Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Woodward JK | Judge: DML
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A. Interpretation - Economic engagement is long-term strategy for promoting structural linkage between two economies
Mastanduno, 1 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, “Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice” http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf
The basic causal logic of economic engagement, and the emphasis on domestic politics,
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chain runs from economic interdependence through domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.
B. Violation – the plan is an economic inducement since it only focuses on one short-term infrastructure policy – engagement requires trade promotion
Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)
Literature of liberal school points out that economic engagement policies are significantly effective tools for
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believes in that economic linkages have political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)
Prefer our interpretation –
- Limits – broad interpretations of engagement include anything that affects the economy and this could mean everything
2. Negative ground – trade promotion is vital for a stable mechanism for disad links and counterplan ground
CP
Text: The United States federal government should legalize marijuana and provide more extensive information to national and local law enforcement on criminals repatriated to Latin American nations
CP provides a starting point for relations
Shifter ’12 (aff author) (Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for the Council's journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf)//BMitch
Drugs/Crime In the spirit of “shared responsibility,” often invoked by senior
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pursue political reform and adopt more democratic measures also needs to be addressed.
PTX
Obama’s pushing the farm bill – it will pass
Bennett 12-2 (David, “Farm bill SNAP funding cuts to affect four million?,” Farm Press, 2013, http://deltafarmpress.com/government/farm-bill-snap-funding-cuts-affect-four-million)
As for what the Obama administration is doing to ensure passage of a new farm bill, “you’ve heard the President talk about the importance of getting this done,” said Matt Lehrich, White House spokesman. Agriculture Secretary Vilsack “is constantly talking about this both publically and in his private conversation with members of Congress. That’s true of people throughout the (Obama) administration…
“We continue to relay the message that Congress has always passed bipartisan, real, comprehensive farm bills and there’s no reason we should let partisan politics get in the way of that.”
Gene Sperling, director of the National Economic Council, said the millions that could be knocked off SNAP rolls “are our neighbors. That’s a lot of people and their lives count and their food security and nutrition count.”
Sperling also pushed against the perception that food stamp recipients are lazy. “On
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recovering, is coming back from the worst recession since the Great Depression.”
The White House also claims 210,000 children stand to lose access to school lunches if the House funding levels are adopted.
“Most states rely on some form of ‘categorically eligibility’ where they allow a
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measure, 210,000 children will lose eligibility for school lunch programs.”
How does the Obama administration see the conference committee efforts thus far?
“I understand there are ongoing negotiations underway with respect to the traditional agricultural issues associated with the farm bill,” said Munoz. “We’ve not seen a full resolution to all those issues, although we hope they can be resolved.
“And there is a very, very big difference with respect to the SNAP program. That difference boils down to a fundamental question of values. … It does say what we are as a society that we have to have a conversation about taking food off the tables of Americans who need that food.”
So, is the White House comfortable with the Senate farm bill slashing $4 billion from SNAP?
“The Senate pulled together a bipartisan bill,” said Munoz, skirting the issue. “That’s encouraging – it demonstrates bipartisanship is possible to get to a result. We continue to believe there’s no need to be cutting food stamps.”
Sperling was only slightly more forthcoming: “This administration is generally supportive of the compromise worked out in the Senate (farm) bill.”
Economic engagement with Mexico’s politically divisive
Wilson ’13 Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, “A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
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action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be.
Political capital is key --- overcomes partisanship
Josh Lederman 10/18/13, reporter for the Associated Press, and Jim Kuhnhenn, “No safe bets for Obama despite toned-down agenda,” US News and World Report, http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2013/10/18/no-safe-bets-for-obama-despite-toned-down-agenda
WASHINGTON (AP) — Regrouping after a feud with Congress stalled his agenda,
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the year if our focus is on what's good for the American people."
New farm bill key to prevent a food price spike – massive economic damage
NELSON 10 – 17 – 13 Staff Writer Joe Nelson, Obama, ag industry waiting for new Farm bill, http://www.weau.com/home/headlines/Obama-ag-industry-waiting-for-new-Farm-Bill-228259521.html
With the government shutdown over, farmers are still waiting for a deal to be made.
