Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep HC | Judge: Eric Lanning
Cuban sustainable urban agriculture is a global model that’s spurring worldwide adoption
Ergas, 13 – graduate student in sociology at the University of Oregon (Christina, Monthly Review, March, “Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty” http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty
The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
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and is worth investigating not just for their innovations, but for inspiration.

Lifting sanctions means agribusiness has a free hand to destroy Cuba’s ag model – maintaining sanctions are vital to resisting ag neoliberalism
Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development” 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)
The greatest challenge to Cuba's unique agricultural experiment is the eventual renewal of trade relations
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and ecological sustainability, and to explore alternative strategies for sustainable rural development.

Cuba’s model of urban agriculture is key to check environmental destruction
Peters, 10 –  LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)
While urban agriculture was a response to a dramatic crisis in Cuba’s history, through
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a new economy for many Cubans without negatively impacting the environment or society.

Oil PIC

Tournament: Chattahoochee | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston County PH | Judge:
The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in algae biofuel. 

Solves warming
Clanton 07 (Brett, Houston Chronicle, 10/8, “Could West Texas algae curb oil dependence?,” lexis)
Selected strains The bags also protect the most energy-rich algae strains, which
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1 percent, and we don't even need arable land," he said.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: CPS HJ | Judge: Donnie Grasse
The Affirmative Misunderstands the Source of Value in the Cosmos – Value is NOT Something that Can Be Isolated Rather Value is Only a Function of Difference. A 1AC Without Value is By Definition Meaningless – Presume Negative Until they Can Present a Value System that Does NOT Collapse Upon Itself
Henning 09 (Brian; Associate Professor of Philosophy at Gonzaga University; “Trusting in the 'Efficacy of Beauty: A Kalocentric Approach to Moral Philosophy”; Ethics and the Environment- Volume 14, Number 1)RSW
Final truths (whether in religion, morality, or science) are unattainable not
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world, how we relate to and interact with every form of existence.

The Distinction Between Biotic and Abiotic Existence is an Illusion Fabricated Out of Enjoying Sameness and Clinging to Old Tradition – There is NO ‘Unique Humanness’ – You are Apes and Dirt; Stars and Rocks; Dinosaurs and Bacteria – Billions of Years of Cosmic Creativity
We Must Fully Face Up to Our Impending Extinction.  
Seed 88 (John; Australian environmentalist and director of the Rainforest Information Centre; THINKING LIKE A MOUNTAIN - TOWARDS A COUNCIL OF ALL BEINGS; http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/deep-eco/Anthropo.htm)

"But the time is not a strong prison either. A little scraping of
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beneficial for all life on the planet as a whole." (9)

vote negative to affirm a non-anthropocentric value system Break with the familiar. Do not imagine plan implementation, but embrace the energetic cosmology of the kritik.
Sandilands 2000
Catriona Sandilands, Environmental Studies at York University, 2000 Ethics and the Environment 4.2
But it strikes me that the call for a rethinking of moral standing to include
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and topics of conversation so that they can he shown to he common. 

Ethics comes before knowledge
Anthony Weston, Professor of Philosophy at Elon University, 2009
The Incompleat Eco-Philosopher p. 9-11

If theworld is a collection of more or less ?xed facts to which we  must
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, the world responds.  The great task is not knowledge but relationship.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Tim Mahoney and Andres Gannon
The status quo is hardline policies toward Cuba – Obama’s rhetoric hasn’t changed anything
Kovalik 6-28 Dan, Senior Associate with the AFL-CIO, Citing Lamrani, a US-Cuba relations expert “Trying to Destroy the Danger of a Good Example: The Unrelenting Economic War on Cuba” 6/28/13 http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/28/the-unrelenting-economic-war-on-cuba/
Imagine then, what Cuba could do if the U.S. blockade were
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— vowed to end support for, and joint work, with Cuba.

The plan is surrender – it emboldens global regimes and collapses US influence
Brooks ‘9 Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation “Keep the Embargo, O“ April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB

In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
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communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

A collapse of credibility ignites a host of conflicts - extinction
Cohen 3-19 Eliot, Director of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins, “Eliot Cohen: American Withdrawal and Global Disorder” The Wall Street Journal, 3/19/13 ln
In Mr. Obama's second term the limits of such withdrawal from conventional military commitments
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must, and those with an option hurry up and get nuclear weapons.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Ross Garret
The status quo is hardline policies toward Cuba – Obama’s rhetoric hasn’t changed anything
Kovalik 6-28 Dan, Senior Associate with the AFL-CIO, Citing Lamrani, a US-Cuba relations expert “Trying to Destroy the Danger of a Good Example: The Unrelenting Economic War on Cuba” 6/28/13 http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/28/the-unrelenting-economic-war-on-cuba/
Imagine then, what Cuba could do if the U.S. blockade were
AND
— vowed to end support for, and joint work, with Cuba.

The plan is surrender – it emboldens global regimes and collapses US influence
Brooks ‘9 Senior fellow for National Security Affairs in the Davis Institute at The Heritage Foundation. (Peter – Heritage foundation “Keep the Embargo, O“ April 16, 2009 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2009/04/keep-the-embargo-o)//EB

In another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

A collapse of credibility ignites a host of conflicts - extinction
Cohen 3-19 Eliot, Director of Strategic Studies at Johns Hopkins, “Eliot Cohen: American Withdrawal and Global Disorder” The Wall Street Journal, 3/19/13 ln
In Mr. Obama's second term the limits of such withdrawal from conventional military commitments
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must, and those with an option hurry up and get nuclear weapons.

Tournament: UMICH | Round: Octas | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: Val McIntosh, Jeff Buntin, Alex Pappas
The United States federal government should offer to allow normal trade between the United States and Cuba., if and only if Cuba agrees to negotiate a bilateral investment treaty to address expropriation claims of United States nationals. 

Conditioning the plan on a BIT to resolve property issues allows the U.S. to save face internationally while encouraging investment in Cuba – Vietnam empirically proves solvency
MOWRY ’99 (David; article was written while David was a J.D. Candidate at Brooklyn Law School. He is currently Senior Counsel for the Xerox Corporation and in the past has been a Senior Associate for Nixon Peabody and Associate for Coudert Brothers, “Lifting the Embargo Against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity,” 25 Brooklyn J. Int’l L. 229, l/n) ww

Although an entire world separates Vietnam and Cuba, there are interesting parallels and distinctions
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settling the expropriation issue with the United States are examined.  *232
After a war with the United States and the downfall of the Soviet Union,
AND
of continuing the Cuban embargo today hinges on the issue of expropriations. n21
In the 1990s, the United States cited Communism as the foremost tenet of conflict
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be realized and the Western Hemisphere could eventually be without a Communist economy.

Respect for property rights is a moral imperative – the CP is a prior issue
STONE ’79 (Richard; U.S. Senator (FL), “Outstanding Claims Against Cuba,” 9/25, http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba/claims-hearings.htm)

Mr. Chairman, I appreciate the opportunity to be able to testify before your
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be settled as a central prior issue to substantive discussions. Thank you.

Tournament: Chattahoochee | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodward PP | Judge: Adam Grellinger
Fordist capitalism is present in US-Mexican trade - disadvantages Mexican labor – ensures out-migration, makes the poorest segments of the population disposable, and makes economic collapse inevitable
Otero 11 (Gerardo, department of sociology and anthropology at Simon Fraser University, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Journal of Poverty, 15:384 – 402, October 17, 2011, “Neoliberal Globalization, NAFTA, and Migration: Mexico’s Loss of Food and Labor Sovereignty,” http://www.sfu.ca/~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf, alp)

This article explores the way in which the U.S. economy has faced
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of migrants to the United States do so as undocumented or unauthorized workers.

Economic rationality prioritizes short term profit over the well-being of environment and human life — this makes extinction inevitable
Nhanenge, South Africa development studies masters, 2007
(Jytte, “Ecofeminsm: Towards Integrating The Concerns Of Women, Poor People And Nature Into Development”, February, http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1, DOA: 7-4-12)

Generation of wealth was an important part of the Scientific Revolution and its modern society
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models, which can support women, Others and nature, are presented. 

Vote negative to endorse a world of Mexican labor sovereignty in the face of the neoliberal implications of North American trade
Otero 11 (Gerardo, department of sociology and anthropology at Simon Fraser University, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Journal of Poverty, 15:384 – 402, October 17, 2011, “Neoliberal Globalization, NAFTA, and Migration: Mexico’s Loss of Food and Labor Sovereignty,” http://www.sfu.ca/~otero/docs/JoP-Otero-NAFTA-MIGRATION.pdf, alp)
An alternative policy conclusion could be as follows: if the dismal conditions in rural
AND
that could alter dominant trends in the world economy from the bottom up.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: Octas | Opponent: Bronx Law AL | Judge: Issac Marhsall, David Herman, Daryl Burch
The affirmative’s focus on race in the development of the Cuban plantation is historically inaccurate. A failure to analyze historic and modern-day inequality through a class lens makes liberation impossible. 

First, the links:

Focusing on race oppression requires a totalizing critique of capitalism. It erases any connection labor has to economics.
Young 06 Robert, Red Critique, “Putting Materialism Back into Race Theory,” Winter/Spring, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/puttingmaterialismbackintoracetheory.htm
This essay advances a materialist theory of race. In my view, race oppression
AND
to one of democratic multiculturalism, ultimately, requires the transformation of capitalism.

And, affirmation of local cultural identity enables capitalism’s rise. It prevents counter-narratives that focus on the global nature of capital
Hennesy 00 (Rosemary, “Profit and Pleasure”, Ph.D. Syracuse University, Professor of English Rice University. Pg. 7-9)
Late capitalism's new economic, political, and cultural structures have also intensified the relationship
AND
it is a part, the political ef¬fectivity of that project is undermined.

Next, their historical portrait of slavery in Cuba is incorrect. The capitalist process of accumulation through colonization created the basis for the African slave trade and the emergence of the Cuban plantation economy.
Zorina 75 Adelaida,  “On the Genesis of Capitalism in Nineteenth-Century Cuba,” Latin American Perspectives 2.4, Supplement Issue. Cuba: La Revolucion en Marcha, p. 7-20.
Only in recent times have Cuban scholars begun to study the economic history of Cuba
AND
" (Marx and Engels, 1961, Vol. XX:497).

Their understanding of the 1912 Revolution is also wrong. Peasants in eastern Cuba were being displaced by foreign capital and driven into extreme unemployment and poverty. These issues confronted both white and black Cuban peasants. Describing the 1912 revolution as driven by race was a strategy intended to undermine class solidarity and protect the interests of bourgeois Cubans.
Louis A. Pérez, Jr, August 1986. Carlyle Sitterson Professor of History @ UNC. “Politics, Peasants, and People of Color: The 1912 "Race War" in Cuba Reconsidered,” The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 66, No. 3 (Aug., 1986), pp. 509-539.
These developments were hardly noticed in 1899, for Cubans were then preoccupied with matters
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fertile land, bountiful and productive, without rival anywhere else in Cuba.
Continues… skipping pages 520-525
Developments in Oriente were simultaneous with mounting discon- tent elsewhere. The deteriorating condition
AND
not immediately apparent, 1912 was the first collective response to those changes.

Next, the impact:
The short-term drive for profit necessitated by capitalism corrupts rational decision making- this is the only avenue to extinction
Marko 03 (Anarchism and Human Survival: Russell’s problem., May 14, 2003, https://www2.indymedia.org.uk/en/2003/05/68173.html)
There exist three threats to survival namely nuclear war, ecological change and north-
AND
population to constrain and eventually overthrow these institutions because apocalypse is institutionally rational.

Finally, the alternative.

