In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning AND in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.
K
The 1AC’s Orthodox IR’s atomistic approach to global problems makes extinction inevitable
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy AND , 2011 Taylor Francis 3. From securitisation to militarisation 3.1 Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the AND genocide, can become legitimised as contributing to the resolution of crises.105
Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and reevaluate problematisation
Cheeseman 26 Bruce 96 (Graeme Cheeseman, Snr. Lecturer @ New South Wales, and Robert Bruce, 1996, Discourses of Danger 26 Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9) This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of AND constructive contribution to debate by those who are the targets of its criticisms.
Beginning discussions at the intellectual level is more productive—causes better social change which their engagement can’t access—this is empirically proven
Bilgin 5 Assistant Prof of International Relations at Bilkent University, REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, p54- The point is that a broader security agenda requires students of security to look at AND constituting ’threats to the future’ (Kubálková 1998: 193–201).
CP
CP TEXT: The United States federal government ought not authorize the North American Development Bank to substantially increase investment in infrastructure improvement projects on the U.S.-Mexico border unless Mexico adopts and enforces legislation for sea turtle conservation abiding by standards outlined in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.
Each year at least 2,000 endangered loggerhead sea turtles are caught by shark AND I urge Mexico to act now to save these ancient and vanishing animals.
Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology – that everything is connected. Sea AND important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.
In the division of labor that has long governed North American auto manufacturing, the AND made Mexican versions of its DeSoto and Plymouth sedans for the local market.
However, he noted that in the midst of a recession, these are not AND country as companies dependent on auto manufacturing also slid into bankruptcy or closure.
Here is the fundamental challenge we face: The world’s growing and aging population must AND that will be needed to provide adequate water for all its vital uses.
====Mexican growth destroys small farms – destroys US labor sources and incentivizes mechanized production in Mexico==== Rousmaniere 12 (Peter Rousmaniere, MBA from Harvard Business School, writer for Risk 26 Insurance Magazine, Feburary 2012, "The transformation of Mexican farm labor supply to the U.s." http://www.workingimmigrants.com/2013/02/the_transformation_of_mexican.html)
MPI reports that farm labor costs in the U.S. are rising. AND high skilled workers, and hard from low skilled workers to transition up.
====Small farms prevent extinction ==== Altieri 8 ~Professor of agroecology @ University of California, Berkeley. ~Miguel Altieri (President, Sociedad Cientifica LatinoAmericana de Agroecologia (SOCLA), "Small farms as a planetary ecological asset: Five key reasons why we should support the revitalization of small farms in the Global South," Food First, Posted May 9th, 2008, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2115~~ The Via Campesina has long argued that farmers need land to produce food for their AND on which we all depend now and even more so in the future.
Fettweis 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship AND global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
No impact to biodiversity
Sagoff 97 Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, "INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT", 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N Note – Colin Tudge - Research Fellow at the Centre for Philosophy at the London School of Economics. Frmr Zoological Society of London: Scientific Fellow and tons of other positions. PhD. Read zoology at Cambridge. Simon Levin = Moffet Professor of Biology, Princeton. 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences Distinguished Scientist Award 2008 Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 2009 Honorary Doctorate of Science, Michigan State University 2010 Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America 2010 Margalef Prize in Ecology, etc… PhD Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands AND sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.
Advantage 2
The THA is a massive alt cause
Kerry et al. 12 (JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts, Chairman ¶ BARBARA BOXER, California RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana¶ ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey BOB CORKER, Tennessee¶ BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho¶ ROBERT P. CASEY, Jr., Pennsylvania MARCO RUBIO, Florida¶ JIM WEBB, Virginia JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma¶ JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire JIM DeMINT, South Carolina¶ CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia¶ RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming¶ TOM UDALL, New Mexico MIKE LEE, Utah¶ William C. Danvers, Staff Director ¶ Kenneth A. Myers, Jr., Republican Staff Director, "OIL, MEXICO, AND THE AGREEMENT", December 2012, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77567/html/CPRT-112SPRT77567.htm) Perhaps the most important U.S.-specific benefits of the TBA are three AND companies could be shut out of certain opportunities until the TBA is ratified.
====No impact to Mexican instability==== Seelee and Shirt, 10 – *director of theMexicoInstitute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars AND fellow at the center and an associate professor at the University of San Diego (Andrew Selee, David Shirk, 3/27/10, " Five myths about Mexico’s drug war ", Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/26/AR2010032602226.html) The country has certainly seen a big rise in drug violence, with cartels fighting AND over the federal government. Mexico is not turning into a failed state.
Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war
Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425 Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved AND times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.
Global financial crisis empirically denies the impact—-bigger internal links
Obama is taking a hard line stance against Cuba now – the plan is perceived as appeasement
Forero 1/22/13 - NPR’s South America correspondent and The Washington Post’s correspondent for Colombia and Venezuela (Juan, "Obama’s Unfinished Business: Latin America", January 22 of 2013, NPR, http://www.npr.org/2013/01/22/169980241/obamas-unfinished-business-latin-america) FORERO: Well, I think that there are a number of policies that are AND they do in Latin America but what they do outside of the region. And I think that has a lot to do with George Bush, too, because the Bush administration was very unpopular in the region for its foreign policy in the Middle East. And the Obama administration is not blamed for that policy, even though in many ways, of course, the Obama administration has followed the line. And so I think Obama is much more popular because of that. He’s also come down here on a couple of different occasions and those have been fairly successful trips. MARTIN: Let’s start with a country where there was a very difficult and tense relationship with the George W. Bush administration, and that is with Venezuela. President Hugo Chavez, he’s been a hero to the international left, a staunch opponent of kind of U.S. policy in the region. But he has had significant health problems in recent years, hasn’t been seen in public very much at all. What’s going on there? For people who haven’t kept up with this. FORERO: Well, the latest came just a couple of days ago when the vice president, Nicolas Maduro, said he was optimistic that Chavez could be back in Venezuela sooner rather than later. But like everything in Venezuela, you know, especially about Chavez’s health, there was very little detail. Let me recap and tell you what’s going on. Chavez has been battling cancer for about 19 months. And on December 11th, he surprised the country when he announced that he would undergo a fourth operation. In fact, it was that day when he underwent the operation to remove cancerous tissue from his pelvic region. The thing is, he hasn’t been heard from since. Keep in mind that AND his body it’s located, or whether he’s even coming back to Venezuela. MARTIN: So what’s been the U.S. posture toward all this? How has the U.S. reacted to all of this? FORERO: Well, the U.S. has been cautious in its comments. It’s coming out to say that they’d like to see a peaceful transition, meaning a peaceful constitutional transition if Chavez were not to come back to power or if he were permanently sidelined, either because of death or because he’s incapacitated. What’s really gotten the attention in the United States, and I guess in Latin America, is how the U.S. has over the past few weeks been working back channels to renew frayed relations that Washington has had with Caracas, with Venezuela, for years. These countries do not have ambassadors. In other words, there’s not an American ambassador in Venezuela. The DEA, which used to operate in Venezuela, is not permitted to do much of anything. And of course Chavez frequently rails against U.S. imperialism and warns that the U.S. is on the verge of invading. So the Obama administration is hoping that if there is a transition they’ll be able to have better relations with the next guy. MARTIN: Let’s move on to Cuba. And if you’re just joining us we’re speaking with NPR’s Juan Forero. We’re talking about the challenges facing President Obama in Latin America during his second term. Let’s talk about Cuba. One of the big news items from the region has been the Cuban government has finally relaxed its travel policy after many, many years. And so now there’s talk of a reciprocal move by the Obama administration. What can you tell us about that? FORERO: Well, I think there’s two policy shifts in Cuba that are super AND on any significant change such as ending its economic embargo of the island. And I don’t see that that is going to happen. I mean, the U.S. has long said that the Castros - that is Raul, the president, and his brother Fidel - have to be gone before the U.S. engages Cuba. And I think it’s important to note that American diplomats, I think, would love to see an end to the embargo. Because it’s very damaging to the U.S. It permits the Cubans to claim it’s being bullied by a superpower. And the embargo just hasn’t worked. You know, it hasn’t ousted the communist government there. But the Obama administration, I think, faces domestic issues here. First of all, most Americans simply don’t care about Cuba. And I think that the Cuban-American community, which does, has a leadership which continues to support a hard line against Cuba. And Obama knows full well that that community, the Cuban-American community, particularly in Florida, does vote.
Engagement with Cuba sends a signal of appeasement
North Korea is shifting back toward confrontation—-weak US credibility of threat causes war
Julian Ryall 9/10, Japan Correspondent for The Daily Telegraph, "Back to business as usual for North Korea", 2013, www.dw.de/back-to-business-as-usual-for-north-korea/a-17077430 "President ~Barack~ Obama is fluctuating one way and then another on Syria AND After that, the Korean peninsula will be reunited within another two years."
Korean war goes nuclear, spills over globally—-risk of miscalc is high and this time is different
Steven Metz 13, Chairman of the Regional Strategy and Planning Department and Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute, 3/13/13, "Strategic Horizons: Thinking the Unthinkable on a Second Korean War," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12786/strategic-horizons-thinking-the-unthinkable-on-a-second-korean-war Today, North Korea is the most dangerous country on earth and the greatest threat AND two continued mutual trade and investment. Stranger things have happened in statecraft.
CP
The United States federal government should offer to ~plan~ if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.
Counterplan solves the case and Latin American governemnts say yes
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, "The Right Deal on Cuba," online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American AND change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.
K
The 1AC’s Orthodox IR’s atomistic approach to global problems makes extinction inevitable
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy AND , 2011 Taylor Francis 3. From securitisation to militarisation 3.1 Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the AND genocide, can become legitimised as contributing to the resolution of crises.105
Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and reevaluate problematisation
Cheeseman 26 Bruce 96 (Graeme Cheeseman, Snr. Lecturer @ New South Wales, and Robert Bruce, 1996, Discourses of Danger 26 Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9) This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of AND constructive contribution to debate by those who are the targets of its criticisms.
Beginning discussions at the intellectual level is more productive—causes better social change which their engagement can’t access—this is empirically proven
Bilgin 5 Assistant Prof of International Relations at Bilkent University, REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, p54- The point is that a broader security agenda requires students of security to look at AND constituting ’threats to the future’ (Kubálková 1998: 193–201).
Advantage 1
Hegemony isn’t key to peace
Fettweis 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship AND global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
Kagan’s ideology mistakes how much the U.S. can shape the world and makes war inevitable
Kagan begs to differ. He contends that U.S. primacy is undiminished AND and rely on judicious diplomacy to tame the onset of a multipolar world.
Relations will not collapse – economics and joint interests
Rosecrance and Qingguo 2010 – *political science professor at Cal and senior fellow at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, former director of the Burkle Center for International Relations at UCLA, PhD from Cornell, Professor and Associate Dean of the School of International Studies of Peking University (Jia Qingguo and Richard Rosecrance, Global Asia, 4.4, "Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?", http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251-http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251, WEA) Sustained Cooperation? The fact that the rise of China is unlikely to lead to armed conflict with AND This has made miscalculation between the two countries less likely and facilitated cooperation.
Their cyber impacts are constructed—prophecies of impending cyber doom are a product of hypersecuritization, not reality
Hansen and Nissenbaum 09—Lene Hansen, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Copenhagen, and Helen Nissenbaum, Professor in the Department of Media, Culture and Communication at New York University, 2009 ("Digital Disaster, Cyber Security, and the Copenhagen School," International Studies Quarterly, Volume 53, Issue 4, December, p. 1163-1164) The first concept, hypersecuritization, has been introduced by Buzan (2004:172 AND and the fact that neither of these scenarios has so far taken place. All securitizations do of course have an element of the hypothetical in that they constitute AND military break-down hence bringing in all other referent objects and sectors. Securitizations always mobilize the specter of the future to some extent, but most nevertheless AND creates a powerful space for the projection of the (im)possible.
Advantage 2
No impact to Iranian prolif
Kenneth Waltz 12, senior research scholar @ Saltzman, Poly Sci Prof @ Columbia, September/October 2012, "Iran and the Bomb – Waltz Replies," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 5, p. 157-162 In arguing that a nuclear-armed Iran would represent an unacceptable threat to the AND . But the many benefits of regional stability would far outweigh the costs.
Innocent, foreign policy analyst – Cato, member – IISS, 12/7/’11 (Malou, http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ignore-the-hawks-on-iran-too/-http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/ignore-the-hawks-on-iran-too/) More credible voices suggest otherwise. The nonprofit Arms Control Association (ACA) observed that the most-recent IAEA report suggests "~I~t remains apparent that a nuclear-armed Iran is still not imminent nor is it inevitable." Iran was engaged in nuclear weapons development activities until it stopped in 2003, and as Cato’s Justin Logan observes, the IAEA’s own report shows there is no definitive evidence of Iran’s diversion of fissile material. When Pletka was called out for her "less than a year" prediction, she turned up her nose and snapped: Quibblers will suggest that there are important "ifs" in both these assessments. And yes, the key "if" is "if" Iran decides to build a bomb. So, I suppose when I said "less than a year away from having a nuclear weapon," I should have added, "if they want one." But… isn’t that the point? Do we want to leave this decision up to Khamenei? Confronted with ambiguous information, and forced to infer intentions, hawks evince the very same arrogance and overconfidence that helped open the door for Iranian influence in the region in the first place by toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime (Pletka advocated repeatedly for this leading up to the 2003 invasion). Pletka and others who years ago had the gall to argue that Iraq "will end when it ends" are today worthy of being ignored on Iran.
11/10/13
1NC -- Fullerton -- Octas
Tournament: Fullerton | Round: Octas | Opponent: University | Judge:
T
Interpretation – economic engagement is a subset of conditional engagement and implies a quid pro quo Shinn 96 ~James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, "Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China," pp. 9 and 11, google books~ In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for attaining those objectives, and tactics (specific policies) for implementing that strategy. • The objectives of conditional engagement are the ten principles, which were selected to preserve American vital interests in Asia while accommodating China’s emergence as a major power. • The overall strategy of conditional engagement follows two parallel lines: economic engagement, to promote the integration of China into the global trading and financial systems; and security engagement, to encourage compliance with the ten principles by diplomatic and military means when economic incentives do not suffice, in order to hedge against the risk of the emergence of a belligerent China. • The tactics of economic engagement should promote China’s economic integration through negotiations on trade liberalization, institution building, and educational exchanges. While a carrots-and-sticks approach may be appropriate within the economic arena, the use of trade sanction to achieve short-term political goals is discouraged. • The tactics of security engagement should reduce the risks posed by China’s rapid military expansion, its lack of transparency, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and transnational problems such as crime and illegal migration, by engaging in arms control negotiations, multilateral efforts, and a loosely-structured defensive military arrangement in Asia.8 ~To footnotes~ 8. Conditional engagement’s recommended tactics of tit-for-tat responses are equivalent AND 105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).