President Obama listed the farm bill as one of his top priorities to address, which could protect farmers and low income families.
“We should pass a farm bill, one that American farmers and ranchers can
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What are we waiting for? Let's get this done,” Obama said.
Farmers said if they struggle without a farm bill, it could cause food prices to spike, force some out of the industry and damage the economy.
“If the milk price falls below a certain level, the Farm bill does help support farmers during a time of an economic crisis when prices drop too low,” Chippewa County U.W. Extension Crops and Soils Educator, Jerry Clark
The current, five-year Farm bill was temporarily extended, but both farmers and Clark said with much to lose, a new one is needed.
“Any time we can get the new bill passed, it's definitely going to help because there's always new changes in agriculture, as far as commodities or practices that need to be implemented,” Clark said. “So those types of things should be passed to keep up with the current trends in agriculture.
Durand corn and soybean farmer and Value Implement dealer TJ Poeschel says not having a new farm bill and reverting to a bill from 1949 could cut down profits or even force some farmers to quit or retire.
High food prices cause Russian instability ---- forces the Kremlin to force dietary changes which was at the core of past revolutions
Stratfor in ‘8
(“Russia: Problems in the Winners' Circle”, 6-13, http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/russia_problems_winners_circle, Google Cache)
As an energy and grain exporter, Russia is one of the clear winners in
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Europe, though Moscow wants to be the dominant partner in that relationship.
Internal Russian war goes nuclear
David in ‘99
(Steven, Prof. Pol. Sci. @ Johns Hopkins, Foreign Affairs, “Saving America from the coming civil wars”, Vol. 28, Iss. 1, Proquest)
AT NO TIME since the civil war of 1918-Zo has Russia been closer
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this threat more than the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war.
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Mexican-US manufacturing growth leads to manufacturing outsourcing shifted away from China
Villagran 4-24-13 (Lauren, freelance correspondent in Mexico City for The Christian Science Monitor and other publications. Previously, she worked for the Associated Press in New York, “Is Mexico's economy more a fiesta or a siesta?”http:www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2013/0424/Is-Mexico-s-economy-more-a-fiesta-or-a-siesta)CS
Beyond the prospect of reform, there are other bright spots, like the increasing
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goods from makeshift street stalls or services from the back of a truck.
China growth is fragile-manufacturing is key
BBC 6-30-13 (BBC News, “China manufacturing growth rate slows”, June 30th 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23123610)//CS
China has reported a slowdown in growth of its manufacturing sector, underlining concerns that
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in 2013, down from its earlier projection of 8.4.
Chinas current slowdown due to manufacturing causes instability-the CCP cant solve
Yang 6-21-13 (Jia Lynn Yang. staff writer at The Washington Post who covers policy relating to corporate America, including regulation, taxes and antitrust. Before joining the Post, she worked at Fortune magazine., “China’s economic slowdown emerges as risk to U.S. economy”, June 21st 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/chinas-economic-slowdown-emerges-as-risk-to-us-economy/2013/06/21/b467bc1a-da7b-11e2-a9f2-42ee3912ae0e_story.html)//CS
China’s economic slowdown emerges as risk to U.S. economy
Concerns are growing about China’s economy as the country’s new leadership tries to get a
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have faith that the Chinese government will step in before things go haywire.
China economic collapse causes WW3- hotspot for escalation
Plate, 03 - Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, “Why Not Invade China” Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS
But imagine a China disintegrating -- on its own, without neo-con or
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con insanity is more of a danger to the Bush presidency than China.
MANUFACTURING ADV
Manufacturing is on the rebound- it’s sustainable growth
Money News 12-2-13 “US Manufacturing Picks Up Steam Amid Global Rebound,” http://www.moneynews.com/Economy/US-Manufacturing-Global-Rebound/2013/12/02/id/539527
Manufacturing in the U.S. unexpectedly accelerated in November at the fastest pace
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6 over the past three months, the strongest since May 2011.