Rather than a focus on “uprooting the plantation,” we must universalize our struggle against capitalism. Your ballot should go to the team that provides the best methodology for breaking down capitalist modes of relation. Only a materialist interpretation of history that foregrounds the role of capital can provide the necessary intellectual groundwork.  
Foster 06 John. Teaches Soc. – U. Oregon. “In Defense of History: Marxism and the Postmodern Agenda”, Ed. Ellen Wood and John Foster, p. 188-193.
After World War II it became common for liberal historians and philosophers to insist that
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" of capitalist productive and market relations, but to transcend them.22

The affirmative focus on identity and culture undermines any possible struggle against capitalism. Only a focus on the universal confrontation with capital can serve as the basis for an effective politics of liberation.
Smith 04 Jeremy. Member of Democratic Socialist Perspective in Austrian Socialist Alliance and Lecturer in social Sciences – U. Ballarat. “The rise and malaise of postmodernism”
What does the postmodernist style of philosophy offer emancipatory or liberationist politics? The consequences
AND
are a better read than Pilger or Chomsky on the duplicity of governments.  

Analyses of the experience of oppression in terms of the body provide no foundation for universalism --- we must focus on the oppression created by capitalist exploitation.
Ebert 96 Teresa Ebert, November 1996. Associate Prof. Critical Theory – SUNY Albany, College English, “For a Red Pedagogy: Feminism, Desire, and Need”, 58.7, JSTOR.
But grounding pedagogy on the free expression of "desiring selves" does not produce
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class specific. They erase the laboring body, the body of need.

They’ll say the capitalist revolution in Cuba failed to result in racial equality. This looks past incredible gains that the communist revolution enabled in Cuba and other countries
Nimtz  13 August, Ph.D. in Political Science, Indiana University, Professor @ University of Minnesota. “Foreword,” in Race in Cuba: Essays on the Revolution and Racial Inequality, p. 7-12.
Toward the end of 2009 sixty African Americans, some quite prominent, signed a
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arena—for the first time in the history of the United States.

Tournament: Chattahoochee | Round: 4 | Opponent: Johns Creek NT | Judge: Viveth Karthikeyan
Text: The United States congress should pass comprehensive immigration reform.

CIR shores up relations and allows extension of U.S. interests into Latin America
Meacham 13
Carl, director of the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies , “U.S. Immigration Reform: Good for the Americas?” CSIS, 6/13/13, http://csis.org/publication/us-immigration-reform-good-americas-0

Q3: What does immigration reform mean for U.S. standing in the
AND
the United States and advancing U.S. interests throughout the hemisphere.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell SG | Judge: Stephanie Garrett
Immigration will pass – GOP is willing to compromise, but political capital is key
Martosko 10-17 (David, U.S. political editor, Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html#ixzz2hziJbwnt)

Republicans' new worst fear isn't defaulting on America's debts. If an immigration policy favored
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, that's just good politics in addition to doing the right thing.'

Plan drains capital – Cuba policy is really unpopular
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
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rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Immigration solves cybersecurity – key to IT experts
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms that are H1-B visa requestors, at least 15 of those are IT firms. And as we're seeing across industry, much of the hardware and software that's used in this country is not only manufactured now overseas, but it's developed overseas by scientists and engineers who were educated here in the United States.
We're seeing a lot more activity around cyber-security, certainly Noteworthy attacks Here
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control”, Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

Direct control of launch
The US uses the two-man rule to
AND
mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata GN | Judge: Val Macintosh and Kirk Evans
Capitalism ensures asset bubbles which result in long term economic stagnation
Foster 8 — (John Bellamy Foster, Editor of Monthly Review and Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, 10-10-2008 (“Can the Financial Crisis Be Reversed? Interview of John Bellamy Foster for Página/12,” The Monthly Review’s MR Zine, October 10th, Available Online at http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/foster101008.html, Accessed 10-30-2008)

The truth is the advanced capitalist system has been dependent on a process of financialization
AND
real barrier to capitalist production," Marx wrote, "is capital itself."
We are once again up against that real barrier.  Hence the issue of regulation
AND
is real regime change: that is a socialism for the 21st century.

Policy fixes cannot resolve structural problems in the capitalist system—their framework and solvency claims actively exclude anti-capitalist discourses—ensures serial policy failure and turns case
Wolff 8 — (Rick Wolff, Professor of Economics at University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 2008 (“Policies to "Avoid" Economic Crises,” MR Zine—a publication of The Monthly Review, November 6th, Available Online at http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/wolff061108.html, Accessed 11-19-2008)

The whole idea of policy is bizarre. The "right policy" represents an
AND
is the function of those endlessly rehashed policy debates between liberals and conservatives.

Capitalism results in ecological collapse
Carroll 10 – (founding director of the Social Justice Studies Program at the University of Victoria William, “Crisis, movements, counter-hegemony: in search of the new,” Interface 2:2, SW)¶
 Crucially, the economic crisis of neoliberal globalization has been accompanied and amplified by
AND
to the organic crisis, and to the project of counter-hegemony.

Rather than uphold and stabilize the capitalist system through quick policy fixes, our alternative is to affirm a vision of Democratic Socialism. We’ll clarify. 

Presenting a positive socialist allows people to coalesce around a common goal—makes anti-capitalism effective
Lebowitz 13 - (Rebekah Wetmore and Ryan Romard interview Michael Lebowitz, professor emeritus of economics at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada, and author of The Socialist Alternative, Beyond Capital: Marx’s Political Economy of the Working Class “Capitalism, Crises, and a Socialist Alternative: In Conversation With Michael A. Lebowitz,” Monthly Review Magazine, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2013/lebowitz170113.html) KS

RW/RR: In The Socialist Alternative, you argue that "given the
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to demonstrate how it is a system that we need to go beyond.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 4 | Opponent: Centennial KK | Judge: Leandra Lopez
Focus on one particular identity group creates divisions that feed into the capitalist system
Hennesy 00 (Rosemary, “Profit and Pleasure”, Ph.D. Syracuse University, Professor of English Rice University. Pg. 7-9)
Late capitalism's new economic, political, and cultural structures have also intensified the relationship
AND
it is a part, the political ef¬fectivity of that project is undermined.

Race oppression is used by capital to ideologically justify economic exploitation—the eradication of racism requires a totalizing critique of capitalism.  
Young 06 Robert, Red Critique, “Putting Materialism Back into Race Theory,” Winter/Spring, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/puttingmaterialismbackintoracetheory.htm
This essay advances a materialist theory of race. In my view, race oppression
AND
to one of democratic multiculturalism, ultimately, requires the transformation of capitalism.

Asian American studies perpetuate capitalism-the permutation specifically fails
Juan 10 (E. San,
 emeritus professor of English, Comparative Literature, and Ethnic Studies at various universities in the U.S. He was recently a fellow of the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute, Harvard University, and Fulbright professor of American Studies at Leuven University, Belgium. Currently he directs the Philippines Cultural Studies Center at Storrs, Connecticut, USA   “
 FROM GENEALOGY TO INVENTORY: THE SITUATION OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES IN THE AGE OF THE CRISIS OF GLOBAL FINANCE CAPITAL” January 2010 http://ijaps.usm.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Genealogy.pdf, CS)
¶  The onset of global capitalism's crisis has exposed the fragile theoretical underpinnings of Asian
AND
agency necessary to destroy racialised ideological practices and institutions that maintain the exploitative capitalist

Second, white supremacy was involved but was subordinate to capitalism
Comissiong 10 Solomon Comissiong, educator, community activist, author, public speaker and the host of the Your World News radio program, The Death of Capitalism, Daily Journal (Opinion), Politics May 31, 2010, http://dailycensored.com/2010/05/31/the-death-of-capitalism/
One does not have to be a doctor, or play one on TV,
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, and school systems. Their propaganda machine is formidable and ostensibly effective.

The end of slavery just meant other means of economic exploitation – focus on racial binaries allows the ruling 1 to continue unchallenged
McPherson 11 professor emeritus of natural resources and the environment at the University of Arizona, where he taught and conducted research for 20 years; “the people vs. the united states,” 2-13, http://guymcpherson.com/2011/02/the-people-vs-the-united-states/
Our economy devotes more resources to entertaining us, to making us feel happy,
AND
school, suddenly they relapse and have to go back on the pills.

The short term drive for profit necessitated by capitalism corrupts rational decision making- this is the only avenue to extinction
Marko 03 (Anarchism and Human Survival: Russell’s problem., May 14, 2003, https://www2.indymedia.org.uk/en/2003/05/68173.html)
There exist three threats to survival namely nuclear war, ecological change and north-
AND
population to constrain and eventually overthrow these institutions because apocalypse is institutionally rational.

Historical materialist critique of capitalism is better than asian American studies
Juan 10 (E. San,
 emeritus professor of English, Comparative Literature, and Ethnic Studies at various universities in the U.S. He was recently a fellow of the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute, Harvard University, and Fulbright professor of American Studies at Leuven University, Belgium. Currently he directs the Philippines Cultural Studies Center at Storrs, Connecticut, USA   “
 FROM GENEALOGY TO INVENTORY: THE SITUATION OF ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES IN THE AGE OF THE CRISIS OF GLOBAL FINANCE CAPITAL” January 2010 http://ijaps.usm.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Genealogy.pdf, CS)
Everything now seems geared to global market operations. There is no doubt that neopragmatic
AND
the cultural struggles for social freedom from necessity…. (2009: 196).

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: MBA BR | Judge: Sara Sanchez
Text: The People’s Republic of China should increase its investment in Mexican energy.

China is stepping up investment in Mexican energy - Solves the impact
FNL 13 Fox News Latino, "China's President wants to open the floodgates of trade with Mexico" June 2 -- latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2013/06/02/china-president-wants-to-open-floodgates-trade-with-mexico/
Over the last few years, China has invested heavily in resource-rich Latin
AND
of trade, energy, tourism, science and technology during Xi's visit.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame AB | Judge: Rubaie and Louie Petit
Chinese influence key to secure Latin American resources – key to growth.
Lettieri 5. Michael, research associate, "Bush goes to Beijing, China goes to Latin America" Council on Hemispheric Affairs -- November 14 -- www.coha.org/bush-goes-to-beijing-china-goes-to-latin-america/

Latin America’s Strategic Importance to China¶ As China’s economy has boomed, racking up
AND
to find an outside foreign partner capable of counterbalancing the U.S.

Chinese growth prevents global economic collapse, war over Taiwan and CCP collapse
Lewis 8. Dan, Research Director – Economic Research Council, “The Nightmare of a Chinese Economic Collapse,” World Finance, 5/13, http://www.worldfinance.com/news/home/finalbell/article117.html

In 2001, Gordon Chang authored a global bestseller "The Coming Collapse of China
AND
by going to war with Taiwan – whom America is pledged to defend.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Stephen Pipkin
China growth is fragile-manufacturing is key
BBC 6-30-13 (BBC News, “China manufacturing growth rate slows”, June 30th 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23123610)//CS
China has reported a slowdown in growth of its manufacturing sector, underlining concerns that
AND
 in 2013, down from its earlier projection of 8.4.

Chinas current slowdown due to manufacturing causes instability-the CCP cant solve
Yang 6-21-13 (Jia Lynn Yang. staff writer at The Washington Post who covers policy relating to corporate America, including regulation, taxes and antitrust. Before joining the Post, she worked at Fortune magazine., “China’s economic slowdown emerges as risk to U.S. economy”, June 21st 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/chinas-economic-slowdown-emerges-as-risk-to-us-economy/2013/06/21/b467bc1a-da7b-11e2-a9f2-42ee3912ae0e_story.html)//CS
China’s economic slowdown emerges as risk to U.S. economy
Concerns are growing about China’s economy as the country’s new leadership tries to get a
AND
have faith that the Chinese government will step in before things go haywire. 

China economic collapse causes WW3- hotspot for escalation
Plate, 03 - Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, “Why Not Invade China” Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS
But imagine a China disintegrating -- on its own, without neo-con or
AND
con insanity is more of a danger to the Bush presidency than China. 

Decline in Chinese growth causes a change of government
Davies 10 Iwan, MA candidate at the Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies; “Does the Financial Crisis Threaten Democracy?” SAIS Review 30.1, Winter-Spring, Project Muse
On the other hand, the crisis could result in a fourth wave forward for
AND
that future crises may have on governments whose legitimacy depends on economic growth.