DA
Immigration reform has the votes to pass now
Le10/17 ~Van, B.A. in Communications from Harvard University, Writer for America’s Voice, 2013, "When will Speaker Boehner Allow a Vote so Immigration Reform can Pass?" http://americasvoiceonline.org/blog/when-will-speaker-boehner-allow-a-vote-so-immigration-reform-can-pass/~~ The thing is, if John Boehner wanted to, passing immigration reform through the AND and turns out massive rallies. The opposition is distracted and lacking support.
It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR
Scher10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~ The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come AND than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.
====Plan is politically divisive==== Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf) At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing AND action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be.
Visas solve cyberterror and competitiveness
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms AND going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
Cyberterror risks nuclear war Fritz 9 Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament ~Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control," July, http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf-http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf~~==== This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons. AND its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.
Competitiveness stops nuclear war
Baru 9 – Sanjaya Baru is a Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 - 168 Hence, economic policies and performance do have strategic consequences.2 In the modern AND sustain economic growth and military power, the classic ’guns versus butter’ dilemma.
CP
~CP TEXT: The United States federal government ought not substantially increase its investment in infrastructure to facilitate improved efficiency at ports of entry along the US-Mexico border unless Mexico adopts and enforces legislation for sea turtle conservation abiding by standards outlined in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.
Empirically solve for protection of marine biodiversity.
Edith Brown Weiss1, John Howard Jackson2 and Nathalie Bernasconi-Osterwalder3, 4-30-2008, Francis Cabell Brown Professor of International Law @ Georgetown, A.B., Stanford; J.D., Harvard; Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley; LL.D.(Hon.), Chicago-Kent; LL.D. (Hon.), University of Heidelberg1, Director; Institute of International Economic Law, University Professor @ Georgetown, A.B., Princeton; J.D., University of Michigan; LL.D. (Hon.), Hamburg University, Germany; LL.D. (Hon.), European University Institute, Florence, Italy2, a senior international lawyer and heads the Investment Program of the International Institute on Sustainable Development (IISD)3, "Reconciling Environment and Trade," http://books.google.com/books?id=PeTVvZW7JRoC26dq=Sea+Turtles+MExico+Sanctions26source=gbs_navlinks_s
Several international agreements upon which a similar treaty for the sea turtles could be based AND signatories of the Declaration of Panama. See Cadeddu, supra note 53.
Each year at least 2,000 endangered loggerhead sea turtles are caught by shark AND I urge Mexico to act now to save these ancient and vanishing animals.
Destruction of the sea turtle population causes extinction – brink is now.
Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology – that everything is connected. Sea AND important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.
K
====Their security discourse sanitizes global destruction by proliferating symptom-focused solutions to global power imbalances—causes cycles of violence that make global warfare and extinction inevitable, try or die for structural critique ==== Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving AND crisis onto a newly constructed ’outsider’ group vindicating various forms of violence.
Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures—-this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
Advantage 1
No chance of war from economic decline—-best and most recent data
Royal 10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, ECST=Economic Cost Signaling Theory) Conclusion. The logic of ECST supports arguments for greater economic interdependence to reduce the AND even though such signals may be the most effective during an economic crisis.
Analyst Gregory Martin, a retired Air Force general, said the erosion of world influence is largely the result of weak public support for the F-22 and F-35 stealth fighters, which are built by Lockheed Martin, Boeing and Northrop Grumman. "If you can’t afford that ~mix~, then your national objectives have to be scaled back," Martin said. In other words, stealth fighters equal national power. And the absence of stealth AND get rich gabbing about certain pointy airplanes on behalf of wealthy corporate clients.
Hegemony solves nothing
Fettweis 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship AND global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
Advantage 2
No chance of Taiwan war
TT 11—official website of the Philadelphia Trumpet newsmagazine (The Trumpet, Taiwan’s Strides Toward China Accelerate, http://www.thetrumpet.com/?q=7808.6407.0.0) Ma = Taiwanese PM Ma explained that since people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait share common ancestry AND the island’s universities will admit their first batch of Chinese students this year.
No Chinese domestic market impact
Bitzinger 8 ~(Richard, Senior Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, and Barry Desker, Dean of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies and Director of the Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies) Nanyang Technological University, 2008, "Why east Asian War is Unlikely"~ Yet despite all these potential crucibles of conflict, the Asia-Pacific, if AND this suggests that war in Asia — while not inconceivable — is unlikely.
The affirmative uses rationalism to justify a prescriptive ethic—-this human-centered philosophy idealizes man—placing her at the top of a hierarchy of objects, while resting upon an idealist epistemology that assumes that through reason we can obtain knowledge of mind-independent things
Laruelle 11 ~François Laruelle, translated by Taylor Adkins The Generic as Predicate and Constant: Non-Philosophy and Materialism. The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism ed. Levi Bryant, Nick Srnicek, Graham Harman. re.press 2011. pp 237-260~
The first style is fold and overfold, the second is the outfold or even AND idempotent way rather than an anonymous object dragged along by the whole World.
Our alternative—-view the world through a lens of flat ontology
Real social change comes from engaging the material world of objects, not the academic world of textual discourse – only a focus on objects can solve the aff
Bryant 12 (Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, McKenzie Wark: How Do You Occupy an Abstraction?, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/mckenzie-wark-how-do-you-occupy-an-abstraction/) this evidence has been modified and we don’t endorse gendered language Here I’m also inclined to say that we need to be clear about system references AND to locate. I guess this post will get Homeland Security after me.
FW
The agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action
Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4 The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND and compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose
Debate requires a specific point of difference
Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45- Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of AND particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role
Galloway 7—Samford Comm prof (Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007) Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively AND substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.
The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to facilitate inclusion and respond to existential threats
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311 The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and AND with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world.
Case
====The Zapatista movement failed to create social change and deferred to corrupt institutions==== Lakin 09 Jason Lakin (Jason Lakin joined the International Budget Partnership as Program Officer for the Partnership Initiative in May 2009.¶ Lakin completed his Ph.D. in political science and social policy at Harvard University in 2008, and spent the 2008-2009 academic year as a research fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health. His dissertation focused on the politics surrounding the creation and implementation of Mexico’s 2003 health insurance reform. Prior to graduate school, Lakin worked briefly as a research assistant for the DC Fiscal Policy Institute in 2002.¶ Lakin completed a B.A. in History at Brown University in 1998 and went on to work as a research assistant to the late Seymour Martin Lipset. Lakin and Professor Lipset co-authored The Democratic Century in 2004. Jason has spent time working, volunteering ,and conducting research in a number of countries around the world since the mid-1990s, including Kenya, Zimbabwe, Chile, Mexico, and India.)¶ "Fifteen Years After The Zapatistas" Harvard International Review¶ April 13, 2009 ¶ http://hir.harvard.edu/blog/jason-lakin/fifteen-years-after-the-zapatistas So why haven’t all of these political changes made more of a difference to the AND findings are consistent across states as different as Oaxaca, Mexico and Chiapas.
====Empirically proven==== Khokar 5-2 (Tanya Khokhar is a program analyst at the Ford Foundation in New York City. She is a 2012 graduate of Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, where she earned a master’s degree in international affairs, specializing in economic and political development and conflict resolution. She is from Karachi, Pakistan.) Harvard Kennedy School’s Public Policy Journal¶ May 2, 2013¶ http://harvardkennedyschoolreview.com/zapatista-development-local-empowerment-and-the-curse-of-top-down-economics-in-chiapas-mexico/ Guaquitepec is a small village in Chiapas, the southernmost state in Mexico and by AND ~ Such alternative models offer engaging platforms for local empowerment and collective action.
Because space does not permit an analysis of neoliberalism, globalization, or any of AND the current system of global relations to re-conceptualize and create an alternative
There is no way to overcome the enormous power of capitalism.
Brown, 04 (Nicholas, University of Illinois at Chicago, Or, Alain Badiou and Slavoj Žižek, Waiting for Something to Happen, CR: The New Centennial Review 4.3 (2004) 289-319). But what is strange is the vehemence with which Badiou maintains his distance from the AND become unthinkable. The "eternity" of truth would yield to historicism.
Radical egalitarianism is unworkable and is based on a failed model of communism.
Hallward, 03 (Badiou: a subject to truth, Peter Hallward, University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis / London 2003, Professor of Modern European Philosophy, Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy, Middlesex Univeristy). Badiou’s politics have always been about "collective emancipation, or the problem of the AND Romantic" dream leading to "fraternity terror" (AM, 101).
Appeasement is defined as "granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace." Giving Iran international legitimacy and removing sanctions would have maintained peace with a potential enemy without changing the undemocratic practices of the enemy. If this isn’t appeasement, I don’t know how better to define the word.
Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas AND or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.
DA
Immigration reform has the votes to pass now
Le10/17 ~Van, B.A. in Communications from Harvard University, Writer for America’s Voice, 2013, "When will Speaker Boehner Allow a Vote so Immigration Reform can Pass?" http://americasvoiceonline.org/blog/when-will-speaker-boehner-allow-a-vote-so-immigration-reform-can-pass/~~ The thing is, if John Boehner wanted to, passing immigration reform through the AND and turns out massive rallies. The opposition is distracted and lacking support.
It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR
Scher10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~ The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come AND than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.
====Plan is politically divisive==== Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf) At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing AND action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be.
Visas solve cyberterror and competitiveness
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms AND going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons. AND its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.
Competitiveness stops nuclear war
Baru 9 – Sanjaya Baru is a Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 - 168 Hence, economic policies and performance do have strategic consequences.2 In the modern AND sustain economic growth and military power, the classic ’guns versus butter’ dilemma.
CP
Text: United States federal government should open the US-Mexico border with the United Mexican States and eliminate all United States dictated border policies.
Their use of ’the’ before United States federal government inscribes nationalistic geopolitics, creating us-them dichotomies—-turns the case
Thrift 2k (Nigel | University of Warwick Vice Chancellor, University of Bristol Professor of Geography | "It’s the Little Things" | Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of Geopolitical Thought p.383-385)
Let us finally come to one more arena: the arena of words. After AND of patriotic fervour. Instead, it goes on in more mundane citations: it is done unobtrusively on the margins of conscious awareness by little words such as AND which political programmes then flow as infractions are identified and made legible.7 In these few brief comments, I hoped to have outlined a parallel agenda for AND practices and their attendant territorializations within which geopower ferments and sometimes boils over.
K
The affirmative uses rationalism to justify a prescriptive ethic—-this human-centered philosophy idealizes man—placing her at the top of a hierarchy of objects, while resting upon an idealist epistemology that assumes that through reason we can obtain knowledge of mind-independent things
Laruelle 11 ~François Laruelle, translated by Taylor Adkins The Generic as Predicate and Constant: Non-Philosophy and Materialism. The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism ed. Levi Bryant, Nick Srnicek, Graham Harman. re.press 2011. pp 237-260~
The first style is fold and overfold, the second is the outfold or even AND idempotent way rather than an anonymous object dragged along by the whole World.
Our alternative—-view the world through a lens of flat ontology
Real social change comes from engaging the material world of objects, not the academic world of textual discourse – only a focus on objects can solve the aff
Bryant 12 (Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, McKenzie Wark: How Do You Occupy an Abstraction?, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/mckenzie-wark-how-do-you-occupy-an-abstraction/) this evidence has been modified and we don’t endorse gendered language Here I’m also inclined to say that we need to be clear about system references AND to locate. I guess this post will get Homeland Security after me.
T
They must specify their agent—-the USFG is three branches
USAgov No Date http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml U.S. Federal Government: The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions.
No solvency—-lack of agency discussion means the plan is wrecked by bureaucratic obstacles
Who Decides on the United States’ Latin ¶ America Policy?¶ Latin Americans familiar with AND ¶ Washington makes these difficulties even more intractable now than in the past.
Contention
Economic engagement with Mexico perpetuates the violence they talk about—-this is the underlined part of their card
Arriola 2k Yet, underlying these stereotypes are the voices of persons whose human needs and despair AND like NAFTA," 1 or lax enforcement of labor policies under Mexican law.
The O Tuathail contradicts the Hossein Zadeh ev. O Tuiathail uses UN statistics to point out human rights violations. Hossein-Zadeh views "human rights" as a contrived justification for neoconservative foreign policy.
The un-underlined part at the bottom of Hossein-Zadeh says that there’s nothing wrong with the military as a means of preserving national security
Framing
No impact framing from Zimmerman—-doesn’t say that trying to avoid nuclear war causes ontological damnation. It just quotes Heidegger as saying that a world in which mankind has no relationship to being would not be a world worth living in.
Existence first—-value is subjective and could improve in the future
Torbjörn Tännsjö 11, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, "Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing," online: http://people.su.se/~~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if AND suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).
Default to Util
Equal ends
Rakowski 93 Eric Rakowski ~Taking and Saving Lives Author(s): Eric Rakowski Source: Columbia Law Review, Vol. 93, No. 5, (Jun., 1993), pp. 1063-1156 Published by: Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1122960-http://www.jstor.org/stable/1122960~~ On one side, it presses toward the consequentialist view that individuals’ status as moral AND the more numerous group, even if she must kill to do so.
Personal identity is irrelevant, we can separate our brains and become separate streams of thought
Parfit 84 Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). Some recent medical cases provide striking evidence in favour of the Reductionist View. Human AND field, and can receive two different answers written by this person’s two hands
persons are a collective unit
Shoemaker 02 Disintegrated Persons and Distributive Principals, David Shoemaker, 2002 Blackwell Publishers In terms of the implications of this metaphysical picture for morality, then, being AND justification of maximization (and its relation to distributive principles) across lives.
Universality
Hare 91 ~"A Companion to Ethics" O 1991.1, 993by Blackwell Publishing Ltd R.M. Hare~ A possible move for one who is looking for the necessary constraints on moral thinking AND of pleasurew, here as Kant’s theory is part in terms of will).
governmental public policy entails tradeoffs
Woller 97 Gary Woller ~BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10~
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources AND perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.