Trade with Mexico isn’t key to the economy — it’s a small percentage of the GDP and their authors conflate correlation with causation
Villarreal 12 — M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance (M. Angeles Villarreal, Congressional Research Service, 08-09-2012, “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013 | AK)
Effects on the U.S. Economy
The overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy has been relatively
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Mexico and the United States influencing investment decisions and the demand for goods.
Infrastructure spending multipliers will be negative – delay, lack of targeting, and permanence of infrastructure spending
de Rugy and Mitchell, 11 – both are senior research fellows at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University (Veronique and Matthew, “Would More Infrastructure Spending Stimulate the Economy?” September, http://mercatus.org/sites/default/files/publication/infrastructure_deRugy_WP_9-12-11.pdf)//DH
Notwithstanding the confidence of stimulus advocates, there is no academic consensus regarding the size
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government purchases displaces $3.88 in private sector economic activity. 7
A wide range of estimates exists, in part, because there is a wide range of circumstances in which
stimulus might be applied. We now turn to the particular circumstances of the United States to see how infrastructure stimulus might impact the current economic situation.
Stimulus with low interest rates and distortionary taxation: Some studies obtain larger multipliers than
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find much smaller multipliers, even when interest rates are exceedingly low. 9
Stimulus in a highly indebted nation: An extensive study from the IMF shows that fiscal multipliers in nations with debt levels in excess of 60 percent of GDP are zero or even negative. 10 The current U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio is 70 percent and, according to the Congressional Budget Office, it will be 90 percent within seven years and 100 percent within ten.
Stimulus under flexible exchange rates: The same IMF study also finds that a nation
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more expensive and foreign goods cheaper, decreasing net exports and lowering output.
Stimulus in a balance-sheet recession: The current recession has resulted in an
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their borrowing rather than to increase infrastructure spending or other government purchases.14
Diminishing marginal returns to stimulus: New research also suggests that there are diminishing marginal returns to stimulus. 15 This makes new stimulus even less helpful than what has already been undertaken.
The Federal Government has already spent over $1 trillion in legislated stimulus. Beyond this,
unlegislated “automatic stabilizers” in the budget have helped to push the primary deficit well over $1 trillion. 16
The problems with infrastructure stimulus: There are unique problems with infrastructure stimulus that tend to diminish its chances of success. Chief among these are long implementation delays. The Congressional Budget Office reports that:
For major infrastructure projects supported by the federal government, such as highway construction and activities of the Army Corps of Engineers, initial outlays usually total less than 25 percent of the funding provided in a given year. For large projects, the initial rate of spending can be significantly lower than 25 percent. 17
Economists from the IMF studied the impact of implementation delays on the multiplier and found that, “Implementation delays can postpone the intended economic stimulus and may even worsen the downturn in the short run.”
Implementation
Perhaps the most important reasons to be skeptical about further stimulus—particularly infrastructure stimulus
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temporary.” In reality, however, infrastructure spending cannot fulfill these criteria.
There is no such thing as a “shovel ready” project: By nature
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but only 62 percent ($28 billion) had actually been spent. 20
Un-targeted: Effective targeting means that stimulus money should be spent in those
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go to those areas that have been hardest hit by a recession. 21
• Even targeted stimulus may fail: Many of the areas that were hardest hit
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roads, schools, and other types of long-term infrastructure. 22
• Job poaching, not creating: Unemployment rates among specialists, such as those
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money were poached from other organizations rather than from the unemployment lines. 23
Not temporary: Even in Keynesian models, stimulus is only effective as a short
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after an initial stimulus, 95 percent of the spending surge remains. 27
• Ratchet-up effect: Evidence from World War II suggests that when spending
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between 33 and 42 cents for every dollar in federal grants received. 29
Cost overruns are the rule rather than the exception: The most comprehensive study of cost overruns examines 20 nations spanning five continents. The authors find that nine out of 10 public works projects come in over budget. 30
Cost overruns dramatically increase infrastructure spending: Overruns routinely range from 50 to 100 percent
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localized job growth, these investments are usually inefficient uses of public resources.