Decline in CCP power causes instability in Pakistan and Central Asia war
Friedman and Wimbush 96 Richard,- Chair of the Advisory Committee of American Bar Association Standing Committee on Law and National Security Enders,- senior fellow at Hudson Institute CENTRAL ASIA AND THE WEST
Regional instability. The potential for conflict among the new states and other regional actors
AND
-pressure. Both China and Iran could fall into the this category.

The impact is global nuclear war.
Morgan 07 Stephen, Former Member of the British Labour Party Executive committee, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?” electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639
Fundamentalism is deeply rooted in Pakistan society. The fact that in the year following
AND
in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame AB | Judge: Rubaie and Louie Petit
Cuba is a flagrant, willful, and persistent violator of human rights — repression is worsening.
Miami Herald 13 — Miami Herald, 2013 (“Human rights under abuse in Cuba,” Editorial, April 22nd, Available Online at http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/04/22/3358813/human-rights-under-abuse-in-cuba.html#storylink=cpy, Accessed 07-03-2013)
The State Department’s latest report on human-rights practices effectively puts the lie to
AND
who demand a genuinely free Cuba. Fundamental reform? Not a chance.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun.
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 (“On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions,” Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)

A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Tim Mahoney and Andres Gannon
Congress will successfully avert a government shutdown now, but time is super tight
Fox News, 9-11-2013, “House pulls spending bill amid backlash as government shutdown looms,” http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/09/11/house-leaders-pull-temporary-spending-bill-after-conservative-backlash/
House Republican leaders pulled their plan Wednesday to temporarily fund the federal government after rank
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Security Agency can collect data on Americans in its efforts to thwart terrorism.

Obama refocused and made debt ceiling his top priority – every ounce of PC is key
Pace 9-12 (Julie, AP White House Correspondent, “Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda,” 2013, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html#storylink=cpy)
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to
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Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.

Shutdown wrecks the economy
Yi Wu, 8-27-2013, “Government Shutdown 2013: Still a Terrible Idea,” PolicyMic, http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea
Around a third of House Republicans, many Tea Party-backed, sent a
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to demand cancellation of the entire health care reform enacted a year before.

Global nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge:
Secondary forests solves any impact to deforestation
Rosenthal 1/30/2009, Osborn Elliot Prize recipient for Excellence in Journalism (Elizabeth, New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests, New York Times, A1)
*Dr. Joe Wright is a senior scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

CHILIBRE, Panama — The land where Marta Ortega de Wing raised hundreds of pigs
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the number of birds! It works. This is a suitable habitat.Ӧ
Threat isn’t that big ---- less marginal land farming and demographic trends

Rosenthal 1/30/2009, Osborn Elliot Prize recipient for Excellence in Journalism (Elizabeth, New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests, New York Times, A1)

Dr. Wright — an internationally respected scientist — said he knew he was stirring
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the effects of population and migration trends that are obvious on the ground.
In Latin America and Asia, birthrates have dropped drastically; most people have two
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no longer farmed because it takes fewer farmers to feed a growing population.
Gumercinto Vásquez, a stooped casual laborer who was weeding a field in Chilibre in the blistering sun, said it had become hard for him to find work because so many farms had been abandoned.
“Very few people around here are farming these days,” he said.
Dr. Wright, looking at a new forest, sees possibility. He says new research suggests that 40 to 90 percent of rain-forest species can survive in new forest.

Amazon Bio-D loss is exaggerated and resilient

Hance ‘9

(Jeremy, mongabay.com, “Symposium tackles big question: how many species will survive our generation”, 1-16, http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0116-hance_symposium.html)
Using data from the UN, Wright argued that rural populations in tropical areas,
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There is also simply a lack of data on the extinction of insects.
?

Amazon not key to biodiversity

Kellow ‘7

(Aynsley, Prof. and Head of School of Government @ U. Tasmania, “Science and Public Policy: The Virtuous Corruption of Virtual Environmental Science”, p. 42, Google Print)
There was even worse news in early 2006 for those who see the Amazon as
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actually require disturbance to retain their productivity (Wardle et al., 2004). 

Demographic trends, empirical evidence and slow species loss solve ---- and global defo is still inevitable

Wright and Mullen-Landau ‘6

(S. Joseph, Staff Scientist @ Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and Helene C, Associate Prof. Ecology, Evolution and Human Behavior @ U. Minnesota, Biotropica, “The Future of Tropical Forest Species”, 38:3, Wiley Interscience)
Current human demographic trends—slowing population growth and intense urbanization (Figs. 3
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tropics today is likely to affect the African tropics in the near future.

Defo is key to Brazilian growth

Toronto Star in ‘5

(Jen Ross, “Brazil’s disappearing jungle”, 8-6, L/N)
He points out that agriculture accounts for 40 per cent of Brazil's gross domestic product
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where forest protection laws exist, they are often ignored or purposely broken.

Brazilian economy key to Latin American democracy and the US banking system

Schulz in ‘00

(Donald, Chair of Pol. Sci. Dept. @ Cleveland State and former Research prof. Nat’l. Sec. Policy. @ Strategic Studies Institute of US Army War College, “THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: SHAPING AN ELUSIVE FUTURE”, March, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB31.pdf)
What are the major threats confronting Latin America, how do they affect U.
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country’s economic health were already affecting the U.S. stock market. 

The impact is WMD conflict

Schulz in ‘99

(Donald, Chair of Pol. Sci. Dept. @ Cleveland State and former Research prof. Nat’l. Sec. Policy. @ Strategic Studies Institute of US Army War College, THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: A STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE”, Septemberhttp://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub32.pdf)
In short, democracy and economic integration are not simply value preferences, but are
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, the United States today is the undisputed hegemonic power in the hemisphere.  

Amazon defo is key to expanding Brazilian beef market share

McCarthy, 1 – 31 – 09

(Michael, The Independent/UK, “Rainforest Razed so Cattle Can Graze”, http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2009/01/31-1)
Scenes like this, with vast tracts of Amazonian rainforest razed to make way for
AND
the location of new cattle ranches and the destruction of the Amazon rainforest. 

That kills Australian beef exports

Tasmanian Country ‘4

(Bruce Mounster, “Brazil beef big Brazil threat in beef markets”, 12-10, L/N)
AUSTRALIA'S booming beef industry has been warned to watch its back.  Brazil's beef industry
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market share, where Brazilian beef is already allowed, had been crushed.
?

That’s key to overall beef production ---- loss of export markets to Brazil threatens the entire industry

Rabobank ‘5

(Australian international bank specialist in food and agribusiness banking, “Challenges Ahead for Australia's Buoyant Beef Sector - Industry Report”, 8-3, http://www.rabobank.com.au/inside_rabobank/news/media_releases/media_release_030805.asp)
"While the domestic market is the largest single market for Australian beef, Australia
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threat in our most valuable markets, Japan, Korea and the US.

Australian beef production destroys the great barrier reef

Daily Telegraph ‘1

(Troy Lennon, “Threat to wonder world”, 6-13, L/N)
One of Australia's most treasured natural wonders, the Great Barrier Reef, is under
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grazing and cane farms for the pollutants, but farmers reject these findings.

The impact is extinction

Sunday Tasmanian ‘8

(Judy Skatssoon, “It's time for ocean action”, 9-14, L/N)
Australia's Great Barrier Reef also features as a central part of the equation. In
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far and away the most complex and important ecosystem on the planet.''

Bio-D doesn’t matter

Sagoff ‘97

(Mark, Senior Research Scholar @ Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs @ U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, “INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT”, 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N)
Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands
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sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science DG | Judge: Sean Kennedy
Economic imperialism creates dependency necessitating exploitation and economic decline for developing countries. These countries are locked into a continual cycle of development  ensuring continued domination.
RONALDO MUNCK 99 Dependency and Imperialism in the New Times: A Latin American Perspective, European Journal of Development Research http://ds102.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/munck.pdf

Gunder Frank once wrote an article entitled 'Dependence is dead, long live dependence and
AND
we can plausibly counterpose a radical, contestatory and emancipatory post-modernism.

Imperialism comes first – civilization is responsible for a third of 21st Century Death
Eckhardt 90(William, Lentz Peace Research Laboratory of St. Louis, February 1990, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 27, No. 1, jstor, p. 15-16)

Wright looked at the relation between modern civilization and war in somewhat more detail,
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ethical challenge is very urgent indeed. Life itself may depend upon our choice

The alternative is to think along the border – creating knowledge from the fault lines of western hegemony opens up the possibility for revolutionary knowledge production
Alcoff 7 (Linda, is a philosopher at the City University of New York who specializes in epistemology, feminism, race theory and existentialism. She is currently the president of the APA, Eastern Division.1 She earned her PhD in Philosophy from Brown University, Mignolo’s Epistemology of Coloniality, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ncr/summary/v007/7.3.alcoff.html, MUSE, JG)

The concepts just discussed—coloniality of power, the colonial difference, and colonial
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a hybrid, doubled positionality with a capacity for critique in both directions.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 3 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Robert Galerstein
The following is the testimony of Juana Ortega, an employee at the RCA plant in Ciudad Juarez…
ORTEGA ’82 (Juana; RCA Plant Employee in Ciudad Juarez, as cited on page 7 of The Terror of the Machine: Technology, Work, Gender, and Ecology on the U.S.-Mexico Border, by Devon Gerardo Peña 1997) ww

You work till your bones hurt. You work till your eyes hurt. The
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high a price to pay for a job, food, and shelter.  

The affirmative fails to halt the conversion of populations into disposable bodies. Reproduction of those images impedes ethical engagement with struggles for justice. Their gesture of solidarity fails to recognize the struggle of Mexican women to assert their own agency.
CAMACHO ’04 (Alicia Schmidt; Assistant Professor of American Studies – Yale University, “Body Counts on the Mexico-U.S. Border: Feminicidio, Reification, and the Theft of Mexicana Subjectivity,” Chicana/Latina Studies, v. 4, n. 1, Fall, JSTOR) ww
¶ Current responses to globalization have taken up the feminicidio as a symptom of "
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the feminicidio draws on and enacts the symbolic reduction of its victims' humanity.

Juana’s testimony is one of empowerment that counters the narrative of disposability while offering a new way of doing politics
CAMACHO ’99 (Alicia Schmidt; Assistant Professor of American Studies – Yale University, “On the Borders of Solidarity: Race and Gender Contradictions in the ‘New Voice’ Platform of the AFL-CIO,” Social Justice, v. 26, n. 3(77), Fall, JSTOR) ww

Returning now to the testimony of Juana Ortega found at the beginning of this piece
AND
of subjects marked in difference can the fragmented body of labor be remembered.

Our alternative is to tell the story of the maquiladora mestiza – discursive choices replicate material conditions – you should prefer our challenge to dominant conceptions
WRIGHT ’98 (Melissa; Professor of Women’s Studies and Geography – Penn State University, “Maquiladora Mestizas and a Feminist Border Politics: Revisiting Anzaldúa,” Hypatia, v. 13, n. 3, Summer, JSTOR) ww

Along stretches of the Mexico-U.S. border, a new mestiza
AND
through the production of space and subjects representative of border residents.6¶

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoor CR | Judge: Stephanie Garret
Economic justifications and incentive mechanism for renewable energy undermine an alternative energy regime.  
John BYRNE Director Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and Public Policy @ Delaware AND Noah TOLY Research Associate Center for Energy and Environmental Policy ‘6 in Transforming Power eds. Byrne, Toly, and Glover p. 12-14
The problems of the conventional energy order have led some to regard reinforcement of the
AND
sustainable energy initiative with social movements to address a comprehensive agenda of change.

Transition without change.  The aff’s mechanism and framing destroy the social and political potential of alternative energy.  Integrating renewables into the dominant energy regime supports inequality and exploitation.  
Leigh GLOVER Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and Public Policy @ Delaware ‘6 in Transforming Power eds. Byrne, Toly, and Glover p. 251-259
Langdon's Winner's insight that technology is politics (1977) may now be passe,
AND
state-brokered renewable energy future, not the counter culture's technological optimism.