====Interpretation – economic engagement is a subset of conditional engagement and implies a quid pro quo==== Shinn 96 ~James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, "Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China," pp. 9 and 11, google books~ In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for attaining those objectives, and tactics (specific policies) for implementing that strategy. • The objectives of conditional engagement are the ten principles, which were selected to preserve American vital interests in Asia while accommodating China’s emergence as a major power. • The overall strategy of conditional engagement follows two parallel lines: economic engagement, to promote the integration of China into the global trading and financial systems; and security engagement, to encourage compliance with the ten principles by diplomatic and military means when economic incentives do not suffice, in order to hedge against the risk of the emergence of a belligerent China. • The tactics of economic engagement should promote China’s economic integration through negotiations on trade liberalization, institution building, and educational exchanges. While a carrots-and-sticks approach may be appropriate within the economic arena, the use of trade sanction to achieve short-term political goals is discouraged. • The tactics of security engagement should reduce the risks posed by China’s rapid military expansion, its lack of transparency, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and transnational problems such as crime and illegal migration, by engaging in arms control negotiations, multilateral efforts, and a loosely-structured defensive military arrangement in Asia.8 ~To footnotes~ 8. Conditional engagement’s recommended tactics of tit-for-tat responses are equivalent AND 105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).
DA
Immigration reform has the votes to pass now
Le10/17 ~Van, B.A. in Communications from Harvard University, Writer for America’s Voice, 2013, "When will Speaker Boehner Allow a Vote so Immigration Reform can Pass?" http://americasvoiceonline.org/blog/when-will-speaker-boehner-allow-a-vote-so-immigration-reform-can-pass/~~ The thing is, if John Boehner wanted to, passing immigration reform through the AND and turns out massive rallies. The opposition is distracted and lacking support.
It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR
Scher10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~ The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come AND than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.
====Plan is politically divisive====
Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf) At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing AND action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be.
Visas solve cyberterror and competitiveness
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms AND going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons. Specifically, this research will use open source knowledge to identify the structure of nuclear command and control centres AND its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.
Competitiveness stops nuclear war
Baru 9 – Sanjaya Baru is a Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 - 168 Hence, economic policies and performance do have strategic consequences.2 In the modern AND sustain economic growth and military power, the classic ’guns versus butter’ dilemma.
CP
Jerry and I advocate the entire 1AC sans the word "holocaust"
The affirmative trivializes the holocaust – this hurts families affected by the holocaust and is insensitive – vote neg
Grestenfeld 08 ~Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld is Chairman of the Steering Committee of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, where he founded and directs the Center’s Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism program. Dr.Gerstenfeld is an international business and environmental strategist. Dr. Gerstenfeld is the author of many books including Revaluing Italy; Environment and Confusion; Israel’s New Future Interviews; The State as Business: Do It Yourself Political Forecasting; Judaism, Environmentalism and the Environment; and The Environment in the Jewish Tradition-A Sustainable World. His latest book, Europe’s Crumbling Myths exposes the origins of post-Holocaust anti-Semitism.~ Manfred Gerstenfeld, Holocaust Trivialization, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, May 1, 2008, http://jcpa.org/article/holocaust-trivialization/ Holocaust trivialization is a tool for some ideologically or politically motivated activists to metaphorically compare AND both the manipulative character of this distortion and how it can be deconstructed.
K
The affirmative uses rationalism to justify a prescriptive ethic—-this human-centered philosophy idealizes man—placing her at the top of a hierarchy of objects, while resting upon an idealist epistemology that assumes that through reason we can obtain knowledge of mind-independent things
Laruelle 11 ~François Laruelle, translated by Taylor Adkins The Generic as Predicate and Constant: Non-Philosophy and Materialism. The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism ed. Levi Bryant, Nick Srnicek, Graham Harman. re.press 2011. pp 237-260~
The first style is fold and overfold, the second is the outfold or even AND idempotent way rather than an anonymous object dragged along by the whole World.
Our alternative—-view the world through a lens of flat ontology
Real social change comes from engaging the material world of objects, not the academic world of textual discourse – only a focus on objects can solve the aff
Bryant 12 (Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, McKenzie Wark: How Do You Occupy an Abstraction?, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/mckenzie-wark-how-do-you-occupy-an-abstraction/) this evidence has been modified and we don’t endorse gendered language Here I’m also inclined to say that we need to be clear about system references AND to locate. I guess this post will get Homeland Security after me.
Case
no way to overcome the enormous power of capitalism.
Brown, 04 (Nicholas, University of Illinois at Chicago, Or, Alain Badiou and Slavoj Žižek, Waiting for Something to Happen, CR: The New Centennial Review 4.3 (2004) 289-319). But what is strange is the vehemence with which Badiou maintains his distance from the AND become unthinkable. The "eternity" of truth would yield to historicism.
radical egalitarianism is unworkable and is based on a failed model of communism.
Hallward, 03 (Badiou: a subject to truth, Peter Hallward, University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis / London 2003, Professor of Modern European Philosophy, Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy, Middlesex Univeristy). Badiou’s politics have always been about "collective emancipation, or the problem of the AND Romantic" dream leading to "fraternity terror" (AM, 101).
Framing
Existence first—-value is subjective and could improve in the future
Torbjörn Tännsjö 11, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, "Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing," online: http://people.su.se/~~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if AND suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).
Default to Util
Equal ends
Rakowski 93 Eric Rakowski ~Taking and Saving Lives Author(s): Eric Rakowski Source: Columbia Law Review, Vol. 93, No. 5, (Jun., 1993), pp. 1063-1156 Published by: Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1122960-http://www.jstor.org/stable/1122960~~ On one side, it presses toward the consequentialist view that individuals’ status as moral AND the more numerous group, even if she must kill to do so.
Personal identity is irrelevant, we can separate our brains and become separate streams of thought
Parfit 84 Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). Some recent medical cases provide striking evidence in favour of the Reductionist View. Human AND field, and can receive two different answers written by this person’s two hands
persons are a collective unit
Shoemaker 02 Disintegrated Persons and Distributive Principals, David Shoemaker, 2002 Blackwell Publishers In terms of the implications of this metaphysical picture for morality, then, being AND justification of maximization (and its relation to distributive principles) across lives.
Universality
Hare 91 ~"A Companion to Ethics" O 1991.1, 993by Blackwell Publishing Ltd R.M. Hare~ A possible move for one who is looking for the necessary constraints on moral thinking AND of pleasurew, here as Kant’s theory is part in terms of will).
governmental public policy entails tradeoffs
Woller 97 Gary Woller ~BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10~
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources AND perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.
10/20/13
1NC -- Glenbrooks -- Round 2
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lane Tech | Judge: K
The 1AC’s Orthodox IR’s atomistic approach to global problems makes extinction inevitable
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy AND , 2011 Taylor Francis 3. From securitisation to militarisation 3.1 Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the AND genocide, can become legitimised as contributing to the resolution of crises.105
Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures—-this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues. K
Nanotechnology ensures a control-oriented approach to the world and naturalizes the instrumentalization of being – rejection is key to interrogate the nanotechnology development the sovereign uses to weave together life and politics.
Brown, PhD, 2007 ~Nathan, Professor of Critical Theory at UC Davis, The Inorganic Open: Nanotechnology And Physical Being, July/August~ Let me close by situating this concept, nothing-other-than-object AND and its contemporary redeployments – another approach to the inorganic open altogether.31 CP
Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for integral fast reactors using the S-PRISM design.
Restarting IFR project at ANL spurs R+D in all sectors
Blees 8 ~Tom Blees 2008 "Prescription for the Planet: The painless remedy for our energy and environmental crises" Pg. 367~
21. Restart nuclear power development research at national labs like Argonne, concentrating on AND the many varied types of energy needs around the world would be incalculable.
APS key to nanotech development
Lindsey 12 ~"Scientist Uses Advance Photon Source to Study Nano-Scale Materials", Laura, Director of Communications and Marketing, The College of Arts and Science, ¶ University of Missouri Columbia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Jan 25, 2012~ Emerging new technologies utilize advanced materials that are assembled on exceedingly small scales of length AND the many surprises and challenges that nano-scale materials present to scientists. DA
Menendez will hold off Iran sanctions that cause Iran prolif—-political capital is key
Paul Richter November 13, 2013, 6:45 p.m. Senators still mulling over additional Iran sanctions http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-kerry-iran-20131114,0,1995719.story~23axzz2kh5iJKd5-http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-kerry-iran-20131114,0,1995719.story Key senators remained undecided Wednesday on whether to impose more economic sanctions on Iran after AND Senate Democratic leadership as well as the banking committee heard the administration’s arguments.
Plan decks capital
Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf) At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing AND action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be.
Iran prolif risks nuclear war
Colin H. Kahl, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security focusing on Middle East security and defense policy and Associate Professor at Georgetown SFS, 12 ~Response to Iran and the Bomb, "One Step Too Far," Foreign Affairs, Reviews and Responses, Septempber/October, pp 157-160~
"History shows that when countries acquire the bomb, they feel increasingly vulnerable and AND and the consequences of even a low-probability outcome could be devastating.
Advantage 1
====Nieto capital key to push energy reform==== Clines 13 (Francis x. Clines, expert on National Politics, Congress strategy and Campaign Finance at the New York Times, "Mexico’s Ambitious Economic Agenda ," March 31, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/01/opinion/mexicos-ambitious-economic-agenda.html//MRG) Mexico’s new president, Enrique Peña Nieto, has proposed reforms that could make monopolistic AND that it can turn Mr. Peña Nieto’s ambitious agenda into national policy.
====That’s key to Mexico competitiveness and economy ==== MBW 13 (Mexico Business Web, "Competitiveness tied to Energy Reform," July 10, 2013, http://www.mexicanbusinessweb.mx/eng/2013/competitiveness-tied-to-energy-reform//MRG) Competitiveness tied to energy reform The pending reform in the energy production sector, could AND and that Mexico is unable to adapt to the new world energy order.
No impact to biodiversity
Sagoff 97 Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, "INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT", 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N Note – Colin Tudge - Research Fellow at the Centre for Philosophy at the London School of Economics. Frmr Zoological Society of London: Scientific Fellow and tons of other positions. PhD. Read zoology at Cambridge. Simon Levin = Moffet Professor of Biology, Princeton. 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences Distinguished Scientist Award 2008 Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 2009 Honorary Doctorate of Science, Michigan State University 2010 Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America 2010 Margalef Prize in Ecology, etc… PhD Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands AND sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.
No extinction from diseases – natural selection checks.
Foreign advancements don’t threaten US dominance – economic systems cooperate, not compete.
Schine 8 ~(Eric Schine, Editor-at-large at Bloomberg News. Cites Amar Bhide, a business professor at Columbia University) "Is the U.S. Losing Its Economic Edge?" Inc Magazine Nov 1, 2008~ You write that the dire predictions of so-called techno-nationalists are misplaced AND the employment in the nontraded services sector it does in the traded sector.
Science diplomacy doesn’t solve their impacts
Dickson 10 (David, director of SciDev, June 28 http://scidevnet.wordpress.com/category/science-diplomacy-conference-2010/ 7/9/11) HD There’s a general consensus in both the scientific and political worlds that the principle of AND and benefit from diplomatic agreements – but cannot provide the solutions to either.
Regulations fail- Groups will secretly research, and regulation can’t overcome hackers’ motive- the only viable alternative takes out the case
And, Nanotech in the context of their impact evidence does not exist
Colin Milburn, graduate student at Harvard University in History of Science, 2003. "Nanotechnology in the Age of Posthuman Engineering: Science Fiction as Science," http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/configurations/v010/10.2milburn.html~~23top Due to the tendency of nanowriting to speculate on the far future and to prognosticate AND influenced by laughable "science fiction" expectations and have gotten ahead of themselves
Exports, imports, and finance are "economic" engagement—-distinct from travel
Gallagher 1 – Katherine Gallagher, Senior Staff Attorney at the Center for Constitutional Rights, "Sanctions’ Effects on Human Rights Violations", The Monitor: Journal of International Studies, 8(1), Fall, http://web.wm.edu/so/monitor/issues/08-1/1-gallagher.htm
Types of Sanctions Working positively or negatively, sanctions provide inducements or threats to the offenders to encourage AND
economic, travel, military, diplomatic, and cultural.~9~ Economic: Increased worldwide economic interdependence has greatly expanded the popularity of economic sanctions. As the most frequently used type of sanction, these sanctions are employed in both of case studies examined in this report. Economic sanctions are divided into three categories: limiting exports to a country, limiting the imports from that country, and imposing financial sanctions. Financial sanctions entail: ~The~ blocking of government assets held abroad, limiting access to financial markets and restricting loans and credits, restricting international transfer payments and restricting the sale and trade of property abroad, ~as well as~…freezing development aid.~10~ The first of these three options is the easiest to implement because exports are more easily controlled, while the source of imports can be difficult to identify.~11~ Generally, financial sanctions are more effective than export controls because the sanctioned nation can purchase the exports from another country. However, import controls have the greatest impact on a nation’s economy, severely limiting financial growth.~12~ Travel: Travel sanctions limit the travel capabilities of particular individuals as well as their mode of transportation, reducing air travel significantly.~13~ These sanctions are also imposed on both countries examined. Such narrowly applied sanctions more effectively punish the government officials and military leaders responsible for the human rights violations, limiting their ability to conduct overseas business and political dealings. Military: These sanctions specifically target the non-compliant government by imposing "arms embargoes or…terminating military assistance or training."~14~ The most prevalent issue of debate connected to the use of military sanctions is the impairment of the sanctioned country’s self-defense capability.~15~ South Africa and Iraq have both subjected to these sanctions. Diplomatic: Diplomatic sanctions focus specifically on "rulers of a sanctioned State: diplomats AND when these leaders wish to retain international standing for economic and nationalistic purposes. Cultural: Similar to diplomatic sanctions, cultural sanctions aim to disgrace a nation. The mildest manner of sanctioning, cultural sanctions involve banning "athletes…folk dancers, musicians, and other artists…~as well as~ restrictions…on educational and tourist travel."~18~ The ban on South African athletes from Olympic competition from 1970 to 1991 exemplifies a cultural sanction.~19~
Vote Neg
Limits—they open the floodgates to allow the removal of non-economic sanction affs—-makes neg research impossible
DA
Obama is taking a hard line stance against Cuba now – the plan is perceived as appeasement
Forero 1/22/13 - NPR’s South America correspondent and The Washington Post’s correspondent for Colombia and Venezuela (Juan, "Obama’s Unfinished Business: Latin America", January 22 of 2013, NPR, http://www.npr.org/2013/01/22/169980241/obamas-unfinished-business-latin-america) FORERO: Well, I think that there are a number of policies that are AND they do in Latin America but what they do outside of the region. And I think that has a lot to do with George Bush, too, because the Bush administration was very unpopular in the region for its foreign policy in the Middle East. And the Obama administration is not blamed for that policy, even though in many ways, of course, the Obama administration has followed the line. And so I think Obama is much more popular because of that. He’s also come down here on a couple of different occasions and those have been fairly successful trips. MARTIN: Let’s start with a country where there was a very difficult and tense relationship with the George W. Bush administration, and that is with Venezuela. President Hugo Chavez, he’s been a hero to the international left, a staunch opponent of kind of U.S. policy in the region. But he has had significant health problems in recent years, hasn’t been seen in public very much at all. What’s going on there? For people who haven’t kept up with this. FORERO: Well, the latest came just a couple of days ago when the vice president, Nicolas Maduro, said he was optimistic that Chavez could be back in Venezuela sooner rather than later. But like everything in Venezuela, you know, especially about Chavez’s health, there was very little detail. Let me recap and tell you what’s going on. Chavez has been battling cancer for about 19 months. And on December 11th, he surprised the country when he announced that he would undergo a fourth operation. In fact, it was that day when he underwent the operation to remove cancerous tissue from his pelvic region. The thing is, he hasn’t been heard from since. Keep in mind that AND his body it’s located, or whether he’s even coming back to Venezuela. MARTIN: So what’s been the U.S. posture toward all this? How has the U.S. reacted to all of this? FORERO: Well, the U.S. has been cautious in its comments. It’s coming out to say that they’d like to see a peaceful transition, meaning a peaceful constitutional transition if Chavez were not to come back to power or if he were permanently sidelined, either because of death or because he’s incapacitated. What’s really gotten the attention in the United States, and I guess in Latin America, is how the U.S. has over the past few weeks been working back channels to renew frayed relations that Washington has had with Caracas, with Venezuela, for years. These countries do not have ambassadors. In other words, there’s not an American ambassador in Venezuela. The DEA, which used to operate in Venezuela, is not permitted to do much of anything. And of course Chavez frequently rails against U.S. imperialism and warns that the U.S. is on the verge of invading. So the Obama administration is hoping that if there is a transition they’ll be able to have better relations with the next guy. MARTIN: Let’s move on to Cuba. And if you’re just joining us we’re speaking with NPR’s Juan Forero. We’re talking about the challenges facing President Obama in Latin America during his second term. Let’s talk about Cuba. One of the big news items from the region has been the Cuban government has finally relaxed its travel policy after many, many years. And so now there’s talk of a reciprocal move by the Obama administration. What can you tell us about that? FORERO: Well, I think there’s two policy shifts in Cuba that are super AND on any significant change such as ending its economic embargo of the island. And I don’t see that that is going to happen. I mean, the U.S. has long said that the Castros - that is Raul, the president, and his brother Fidel - have to be gone before the U.S. engages Cuba. And I think it’s important to note that American diplomats, I think, would love to see an end to the embargo. Because it’s very damaging to the U.S. It permits the Cubans to claim it’s being bullied by a superpower. And the embargo just hasn’t worked. You know, it hasn’t ousted the communist government there. But the Obama administration, I think, faces domestic issues here. First of all, most Americans simply don’t care about Cuba. And I think that the Cuban-American community, which does, has a leadership which continues to support a hard line against Cuba. And Obama knows full well that that community, the Cuban-American community, particularly in Florida, does vote.