Inaccurate estimates of demand plague infrastructure projects: A study of 208 projects in 14
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is a systematic tendency to underestimate the financial and congestion costs of roads.
Survival of the un-fittest: Studies have shown that project promoters routinely ignore
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that get implemented but the ones that look the best on paper. 38
A rapid increase in stimulus spending makes things worse: There is an inherent tradeoff
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“There‘s no such thing as shovel-ready projects.”? 40
In sum, there are strong reasons to suspect that stimulus is not likely to be implemented as Keynesian theoreticians say it ought to be. This means that even by Keynesians standards, the newest round of stimulus is likely to fail. Tellingly, the political economy problems that plague the implementation of stimulus were actually significant enough to make Lord Keynes himself a skeptic. Toward the end of his life, he wrote:
Organized public works, at home and abroad, may be the right cure for a chronic tendency to a deficiency of effective demand. But they are not capable of sufficiently rapid organization (and above all cannot be reversed or undone at a later date), to be the most serviceable instrument for the prevention of the trade cycle. 41
Given the experience with recent stimulus packages, Keynes‘s observations appear to be remarkably prescient. Unfortunately, modern-day Keynesians appear not to have paid heed.
Conclusion
Economists have long recognized the value of infrastructure. Roads, bridges, airports, canals, and other projects are the conduits through which goods are exchanged. In many circumstances, private firms can and should be allowed to provide this infrastructure. But in other cases, there may be a role for public provision at the local level. 42 But whatever its merits, infrastructure spending is not likely to provide much of a stimulus.
As a short-term measure, more deficit-financed infrastructure spending is a risky bet. At best, it is likely to be ineffective; at worst it will be counterproductive. One long-term impact of further stimulus is certain: it would leave the United States deeper in debt at time when we can ill afford it.
Infrastructure spending causes crowd-out - decreases net productivity and causes economic decline in the short term
Leeper et al, 2009 professor of Economics at Indiana University and is also affiliated with Monash University and the National Bureau of Economic Research (Eric M., “GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT AND FISCAL STIMULUS IN THE SHORT AND LONG RUNS,” July 2009, http://www.nber.org/papers/w15153.pdf?new_window=1)//AM
So long as public capital is productive, the expectation of higher infrastructure spending generates
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private investment is lower and labor impacts may be small or even negative.
Output can fall in the short run in response to an increase in government investment. This result is analogous to the phased-in tax cuts enacted in 2001 and 2003, where expectations of future tax cuts may have induced workers and ?rms to delay work and production, retarding the recovery from the 2001 recession House and Shapiro (2006).
To examine the second issue—the consequences of alternative methods of ?nancing the government spending—we consider adjustments in various ?scal instruments to stabilize the government debt-to-output ratio, including reductions in transfers or government consumption, or increases in capital or labor income taxes.
Accounting for future ?scal adjustments is essential to evaluate the impact of government investment over
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dominate the higher productivity of private inputs from expansion of public capital. 4
In addition, we ?nd that the speed of ?scal adjustment is a signi?cant factor in determining the ability of government spending to o?set cyclical movements in macro aggregates. The impact of a de?cit-?nanced increase in government spending will be severely mitigated if the de?cit is retired quickly through distortionary ?scal instruments.
Plan kills business confidence
David M. Schizer, Dean and Lucy G. Moses Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, 10-17-11, “Fiscal Policy in an Era of Austerity,” Working Paper No. 408, The Center for Law and Economic Studies Columbia University School of Law, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1948692 E. Liu
Even if we solve this problem by ensuring that stimulus funds are used only for
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it is unlikely to serve as a magic bullet for reviving our economy.
Additional federal stimulus spending causes a bond market backlash that collapses the US economy
Samuelson, 11 - Washington Post columnist specializing in economic affairs (Robert, “Bye-bye, Keynes?,” Washington Post, 12/18, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/bye-bye-keynes/2011/12/16/gIQAS2oD3O_story.html)//DH
The eclipse of Keynesian economics proceeds. When Keynes wrote “The General Theory of
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at reasonable interest rates. If markets refuse, Keynesian policies won’t work.