Challenging technocratic energy regimes is a pre-requisite for meaningful existence.
Andrew FEENBERG Philosophy of Technology @ Simon Fraser (Canada) ’10 Between Reason and Experience p. 69-72
For many critics of technological society, Marx is now irrelevant, an advocate of
AND
ever-more-powerful technologies, the threat to survival is clear.

We must begin with a social critique and analysis of the modern energy regime.  Starting with incentives dodges the fundamental issue of social inequality and sustainability.  
John BYRNE Director Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and Public Policy @ Delaware AND Noah TOLY Research Associate Center for Energy and Environmental Policy ‘6 in Transforming Power eds. Byrne, Toly, and Glover p.  22-24
Transition without Change: A Failing Discourse After more than thirty years of contested discourse
AND
. The challenge of a social inquiry into energy-society relations awaits.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: Octas | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Bricker, Sarah Topp, and Ryan Galloway
Tourism to cuba devastates coral reef-Cuba reefs are key
YA, 4 – Youth Ambassadors environmentalist program, (“The Destruction Of Coral Reefs”, http://youthambassadors.barrie.ca/global2004/ISUs/DA.htm)//ah
 Cuba is the largest of all the Caribbean islands, and it also has
AND
runoff into the ocean where again harm is caused to the coral reefs.

Coral reefs key to everything,
NOAA 08 (NOAA, March 25th, 2008, “Importance of Coral Reefs”, http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/corals/coral07_importance.html)
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. Coral
AND
100 kilometers of a coral reef and benefit from its production and protection.

Biodiversity loss risks extinction
Walsh 10 Bryan, covers environment, energy and — when the need arises — particularly alarming diseases for TIME magazine, Wildlife: A Global Convention on Biodiversity Opens in Japan, But Can It Make a Difference? October 18, 2010 http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlife-a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp
The story of non-human life on the planet Earth over the past few
AND
forgive us. We're losing nature. And that loss really is forever.

Biodiversity is a moral contention
Walsh 10 Bryan, covers environment, energy and — when the need arises — particularly alarming diseases for TIME magazine, Wildlife: A Global Convention on Biodiversity Opens in Japan, But Can It Make a Difference? October 18, 2010 http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlife-a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp
Let's have the courage to look in the eyes of our children and admit that
AND
One way to change that could be through "payment for ecosystem services."

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoor CR | Judge: Stephanie Garret
Farm bill will pass now, but PC is still key to negotiate a compromise
Dale Hildebrant, 11-17-2013, “Farm Bill Conference Committee wants to finish by Thanksgiving,” Minnesota Farm Guide, http://www.minnesotafarmguide.com/news/regional/farm-bill-conference-committee-wants-to-finish-by-thanksgiving/article_2e07f0b2-4d4a-11e3-9894-001a4bcf887a.html

Little has been heard from the Farm Bill Conference Committee since its opening session on
AND
believes that President Obama’s intervention will prove useful in getting the issue resolved.

Energy incentives are political kryptonite in the current climate
Krauss, 10/23 (Clifford, 10/23/2012, “Bigger Than Either of Them?” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/business/energy-environment/us-energy-policy-caught-in-the-vise-of-economics-and-politics.html?pagewanted=all)
With the economy still weak and the federal government in financial crisis, new energy
AND
as president , Mr. Romney would not want to save it.

Political capital is key --- overcomes partisanship
Josh Lederman 10/18/13, reporter for the Associated Press, and Jim Kuhnhenn, “No safe bets for Obama despite toned-down agenda,” US News and World Report, http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2013/10/18/no-safe-bets-for-obama-despite-toned-down-agenda

WASHINGTON (AP) — Regrouping after a feud with Congress stalled his agenda,
AND
the year if our focus is on what's good for the American people."

Key to rural economies, secure food supply and healthy forest --- disagreement over food assistance will make or break the bill
Denver Post, 11/10 (The Post Editorials, 11/10/2013, “Here's why the farm bill matters,” Factiva))
The farm bill has the rap of being a public policy snooze, a broad measure that gets boiled down to a debate over subsidies to wealthy farmers and food stamp handouts to the poor.
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack reminded the Denver Post editorial board last week that it's important
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Federal lawmakers need to move off their entrenched positions and pass the legislation.

Rural economy key to the overall economy—studies prove
Rocha 13—Electric Coop Today. (Victoria, Strong Rural Economy, Strong America, February, http://www.ect.coop/industry/trends-reports-analyses/usda-rural-america-growth-report/52264, chm)
Investments in rural communities are vital to the nation’s overall economic health and, if
AND
revenue opportunities for governments facing budgetary shortfalls and rising deficits,” O’Brien added.

Turns poverty and causes nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: UMICH | Round: 5 | Opponent: Interlake LM | Judge: Daryl Burch
A. Interpretation – The affirmative must advocate the resolution through an instrumental defense of action by the United States federal government

Violation - the aff does not defend topical usfg action.

Our interpretation is best ---

A) A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life---even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from being valuably debatable---this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

B)Independent voting issue for limits and ground---our entire negative strategy is based on the “should” question of the resolution---there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative--- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action---they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates - Guts clash 

C. Switch side debate increases tolerance and condemns dogmatism by  arguing about perspectives contrary to what one believes - also solves their offense because they can talk about their literature on the negative.

That’s key to critical thinking
Harrigan 8 (Casey, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master’s in Communications – Wake Forest U., “A Defense of Switch Side Debate”, Master’s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp. 6-9)

Additionally, there are social benefits to the practice of requiring students to debate both
AND
Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p.82).

D. Policymaking Education – debates about government policy posit students as decision makers - it is irrelevant whether we become actual policy makers
Esberg and Sagan 12 (Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on International Cooperation. Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108)

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Decision Making outweighs the aff - 

Solves all global existential problems
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep HC | Judge: Eric Lanning
The plan results in the destabilization of Cuba – only Gradual reform solves.
Azel 08 (September, “How to Think About Change in Cuba: A Guide for Policymakers,” José Azel is currently a Senior Research Associate at the Institute for Cuban and CubanAmerican Studies, University of Miami, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/Article-Azel-FINAL.pdf)

But suppose that the U. S. government and the other constituencies - Cubans
AND
and organizational framework is not conducive to the creation of a new state.

Cuban instability causes terrorism and makes conflicts in hotspots around the globe more likely
*Unstable radical groups use instability as a way of recruitment
*Threatens insurgency
Gorrell 5 - Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted for the USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)
*GWOT = Global War on Terrorism

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Tournament: Chattahoochee | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodward PP | Judge: Adam Grellinger
And Heg is bad

A) BRIC and the liberal order solve the impact to US decline
Kaplan 4-17-13 Robert D., Chief Geopolitical Analyst for Stratfor, a non-resident senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security in Washington, D.C., and has been a foreign correspondent for The Atlantic for over 25 years. In 2009, he was appointed to the Pentagon's Defense Policy Board, which advised former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates on key issues. Mr. Kaplan served on the board through 2011. From 2006 to 2008, he was the Class of 1960 Distinguished Visiting Professor in National Security at the U.S. Naval Academy, “Anarchy and Hegemony,” http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/anarchy-and-hegemony?utm_source=freelist-fandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=20130425andutm_term=Kweeklyandutm_content=titleandelq=8b384549c11142e5954f8cd87f10deec

If we take the EU and BRICS into the picture of international politics, power
AND
play an important role to make world politics more dynamic and more complex.

B) Causes allied adventurism- triggers global wars that draw in Russia and China
Posen ’13 Barry R. Posen is Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Pull Back,” January/February, http://www.stjoe.k12.in.us/ourpages/auto/2013/1/7/40360647/13-010220Pull20Back.pdf

Another problematic response to the United States' grand strategy comes from its friends: free
AND
serious impediment to improved U.S. relations with the Arab world.

C) Time to retrench is now
Posen ’13 Barry R. Posen is Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Pull Back,” January/February, http://www.stjoe.k12.in.us/ourpages/auto/2013/1/7/40360647/13-010220Pull20Back.pdf
¶ It is time to abandon the United States' hegemonic strategy and replace it with
AND
of its former Soviet self, is no longer the hapless weakling it was
in the 1990s. Its economy is roughly the size of the United Kingdom's or France's, it has plenty of energy
resources to export, and it still produces some impressive weapons systems.

D) US-Sino war causes extinction
Hunkovic ’09 – Professor at American Military University (Lee, The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, American Military University, p.54)
A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study. 

E) US-Russia nuclear miscalc over external crises is likely—risks extinction
Barrett et al. 13 (Anthony M. Barrett- Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Seth D. Baum- Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, Columbia University, Kelly R. Hostetler- Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, 2013, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia”, http://sethbaum.com/ac/fc_NuclearWar.pdf)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
AND
likely to misinterpret events as attacks. 60,61,62,63

F) Korean war goes nuclear
STRATFOR ‘10 (International Think Tank, “North Korea, South Korea: The Military Balance on the Peninsula,” http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20100526_north_korea_south_korea_military_balance_peninsula, May 26, 2010)

So the real issue is the potential for escalation — or an accident that could
AND
tested in the way they might be if the situation escalates much further. 

G) Emboldened Iran causes nuke war
Ben-Meir, 2/6/2007 (Alon – professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs, Ending iranian defiance, United Press International, p. lexis)

That Iran stands today able to challenge or even defy the United States in every
AND
to warn Iran of the severe consequences of not halting its nuclear program.

Tournament: UMICH | Round: Octas | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: Val McIntosh, Jeff Buntin, Alex Pappas
The United States federal government should repeal the Helms Burton Sanctions on Cuba.

Helms-Burton sufficient to solve
CSG 13 – The Cuba Study Group is a non-profit and non-partisan organization studying Cuba. (“Restoring Executive Authority Over U.S. Policy Toward Cuba”, February 2013, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=45d8f827-174c-4d43-aa2f-ef7794831032,)

Beyond failing to advance its stated objectives, the most counterproductive aspect of Helms-
AND
S. policy in the hands of Cuban proponents of the status quo.

Tournament: UMICH | Round: 5 | Opponent: Interlake LM | Judge: Daryl Burch
Their framing of “history” reifies patriarchal systems of domination
Tsehelska 2006 (Marina Tsehelska has been teaching English at Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University for ten years. During that time she completed a dissertation in Linguistics and became chair of the English Language and Methodology department; “Teaching Politically Correct Language” English Teaching Forum, Vol. 44 No. 1 http://exchanges.state.gov/englishteaching/forum/archives/docs/06-44-1-e.pdf)
Politically correct speech became a matter of hot debate in the 1980s, when many
AND
written from the male point of view ("it's HIStory, not HERstory"). 

In the context of women’s liberation, we advocate the use of the word “herstory”-  this recognizes that women have been written out of regular quote “history”
Wallechinsky and Wallace 1981 (David; and Irving; “Feminism Ideas and Sexism in Language Part 3” http://www.trivia-library.com/a/feminism-ideas-and-sexism-in-language-part-3.htm)
The Women's Liberation Movement has attempted to alter the English language as it touches women
AND
contradiction to begin with) have been deposed by hundreds of "chairpersons."

Vote Negative to challenge this linguistic oppression- we can agree with the entire 1AC but take issue with their linguistic framing:
Zainzinger 2010 (Vanessa; “His-/herstory of Gender-Based Language Reform” October 28th. http://vanessazainzinger.wordpress.com/2010/10/28/his-herstory-of-gender-based-language-reform/)
While language and gender research has progressed dramatically and attempts at eliminating gender biased language
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step in the progress against the oppression and marginalisation of women in language.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata GN | Judge: Val Macintosh and Kirk Evans
Text: The USFG should implement a renewable, uncapped, portable guest worker visa for agricultural workers from Mexico if and only if Mexico demonstrates that human rights conditions have significantly improved. The USFG should enact a periodic certification process to determine that abuses are effectively investigated and prosecuted.