Engagement with Cuba sends a signal of appeasement
North Korea is shifting back toward confrontation—-weak US credibility of threat causes war
Julian Ryall 9/10, Japan Correspondent for The Daily Telegraph, "Back to business as usual for North Korea", 2013, www.dw.de/back-to-business-as-usual-for-north-korea/a-17077430 "President ~Barack~ Obama is fluctuating one way and then another on Syria AND After that, the Korean peninsula will be reunited within another two years."
Korean war goes nuclear, spills over globally—-risk of miscalc is high and this time is different
Steven Metz 13, Chairman of the Regional Strategy and Planning Department and Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute, 3/13/13, "Strategic Horizons: Thinking the Unthinkable on a Second Korean War," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12786/strategic-horizons-thinking-the-unthinkable-on-a-second-korean-war Today, North Korea is the most dangerous country on earth and the greatest threat AND two continued mutual trade and investment. Stranger things have happened in statecraft.
K
The 1AC’s Orthodox IR’s atomistic approach to global problems makes extinction inevitable
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy AND , 2011 Taylor Francis 3. From securitisation to militarisation 3.1 Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the AND genocide, can become legitimised as contributing to the resolution of crises.105
Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures—-this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
CP
The United States federal government should offer to ~plan~ if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.
Solves the case
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, "The Right Deal on Cuba," online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American AND change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.
Advantage 1
No cooperation – anti-Americanism
Suchlicki 13 (Jaime Suchlicki, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami, "Why Cuba Will Still Be Anti-American After Castro" http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/why-cuba-will-still-be-anti-american-after-castro/273680/ 3-4-13)f Similarly, any serious overtures to the U.S. do not seem likely AND terrorism and drug interdiction - for the United States to change it policies.
No impact to the environment
Sagoff 97 Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, "INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT", 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N Note – Colin Tudge - Research Fellow at the Centre for Philosophy at the London School of Economics. Frmr Zoological Society of London: Scientific Fellow and tons of other positions. PhD. Read zoology at Cambridge. Simon Levin = Moffet Professor of Biology, Princeton. 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences Distinguished Scientist Award 2008 Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 2009 Honorary Doctorate of Science, Michigan State University 2010 Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America 2010 Margalef Prize in Ecology, etc… PhD Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands AND sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.
No extinction from diseases – natural selection checks.
Solving nuclear prolif causes a shift to bio-weapons
Cordesman 2k ~Anthony, Senior Fellow for Strategic Assessment – CSIS, Federal News Service, 3-28, L/N~
New, critical technologies are escaping our control One of the problems I have noticed AND tends to simply push proliferation into other weapons systems and modes of delivery.
Prolif decreases the risk of war—robust statistical, empirical evidence proves.
Asal and Beardsley 7 (Victor, Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci.—SUNY Albany, and Kyle, Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci.—Emory U., Journal of Peace Research, "Proliferation and International Crisis Behavior," 44:2, Sage)
As Model 1 in Table IV illustrates, all of our variables are statistically significant AND significant, which strengthens the case for the explanations provided in this study.
No prolif impact
Colin H. Kahl 13, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and an associate professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Melissa G. Dalton, Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, Matthew Irvine, Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security, February, "If Iran Builds the Bomb, Will Saudi Arabia Be Next?" http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AtomicKingdom_Kahl.pdf-http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AtomicKingdom_Kahl.pdf *cites Jacques Hymans, USC Associate Professor of IR* I I I . LESSONS FROM HISTOR Y Concerns over "regional proliferation chains," AND -related motivations) but are wary of the negative consequences of proliferation.
No bio threat
Dove 12 ~Alan Dove, PhD in Microbiology, science journalist and former Adjunct Professor at New York University, "Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?" Jan 24 2012, http://alandove.com/content/2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/~~ The second problem is much more serious. Eliminating the toxins, we’re left with AND biodefense industry is a far greater threat to us than any actual bioterrorists.
Solvency
Future presidents prevent solvency
Harvard Law Review 12, "Developments in the Law: Presidential Authority," Vol. 125:2057, www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol125_devo.pdf The recent history of signing statements demonstrates how public opinion can effectively check presidential expansions AND practices. 147 Only time, and perhaps public opinion, will tell.
Courts will also act to strike down the XO, even if it isn’t expressly illegal—they can’t say from where specific power would be derived
Cooper ’2, (Phillip, Gund Professor of Liberal Arts, University of Vermont, receiver of Charles A Levin Award from the American Society for Public Administration, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action, p. 77) Despite the apparent deference by the judiciary to the president’s orders, this chapter has AND the validity of orders and with addressing the consequences of admittedly legitimate decrees.
Bureaucrats block
Howell 3 (William Howell, Assistant Professor of Government, Harvard University, 2003 (Power Without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presidential Action) p. 21
Much can happen between the issuance of a presidential order and its implementation. Opportunities AND and whenever possible, presidents try to rally the support of their subordinates.
XO’s aren’t durable – and court overrules
Rodgers 1 (William H. Rodgers Jr., Professor of Environmental Law, University of Washington, 2001 ("Executive Orders and Presidential Commands: Presidents Riding to the Rescue of the Environment – Journal of Land, Resources, 26 Environmental Law) p. lexis
Despite its advantages, the executive order also has a welladvertised downside. It is AND but assures that objections will be framed as an offense to constitutional boundaries.
And – this occurs frequently
Earthrights International ’03 (9-22, http://www.earthrights.org/news/eo13303memo.shtml) Revoking an executive order by subsequent executive order: The president can issue an executive AND new executive orders. Presidents also revoke their own orders with new orders.
The XO creates unique circumstances for congress to overrule the CP—assumes their defense
Bedell 99 (Robert, former Office of Management and Budget Deputy and Acting General Counsel, FEDERAL NEWS SERVICE, October 27, p. online.) With regard to the impact that Executive Orders may have on the prerogatives of the AND believe that Congress retains its full panoply of prerogatives to deal with it.
Don’t have the same impact a legislation- empirically proven
Paul Light, Brookings, THE PRESIDENT’S AGENDA: DOMESTIC POLICY CHOICE FROM KENNEDY TO CLINTON, 1999, p. 117-8 (PDAF0739) First, the executive option is generally reserved for routine decisions; it is not AND to agree with executive action if the executive action doesn’t agree with them.
Coordinated political action key - necessary to remove the perceptual ban on reprocessing.
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cedar Ridge | Judge: 1 The 1AC is a performance of presumed accessibility and able body privilege—-they strategically avoided a discussion of the disabled body; an abelist move to mask the privilege that we all have been seeing, speaking and walking around this room Boys 08 (Jos, "challenging the ’normal’: towards new conceptual frameworks", http://www.sowhatisnormal.co.uk/challenging) This shifts the inquiry from representations (on the body, in the space) AND as it is the reception and construction of that difference. Davis 2002 p50
The biological degradation of certain segments of the species is the root cause of conflict – wars are fought and life is exterminated not because of particular geopolitical interests but because of the biopolitical commitment to eugenic violence
Elden 2 ~Stuart Elden, politics at University of Warwick, 2002 (Boundary 2 29.2) ~ The reverse side is the power to allow death. State racism is a recoding AND men to be killed. (VS, 180; WK, 136)
Our alternative is not to take any specific action, or reject any particular policy but rather to tell a specific and particular story, the story of the body, the story of exclusion. This self-narration of the embodied experience of disability is the symbol of inclusion and is a prerequisite to accessible and meaningful debate—-our pedagogical discussion is vitally important
Power 1 ~Marcus Power, Lecturer in Human geography at the University of Durham, Fall 2001 (http://www.dsq-sds.org/_articles_pdf/2001/Fall/dsq_2001_Fall_10.pdf)~~ The complex relationships between space and disability have received increasing attention in recent years as AND and power of development and dependency and by exploring the possibility of alternatives. 2
Bryant 12 (Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, McKenzie Wark: How Do You Occupy an Abstraction?, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/mckenzie-wark-how-do-you-occupy-an-abstraction/) this evidence has been modified and we don’t endorse gendered language Here I’m also inclined to say that we need to be clear about system references AND to locate. I guess this post will get Homeland Security after me. 3
Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action
Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4 The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND and compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose
A general subject is insufficient—-debate requires a specific point of difference
Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45- Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of AND particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role
Galloway 7—Samford Comm prof (Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007) Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively AND substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.
The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to facilitate inclusion and respond to existential threats
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311 The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and AND with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. Case
The 1AC codifies suffering—-that recreates oppression
Brown 93- PhD in political philosophy from Princeton, prof at UC Berkeley(Wendy, "Wounded Attachments," Political Theory, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Aug., 1993), pp. 390-410, JSTORMGD) MANY HAVE ASKED HOW, given the totalizing regulatory and "othering" characteristics of AND to give up these investments in the pursuit of an emancipatory democratic project?
Brown 9 (Vincent Brown is Professor of History and of African and African-American Studies at Harvard University. AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW, DECEMBER 2009 http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/documents/brown-socialdeath.pdf) Slavery and Social Death was widely reviewed and lavishly praised for its erudition and conceptual AND a pessimistic view of the capacity for collective agency swung decidedly toward despair.
Their nihilism creates a self-fulfilling prophecy
Miah quoting West, 94 (Malik Miah, Cornel West’s Race Matters, May-June, http://www.solidarity-us.org/node/3079) In the chapter, "Nihilism in Black America," West observes "The liberal AND that without meaning there can be no struggle." (14-15)
Exports, imports, and finance are "economic" engagement—-distinct from military
Gallagher 1 – Katherine Gallagher, Senior Staff Attorney at the Center for Constitutional Rights, "Sanctions’ Effects on Human Rights Violations", The Monitor: Journal of International Studies, 8(1), Fall, http://web.wm.edu/so/monitor/issues/08-1/1-gallagher.htm
Types of Sanctions Working positively or negatively, sanctions provide inducements or threats to the offenders to encourage AND
economic, travel, military, diplomatic, and cultural.~9~ Economic: Increased worldwide economic interdependence has greatly expanded the popularity of economic sanctions. As the most frequently used type of sanction, these sanctions are employed in both of case studies examined in this report. Economic sanctions are divided into three categories: limiting exports to a country, limiting the imports from that country, and imposing financial sanctions. Financial sanctions entail: ~The~ blocking of government assets held abroad, limiting access to financial markets and restricting loans and credits, restricting international transfer payments and restricting the sale and trade of property abroad, ~as well as~…freezing development aid.~10~ The first of these three options is the easiest to implement because exports are more easily controlled, while the source of imports can be difficult to identify.~11~ Generally, financial sanctions are more effective than export controls because the sanctioned nation can purchase the exports from another country. However, import controls have the greatest impact on a nation’s economy, severely limiting financial growth.~12~ Travel: Travel sanctions limit the travel capabilities of particular individuals as well as their mode of transportation, reducing air travel significantly.~13~ These sanctions are also imposed on both countries examined. Such narrowly applied sanctions more effectively punish the government officials and military leaders responsible for the human rights violations, limiting their ability to conduct overseas business and political dealings. Military: These sanctions specifically target the non-compliant government by imposing "arms embargoes or…terminating military assistance or training."~14~ The most prevalent issue of debate connected to the use of military sanctions is the impairment of the sanctioned country’s self-defense capability.~15~ South Africa and Iraq have both subjected to these sanctions. Diplomatic: Diplomatic sanctions focus specifically on "rulers of a sanctioned State: diplomats AND when these leaders wish to retain international standing for economic and nationalistic purposes. Cultural: Similar to diplomatic sanctions, cultural sanctions aim to disgrace a nation. The mildest manner of sanctioning, cultural sanctions involve banning "athletes…folk dancers, musicians, and other artists…~as well as~ restrictions…on educational and tourist travel."~18~ The ban on South African athletes from Olympic competition from 1970 to 1991 exemplifies a cultural sanction.~19~
K
Cuba is a human rights violator—-shunning violators should be at the center of your decision calculus
Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. "On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions." Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it.