Countries then lose control over their economies. They default on maturing debts or must
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the past overuse of deficits compromises their present utility to fight high unemployment.
There is no automatic tipping point beyond which a country’s debt — the sum of past annual deficits — causes bond markets to shut down. But Greece, Portugal and Ireland have already reached that point, with gross debt in 2011 equal to 166 percent, 106 percent and 109 percent of their national incomes (gross domestic product), according to IMF figures. Heavily indebted Italy and Spain could lose access to bond markets.
Thankfully, the United States is not now in this position. Interest rates on 10-year Treasury bonds hover around 2 percent; investors seem willing to lend against massive U.S. deficits. Just why is unclear. It’s not that U.S. budget discipline is noticeably superior. Economists Pedro Amaral and Margaret Jacobson of the Cleveland Federal Reserve recently compared U.S. budget performance against that of the weak European nations.
In 2012, the American budget deficit is projected at 7.9 percent of
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S. economy and past political stability — contributes to America’s good fortune.
Considering this, some economists urge more “stimulus.” In a paper, Christina Romer — former head of President Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers — argued that scholarly studies support the administration’s view that its $787 billion stimulus in 2009 cushioned the recession. Another big stimulus “would be very helpful .?.?. to really create a lot of jobs.”
I am less sure. For the record, I supported Obama’s stimulus — though disliking some details — and, under similar circumstances, would again. The economy was in a tailspin; the stimulus provided a psychological and spending boost. But how much is less clear. As Romer notes, estimating the effect is “incredibly hard.” For example, the Congressional Budget Office’s estimate of added jobs from the stimulus ranged from 700,000 to 3.3 million for 2010.
Suppose a new stimulus — beyond renewal of the payroll tax cut — did succeed at significant job creation. By piling up more debt, it would still risk aggravating a larger crisis later. There is no long-term plan to curb deficits. Americans seem to think they’re invulnerable to a bond market backlash. Economist Barry Eichengreen, a leading scholar of the Great Depression, is dubious:
“Given low interest rates and the still-weak U.S. economy
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suffer the kind of crisis that Europe experienced in 2010, but magnified.”
Governments have ceded power to bond markets by decades of shortsighted behavior. The political bias is to favor short-term stimulus (by lowering taxes and raising spending), which is popular, and to ignore long-term deficits (by cutting spending and raising taxes), which is unpopular. Debt has risen to hazardous levels, undermining Keynesian economics as taught in standard texts.
Were Keynes alive now, he would almost certainly acknowledge the limits of Keynesian policies. High debt complicates the analysis and subverts the solutions. What might have worked in the 1930s offers no panacea today.
New age of American hegemonic decline – shift in economic and political power proves, that means retrenchment now is key to stable transition to multipolarity- only way to ensure cooperation.
Zakaria, 2/1/2012 Fareed, host of CNN’s flagship international affairs program, Editor at Large of TIME, Washington Post columnist and bestselling author; “The post-American world demands a new approach from the U.S.,” The Washington Post, February 1, 2012; http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-post-american-world-demands-a-new-approach-from-the-us/2012/02/01/gIQAba5ziQ_story.html?hpid=z3
Dear Mitt Romney, Congratulations on Florida. Now that you are again the front
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, just because we call it the World Series doesn’t make it one.
US military power is unsustainable – the military will be a hollow force by 2021
Wiser 10/11 Daniel Wiser, staff writer for the Washington Free Beacon, graduated from UNC w/degrees in political science and journalism. He is citing a report by the Bipartisan Policy Center, a non-profit research institute that analyzes effects of US policy and emphasizes a commitment to bipartisan research, “Report: Sequestration, Military Budget Cuts Hurting National Security” October 11 2013 http://freebeacon.com/report-sequestration-military-budget-cuts-hurting-national-security/
The report by the Bipartisan Policy Center also said that the nearly $1 trillion
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than $50 billion in annual reductions to the defense budget by 2017.