Counter-plan effectively uses leverage to improve human rights conditions
HRW, 07 Human Rights Watch, the world’s leading independent organizations dedicated to defending and protecting human rights. By focusing international attention where human rights are violated, we give voice to the oppressed and hold oppressors accountable for their crimes. Our rigorous, objective investigations and strategic, targeted advocacy build intense pressure for action and raise the cost of human rights abuse, 10/24, http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/10/23/mexico-us-aid-should-include-human-rights-conditions, “Mexico: US Aid Should Include Human Rights Conditions,”
The US Congress should oppose counternarcotics assistance to Mexico unless it includes strong conditions aimed
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Mexico’s security forces to improve their appalling human rights record,” said Vivanco.

Engagement without human rights conditions crushes international credibility
WOLA 10 - (Washington Office of Latin America- contains multiple experts on human rights abuse in latin america and quotes the state department's report "Congress: Withhold Funds for Mexico Tied to Human Rights Performance" 9/14/10, http://www.wola.org/publications/congress_withhold_funds_for_mexico_tied_to_human_rights_performance)//AP

However, research conducted by our respective organizations, Mexico’s National Human Rights Commission,
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established by Congress, particularly those dealing with prosecuting military abuses and torture:  

That turns the case
Griffey, 11 Brian, human rights consultant who has worked for the United Nations, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International USA and as an investigative journalist, 3/18, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/150667-us-leadership-on-human-rights-essential-to-strengthen-democracy-abroad, “U.S. leadership on human rights essential to strengthen democracy abroad,” ADM

In the midst of what many are calling the Arab world’s 1989, the United
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concerted and collective effort to be upheld, especially in times of crisis.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell SG | Judge: Stephanie Garrett
Patents aren’t key to innovation – over 90 of most innovative products prove
Masnick 13 (Mike Masnick, Mike is the founder and CEO of Floor64 and editor of the Techdirt blog, “Over 90 Of The Most Innovative Products From The Past Few Decades Were NOT Patented,” 7 May 2013, http://www.techdirt.com/blog/innovation/articles/20130502/10513922919/over-90-most-innovative-products-past-few-decades-were-not-patented.shtml)
We've pointed out over and over and over again that patents are not a proxy
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patented), looking at corporate only innovations over 87 were not patented. 

Creates profit-driven monopolies that stop follow-on developments
Stiglitz 13 (Joseph E. Stiglitz, American economist and a professor at Columbia University. He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and the John Bates Clark Medal, “Intellectual Property Rights Gone Wild,” 12 May 2013, http://www.slate.com/articles/business/project_syndicate/2013/05/gene_patents_the_case_of_myriad_genetics_shows_the_dangers_of_overly_protecting.html)
More broadly, there is increasing recognition that the patent system, as currently designed
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Myriad case shows, they can even result in unnecessary loss of life.

IP models diverts research towards solely commercial applications
Carvalho 13 (Alexandra Carvalho, European and International Studies at the University of Trento, “The Intellectual Property and Open Source Approaches to Biological Material,” 22 January 2013, http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/4078/1/LawTech_Student_Paper_13_2013_Carvalho_(3).pdf)
Genetic resources are highly valuable in particular for the biotechnology, chemical and pharmaceutical industries
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rather than according to the number of people in need of the drugs.

Tournament: UMICH | Round: Octas | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: Val McIntosh, Jeff Buntin, Alex Pappas
Industrial ag is key to maintain high yields—this prevents billions of deaths, massive species extinctions, and massive methane warming from organic cows.
Dennis T. Avery, 6/16/2008. Director of the Hudson Institute's Center for Global Food Issues. “Will the Greens Sacrifice Their Own “Sacred Cows”?” Canada Free Press, http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_detailsandid=5643.

Organics are not the answer: Wired notes that organic farms yield less food per
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FAO—and needing three times as much of the world’s scarce land.

Food scarcity causes global war.
William Calvin, January 1998. Theoretical Neurophysiologist at the University of Washington. Atlantic Monthly, 291.1, p. 47-64.

The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields would
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longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.

Industrial yields are key to prevent deforestation from land conversion.
Alex Avery, 12/11/2003. Director of Research and Education at the Center for Global Food Issues of the Hudson Institute. “21st Century Consumer War: Mythical Organic Utopia versus High Yield Conservation,” Center for Global Food Issues, http://www.cgfi.org/2003/12/11/21st-century-consumer-war-mythical-organic-utopia-versus-high-yield-conservation/.

The organic farming future advocated by so many environmental activist groups would in fact lead
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varieties can we expect to feed all of humanity well without destroying nature.

Deforestation causes extinction.
Martin O’Neal, 5/5/1997. “Rain Forest Depletion,” http://www.northern.wvnet.edu/~tdanford/bio1/RAINFO.htm.

There are some really amazing facts about the Amazon rain forest. The Amazon alone
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what is occurring. If it does we may become an endangered species. 

No impact to CO2
Idso and Idso 11—Former Professor in the Departments of Geology, Geography, Botany and Microbiology @ Arizona State University and PhD from UMinnesota and former research physicist for the Department of Agriculture AND PhD in Geography (Sherwood and Craig, “Carbon Dioxide and Earth’s Future: Pursuing the Prudent Path,” Published by the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, http://www.co2science.org/education/reports/prudentpath/prudentpath.pdf, DA: 6/21/2012JLENART)
As can be seen from this figure, earth’s land surfaces were a net source
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more effective uptake” of CO2-carbon has occurred primarily over land.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Glenbrook North CH | Judge: McAffrey
Iran and the U.S. cooperating now on property issues, but incentives are key
MOSK 11/19 (Richard M.; one of the original justices on the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and current justice on the California Court of Appeal, “It’s Possible to Work With Iran,” Los Angeles Times, 2013) ww

Since the Nov. 4, 1979, takeover of the U.S.
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The leverage of economic sanctions and the threat of force fulfill this function.

Plan sets a precedent that encourages other countries to avoid compensation
WALLACE ’95 (David W.; Chairman – Joint Committee on Cuban Claims on S. 381, the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1995--Submitted to the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere and Peace  Corps Affairs, the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 6/14, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1995-10-11/html/CREC-1995-10-11-pt1-PgS15005.htm)

It is our position that lifting the embargo prior to resolution of the claims issue
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to the Department's ability ultimately to effect a just resolution of this issue.

Success of the tribunal key to U.S.-Iran relations
CHRISTOPHER and MOSK ‘7 (Warren; Former Secretary of State, and Richard M.; former judge on the claims tribunal, “The Iranian Hostage Crisis and the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal: Implications for International Dispute Resolution and Diplomacy,” Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, v. 7 i. 2) ww

International arbitration involving governments, even under the best of circumstances, has had mixed
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States and Iran have had overt relations and maintained a place for contact.

U.S.-Iran Relations Key to Middle East and Central Asian Stability
AMIRAHMADI ‘4 (Hooshang; author of several books on Iran and Professor of Urban Planning – Rutgers University, “The Iranian Parliamentary Elections and US-Iran relations,” AIC Insight, no. 1, March, http://www.payvand.com/news/04/apr/1188.html) ww

The American national interest would also be well served by the normalization of relations with
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stability and sustainable independence of the states in the Central Asia and Caucasus.

Mid-East instability causes extinction
RUSSELL ‘9 (James A.; Senior Lecturer in National Security Affairs – Naval Postgraduate School, “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, Spring, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf) ww

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
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the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: MBA BR | Judge: Sara Sanchez
Iran prolif prevents conflict escalation- comparatively outweighs and turns their impacts
Waltz 12 – Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University (Kenneth N., 07/17, “Iran and the Bomb,” PDF)
In arguing that a nuclear-armed Iran would represent an unacceptable threat to the
AND
. But the many benefits of regional stability would far outweigh the costs.

No risk of offense- Iran would only pursue a small arsenal which avoids destabilization and solves deterrence
Kraig ’11 Dr. Michael Ryan Kraig serves as an assistant professor of national security studies at the Air Command and Staff College. He earned his PhD in political science from the State University of New York at Buffalo with majors in international relations and US foreign policy and has served in several senior capacities with the Stanley Foundation, “US Policies toward Tehran: Redefining Counterproliferation for the Twenty-First Century,” Winter, http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2011/winter/kraig.pdf
In the end, Iran is likely to follow the path of a latent weapons
AND
capabilities to Tehran from powers such as India, Russia, and China.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien LR | Judge: Mike Rapaso
Iran sanction won’t pass – Obama’s using political capital to reign-in Democrats and hold off new sanctions
Gardner 1-13 (Timothy, “Iran Deal Progress Dampens Push for New U.S. Sanctions Bill,” Reuters, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/us-iran-nuclear-congress-idUSBREA0D02T20140114)

President Barack Obama is more likely to win his battle with the U.S
AND
will be able to verify whether Iran is complying with the interim deal.

Economic engagement with Mexico’s politically divisive
Wilson ’13 Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, “A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
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action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be.
That means the sanctions bill will become veto-proof – the threshold is low
Armbruster, 1/6/14 (Ben, Think Progress, “Security Experts Ask Senators To Pull Back Iran Sanctions Bill”
http://thinkprogress.org/security/2014/01/06/3122551/crocker-experts-senate-iran-sanctions-bill/

A group of national security experts and American foreign policy luminaries sent a letter on
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month that it would be “gratuitous in the context of this situation.”
Failure to hold off sanctions emboldens hardliners, collapses the nuclear deal, and commits the US to supporting Israel strikes
Merry, 1/1/14 - Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy (Robert, “Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran” Washington Times, factiva)

Presidential press secretary Jay Carney uttered 10 words the other day that represent a major
AND
seen as being not quite what it has been cracked up to be.

The impact is Iraeli-Iran war
Perr, 12/24/13 – B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
Global war – and turns their econ impact
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: UMICH RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pinecrest MM | Judge: Dave Weston
Text: United States federal government should lift its economic sanctions on Cuba. If and only if other countries help pressure Cuba to solve human rights.

remove embargo on condition other countries help pressure Cuba solves human rights
Castenada 09 (Jorge Castenada, Mexican politician and academic who served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, “Engaging Cuba on Human Rights,” 11-19-09, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704204304574543731928423624.html)//RDa
Normalization of U.S. relations with Cuba was widely seen as exactly the
AND
to stop countenancing Cuba's human-rights violations and play a constructive role.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Ignatius PB | Judge: Brian Rubaie
Secondary legislation for Mexican energy reform is coming now – that’s key to implementation – Nieto cred is key
Garza 12/20/13 (Antonio Garza is a former U.S. Ambassador to Mexico. Ambassador Garza is Counsel in the Mexico City office of White and Case and serves as chairman of Vianovo Ventures, “Mexican energy reforms set stage for investment” http://www.mysanantonio.com/opinion/commentary/article/Mexican-energy-reforms-set-stage-for-investment-5082610.php)

Mexico took a giant leap toward a new economic future last week with Congressional passage
AND
continued political opposition from the left can't be dismissed as a potential complication.

The plan endangers Nieto’s agenda - PRI – they oppose engagement with the US
Oliveres ‘12 Jordi, reporter for Rolling Stone, 6/29/12, “Mexico's Election: Why It Matters to the U.S.” http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/blogs/national-affairs/mexicos-election-why-it-matters-to-the-u-s-20120629#ixzz2aapAjK8v
Another strike against the PRI, from Washington's perspective, is that the party has
AND
trade," which already supports some 6 million U.S. jobs.

Reform is key to the Mexican and global economies – investment
Siskind 6/25/13 (Cory, Research analyst, Control Risks, “Mexico Plays the Waiting Game on Big Reforms” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cory-siskind/mexico-plays-the-waiting-_b_3493542.html)

Early 2013 saw one of the most productive one hundred days in Mexican political history
AND
the lowest rates of domestic credit to the private sector in the Americas.

Nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata GN | Judge: Val Macintosh and Kirk Evans
Mexico is a flagrant and persistent human rights violator
HRW 13 Human Rights Watch, the world’s leading independent organizations dedicated to defending and protecting human rights. By focusing international attention where human rights are violated, we give voice to the oppressed and hold oppressors accountable for their crimes. Our rigorous, objective investigations and strategic, targeted advocacy build intense pressure for action and raise the cost of human rights abuse, 2/20, http://www.hrw.org/print/reports/2013/02/20/mexicos-disappeared-0, “Mexico's Disappeared,” ADM

When Enrique Peña Nieto took office on December 1, 2012, he inherited a
AND
to find the missing and bring those responsible for their disappearances to justice.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun.
Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 (“On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions,” Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)

A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Tim Mahoney and Andres Gannon
The world is moving to pluralism, not multipolarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership because most challengers are regional
Etzioni, 13 - served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard University and The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University (Amitai, “The Devolution of American Power” 37 Fletcher F. World Aff. 13, lexis)

The theory that the world is moving from a unipolar order, dominated by the
AND
multipolarity takes place. This is one of the principle strengths of pluralism.

Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers.  Moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable
Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)

Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the
AND
an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.

US primacy prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multiple places
Brooks et al 13 Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war).

Tournament: UMICH RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Chattahoochee AP | Judge: John Lawson
Text: The United States federal government should:
-Should close Guantanamo detention center. And return the entire naval base to Cuba.
 --Sign the Kyoto Protocol
 -Join the International Criminal Court
-Ratify International Human Rights treaties, including but not limited to, 1990 Convention on the Rights of the Child.
-should ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
- back Brazil’s bid to become a permanent member of the United Nations   Security Council
-remove Cuba from the State Department’s list of State Sponsors of Terror. 

Solves Cred-Relations
Burgsdorff, 9– Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)

6.3 How would the international community react?  At international level all major
AND
it would be interpreted by the international community as steps  towards effective multilateralism.

The CP solves Brazil relations and overall latin America-in the context of OAS and multilat
Sanchez 11 - W. Alejandro Sánchez is a contributor to Foreign Policy In Focus and a research fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs where he focuses on international security and geopolitical issues, (“An Easy Way to Improve U.S.-Latin American Relations Brazil is a front-runner for a seat in a restructured UN Security Council.”, July 28, 2011, An Easy Way to Improve U.S.-Latin American Relations Brazil is a front-runner for a seat in a restructured UN Security Council.)
During his attendance at a recent African Union summit, former Brazilian president Lula da
AND
positive step in making the Washington-Latin American relationship a partnership of equals

Tournament: MBA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Glenbrook North CH | Judge: McAffrey
Obama is placating labor now. He’s used half-measures to hold off protectionism on NAFTA
Schultz 10 (John, Independent Analyst and Contributing Editor – Logistics Management Magazine, “Trucking Time Bomb: What To Do About Mexican Trucks?”, Gerson Lehman Group, 8-20, http://www.glgroup.com/News/Trucking-Time-Bomb~-~-What-To-Do-About-Mexican-Trucks~-~-50126.html)

Bowing to political pressure, the Obama administration has pulled back from a pilot program
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slap in the face to the Teamsters, but that fear is unfounded. 

Unions hate the plan because they want steel protectionism
Lindsey, Griswold and Lukas ’99 Brink, Vice President for Research at the Cato Institute; Daniel and Aaron, writers and fellows for the Cato Institute; “The Steel ‘Crisis’ and the Costs of Protectionism,” Cato Institute, Trade Briefing Paper No. 4; April 16, 1999; http://www.cato.org/publications/trade-briefing-paper/steel-crisis-costs-protectionism
Claims of the imminent demise of America’s domestic steel industry — at the hands of
AND
already approved by the U.S. House of Representatives in March.

Threatening NAFTA causes global trade retaliation
LEGRAIN  08  Journalism Fellow – German Marshall Fund (Phillipe Legrain  4-6-08, “Myths About the Treaty the Democrats Want to Trade In”, Washington Post, 4-6, Lexis)

3 "Fixing" NAFTA would be easy and cost-free Not so.
AND
. Meanwhile, consumers would probably resent the increased cost of their imports. 

And Collapses the economy
Markheim 8 (Daniella, Senior Trade Policy Analyst in the Center for International Trade
AND
should support the efforts already underway to improve the implementation of the agreements.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: Resovoir SS | Judge: Isaac Marhsall
Neoliberalism is key to hegemony
Cafruny ‘8
Alan, Professor of IR (“The ‘Imperial Turn’ and the Future of US Hegemony: ‘Terminal’ Decline or Retrenchment?,” All Academic)

The role played by U.S. structural financial power in the construction of
AND
policy to “structural labor reform” and, intermittently, fiscal policy.

Hegemony makes the world a better place
Barnett ‘11
Thomas, American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, AM

Let me be more blunt: As the guardian of globalization, the U.
AND
in all of its forms, deeply embedded in the geometry to come.

Neoliberalism is key to spreading capitalist ideology-specifically true with colonialism and latin america
Martinez 1996 (Elizabeth, a longtime civil rights activist and author of several books“What is Neoliberalism?” http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=376, CS)
"Neo-liberalism" is a set of economic policies that have become widespread
AND
scholar said, "Neoliberalism means the neo-colonization of Latin America."

Only capitalism can fuel the investments needed for creating a clean economy and sequestration tech.
Nordhaus and Shellenberger, 07-Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility, Ted and Michael, Managing Directors of American Environics, A social values research and strategy firm 15-17

The politics we propose breaks with several widely accepted, largely unconscious distinctions, such
AND
human ambition, aspiration, and power rather than unleash and direct them. 

Only Tech to decrease CO2 Sequestration solves Warming
Antholis and Talbott 10 – Director and President @ Brookings
William Antholis, managing director of the Brookings Institution and a senior fellow in Governance Studies, former director of studies at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, and Strobe Talbott, president of the Brookings Institution, deputy Sec. of State under Clinton, “The Global Warming Tipping Point,” The Globalist, http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=8523
Moreover, we need to start reductions now in order to slow temperature rise later
AND
not burn fossil fuels and therefore do not pump CO2 into the atmosphere.

Extinction
Strom in ‘7
(Robert, Prof. Emeritus Planetary Sciences @ U. Arizona and Former Dir. Space Imagery Center of NASA, “Hot House: Global Climate Change and the Human Condition”, Online: SpringerLink, p. 222-223)
The worst possible scenario would occur if we crossed a threshold that radically changes the
AND
, the greater the possibility of catastrophic consequences for our children and grandchildren.

Neolib solves poverty in Latin America-
Miroff 12 – contributor to NPR, writer for the Washington Post, San Francisco Chronicle, collective winner of a Pulitzer prize (Nick, “Latin American Equality: Free Markets or a Left Wing Success?”, 12/1/12;  http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/121130/latin-america-middle-class-equality-poverty-left-wing-success-story)//Beddow
HAVANA, Cuba — Latin America has long been a case study in the social
AND
, have had an impact on both poverty and inequality,” Thale added.

Latin American neoliberalism prevents extinction, human rights abuses, and poverty
Manwaring ‘5, General Douglas MacArthur Chair and Prof of Military Strategy @ U.S. Army War College, Ret U.S. Army Colonel, Adjunct Professor of International Politics @ Dickinson College (Max G, October, Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare”, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf)
At the same time, President Chávez’s approach to Latin American security and stability requires
AND
they and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Tim Mahoney and Andres Gannon
Its worse in the context of latin america - moral obligation to reject neolib
Makwana 6 (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization¶ The goal of neoliberal economic globalization is the removal of
AND
They would then be in a better position to compete in international markets.

Vote neg to interrogate neoliberal economic engagement with latin America from the starting point of knowledge production.
Walsh, Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, 2012
(Catherine, “The Politics of Naming”, Cultural Studies, 26.1, Project Muse)

Cultural Studies, in our project, is constructed and understood as more than a
AND
Studies is only one of our options, and part of the politics of

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell BJ | Judge:
Text: The Kingdom of Norway should
- Increase Statoil’s investment in Cuban drilling
- Send experts from Statoil’s RandD division to oversee drilling
- Export its technology toward Cuban oil drilling and oil spills clean up

Norway is much better than the US – state owned solves
Conason 10 (Joe, the editor in chief of NationalMemo.com and write for Salon, “Why Norway’s offshore drilling is safer,” May 3rd, 2010, http://www.salon.com/2010/05/03/norway_2/)

¶ If anyone still believes we must drill, baby, drill offshore — aside
AND
we know that private ownership always works better than government. Don’t we?

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep HC | Judge: Eric Lanning
Text: The United States federal government should remove its medical, agriculture, and internet sanctions against the Republic of Cuba.

CP solves the case – All of their inequality advantage cards is about the lack of access to basic food and medicine which the CP clearly solves for. Also – solves hospitality because still allows for a large ethic of “openness”.

The only blockade preventing Saudi Arabian proliferation is a strong US security commitment – perception of shifting oil consumption causes proliferation
Rogers 3/20 – 2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-

America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources is changing as U.S.
AND
- will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.

Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
Alhaiji and Maris 04 – Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that energy consumption
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear war
Edelman 11 – (Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)

There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: UMICH RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pinecrest MM | Judge: Dave Weston
“Hospitality” can’t guide policy- radical openness allows promotion of evil –their authors misread Derrida
Martin Hagglund ‘8 Junior Fellow @ Harvard Society of Fellows – Radical Atheism: Derrida and the Time of Life
For the same reason, what Derrida calls unconditional hospitality is not an ethical ideal
AND
that makes responsibility possible in the first place. (103-5)

Case impacts outweigh- hospitality can’t be an ethical side constraint to policy analysis
Dana W Wilbaks, Prof of Christian Ethics, International Migration Review, Spring Vol 30 n1, 1996
Jewish and Roman Catholic Christian perspectives display forcefully a moral presumption on behalf of migrants'
AND
newcomers in communities of residents is easily accomplished. (28-30)

Radical openness facilitates genocide
Knight 01 Associate Professor of Religion at the University of Tulsa,  (Henry F., "GOOD NEWS" AFTER AUSCHWITZ? CHRISTIAN FAITH WITHIN A POST-HOLOCAUST WORLD, Ed: Rittner and Roth, p. 111-112)
We cannot forget that hospitality is a vulnerable reality. To be sure, it
AND
of creation, oriented by the providential movement of Its hospitality to life.

Hospitality is a form of violent, policing love
Pohl, Associate Professor of Social Ethics, Asbury Theological Seminary, 1995 (Christine P., Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics, p. 135)
It is, in part, the hosts' own sense of vulnerability that allows them
AND
hospitality keeps people needy strangers while fostering an illusion of relationship and connection.

Tournament: UMICH RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pinecrest MM | Judge: Dave Weston
Text: United States federal government should lift its economic sanctions on Iran and North Korea.

CP solves the aff net better because lifts more economic sanctions while avoiding the DA’s to the affirmative

Tournament: St Marks | Round: Octas | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Bricker, Sarah Topp, and Ryan Galloway
Text: The United States federal government should encourage and easily permit travel to Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Serbia, and Sudan. 

CP solves better than the aff
Peterson No Date (Ted, This web site is an index page that has a listing of the different laws regarding customs and State Dept. rules regarding travel outside the U.S., “Travel Restrictions for Americans” , http://www.rdrop.com/users/tedpet/bad.htm, CS) 

This web page is set up with the restrictions and warnings to Americans in traveling
AND
Department removes one. New ones will be added when they comes out.

Tournament: UMICH | Round: 5 | Opponent: Interlake LM | Judge: Daryl Burch
Contention One: Competition – the counterplan excludes all of the text in the plan. 

Contention Two: The Net Benefit

Reliance upon the phonetic alphabet destabilizes the balance of human mental evolution, creating a destructive trend toward masculine values that subliminally reprograms the user.
Shlain, 1998 - (Dr. Leonard Shlain is a neurosurgeon at California-Pacific Medical Center and contributor to The Encyclopedia of Creativity, The Alphabet Versus The Goddess: The Conflict Between Word and Image, 1998, pg. 66-8
Aside from the obvious benefits that derived from their ease of use, alpha¬bets produced
AND
sexes were inexorably brought to heel by the left brain within each individual.