DA
Obama is taking a hard line stance against Cuba now – the plan is perceived as appeasement
Forero 1/22/13 - NPR’s South America correspondent and The Washington Post’s correspondent for Colombia and Venezuela (Juan, "Obama’s Unfinished Business: Latin America", January 22 of 2013, NPR, http://www.npr.org/2013/01/22/169980241/obamas-unfinished-business-latin-america) FORERO: Well, I think that there are a number of policies that are AND they do in Latin America but what they do outside of the region. And I think that has a lot to do with George Bush, too, because the Bush administration was very unpopular in the region for its foreign policy in the Middle East. And the Obama administration is not blamed for that policy, even though in many ways, of course, the Obama administration has followed the line. And so I think Obama is much more popular because of that. He’s also come down here on a couple of different occasions and those have been fairly successful trips. MARTIN: Let’s start with a country where there was a very difficult and tense relationship with the George W. Bush administration, and that is with Venezuela. President Hugo Chavez, he’s been a hero to the international left, a staunch opponent of kind of U.S. policy in the region. But he has had significant health problems in recent years, hasn’t been seen in public very much at all. What’s going on there? For people who haven’t kept up with this. FORERO: Well, the latest came just a couple of days ago when the vice president, Nicolas Maduro, said he was optimistic that Chavez could be back in Venezuela sooner rather than later. But like everything in Venezuela, you know, especially about Chavez’s health, there was very little detail. Let me recap and tell you what’s going on. Chavez has been battling cancer for about 19 months. And on December 11th, he surprised the country when he announced that he would undergo a fourth operation. In fact, it was that day when he underwent the operation to remove cancerous tissue from his pelvic region. The thing is, he hasn’t been heard from since. Keep in mind that AND his body it’s located, or whether he’s even coming back to Venezuela. MARTIN: So what’s been the U.S. posture toward all this? How has the U.S. reacted to all of this? FORERO: Well, the U.S. has been cautious in its comments. It’s coming out to say that they’d like to see a peaceful transition, meaning a peaceful constitutional transition if Chavez were not to come back to power or if he were permanently sidelined, either because of death or because he’s incapacitated. What’s really gotten the attention in the United States, and I guess in Latin America, is how the U.S. has over the past few weeks been working back channels to renew frayed relations that Washington has had with Caracas, with Venezuela, for years. These countries do not have ambassadors. In other words, there’s not an American ambassador in Venezuela. The DEA, which used to operate in Venezuela, is not permitted to do much of anything. And of course Chavez frequently rails against U.S. imperialism and warns that the U.S. is on the verge of invading. So the Obama administration is hoping that if there is a transition they’ll be able to have better relations with the next guy. MARTIN: Let’s move on to Cuba. And if you’re just joining us we’re speaking with NPR’s Juan Forero. We’re talking about the challenges facing President Obama in Latin America during his second term. Let’s talk about Cuba. One of the big news items from the region has been the Cuban government has finally relaxed its travel policy after many, many years. And so now there’s talk of a reciprocal move by the Obama administration. What can you tell us about that? FORERO: Well, I think there’s two policy shifts in Cuba that are super AND on any significant change such as ending its economic embargo of the island. And I don’t see that that is going to happen. I mean, the U.S. has long said that the Castros - that is Raul, the president, and his brother Fidel - have to be gone before the U.S. engages Cuba. And I think it’s important to note that American diplomats, I think, would love to see an end to the embargo. Because it’s very damaging to the U.S. It permits the Cubans to claim it’s being bullied by a superpower. And the embargo just hasn’t worked. You know, it hasn’t ousted the communist government there. But the Obama administration, I think, faces domestic issues here. First of all, most Americans simply don’t care about Cuba. And I think that the Cuban-American community, which does, has a leadership which continues to support a hard line against Cuba. And Obama knows full well that that community, the Cuban-American community, particularly in Florida, does vote.
Engagement with Cuba sends a signal of appeasement
North Korea is shifting back toward confrontation—-weak US credibility of threat causes war
Julian Ryall 9/10, Japan Correspondent for The Daily Telegraph, "Back to business as usual for North Korea", 2013, www.dw.de/back-to-business-as-usual-for-north-korea/a-17077430 "President ~Barack~ Obama is fluctuating one way and then another on Syria AND After that, the Korean peninsula will be reunited within another two years."
Korean war goes nuclear, spills over globally—-risk of miscalc is high and this time is different
Steven Metz 13, Chairman of the Regional Strategy and Planning Department and Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute, 3/13/13, "Strategic Horizons: Thinking the Unthinkable on a Second Korean War," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12786/strategic-horizons-thinking-the-unthinkable-on-a-second-korean-war Today, North Korea is the most dangerous country on earth and the greatest threat AND two continued mutual trade and investment. Stranger things have happened in statecraft.
CP
The United States federal government should offer to ~plan~ if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.
Counterplan solves the case and avoids appeasement
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, "The Right Deal on Cuba," online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American AND change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.
Case
Al Qaeda is weak but still a threat—surrender leads to unmitigated attacks
Stimson, 13 – Charles, Manager, National Security Law Program and Senior Legal Fellow at Heritage ("Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Military Force," Testimony Before Armed Services Committee United States Senate, 5/16/13, http://www.heritage.org/research/testimony/2013/05/the-law-of-armed-conflictRed)
The AUMF, by its own language, does not have an expiration date, AND be defeated or become so insignificant as to not warrant this particular AUMF.
A violent war on terror is the only way to solve
Hanson 10—Senior Fellow, Hoover. Former visiting prof, classics, Stanford. PhD in classics, Stanford (Victor Davis, The Tragic Truth of War, 19 February 2010, http://www.victorhanson.com/articles/hanson021910.html) Victory has usually been defined throughout the ages as forcing the enemy to accept certain AND , and tragically always will — until the nature of man himself changes.
Risk is high now
Matthew, et al, 10/2/13 ~ Bunn, Matthew, Valentin Kuznetsov, Martin B. Malin, Yuri Morozov, Simon Saradzhyan, William H. Tobey, Viktor I. Yesin, and Pavel S. Zolotarev. "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism." Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013, Matthew Bunn. Professor of the Practice of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School andCo-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Vice Admiral Valentin Kuznetsov (retired Russian Navy). Senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Military Representative of the Russian Ministry of Defense to NATO from 2002 to 2008. • Martin Malin. Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the Center for Military-Strategic Studies at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces from 1995 to 2000. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer from 1993 to 2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006 to 2009. • Colonel General Viktor Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Leading research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces from 1994 to 1996. • Major General Pavel Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense from1993 to 1997, section head - deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia from 1997 to 1998.http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html~~
I. Introduction In 2011, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and AND the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever.
Extinction
Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, "Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism," online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers, AND should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.
Turns case—successful attack would reverse any social change the aff creates
Having identified such a great potential target, the next logical step was to whip AND far rarer on the ground than even gays, Latinos, or liberals.
"No value to life" doesn’t outweigh—-prioritize existence because value is subjective and could improve in the future
Torbjörn Tännsjö 11, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, "Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing," online: http://people.su.se/~~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if AND suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).
Distinguishing legitimate violence from terrorism prevents moral nihilism
Elshtain 03 (Jean Bethke, Prof. Social and Pol. Ethics – U. Chicago, "Just War Against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World", p. 19-20) In a situation in which noncombatants are deliberately targeted and the murder of the maximum AND and moral bearings. The victims of September 11 deserve more from us.
Their understanding of terrorism is flawed – there are a variety of motivations but fanaticism is becoming more important
Laqueur 3 Walter– historian, has taught at Brandeis University, Georgetown, Harvard, University of Chicago, Tel Aviv and John Hopkins university; expert in terrorism and one of the founders of its study; holocaust survivor ~No end to war: terrorism in the twenty-first century. Google Books~ It was only to be expected that there should be voices arguing that the events AND fiction scenario of the mad scientist taking vengeance on society could become reality.
State violence is not terrorism – its legitimacy is key to prevent anarchy
Walter Laqueur 03 – historian, has taught at Brandeis University, Georgetown, Harvard, University of Chicago, Tel Aviv and John Hopkins university; expert in terrorism and one of the founders of its study; holocaust survivor ~No end to war: terrorism in the twenty-first century. Excerpt online at http://www.scribd.com/doc/68177365/Ats1326-Reader-http://www.scribd.com/doc/68177365/Ats1326-Reader~~ Another red herring frequently encountered is the argument that the whole preoccupation with terrorism by AND right of giving some of its revenue to other, less fortunate countries.
Their argument essentializes terror scholarship – it’s not a monolithic entity – defer to specific research
Boyle and Horgan 8 – Michael J. Boyle, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, April 2008, "A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies," Critical Studies On Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64 Some CTS advocates have positioned the CTS project against something usually called ’terrorism studies’ AND based on a well-grounded critique of the current research on terrorism.
11/24/13
1NC -- Long Beach -- Octas
Tournament: Long Beach | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola | Judge: T Interpretation – economic engagement is a subset of conditional engagement and implies a quid pro quo Shinn 96 ~James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, "Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China," pp. 9 and 11, google books~ In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for attaining those objectives, and tactics (specific policies) for implementing that strategy. • The objectives of conditional engagement are the ten principles, which were selected to preserve American vital interests in Asia while accommodating China’s emergence as a major power. • The overall strategy of conditional engagement follows two parallel lines: economic engagement, to promote the integration of China into the global trading and financial systems; and security engagement, to encourage compliance with the ten principles by diplomatic and military means when economic incentives do not suffice, in order to hedge against the risk of the emergence of a belligerent China. • The tactics of economic engagement should promote China’s economic integration through negotiations on trade liberalization, institution building, and educational exchanges. While a carrots-and-sticks approach may be appropriate within the economic arena, the use of trade sanction to achieve short-term political goals is discouraged. • The tactics of security engagement should reduce the risks posed by China’s rapid military expansion, its lack of transparency, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and transnational problems such as crime and illegal migration, by engaging in arms control negotiations, multilateral efforts, and a loosely-structured defensive military arrangement in Asia.8 ~To footnotes~ 8. Conditional engagement’s recommended tactics of tit-for-tat responses are equivalent AND 105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).
Vote negative – embargo means there’s a near-infinite range of "one exception" affs – conditionality forces the aff to find deals that Cuba would accept
House Republican leaders said on Sunday that they still believed a government shutdown beginning on AND by a year as conditions for financing government operations and avoiding a shutdown.
The plan would trade off with Congress’s ability to avert the shutdown - GOP has momentum and will, but they need every hour to get it done
Wrecks CDC disease monitoring – key to check outbreaks
Emily Walker, 4-8-2011, "Both Sides Claim Win as Shutdown Averted," Med Page Today, http://www.medpagetoday.com/Washington-Watch/Washington-Watch/25826 The vast majority of employees at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC AND won’t have the manpower we have right now," the HHS spokesman said.
Extinction
Quammen 12 David, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper’s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, "Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?," The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis Infectious disease is all around us. It’s one of the basic processes that ecologists AND possible factor is infectious ~from~ disease, and viruses in particular.
CP
The President of the United States should issue an executive order to normalize its economic relations with Cuba if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.
They say yes and solves
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, "The Right Deal on Cuba," online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American AND change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama. K
====Their security discourse is symptomatic of an orthodox approach to IR that uses centuries old political theory to sanitize global destruction by proliferating symptom-focused solutions to global power imbalances—this causes endless cycles of violence that make global warfare and extinction inevitable—-it’s try or die for structural critique ==== Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and reevaluate problematisation
Cheeseman 26 Bruce 96 (Graeme Cheeseman, Snr. Lecturer @ New South Wales, and Robert Bruce, 1996, Discourses of Danger 26 Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9) This goal is pursued in ways which are still unconventional in the intellectual milieu of AND constructive contribution to debate by those who are the targets of its criticisms.
Beginning discussions at the intellectual level is more productive—causes better social change which their engagement can’t access—this is empirically proven
Bilgin 5 Assistant Prof of International Relations at Bilkent University, REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, p54- The point is that a broader security agenda requires students of security to look at AND constituting ’threats to the future’ (Kubálková 1998: 193–201).
Leadership
Chinese trade is key to increasing profits and infrastructure investment
Cerna 11 (Michael Cerna, graduate student in International Policy Management at Kennesaw State University, "China’s Growing Presence in Latin America: Implications for U.S. and Chinese Presence in the Region" http://www.chinacenter.net/chinas-growing-presence-in-latin-america-implications-for-u-s-and-chinese-presence-in-the-region/ 4-15-11) There is no denying that there are some positive effects for both sides that pave AND . Peru itself has had a free trade agreement with China since 2008.
Infrastructure investment is key to growth in the region
Calderón and Servén 10 (César Calderón, Senior Economist at the Regional Chief Economist Office for Latin America and the Caribbean Region at the World Bank and Luis Servén, Research Manager for Macroeconomics and Growth in the Development Research Group, "Infrastructure in Latin America" https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/3801/WPS5317.pdf?sequence=1 May 2010) Poor infrastructure is commonly viewed as a key obstacle to economic ¶ development. Across AND speed up ¶ the pace of growth and poverty reduction across Latin America.
They misunderstand what losing influence means
Valenzuela et al 12 (Arturo Valenzuela, , founding director of the Center for Latin American Studies at Georgetown University and former U.S. assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere Affairs, Otto Reich, president of Otto Reich Associates LLC and former U.S. assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere Affairs, Donna Hrinak, member of the Inter-American Dialogue’s board and president of Boeing Brazil, and John F. Maisto, member of the Advisor board and director of U.S. Education Finance Group, "Is the United States Losing Influence in Latin America?" http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=3226pubID=3179 12-17-12) Q: The trope that the United States is losing influence in the region is AND to government, how do private sector and civil society initiatives factor in?
U.S. influence is resilient – they don’t assume all factors of U.S.-Latin America relations
Ben-Ami 13 (Shlomo Ben-Ami, former Israeli foreign minister who now serves as Vice President of the Toledo International Center for Peace", http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-new-nature-of-us-influence-in-latin-america-by-shlomo-ben-ami 6-5-13) Yet it would be a mistake to regard Latin America’s broadening international relations as marking AND , particularly when it comes to applying these advantages in its immediate vicinity.
Hegemony isn’t key to peace
Fettweis 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship AND global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
TT 11—official website of the Philadelphia Trumpet newsmagazine (The Trumpet, Taiwan’s Strides Toward China Accelerate, http://www.thetrumpet.com/?q=7808.6407.0.0) Ma = Taiwanese PM Ma explained that since people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait share common ancestry AND the island’s universities will admit their first batch of Chinese students this year.