Combat training and procurement programs for new equipment will bear the brunt of the cuts
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the Navy 330 ships and eight carriers by 2021, the report said.
Hegemony and increases in military power result in backlash
Fiammenghi 11 (Davide, postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Politics, Institutions, History at the University of Bologna. “The Security Curve and the Structure of International Politics,” International Security, Spring 2011.) http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00037
Beyond a certain point, the gains that a state accrues from further increases in
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and the eventuality that an arms race could frustrate a state’s expansionist efforts.
Hegemony creates a violent Russia-China alliance and raises the possibility of war with both countries
Petras 11 James Petras is a Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, New York. He is the author of 64 books published in 29 languages, and over 560 articles in professional journals, including the American Sociological Review, British Journal of Sociology, Social Research, Journal of Contemporary Asia, and Journal of Peasant Studies. He has published over 2000 articles in nonprofessional journals such as the New York Times, the Guardian…He is winner of the Life Time Career Award, Marxist Section, of the American Sociology Association, the Robert Kenny Award for Best Book, 2002, and the Best Dissertation, Western Political Science Association in 1968. In 1973-76 he was a member of the Bertrand Russell Tribunal on Repression in Latin America. He writes a monthly column for the Mexican newspaper, La Jornada, and previously, for the Spanish daily, El Mundo. He received his B.A. from Boston University and Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley. “World War III: US pursues was against Russia-Chinese alliance” December 28 2011 http://www.agoracosmopolitan.com/news/intrnational/2011/12/28/2448.html
While each policy adopted by the Obama regime in themselves do no present an immediate
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the Pakistan generals while China and Russia condemned the attack and gained influence.
US-China war goes nuclear
Goldstein 9-2-13 (Avery, avid M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations and Director of the Center for the Study of Contemporary China at the University of Pennsylvania. This essay is adapted from his article “First Things First: The Pressing Danger of Crisis Instability in U.S.-China Relations,” International Security, Spring 2013.“China’s Real and Present Danger” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139651/avery-goldstein/chinas-real-and-present-danger,)TL
MORE DANGEROUS THAN THE COLD WAR?
Uncertainty about what could lead either Beijing or Washington to risk war makes a crisis
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be confident about the durability of the systems managing its advanced conventional weapons.
Chinese analysts seem to overestimate how easy it is to send signals through military actions
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, since it would be able to cope with Chinese retaliation in kind.
US-Russia nuclear miscalc
Barrett et al. 13 (Anthony M. Barrett- Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Seth D. Baum- Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, Columbia University, Kelly R. Hostetler- Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, 2013, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia”, http://sethbaum.com/ac/fc_NuclearWar.pdf)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
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likely to misinterpret events as attacks. 60,61,62,63
Retrenchment now is key to stable transition to multipolarity- only way to ensure cooperation
Patrick 2010 (November/December, Stewart, Senior Fellow and Director of the Program on International Institutions and Global Governance at the Council on Foreign Relations, Irresponsible Stakeholders? Subtitle: The Difficulty of Integrating Rising Powers, Foreign Affairs, lexis)
And yet Obama's engagement strategy pragmatically recognizes that addressing global problems such as climate change
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United States will have to become a more consistent exemplar of multilateral cooperation.
Offshore balancing is key to prevent any conflict – it avoids political backlash, increases soft power and allows small powers to deal with regional problems
Layne 9 – Christopher, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University (2009, “America’s Middle East grand strategy after Iraq: the moment for o?shore balancing has arrived,” Review of International Studies (2009), 35: 5-25, online at http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1andfid=3291804andjid=RISandvolumeId=35andissueId=01andaid=3291800andbodyId=andmembershipNumber=andsocietyETOCSession=)
Primacy’s neorealist critics have outlined an alternative grand strategy that increasingly resonates with the American
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has an imperial dimension – illustrates the dictum that empires inevitably provoke resistance.