Left-brain rational functions denigrate natural relationships, risking planetary extinction. only re-balancing our mental spheres can revitalize connections to the earth.
Reuther, 1989
Rosemary Radford, Professor of Feminist Theology at Pacific School of Religion, “Toward an Ecological-Feminist Theology of Nature” in Healing the Wounds: the Promise of Ecofeminism ed. Judith Plant p. 147-150
Thus we have not so much the privilege of intelligence, viewed as something above
AND
nonhuman nature become friends in the creating of a livable and sustainable cosmos.

Tournament: UMICH RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Chattahoochee AP | Judge: John Lawson
Text:The United States federal government should repeal the Renewable Fuel Standard and permanently end all subsidies for corn ethanol.

CP solves US ethanol
Aziz, 7/31/13 John, Economics writer for the weekly news; “It’s Time for America to end ethanol subsidies,” June 31, 2013; http://theweek.com/article/index/247596/its-time-for-america-to-end-subsidies, CS
As you can see, ethanol and biodiesel are some of the least efficient energy
AND
subsidies — both direct and indirect — to the ash heap of history.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: Octas | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Bricker, Sarah Topp, and Ryan Galloway
Removing the tourism ban will increase racism – the Cuban tourist industry discriminates
Ba?ez, 4 – Ph.D. and professor of sociology at the University of Puerto Rico (Antonio, “State Resistance to Globalisation in Cuba”, Pluto Press, pg. 149)eek

Even though the numbers of black and white Cubans working in the tourist industry are
AND
the dollar had consequences that played along racist lines (Bazuin, 1997).

Racism is very bad
Memmi, 97 – Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Paris (Albert, RACISM, 1997, p. 163. (DRGCL/B1048)

The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
AND
. In that sense, we cannot fail to rise to the racist challenge

Tournament: Chattahoochee | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston County PH | Judge:
An increase in Cuban oil production would lower prices—2007 proves
Garcia, 7 (Hugo Garcia, journalist for Juventud Rebelde, Juventud Rebeldge, 12/27/07, "Cuba Pumping Over 28 Million Barrels of Oil Annually", www.juventudrebelde.co.cu/cuba/2007-12-27/cuba-pumping-over-28-million-barrels-of-oil-annually/ kdh)
Cárdenas.— Cuba’s volume of oil and natural gas production will reach four million tons
AND
, which virtually eliminates environmental contamination from associated gas released into the air.

Oil prices key to the Russian economy
Schuman 12 (Michael, Asia and Economics Correspondent – TIME, B.A. in Asian History and Political Science – University of Pennsylvania, M.A. in International Affairs – Columbia University, “Why Vladimir Putin Needs Higher Oil Prices”, Time, 7-5, http://business.time.com/2012/07/05/why-vladimir-putin-needs-higher-oil-prices/, Deech)

But Vladimir Putin is not one of them. The economy that the Russian President
AND
, or his ability to use government resources to firm up his popularity.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Correspondent – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Coppell BJ | Judge:
A. Uniqueness
Saudi Arabia has not yet acquired the bomb. Perception of US support is the key factor.
Guzansky ‘13
Yoel Guzansky is a fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies, Tel Aviv University. His main research area is Gulf security. He has also served as Iran coordinator at Israel's National Security Council. His recent publications include The Gulf States in a Changing Strategic Environment (2012), One Year of the Arab Spring: Global and Regional Implications, and The Gulf States: Between Iran and the West – Middle East Quarterly¶ Spring 2013, pp. 59-64 – available at: http://www.meforum.org/3512/saudi-arabia-pakistan-nuclear-weapon

Continued Iranian progress toward a nuclear weapon, Iraq's increasing alignment with Tehran, and
AND
, to reduce risks and ensure the continuity of the House of Saud.

B. Links

First – Cuban production trades-off with US- Mid-East oil ties
Alhaiji and Maris ‘4
Dr. A. F. Alhajji is an energy economist and George Patton Chair of Business and Economics at the College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern, Terry L. Maris is the founding executive director of the Center for Cuban. Business Studies and professor of management, “The Future of Cuba’s Energy Sector,” Cuba Today, 2004, http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/bildn/publications/cubatodaybookcomplete.pdf#page=105

The current economic, political, and social trends in Cuba indicate that¶ energy
AND
the US and other oil producing countries, especially in the Middle East.

Second – Perception. Saudi Arabia fears the narrative that the US may abandon them for North American supplies.
Rogers 3/20
2013 – Will Rogers is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). At CNAS, Mr. Rogers’ research focus is on science, technology and national security policy. He has authored or co-authored a range of publications on energy, climate change, environmental cooperation in Asia and cybersecurity, “America Committed to Gulf Security Despite Changing Relationship with Region's Oil, says Gen. Dempsey,” Center for New American Security, 2013, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2013/03/america-committed-gulf-security-despite-changing-relationship-regions-

America’s relationship with the Middle East’s energy resources is changing as U.S.
AND
- will have to be managed carefully. What a tightrope to walk.

C- Impact – Saudi prolif causes nuclear war.
Edelman ‘11
(Eric –Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran)
There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
AND
Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: Octas | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Bricker, Sarah Topp, and Ryan Galloway
Cuban Sex tourism low now-the travel ban is key
Cribb et al 13 Toronto Star and El Nuevo Herald reporters (Robert Cribb, Jennifer Quinn, Julian Sher, and Juan O. Tamayo, 3/17/13, “U.S. child-sex tourism to Cuba hardly exists”, http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/03/17/3291012/us-child-sex-tourism-to-cuba-hardly.html//EM

An odd combination of Washington’s trade embargo on Cuba and tough U.S.
AND
shot in Cuba and his native Ecuador. He was HIV-positive.

Challenging prostitution in every instance is key to our ethic
Amy Ray, 1997, (The American University Law Review, February 1997,  Lexis)
Because, as currently constructed, human rights laws can reach only individual perpetrators during
AND
city, or in a concentra-tion camp in a foreign country.

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Tim Mahoney and Andres Gannon
“Appeasement” is distinct from “engagement” — concessions that don’t establish and enhance contacts across multiple issue-areas aren’t topical.
Resnick 1 — Evan Resnick, Ph.D. Candidate in Political Science at Columbia University, holds an M.Phil. in Political Science and an M.A. in Political Science from Columbia University, 2001 (“Defining engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, Volume 54, Issue 2, Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via ABI/INFORM Complete)
DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ENGAGEMENT AND APPEASEMENT
In contrast to many prevailing conceptions of engagement, the one proposed in this essay
AND
conflict between two states can be removed in a number of ways.31
A more refined definition of appeasement that not only remains loyal to the traditional connotations
AND
or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

“Engagement” is long-term, not a one-time policy change — distinct from “appeasement”.
Rock 2k — Stephen R. Rock, Associate Professor of Political Science at Vassar College, 2000 (“The Study of Appeasement,” Appeasement in International Politics, Published by the University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0813132282, p. 22-23)
Engagement, as typically conceived, is not a global national security strategy, but
AND
and after the shooting of pro-democracy demonstrators in Tienanmen Square.79
Various types of engagement—comprehensive, constructive, conditional, coercive—have been
AND
and, in turn, to liberalization and democratization of its political system.
Critics of engagement—and there are many—consider it "a modern form
AND
more heavily on inducements to remove the causes of conflict and reduce tensions.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Glenbrook North DK | Judge:
The United States Federal Government should phase out loan guarantees for sugar and eliminate all non-Cuba parts of the tariff rate quota (TRQ) for sugar. 

Solves ethanol
The Houston Chronicle 3/30/2008 (Loren Steffy, business columnist, Biofuel startup slow going, p. lexis)
More than half of the world's ethanol is made from sugar, with Brazil the
AND
for price supports on domestic sugar that almost double the cost compared with corn

Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Bruce Miller and Aaron Kall
Turn – trade deficits key to economy
Griswold 11 Daniel Griswold is director of the Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of the book “Mad About Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization.” AUGUST 12, 2010 4:32PM More Nonsense about the Trade Deficit By Daniel Griswold http://www.cato.org/blog/more-nonsense-about-trade-deficit
I’ve been studying and writing about the trade deficit for years, and devoted a
AND
and imports plunged and unemployment soared. Sagging domestic demand means fewer imports.

No impact to large trade deficits – only shrinking deficits kill the economy Comparative claim –falling trade deficits are worse for the economy than rising trade deficits
Griswold 11 Daniel Griswold, director of the Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute in Washington, D.C., and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization (2009).,“The Trade-Balance Creed Debunking the Belief that Imports and Trade Deficits Are a “Drag on Growth,” April 11, 2011
The Great Recession and the Trade Deficit. The past decade brings the contradictions of
AND
.S. economy than a rising trade deficit is a falling deficit.

Trade Deficits are good – key to stock growth, manufacturing output, employment- and it reverse causal
Perry 11 Dr. Mark J. Perry, professor of economics and finance in the School of Management (http://www.umflint.edu/departments/som/) at the Flint campus of the University of Michigan (http://www.umflint.edu/). Perry holds two graduate degrees in economics (M.A. and Ph.D.) from George Mason University (http://www.gmu.edu/) in Washington, D.C. In addition, he holds an MBA degree in finance from the Curtis L. Carlson School of Management (http://www.csom.umn.edu/) at the University of Minnesota (http://www.umn.edu/).  “Another Name for 'Trade Deficit' Is 'Capital Account Surplus',” APRIL 14, 2011, http://seekingalpha.com/article/261658-another-name-for-trade-deficit-is-capital-account-surplus
The general public, politicians, the media, and even some economists have bought
AND
to the eight million Americans who lost their jobs during the recent downturn.

Trade Deficits are key to effective offshoring – that solves the economy
Reisman 06 George Reisman, an American economist and Professor Emeritus of Economics at Pepperdine University., “The Actual Nature of Offshoring and of Our Balance of Trade Deficits,” APRIL 13, 2006, http://archive.mises.org/4906/the-actual-nature-of-offshoring-and-of-our-balance-of-trade-deficits/
Few issues are more frequently commented on than the shifting of American manufacturing to locations
AND
a year, at the rate of $50,000 per man.
In an impoverished country in Asia, however, the cost of equally capable construction
AND
problem is in anything that would threaten offshoring and the imports it provides.

US offshoring is key to Southeast Asia Economies – they are experiencing growth now
Kaushik 12 Preetam Kaushik, , “Southeast Asia Emerges as Outsourcing Destination,” 29 Aug 12, http://bpooutcomes.com/southeast-asia-outsourcing-destination/
Until recently, the mantra of offshoring in the West used to be “if
AND
for Latin America to more fully emerge and for India to be watchful.

Southeast Asian econ decline causes great power wars
Auslin 09 (Michael, Resident Scholar – AEI, Weekly Standard, “Averting Disaster Preventing the worst case scenario in Asia”, 2-6, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/016/115jtnqw.asp)
AS THEY DEAL WITH a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the
AND
hostilities erupt and that any aggressor will be met with a united front.

Protectionism won’t escalate—multiple institutional and internal checks
Garten 9 (Garten, Jefferey E., professor of finance and international trade at the Yale School of Management, February 6, 2009,“Is Protectionism Unavoidable?”, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/protectionism-unavoidable) FS
Our best hope is that governments act with some constraint. They should consult with
AND
. The premium now is on limiting it as much as realistically possible. 

No political will for multilateral trade efforts
Schott 11 Jeffrey J. Schott, senior fellow at Peterson Institute for International Economics “What Should the United States Do about Doha?” Peterson Institute for International Economics, Policy Brief Number PB11—8, June 2011
The Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO)
AND
near-term prospects for success have faded to white. Pg. 1

And, importing sectors will push for bilateral agreements at the expense of exporters. Means they can’t access trade
Krishna 12 Pravin Krishna, Professor of International Economics at Johns Hopkins University, “PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS AND THE WORLD TRADE SYSTEM: A MULTILATERALIST VIEW,” NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Paper 17840, February 2012, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/09847.pdf
Levy (1997) has modeled trade policy as being determined by majority voting and
AND
impede progress towards multilateral free trade and thus undermine the multilateral trade system.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: Resovoir SS | Judge: Isaac Marhsall
Radical change will be destroyed as soon as it becomes visible.  An invisible movement has the most subversive potential—voting neg to reject politics is the only political act
The Invisible Committee, ‘7 an anonymous group of French professors, phd candidates, and intellectuals, in the book “The Coming Insurrection” published by Semiotext(e) (attributed to the Tarnac Nine by the French police), http://tarnac9.noblogs.org/gallery/5188/insurrection_english.pdf

Whatever angle you look at it from, there's no escape from the present.
AND
we can see and not avoid the conclusions to be drawn from it.