Even in the absence of political collapse, there remain substantial¶ risks of economic AND or removal of¶ restrictions on US and multilateral financial flows to Cuba.
Removal won’t solve the economy – only the government gets money
Bustillo 13 (Mitchell Bustillo, writer for International Policy Digest, Hispanic Heritage Foundation Gold Medallion Winner, and a former United States Senate Page, "Time to Strengthen the Cuban Embargo" http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/05/09/time-to-strengthen-the-cuban-embargo/ 5-9-13) Still there is the idea that further increasing American tourism to this nearby Caribbean island AND the Cuban people cannot be blamed on the United States or the embargo.
Instability doesn’t spillover – empirics
Mesa-Lago and Vidal-Alejandro 10 (Carmelo Mesa-Lago, distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh; and Pavel Vidal-Alejandro, Centro de Estudios sobre la Economia Cubana, "The Impact of the Global Crisis on¶ Cuba’s Economy and Social Welfare" http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=126fid=795700626jid=LAS26volumeId=4226issueId=0426aid=7957004 November 2010) The global ?nancial–economic crisis that began in 2008 generated transmission mechanisms from developed AND international lender of last¶ resort by providing assistance to emerging markets.3
trade doesn’t solve war
May 5—Professor Emeritus (Research) in the Stanford University School of Engineering and a senior fellow with the Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. Former co-director of Stanford University’s Center for International Security and Cooperation. Principal Investigator for the DHS. (Michael, "The U.S.-China Strategic Relationship," September 2005, http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2005/Sep/maySep05.asp)
However important and beneficial this interdependence may be from an economic point of view, AND another reason why domestic perceptions matter: they determine which myths are believed.
There is one serious risk I think we can downplay—a global trade war AND it’s not a backlash against interconnectedness, trade, or global supply chains.
11/10/13
1NC -- Long Beach -- Quarters
Tournament: Long Beach | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Polytechnic | Judge: T
TOPICALITY—ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT
Exports, imports, and finance are "economic" engagement—-distinct from travel
Gallagher 1 – Katherine Gallagher, Senior Staff Attorney at the Center for Constitutional Rights, "Sanctions’ Effects on Human Rights Violations", The Monitor: Journal of International Studies, 8(1), Fall, http://web.wm.edu/so/monitor/issues/08-1/1-gallagher.htm
Types of Sanctions Working positively or negatively, sanctions provide inducements or threats to the offenders to encourage AND
economic, travel, military, diplomatic, and cultural.~9~ Economic: Increased worldwide economic interdependence has greatly expanded the popularity of economic sanctions. As the most frequently used type of sanction, these sanctions are employed in both of case studies examined in this report. Economic sanctions are divided into three categories: limiting exports to a country, limiting the imports from that country, and imposing financial sanctions. Financial sanctions entail: ~The~ blocking of government assets held abroad, limiting access to financial markets and restricting loans and credits, restricting international transfer payments and restricting the sale and trade of property abroad, ~as well as~…freezing development aid.~10~ The first of these three options is the easiest to implement because exports are more easily controlled, while the source of imports can be difficult to identify.~11~ Generally, financial sanctions are more effective than export controls because the sanctioned nation can purchase the exports from another country. However, import controls have the greatest impact on a nation’s economy, severely limiting financial growth.~12~ Travel: Travel sanctions limit the travel capabilities of particular individuals as well as their mode of transportation, reducing air travel significantly.~13~ These sanctions are also imposed on both countries examined. Such narrowly applied sanctions more effectively punish the government officials and military leaders responsible for the human rights violations, limiting their ability to conduct overseas business and political dealings. Military: These sanctions specifically target the non-compliant government by imposing "arms embargoes or…terminating military assistance or training."~14~ The most prevalent issue of debate connected to the use of military sanctions is the impairment of the sanctioned country’s self-defense capability.~15~ South Africa and Iraq have both subjected to these sanctions. Diplomatic: Diplomatic sanctions focus specifically on "rulers of a sanctioned State: diplomats AND when these leaders wish to retain international standing for economic and nationalistic purposes. Cultural: Similar to diplomatic sanctions, cultural sanctions aim to disgrace a nation. The mildest manner of sanctioning, cultural sanctions involve banning "athletes…folk dancers, musicians, and other artists…~as well as~ restrictions…on educational and tourist travel."~18~ The ban on South African athletes from Olympic competition from 1970 to 1991 exemplifies a cultural sanction.~19~
Vote Neg
Limits—they open the floodgates to allow the removal of non-economic sanction affs—-makes neg research impossible
DA
NEXT OFF—CASTRO DA
====The plan creates a political whirlwind that kills reforms and causes instability==== Hernandez, 2012 (Cuba’s Leading Social Sciences professor and researcher at the University of Havana and the High Institute of International Relations; Director of U.S. studies at the Centro de Estudios sobre America; and a Senior Research Fellow at the Instituto cubano de Investigacion Cultural "Juan Marinello" in Havana. "Debating U.S-Cuban Relations") As far as costs are concerned, although many Cubans favor detente and appreciate its AND dealing effectively with "communist regimes" but its sense of superpower omnipotence.
====Spillsover to the Caribbean and breeds terrorism==== Gorrell, 2005 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074) Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
====They’ll launch a bioattack at the US==== Bryan 1 (Anthony T. Bryan, director of the North-South Center’s Caribbean Program, 10-21-2001. CFR, Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation, p. http://www.cfr.org/publication/4844/terrorism_porous_borders_and20_homeland_20security.html) Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the AND else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.
====Extinction==== Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones. AND may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.
CP
NEXT OFF—COUNTERPLAN
The United States federal government should offer to normalize trade relations with Cuba if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.
Solves and they say yes—-also avoids the Vietnamese model
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, "The Right Deal on Cuba," online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American AND change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.
The plan destroys the credibility of Latin American democracy
Castañeda 8 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, September-October 2008, "Morning in Latin America," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 5 Realpolitik and fear of another exodus of Cuban refugees across the Straits of Florida may AND for other exceptions that would justify their existence by invoking the Cuban precedent.
That’s modeled
Fauriol 26 Weintraub 95 – Georges Fauriol, director of the CSIS Americas Program, and Sidney Weintraub, the William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy at CSIS and the Dean Rusk Professor at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin, Summer 1995, "U.S. Policy, Brazil, and the Southern Cone," The Washington Quarterly, lexis The democracy theme also carries much force in the hemisphere today. The State Department AND on all three in Latin America will compromise progress elsewhere in the world.
Extinction
Diamond 95 - Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, December 1995, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well- AND which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.
K
NEXT OFF—THE KRITIK
The affirmative uses rationalism to justify a prescriptive ethic. This human-centered philosophy idealizes man—placing her at the top of a hierarchy of objects, while resting upon an idealist epistemology that assumes that through reason we can obtain knowledge of mind-independent things.
Laruelle 11 ~François Laruelle, translated by Taylor Adkins The Generic as Predicate and Constant: Non-Philosophy and Materialism. The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism ed. Levi Bryant, Nick Srnicek, Graham Harman. re.press 2011. pp 237-260~
The first style is fold and overfold, the second is the outfold or even AND idempotent way rather than an anonymous object dragged along by the whole World.
Real social change comes from engaging the material world of objects, not the academic world of textual discourse – only a focus on objects can solve the aff
Bryant 12 (Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, McKenzie Wark: How Do You Occupy an Abstraction?, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/mckenzie-wark-how-do-you-occupy-an-abstraction/) this evidence has been modified and we don’t endorse gendered language Here I’m also inclined to say that we need to be clear about system references AND to locate. I guess this post will get Homeland Security after me.
Util
Equal ends mandate util
Rakowski 93 Eric Rakowski ~Taking and Saving Lives Author(s): Eric Rakowski Source: Columbia Law Review, Vol. 93, No. 5, (Jun., 1993), pp. 1063-1156 Published by: Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1122960-http://www.jstor.org/stable/1122960~~ On one side, it presses toward the consequentialist view that individuals’ status as moral AND the more numerous group, even if she must kill to do so.
Personal identity is irrelevant, we can separate our brains and become separate streams of thought
Parfit 84 Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). Some recent medical cases provide striking evidence in favour of the Reductionist View. Human AND field, and can receive two different answers written by this person’s two hands
If the self doesn’t matter, then persons are a collective unit, which can only be maximized given that it is better than minimizing it.
Shoemaker 02 Disintegrated Persons and Distributive Principals, David Shoemaker, 2002 Blackwell Publishers In terms of the implications of this metaphysical picture for morality, then, being AND justification of maximization (and its relation to distributive principles) across lives.
Universality entails a maximization of respective preference satisfaction which is util
Hare 91 ~"A Companion to Ethics" O 1991.1, 993by Blackwell Publishing Ltd R.M. Hare~ A possible move for one who is looking for the necessary constraints on moral thinking AND of pleasurew, here as Kant’s theory is part in terms of will). Governmental public policy entails tradeoffs which obligates the government to use a util calculus. Woller 97 Gary Woller ~BYU Prof., "An Overview by Gary Woller", A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics, June 1997, pg. 10~
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources AND perhaps at times a necessary, basis for public policy in a democracy.
Advantage 1
Massive advantage inconsistency—-their Giroux evidence talk about a political hierarchy favoring the rich, their advantage is talking about the freedom of travel
Giroux’s wrong – he over determines the cooptation of pedagogical practices
Potentially stronger criticisms of Giroux’s text lie precisely in his underlying hypothesis concerning the totalising AND or fails to measure up to the ’educators’ standard of critical evaluation.
Normalizing trade relations is an act of economic imperialism—-this encourages countervailing forces which turn the case
Veltmeyer, ’11 - Professor of Development Studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas in Mexico and Professor of Sociology and International Development Studies at St. Mary’s University, (Henry, "US imperialism in Latin America: then and now, here and there," estudios críticos del desarrollo, vol. I, núm. 1, segundo semestre de 2011, pp. 89–123, http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/critical/rev1/3.pdf)//A-Berg Finding itself in the wake of a second world war as the dominant economic power AND the case of the economic imperialism that came into play in the 1990s.
No decryption of constitutions—-their Restrepo and Hincapie evidence is about reforming the constitution not foreign policies
It’s constitutional – the Supreme Court has rules that Americans don’t have a Constitutional right to go where they want if the government has a policy reason
Framing
Prioritize existence because their impacts are subjective and could improve in the future
Torbjörn Tännsjö 11, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, "Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing," online: http://people.su.se/~~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if AND suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).
Even if predictions aren’t perfect acting on relative confidence of scenarios materializing is good—-otherwise, policy failure is inevitable
Ulfelder 11 Jay Ulfelder is Research Director for the Political Instability Task Force, Science Applications International Corporation "Why Political Instability Forecasts Are Less Precise Than We’d Like (and Why It’s Still Worth Doing)" May 5 dartthrowingchimp.wordpress.com/2011/05/05/why-political-instability-forecasts-are-less-precise-than-wed-like-and-why-its-still-worth-doing/ If this is the best we can do, then what’s the point? Well, consider the alternatives. For starters, we might decide to skip statistical forecasting altogether and just target our interventions at cases identified by expert judgment as likely onsets. Unfortunately, those expert judgments are probably going to be an even less reliable guide than our statistical forecasts, so this "solution" only exacerbates our problem. Alternatively, we could take no preventive action and just respond to events as they AND warning is not going to be as useful as we forecasters would like. If, however, any of those last statements are false–if responding to crises already underway is very costly, or if preventive action is (relatively) cheap and sometimes effective–then we have an incentive to use forecasts to help guide that action, in spite of the lingering uncertainty about exactly where and when those crises will occur. Even in situations where preventive action isn’t feasible or desirable, reasonably accurate forecasts can AND , in so doing, lead them to prepare better for that event. Where does that leave us? For me, the bottom line is this: even though forecasts of political instability are never going to be as precise as we’d like, they can still be accurate enough to be helpful, as long as the events they predict are ones for which prevention or preparation stand a decent chance of making a (positive) difference.
Interdependence and deterrence doesn’t take into account irrational decision-making, global alliances, and hazardous situations – history proves that war is still likely.
Hellman, Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, ’8 ~Martin, "Soaring, Cryptography and Nuclear Weapons," 10/21/2008, http://nuclearrisk.org/soaring_article.php-http://nuclearrisk.org/soaring_article.php, Nisarg~ A similar situation exists with nuclear weapons. Many people point to the absence of AND and alliance obligations similar to NATO’s Article 5 then produced a global conflict.
11/10/13
1NC -- Long Beach -- Round 1
Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: Desert Vista | Judge:
Real social change comes from engaging the material world of objects, not the academic world of textual discourse – only a focus on objects can solve the aff
Bryant 12 (Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, McKenzie Wark: How Do You Occupy an Abstraction?, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/mckenzie-wark-how-do-you-occupy-an-abstraction/) this evidence has been modified and we don’t endorse gendered language Here I’m also inclined to say that we need to be clear about system references AND to locate. I guess this post will get Homeland Security after me.
FW
The affirmative’s failure to advance a topical defense of federal policy undermines debate’s transformative and intellectual potential
First, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-we do NOT force them back in the closet—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion
Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45- Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of AND particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
Second, discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: students already have preconceived ideological notions—-government policy discussion facilitates engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes—-it does NOT blame the individual for violence, but instead emphasizes individual AGENCY—-it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making
Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108 These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for AND quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14
Third, switch-side is key—-Effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003 Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis AND not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.
Effective decision-making outweighs—-
Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10 If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on all the problems implied in the employment of the idea of justice we are granting the possibility of formulating an ideal of man and society, valid for all beings endowed with reason and accepted by what we have called elsewhere the universal audience.14 I think that the only discursive methods available to us stem from techniques that are AND city of man in which violence may progressively give way to wisdom.13 Whenever an individual controls the dimensions of" a problem, he or she can solve the problem through a personal decision. For example, if the problem is whether to go to the basketball game tonight, if tickets are not too expensive and if transportation is available, the decision can be made individually. But if a friend’s car is needed to get to the game, then that person’s decision to furnish the transportation must be obtained. Complex problems, too, are subject to individual decision making. American business offers AND -to-day and even hour-to-hour decisions individually. When President George H. W. Bush launched Operation Desert Storm, when President AND , debate is the only satisfactory way the exact issues can be decided: A president, whoever he is, has to find a way of understanding the novel and changing issues which he must, under the Constitution, decide. Broadly speaking ... the president has two ways of making up his mind. The one is to turn to his subordinates—to his chiefs of staff and his cabinet officers and undersecretaries and the like—and to direct them to argue out the issues and to bring him an agreed decision… The other way is to sit like a judge at a hearing where the issues to be decided are debated. After he has heard the debate, after he has examined the evidence, after he has heard the debaters cross-examine one another, after he has questioned them himself he makes his decision… It is a much harder method in that it subjects the president to the stress of feeling the full impact of conflicting views, and then to the strain of making his decision, fully aware of how momentous it Is. But there is no other satisfactory way by which momentous and complex issues can be decided.16 John F. Kennedy used Cabinet sessions and National Security Council meetings to provide debate AND 18 All presidents, to varying degrees, encourage debate among their advisors. We may never be called on to render the final decision on great issues of AND in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.
Only portable skill—-means our framework turns case
Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10 After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and AND support the military action, and in the face of significant international opposition. Meanwhile, and perhaps equally difficult for the parties involved, a young couple deliberated AND made. Each decision maker worked hard to make well-reasoned decisions. Decision making is a thoughtful process of choosing among a variety of options for acting AND decision making, as do our school, community, and social organizations. We all make many decisions even- day. To refinance or sell one’s home, to buy a high-performance SUV or an economical hybrid car. what major to select, what to have for dinner, what candidate CO vote for. paper or plastic, all present lis with choices. Should the president deal with an international crisis through military invasion or diplomacy? How should the U.S. Congress act to address illegal immigration? Is the defendant guilty as accused? Tlie Daily Show or the ball game? AND do we sort through it and select the best information for our needs? The ability of every decision maker to make good, reasoned, and ethical decisions relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to evaluate its relative validity and strength. Critical thinkers are better users of information, as well as better advocates. Colleges and universities expect their students to develop their critical thinking skills and may require students to take designated courses to that end. The importance and value of such study is widely recognized. Much of the most significant communication of our lives is conducted in the form of debates. These may take place in intrapersonal communications, in which we weigh the pros and cons of an important decision in our own minds, or they may take place in interpersonal communications, in which we listen to arguments intended to influence our decision or participate in exchanges to influence the decisions of others. Our success or failure in life is largely determined by our ability to make wise AND customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.
Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311 The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and AND navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources: To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students, AND searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144) Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that AND cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials. There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate AND with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world.
And independently a voting issue for limits and ground—-our entire negative strategy is based on the "should" question of the resolution—-there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative—- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action—-they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates
We don’t need to win an external impact other than their interpretation makes debate an unending nightmare
Harris 13—Scott Harris, Ph.D Communications, Professor at Kansas, Ed Lee’s idol, better than Nick at basketball ~April 5, 2013, "This Ballot," CEDA Forums, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.0~~ I understand that there has been some criticism of Northwestern’s strategy in this debate round AND are a real impact because I feel their impact in my everyday existence.
"Resolved" before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School ’04 (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm) The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND with dock g. A formal resolution, after the word "resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.
"USFG should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ’03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4) The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
Case
The affirmative’s stance of radical engagement is re-appropriated by the forces they criticize; perceptions of American ’economic openness’ towards difference are empirically used to advance imperialist goals of Manifest Destiny.
The most striking example of nineteenth century American exceptionalism is found in the concept of AND by nothing except its founding principles, the eternal and universal principles."188
Their supposedly ’engaging’ academic discussion concerning Latin America is a form of fetishism; the attempt to know the Latin American Other commodifies their identities and forecloses the possibility of authentic openness.
The critical literature on Levinasian ethics has placed considerable emphasis on his model of hospitality AND being open or hospitable to, that which is yet to be assimilated.
This makes neoliberalism predatory on their stance of ’radical openness’ – hijacks and co-opts activist movements to hasten the spread of inequality.
Neoliberalism is the dominant economic and cultural system of our time. It is a AND (appears to be a common desire) across progressive movements.~1~
11/10/13
1NC -- Long Beach -- Round 4
Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley | Judge: T
Exports, imports, and finance are "economic" engagement—-distinct from travel
Gallagher 1 – Katherine Gallagher, Senior Staff Attorney at the Center for Constitutional Rights, "Sanctions’ Effects on Human Rights Violations", The Monitor: Journal of International Studies, 8(1), Fall, http://web.wm.edu/so/monitor/issues/08-1/1-gallagher.htm
Types of Sanctions Working positively or negatively, sanctions provide inducements or threats to the offenders to encourage AND
economic, travel, military, diplomatic, and cultural.~9~ Economic: Increased worldwide economic interdependence has greatly expanded the popularity of economic sanctions. As the most frequently used type of sanction, these sanctions are employed in both of case studies examined in this report. Economic sanctions are divided into three categories: limiting exports to a country, limiting the imports from that country, and imposing financial sanctions. Financial sanctions entail: ~The~ blocking of government assets held abroad, limiting access to financial markets and restricting loans and credits, restricting international transfer payments and restricting the sale and trade of property abroad, ~as well as~…freezing development aid.~10~
Vote Neg
Limits—there are an infinite amount of different academic exchange affs—-makes neg research impossible
DA
Congress will avert a government shutdown now
Mascaro 9/27 ~writer for LA Times, "House Republicans remain divided over government shutdown"~ The legislation the Senate passed Friday to prevent a government shutdown landed with a thud in the House, where the Republican majority has no clear strategy for ending the standoff threatening to close shutter the government at midnight Monday. House Speaker John A. Boehner (R-Ohio) left the Capitol after a mid-morning meeting with his leadership team without publicly revealing a strategy. Boehner plans to assemble rank-and-file Republicans at noon Saturday to discuss the alternatives. The GOP strategy is complicated by party infighting as Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) is encouraging his tea party allies in the House to resist passing any bill to fund the government that does not also halt President Obama’s healthcare law. Several members of the House’s right flank attended the Senate vote in a show of AND Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) said after the vote.
The plan would trade off with Congress’s ability to avert the shutdown - GOP has momentum and will, but they need every hour to get it done
Wrecks CDC disease monitoring – key to check outbreaks
Emily Walker, 4-8-2011, "Both Sides Claim Win as Shutdown Averted," Med Page Today, http://www.medpagetoday.com/Washington-Watch/Washington-Watch/25826 The vast majority of employees at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC AND won’t have the manpower we have right now," the HHS spokesman said.
Extinction
Quammen 12 David, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper’s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, "Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?," The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis Infectious disease is all around us. It’s one of the basic processes that ecologists AND possible factor is infectious ~from~ disease, and viruses in particular. CP
The President of the United States should offer an executive order to normalize trade relations with Cuba if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights.
Solves and they say yes—-also avoids the Vietnamese model
Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, "The Right Deal on Cuba," online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American AND change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama. K
====Their security discourse sanitizes global destruction by proliferating symptom-focused solutions to global power imbalances—causes cycles of violence that make global warfare and extinction inevitable, try or die for structural critique ==== Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving AND crisis onto a newly constructed ’outsider’ group vindicating various forms of violence.
Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures—-this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
Beginning discussions at the intellectual level is more productive—causes better social change which their engagement can’t access—this is empirically proven
Bilgin 5 Assistant Prof of International Relations at Bilkent University, REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, p54- The point is that a broader security agenda requires students of security to look at AND constituting ’threats to the future’ (Kubálková 1998: 193–201).
Murrica
====The plan creates a political whirlwind that kills reforms and causes instability==== Hernandez, 2012 (Cuba’s Leading Social Sciences professor and researcher at the University of Havana and the High Institute of International Relations; Director of U.S. studies at the Centro de Estudios sobre America; and a Senior Research Fellow at the Instituto cubano de Investigacion Cultural "Juan Marinello" in Havana. "Debating U.S-Cuban Relations") As far as costs are concerned, although many Cubans favor detente and appreciate its AND dealing effectively with "communist regimes" but its sense of superpower omnipotence.
====Spillsover to the Caribbean and breeds terrorism==== Gorrell, 2005 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074) Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s AND in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?
The plan destroys the credibility of Latin American democracy
Castañeda 8 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, September-October 2008, "Morning in Latin America," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 5 Realpolitik and fear of another exodus of Cuban refugees across the Straits of Florida may AND for other exceptions that would justify their existence by invoking the Cuban precedent. Science
Biotech fails
Dr. Ayoub 7 received his B.Sc. in Human Biology from the University of Toronto, and his Doctorate of Medical Dentistry from Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale "The Biotech Industry: 30 Years of Failure, Starting with Genentech" Jan 9 seekingalpha.com/article/23696-the-biotech-industry-30-years-of-failure-starting-with-genentech Biotechnology as a business arguably began with the birth of Genentech (DNA) 30 AND not narrowing. There is no evidence that the biotech industry is learning.
The pattern continues today. Economist Dennis Avery explained in 1995 that, food production AND is available to remove any concerns about resource shortage in the modern world.
No bio threat
Dove 12 ~Alan Dove, PhD in Microbiology, science journalist and former Adjunct Professor at New York University, "Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?" Jan 24 2012, http://alandove.com/content/2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/~~ The second problem is much more serious. Eliminating the toxins, we’re left with AND biodefense industry is a far greater threat to us than any actual bioterrorists.
Interpretation and violation– economic engagement must be a quid pro quo Shinn 96 ~James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, "Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China," pp. 9 and 11, google books~ In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for attaining those objectives, and tactics (specific policies) for implementing that strategy. • The objectives of conditional engagement are the ten principles, which were selected to preserve American vital interests in Asia while accommodating China’s emergence as a major power. • The overall strategy of conditional engagement follows two parallel lines: economic engagement, to promote the integration of China into the global trading and financial systems; and security engagement, to encourage compliance with the ten principles by diplomatic and military means when economic incentives do not suffice, in order to hedge against the risk of the emergence of a belligerent China. • The tactics of economic engagement should promote China’s economic integration through negotiations on trade liberalization, institution building, and educational exchanges. While a carrots-and-sticks approach may be appropriate within the economic arena, the use of trade sanction to achieve short-term political goals is discouraged. • The tactics of security engagement should reduce the risks posed by China’s rapid military expansion, its lack of transparency, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and transnational problems such as crime and illegal migration, by engaging in arms control negotiations, multilateral efforts, and a loosely-structured defensive military arrangement in Asia.8 ~To footnotes~ 8. Conditional engagement’s recommended tactics of tit-for-tat responses are equivalent AND 105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88). Vote negative – embargo means there’s a near-infinite range of "one exception" affs – conditionality forces the aff to find deals that Cuba would accept
DA
Immigration reform has momentum and will pass The Editorial Board 10/25 ~"Editorial: Can Congress pass immigration reform by year’s end?", The Sacramento Bee~ Now that the U.S. House has passed a water resources bill in AND vote on the House floor to see if the Senate bill would pass? It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR Scher10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~ The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come AND than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year. Visas solve cyberterror and competitiveness McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms AND going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs. Cyberterror risks nuclear war
Fritz 9 Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament ~Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control," July, http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf-http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf~~ This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons. AND its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly. Competitiveness stops nuclear war Baru 9 – Sanjaya Baru is a Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 - 168 Hence, economic policies and performance do have strategic consequences.2 In the modern AND sustain economic growth and military power, the classic ’guns versus butter’ dilemma.
CP
The President of the United States should end the economic embargo on Cuba if and only if the governments of a majority of Latin American nations commit to actively seeking a naturalization process between the United States and Cuba, and to compelling the Cuban government to work towards establishing representative democracy and better respect for human rights. Counterplan solves the case Castañeda 9 - Jorge G. Castañeda, professor at New York University and fellow at the New America Foundation, was Mexico’s foreign minister from 2000 to 2003, April 21, 2009, "The Right Deal on Cuba," online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124027198023237151.html The question of what to do about the embargo has once again cornered an American AND change) would be a major foreign policy victory for Mr. Obama.
K
Their security discourse sanitizes global destruction by proliferating symptom-focused solutions to global power imbalances—causes cycles of violence that make global warfare and extinction inevitable, try or die for structural critique Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving AND crisis onto a newly constructed ’outsider’ group vindicating various forms of violence. Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures—-this is a prereq to successful policy Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
Adv 1
Soft power fails Layne 2011 Christopher, Professor and Robert M Gates Chair in National Security in the George HW Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A 26 M University, "The unipolar exit: beyond the Pax Americana", Cambridge Review of International Affairs,Volume 24, Number 2, June 2011 Curiously, Brooks and Wohlforth (and other analysts, notably Fareed Zakaria) believe AND Pax Americana is doomed to wither in the early twenty-first century.
Reductions in fossil fuels reduce global dimming—turns the case Macintosh 7 (Craig, Writer for Celcias-Climate awareness organization, Veiling Our True Predicament: Part I - Global Dimming, May 2007 http://www.celsias.com/article/veiling-our-true-predicament-part-i-global-dimming/) That is exactly what makes this discovery so alarming.... Global dimming has slowed the AND targets set by certain nations are now being seen as even more inadequate. Mitigation and adaptation check warming Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from AND range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses. Terrorists aren’t pursuing nukes Wolfe 12 – Alan Wolfe is Professor of Political Science at Boston College. He is also a Senior Fellow with the World Policy Institute at the New School University in New York. A contributing editor of The New Republic, The Wilson Quarterly, Commonwealth Magazine, and In Character, Professor Wolfe writes often for those publications as well as for Commonweal, The New York Times, Harper’s, The Atlantic Monthly, The Washington Post, and other magazines and newspapers. March 27, 2012, "Fixated by "Nuclear Terror" or Just Paranoia?" http://www.hlswatch.com/2012/03/27/fixated-by-"nuclear-terror"-or-just-paranoia-2/-http://www.hlswatch.com/2012/03/27/fixated-by- If one were to read the most recent unclassified report to Congress on the acquisition AND ,800 terrorist attacks in 2008, none were caused by CBRN hazards.
Adv 2
No impact—-structural problems Suchlicki 13, Director of Institute for Cuban Studies at the University of Miami, 2013 (Jaime, "What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo?," Feb 26, com/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/) In Cuba, foreign investors cannot partner with private Cuban citizens. They can only AND three companies with extensive dealings with the Cuban government were arrested without charges. Instability doesn’t spillover – empirics Mesa-Lago and Vidal-Alejandro 10 (Carmelo Mesa-Lago, distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh; and Pavel Vidal-Alejandro, Centro de Estudios sobre la Economia Cubana, "The Impact of the Global Crisis on¶ Cuba’s Economy and Social Welfare" http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=126fid=795700626jid=LAS26volumeId=4226issueId=0426aid=7957004 November 2010) The global ?nancial–economic crisis that began in 2008 generated transmission mechanisms from developed AND international lender of last¶ resort by providing assistance to emerging markets.3 Cuban growth unsustainable – aging workforce and overwhelmed social security Di Bella et al ’12 (Gabriel Di Bella—representative for the IMF, Rafael Romeu—Senior Economist at the International Monetary Fund; and Andy Wolfe—mission chief for the IMF; "CUBA: ECONOMIC GROWTH, AGING, AND LONG-TERM FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY"; http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume22/pdfs/dibellaromeuwolfe.pdf) Low long-term growth and population aging are among the main policy challenges facing AND spending). Tax increases may be de facto implemented through higher inflation rates. No chance of war from economic decline—-best and most recent data Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf-http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf** The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great AND II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42 The conclusion of Royal votes neg Royal 10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, ECST=Economic Cost Signaling Theory) Conclusion. The logic of ECST supports arguments for greater economic interdependence to reduce the AND even though such signals may be the most effective during an economic crisis.