To make micropolitics visible is to coopt it by giving resistance an object – this understanding allows resistance to be framed, to be declared a failure and prevents the immanence of imperceptible politics from coalescing around mundane practices and habitudes of existence
Tsianos et al. ‘8 Vassilis, teaches sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Dimitris Papadopoulos teaches social theory at Cardiff University, Niamh Stephenson teaches social science at the University of New South Wales. “Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the 21st Century” Pluto Press

In this sense imperceptible politics does not necessarily differ from or oppose other prevalent forms
AND
this void into everyday politics that becomes the vital force for imperceptible politics.

Their arguments about personal agency are ultimately conservative and de-politicizing – arguments for localizing activism within the purview of social location are the equivalent of privatizing social change, creating us as dependent on the necessity of their advocacy. The more successful their strategy is the more damage it does by making institutions necessary to our understanding of social change
Hershock '99, East-West Center, 1999.  “Changing the way society changes”, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 6, 154; http://jbe.gold.ac.uk/6/hershock991.html 

The trouble is that, like other technologies biased toward control, the more successful
AND
depletion of our resources for meaningfully improvised and liberating intimacy with all things.

The only local space left to us is that of the imperceptible – their ressentiment against exclusion prevents us from loving the present enough to change it
Tsianos et al. ‘8 Vassilis, teaches sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Dimitris Papadopoulos teaches social theory at Cardiff University, Niamh Stephenson teaches social science at the University of New South Wales. “Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the 21st Century” Pluto Press

New tools of subversion are emerging, but they have not crystallised, they are
AND
transformations are sufficient for interrupting the pervasive sensibilities being shaped by sovereign powers.
  

Their own 1AC evidence says for guerilla pluralism to succeed – visible mobile movements must be used – proves our link to the visibility K.
Medina 2k11Jose Medina is a Professor at Vanderbilt University, “Toward Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance”, http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/philosophy/_people/faculty_files/_medinafoucaultstudies.pdf

 How do we fight against power on this view? Not by trying to
AND
‚counter-history? and ‚counter-memory? offer. ¶

Tournament: MBA | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Ignatius PB | Judge: Brian Rubaie
WTO increases trade conflicts – makes retaliation inevitable
- New legalized WTO would cause for more trade conflicts and makes retaliation inevitable
Thompson, ’02 Alexander, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University; “Power and Legalization: Explaining U.S. Support of WTO Dispute Settlement,” September 2002; http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228852368_Power_and_Legalization_Explaining_US_Support_of_WTO_Dispute_Settlement
By any definition, dispute settlement under the WTO is substantially more legalized, formalized
AND
and relative power advantages enjoyed by the United States under the GATT system.

WTO threatens CCP stability
- Regulations of the WTO force strict standards for the Chinese government to adhere to forcing their collapse
Milsom, ’03 Miriam, Research Registrar for SixSmart; “China – Political and Regulatory Systems;” Working Paper for SixSmart, January 26, 2003; http://www.sixsmart.com/SSPapers/pmw10.htm
Another threat to the stability of the Chinese government is the pressure to conform to
AND
(Jackson, S. 8/13/2002. Par 10).

CCP instability leads to nuclear war
Rexing, 05 – Staff Writer (San, “The CCP’s Last Ditch Gamble: Biological and Nuclear War”, Epoch Times, 8/5, http://english.epochtimes.com/ news/5-8-5/30975.html)
What, then, is the gist of this wild, last-ditch gamble
AND
now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.

WTO rules destroy environmental protections
- WTO legitimacy in the past has ruled on environmental protection laws such as the 1998 law that required imported shrimp to be caught by more environmentally methods and the1997 Clean Air act.
Montague, ’99 Peter, Editor for Environmental Research Foundation; “The WTO and Free Trade,” Rachel’s Environment and Health News #673 published by the Environmental Research Foundation, October 21, 1999; http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/REHW673.html
In its short history, the WTO has already begun to repeal environmental regulations and
AND
corporations the WTO can -- and will -- repeal any nation's environmental protections. 

Largest extinction risk – turns any sustainable agriculture impact
Kates, ’04 Carol A., Professor of Philosophy at Ithaca College; “Reproductive Liberty and Overpopulation,” Environmental Values 13:1, February 2004, http://www.ithaca.edu/hs/philrel/replib.pdf
Rates of species extinction, which appear to be accelerating, (UNEP 2002:
AND
Pimentel and Giampietro 1994:2; Pimentel et al 1994:355). 

WTO prevents Biosafety Protocol enforcement
- The WTO prevents the biosafety protocol from being enforced and instead results in a less lenient enforcement standards against the bioweapons
Eckersley, ’04 Robyn, Senior lecturer in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne and her research interests span environmental policy, environmental political theory and global environmental politics; “The Big Chill: The WTO and Multilateral Environmental Agreements,” Global Environmental Politics Issue 4.2, May 2004, pp. 24-50; Project Muse
The growth of the modern biotechnology industry carries benefits as well as risks, and
AND
recycled by the US as food aid under the World Food Program.80

Biosafety protocol key to prevent biological weapon development – causes global ban on bioweapons
- Biosafety protocol is the first enforceable international treaty that prevents the development and usage of bioweapons and helps strengthen the global ban on bioweapons
Sunshine Project, ’03 Edward Hammond, Director of the US Office of the Sunshine Project, he holds two Master’s degrees from the University of Texas at Austin and has worked on biotechnology-related projects since 1993; “Biosafety, Biosecurity, and Biological Weapons,” Backgrounder #11; http://www.sunshine-project.de/infos/aktuelles/2003/Biosafety_and_Biosecurity_Web.pdf
The agreements discussed here also merit more profound consideration because of their critical role in
AND
These provide opportunities and synergies to strengthen the global ban on biological weapons. 

That causes extinction – nuclear war doesn’t
Singer, ’01 Clifford, Director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; “Will Mankind Survive the Millennium?” The Bulletin of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 13.1, Spring 2001; http://acdis.illinois.edu/assets/docs/312/articles/WillMankindSurvivetheMillennium.pdf
In recent years the fear of the apocalypse (or religious hope for it)
AND
connected human family may be in question when and if this is achieved.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Stephen Pipkin
Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase its infrastructure assistance toward the following non-OECD countries: China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Middle East. The United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in clean technology and RandD subsidies for clean tech.

CP solves warming way better than the aff does – their own card
Passell 12 (Peter Passell, the Economics Editor of Democracy Lab, is a Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, 5/23/12, “Two Worlds, One Climate,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/23/two_worlds_one_climate?page=full)

Climate change, we are often told, is everyone's problem. And without a
AND
emissions reduction in hope that others will be shamed into following its lead.¶

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Stephen Pipkin
Alt causes
Solar changes
National Post, 2007  (Lawrence Solomon, staff writer, February 7, “Look to Mars for the Truth on Globl Warming” http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=edae9952-3c3e-47ba-913f-7359a5c7f723andk=0/)
Climate change is a much, much bigger issue than the public, politicians,
AND
expansion, ascend to the atmosphere only to give the absorbed heat away." 

No impact to warming
NIPCC 11 (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, “2011 Interim Report from the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change,” http://nipccreport.org/reports/2011/2011report.html)
The first period they examined was the Eocene Climatic Optimum (53–51 million
AND
must be considered little more than guesswork (see also Chapman, 2010). 

Warming increases cloudiness- Reduces Extreme Weather, And Lengthens The Growing Season
Moore 97, Sr. Fellow, Hoover Institution, Thomas Gale, Global Warming Opposing Viewpoints, pg. 96wndi03
 A warmer climate would produce the greatest gain in temper¬atures at northern latitudes,
AND
in Europe to the increased CO2 and the fertilizing effect of nitrogen oxides. 

Agricultural crises are creating global food shortages – that kills a billion people – increased CO2 is key to solve
Idso’s, 11 Sherwood PhD and former research physicist for the Department of Agriculture, Keith PhD Botany, Craig PhD Geography, 6/6/2011, “Meeting the Food Needs of a Growing World Population”,  http://www.co2science.org/articles/V14/N27/EDIT.php DHirsch
Parry and Hawkesford (2010) introduce their study of the global problem by noting
AND
with more people "hungrier now than at the start of the millennium." 

Creates a negative feedback which solves warming
Idso’s, 11 Sherwood PhD and former research physicist for the Department of Agriculture, Keith PhD Botany, Craig PhD Geography, 8/10/2011. “Forests Find More Nitrogen in the Soils of a Warming World”, http://www.co2science.org/articles/V14/N32/B2.php DHirsch
Background The authors write that "soil warming experiments conducted in a variety of ecosystems
AND
, demonstrating the extreme importance of long-term studies of this nature. 

Elevated CO2 lets cotton thrive
Kakani et al, 4 – Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, and USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (Vijaya Gopal Kakani, Kambham Raja Reddy, Duli Zhao and Wei Gao, 2004, “Senescence and hyperspectral reflectance of cotton leaves exposed to
ultraviolet-B radiation and carbon dioxide”, PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 121: 250–257. 2004, pubmed.gov | JJ)

Considerable growth and developmental variations occur in plants exposed to UV-B radiation and
AND
. Thus, the UV-B radiation resulted in accelerated leaf ageing.

Cotton’s key to the Pakistani economy – we control uniqueness
Nadeem et al, 10 - Department o f Agronomy, University o f Agriculture, Faisalabad , Pakistan, 1 = University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences , Islamia University, Bahawalpur , Pakistan (Muhammad Ather Nadeem, Asghar Ali, Muhammad Tahir , Muhammad Naeem 1 , Asim Raza Chadhar and Sagheer Ahmad, 2010, “Effect of Nitrogen Levels and Plant Spacing on Growth and Yield of Cotton”, Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, Vol. 8 No. 2, http://www.pjlss.edu.pk/sites/default/files/121-12420(dr.20Athar202).pdf | JJ)

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is considered as mainstay of Pakistan’s economy. It
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by plant density in upland cotton (Buxton et al., 1977).

Nuclear War
Guthrie, 2K (Grant, J.D. candidate, 2000, University of California, Hastings College of the Law., Hastings International and Comparative Law Review “Nuclear Testing Rocks the Sub-Continent: Can International Law Halt the Impending Nuclear Conflict Between India and Pakistan?” Spring/Summer 2000, pg lexis wyo-ef)

Nuclear testing creates political instability because it requires a substantial economic investment. One,
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rogue nuclear state. The effect on the world could be incredibly destabilizing.

Tournament: UMICH RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: MBA BR | Judge: Michael Fannon
The affirmative characterizes climate change as an emergency – turns the advantage – our alternative is to use positive and compelling images of a desired future without warming. This does not preclude the possibility of doing the aff
Hodder and Martin 09 Brian Martin is Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong, Australia. Climate crisis? The politics of emergency framing Published in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 36, 5 September 2009, pp. 53-60. Patrick Hodder and Brian Martin Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, Australia *Note: Steve Breyman, Holly Creenaune, Mark Diesendorf, Rowan Huxtable, Jørgen Johansen and Mary Scott made comments on drafts. They do not necessarily agree with the views expressed here.
This frame - this way of looking at the issue - is characterised by descriptions
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food and energy resources, and making the transition away from polluting industries.

Frames are a prior question
Foust and Murphy 9-*Associate Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies @ the University of Denver, PhD in Communication Studies @ University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, PhD in Communication Studies @ University of Denver (Christina, William, “Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse” A Journal of
Nature and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 2, pg. 153-154, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17524030902916624, DKP

While frames ‘‘cannot guarantee how a reader will interpret or comprehend’’ an issue or
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external forces beyond human control’’ (Wojcik, 1996, p. 298)