This is an independent voter for evidence ethics, we must cut cards in a way consistent
The Editorial Board 10/25 ~"Editorial: Can Congress pass immigration reform by year’s end?", The Sacramento Bee~ Now that the U.S. House has passed a water resources bill in AND vote on the House floor to see if the Senate bill would pass?
It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR
Scher10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~ The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come AND than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.
Visas solve cyberterror and competitiveness
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms AND going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
Cyberterror risks nuclear war Fritz 9 Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament ~Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control," July, http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf-http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf~~==== This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons. AND its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.
Competitiveness stops nuclear war
Baru 9 – Sanjaya Baru is a Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 - 168 Hence, economic policies and performance do have strategic consequences.2 In the modern AND sustain economic growth and military power, the classic ’guns versus butter’ dilemma.
T
====Interpretation and violation– economic engagement must be quid pro quo==== Shinn 96 ~James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, "Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China," pp. 9 and 11, google books~ In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for attaining those objectives, and tactics (specific policies) for implementing that strategy. • The objectives of conditional engagement are the ten principles, which were selected to preserve American vital interests in Asia while accommodating China’s emergence as a major power. • The overall strategy of conditional engagement follows two parallel lines: economic engagement, to promote the integration of China into the global trading and financial systems; and security engagement, to encourage compliance with the ten principles by diplomatic and military means when economic incentives do not suffice, in order to hedge against the risk of the emergence of a belligerent China. • The tactics of economic engagement should promote China’s economic integration through negotiations on trade liberalization, institution building, and educational exchanges. While a carrots-and-sticks approach may be appropriate within the economic arena, the use of trade sanction to achieve short-term political goals is discouraged. • The tactics of security engagement should reduce the risks posed by China’s rapid military expansion, its lack of transparency, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and transnational problems such as crime and illegal migration, by engaging in arms control negotiations, multilateral efforts, and a loosely-structured defensive military arrangement in Asia.8 ~To footnotes~ 8. Conditional engagement’s recommended tactics of tit-for-tat responses are equivalent AND 105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).
Vote negative – embargo means there’s a near-infinite range of "one exception" affs – conditionality forces the aff to find deals that Cuba would accept
DA
Obama is taking a hard line stance against Cuba now – the plan is perceived as appeasement
Forero 1/22/13 - NPR’s South America correspondent and The Washington Post’s correspondent for Colombia and Venezuela (Juan, "Obama’s Unfinished Business: Latin America", January 22 of 2013, NPR, http://www.npr.org/2013/01/22/169980241/obamas-unfinished-business-latin-america) FORERO: Well, I think that there are a number of policies that are AND And Obama knows full well that that community, the Cuban-American community, particularly in Florida, does vote.
Engagement with Cuba sends a signal of appeasement
North Korea is shifting back toward confrontation—-weak US credibility of threat causes war
Julian Ryall 9/10, Japan Correspondent for The Daily Telegraph, "Back to business as usual for North Korea", 2013, www.dw.de/back-to-business-as-usual-for-north-korea/a-17077430 "President ~Barack~ Obama is fluctuating one way and then another on Syria AND After that, the Korean peninsula will be reunited within another two years."
Korean war goes nuclear, spills over globally—-risk of miscalc is high and this time is different
Steven Metz 13, Chairman of the Regional Strategy and Planning Department and Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute, 3/13/13, "Strategic Horizons: Thinking the Unthinkable on a Second Korean War," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12786/strategic-horizons-thinking-the-unthinkable-on-a-second-korean-war Today, North Korea is the most dangerous country on earth and the greatest threat AND two continued mutual trade and investment. Stranger things have happened in statecraft.
K
====Their security discourse sanitizes global destruction by proliferating symptom-focused solutions to global power imbalances—causes cycles of violence that make global warfare and extinction inevitable, try or die for structural critique ==== Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving AND crisis onto a newly constructed ’outsider’ group vindicating various forms of violence.
Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures—-this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
China
U.S. influence is resilient – they don’t assume all factors of U.S.-Latin America relations
Ben-Ami 13 (Shlomo Ben-Ami, former Israeli foreign minister who now serves as Vice President of the Toledo International Center for Peace", http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-new-nature-of-us-influence-in-latin-america-by-shlomo-ben-ami 6-5-13) Yet it would be a mistake to regard Latin America’s broadening international relations as marking AND , particularly when it comes to applying these advantages in its immediate vicinity.
Heg solves nothing
Fettweis 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship AND global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
No chance of Taiwan war
TT 11—official website of the Philadelphia Trumpet newsmagazine (The Trumpet, Taiwan’s Strides Toward China Accelerate, http://www.thetrumpet.com/?q=7808.6407.0.0) Ma = Taiwanese PM Ma explained that since people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait share common ancestry AND the island’s universities will admit their first batch of Chinese students this year.
Econ
No impact—-structural problems
Suchlicki 13, Director of Institute for Cuban Studies at the University of Miami, 2013 (Jaime, "What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo?," Feb 26, com/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/) In Cuba, foreign investors cannot partner with private Cuban citizens. They can only AND three companies with extensive dealings with the Cuban government were arrested without charges.
Instability doesn’t spillover – empirics
Mesa-Lago and Vidal-Alejandro 10 (Carmelo Mesa-Lago, distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh; and Pavel Vidal-Alejandro, Centro de Estudios sobre la Economia Cubana, "The Impact of the Global Crisis on¶ Cuba’s Economy and Social Welfare" http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=126fid=795700626jid=LAS26volumeId=4226issueId=0426aid=7957004 November 2010) The global ?nancial–economic crisis that began in 2008 generated transmission mechanisms from developed AND international lender of last¶ resort by providing assistance to emerging markets.3
====Cuban growth unsustainable – aging workforce and overwhelmed social security==== Di Bella et al ’12 (Gabriel Di Bella—representative for the IMF, Rafael Romeu—Senior Economist at the International Monetary Fund; and Andy Wolfe—mission chief for the IMF; "CUBA: ECONOMIC GROWTH, AGING, AND LONG-TERM FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY"; http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume22/pdfs/dibellaromeuwolfe.pdf) Low long-term growth and population aging are among the main policy challenges facing AND spending). Tax increases may be de facto implemented through higher inflation rates.
====Cuba’s on the brink—more economic development wrecks their environment==== Huffington Post ’13 ("Cuba’s Climate Change Threat Prompts New Coastal Strategy"; 6/12/13; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/12/cuba-climate-change_n_3430956.html) CAYO COCO, Cuba — After Cuban scientists studied the effects of climate change on AND areas, marine and coastal ecosystems for economic development in the short run?"
====Extinction—-Cuba is the lynchpin ==== Calzadilla 13 (Erasmo, PhD in pharmaceuticals and writer for Havana Times, Havana Times, 5/24/13,http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=93596)
HAVANA TIMES — In 2000, with the aim of alerting humanity to the extinction AND then Cuban biodiversity ought to begin looking for a way of protecting itself.
trade doesn’t solve war
May 5—Professor Emeritus (Research) in the Stanford University School of Engineering and a senior fellow with the Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. Former co-director of Stanford University’s Center for International Security and Cooperation. Principal Investigator for the DHS. (Michael, "The U.S.-China Strategic Relationship," September 2005, http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2005/Sep/maySep05.asp)
However important and beneficial this interdependence may be from an economic point of view, AND another reason why domestic perceptions matter: they determine which myths are believed.
There is one serious risk I think we can downplay—a global trade war AND it’s not a backlash against interconnectedness, trade, or global supply chains.
====No bio threat==== O’Neill 4 O’Neill 8/19/2004 ~Brendan, "Weapons of Minimum Destruction" http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/0000000CA694.htm~~ David C Rapoport, professor of political science at University of California, Los Angeles AND attacker as to the attacked’. The Tigers have not used WMD since.
American Heritage 9 ~The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, updated 2009, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/its~~ its (ts)¶ adj. The possessive form of it.¶ Used as a modifier before a noun: The airline canceled its early flight to New York.
DA
Immigration reform has momentum and will pass
The Editorial Board 10/25 ~"Editorial: Can Congress pass immigration reform by year’s end?", The Sacramento Bee~ Now that the U.S. House has passed a water resources bill in AND vote on the House floor to see if the Senate bill would pass?
It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR
Scher10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~ The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come AND than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.
Visas solve cyberterror and competitiveness
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms AND going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
Cyberterror risks nuclear war Fritz 9 Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament ~Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control," July, http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf-http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf~~==== This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons. AND its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.
Competitiveness stops nuclear war
Baru 9 – Sanjaya Baru is a Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 - 168 Hence, economic policies and performance do have strategic consequences.2 In the modern AND sustain economic growth and military power, the classic ’guns versus butter’ dilemma.
CP
~CP TEXT: The United States federal government ought not include the United Mexican States in the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership unless Mexico adopts and enforces legislation for sea turtle conservation abiding by standards outlined in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.~
CP’s conditional engagement solves case and prevents sea turtle population extinction.
Each year at least 2,000 endangered loggerhead sea turtles are caught by shark AND I urge Mexico to act now to save these ancient and vanishing animals.
Destruction of the sea turtle population causes extinction – brink is now.
Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology – that everything is connected. Sea AND important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.
K
====Their security discourse sanitizes global destruction by proliferating symptom-focused solutions to global power imbalances—causes cycles of violence that make global warfare and extinction inevitable, try or die for structural critique ==== Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis Complicity This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving AND crisis onto a newly constructed ’outsider’ group vindicating various forms of violence.
Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures—-this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
Advantage 1
Massive alt cause—-border delays have a multiplier effect that stunts the overall economy and manufacturing
Lee and Wilson, 12 – Erik, Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies at ASU, and Christopher E., Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ("The State of Trade, Competitiveness and Economic Well-being in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region," Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, June 2012, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/State_of_Border_Trade_Economy_0.pdf) The National Economic Impact of Bilateral Trade and Border Management Commerce between the United States AND costing the United States and Mexican economies many billions of dollars each year.
Interdependence checks war
Deudney et al 9 (Daniel, professor of political science at John Hopkins, and John Ikenberry, professor of international affairs at Princeton, Foreign Affairs, "The Myth of Autocratic Revival," http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63721/daniel-deudney-and-g-john-ikenberry/the-myth-of-the-autocratic-revival) This bleak outlook is based on an exaggeration of recent developments and ignores powerful countervailing factors AND is far more primed for peace than the autocratic revivalists acknowledge.
Political pressures check nuclear weapons
Wittner 9 (Lawrence S., Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, "What Has Prevented Nuclear War?", 7/6/2009, http://hnn.us/articles/97229.html-http://hnn.us/articles/97229.html) An alternative explanation for nuclear restraint is that public opposition to nuclear war has caused AND domestic and international uproar would have damaged our foreign policy on all fronts.
Any leader attempting to launch a nuclear attack would be assassinated.
Walsh 85 (Edward, Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Air Force, "Nuclear War Opposing Viewpoints, p. 51) No president or dictator, madman or otherwise would take it upon himself ~sic~ to launch an all-out nuclear attack without due consultation with his ~sic~ staff. It is a natural human phenomenon that there would be certain members of this staff with an invincible sense of survival who would resort to assassination before allowing themselves and their nation to be subjected to a retaliatory holocaust.
No bio threat
Dove 12 ~Alan Dove, PhD in Microbiology, science journalist and former Adjunct Professor at New York University, "Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?" Jan 24 2012, http://alandove.com/content/2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/~~ The second problem is much more serious. Eliminating the toxins, we’re left with AND biodefense industry is a far greater threat to us than any actual bioterrorists.
No chance of war from economic decline—-best and most recent data
A research scientist at the University of California, Los Angeles, believes that natural AND political, but we’ve spent 2450 billion on it," Clark said.
Advantage 2
Protectionism is on the rise globally
MarketWatch 12, 9/12/12, This article is citing WTO Director General Pascal Lamy, "WTO official warns of rising protectionism",www.marketwatch.com/story/wto-official-warns-of-rising-protectionism-2012-09-21 Mollie SINGAPORE—The head of the World Trade Organization warned Friday that protectionist measures are AND China have filed high-profile cases against each other with WTO tribunals.
====No war from protectionism==== Bremmer 9—IR prof, Columbia. Faculty member at Stanford’s Hoover Institution. Senior Fellow, World Policy Institute. PhD in pol sci, Stanford. (Ian, "The Political Risks From Washington," 24 March 2009, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2009/03/top_five_risks_and_a_red_herri.html) There is one serious risk I think we can downplay—a global trade war AND it’s not a backlash against interconnectedness, trade, or global supply chains.
====Empirically proven==== May 5—Professor Emeritus (Research) in the Stanford University School of Engineering and a senior fellow with the Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. Former co-director of Stanford University’s Center for International Security and Cooperation. Principal Investigator for the DHS. (Michael, "The U.S.-China Strategic Relationship," September 2005, http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2005/Sep/maySep05.asp) However important and beneficial this interdependence may be from an economic point of view, AND another reason why domestic perceptions matter: they determine which myths are believed.
Gartzke evidence takes out all of the war impacts—-says trade NOW eliminates incentives for war and proves our interdependence checks argument
====Trade turns disease==== Sciencedaily 11 Sciencedaly.com, cites study done by researchers at the UK research councils’ Rural Economy and Land use programme, June 9, "Is Free Global Trade Too Great a Threat to Food Supplies, Natural Heritage and Health?", ~http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110609083226.html~~ Researchers from the UK Research Councils’ Rural Economy and Land Use Programme say that we AND . Farmers restocking to combat one disease may, unwittingly, introduce another.
No extinction from diseases – natural selection checks.
Sagoff 97 Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, "INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT", 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N Note – Colin Tudge - Research Fellow at the Centre for Philosophy at the London School of Economics. Frmr Zoological Society of London: Scientific Fellow and tons of other positions. PhD. Read zoology at Cambridge. Simon Levin = Moffet Professor of Biology, Princeton. 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences Distinguished Scientist Award 2008 Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 2009 Honorary Doctorate of Science, Michigan State University 2010 Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America 2010 Margalef Prize in Ecology, etc… PhD Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands AND sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.
11/5/13
Contact Info
Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: Neg Cites-~--jerry22882@gmail.com