Tournament: Alpharetta | Round: 4 | Opponent: Chattahoochee DM | Judge: Tucker Boyce
Agricultural crises are creating global food shortages – that kills a billion people – increased CO2 is key to solve
Idso 11 Sherwood PhD and former research physicist for the Department of Agriculture, Keith PhD Botany, Craig PhD Geography, 6/6/2011, “Meeting the Food Needs of a Growing World Population”,  http://www.co2science.org/articles/V14/N27/EDIT.php DHirsch
Parry and Hawkesford (2010)...of the millennium." 

Creates a negative feedback which solves warming
Idso’s, 11 Sherwood PhD and former research physicist for the Department of Agriculture, Keith PhD Botany, Craig PhD Geography, 8/10/2011. “Forests Find More Nitrogen in the Soils of a Warming World”, http://www.co2science.org/articles/V14/N32/B2.php DHirsch
Background The authors...of this nature. 

Elevated CO2 lets cotton thrive
Kakani et al, 4 – Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, and USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (Vijaya Gopal Kakani, Kambham Raja Reddy, Duli Zhao and Wei Gao, 2004, “Senescence and hyperspectral reflectance of cotton leaves exposed to
ultraviolet-B radiation and carbon dioxide”, PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 121: 250–257. 2004, pubmed.gov | JJ)
Considerable growth and...accelerated leaf ageing.

Cotton’s key to the Pakistani economy – we control uniqueness
Nadeem et al, 10 - Department o f Agronomy, University o f Agriculture, Faisalabad , Pakistan, 1 = University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences , Islamia University, Bahawalpur , Pakistan (Muhammad Ather Nadeem, Asghar Ali, Muhammad Tahir , Muhammad Naeem 1 , Asim Raza Chadhar and Sagheer Ahmad, 2010, “Effect of Nitrogen Levels and Plant Spacing on Growth and Yield of Cotton”, Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, Vol. 8 No. 2, http://www.pjlss.edu.pk/sites/default/files/121-12420(dr.20Athar202).pdf | JJ)
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)...in upland cotton (Buxton et al., 1977).

Nuclear War
Guthrie, 2K (Grant, J.D. candidate, 2000, University of California, Hastings College of the Law., Hastings International and Comparative Law Review “Nuclear Testing Rocks the Sub-Continent: Can International Law Halt the Impending Nuclear Conflict Between India and Pakistan?” Spring/Summer 2000, pg lexis wyo-ef)
Nuclear testing creates...be incredibly destabilizing.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oakwood FP | Judge: Val McIntosh
Text: The United States should implement a cap-and-trade policy with a goal of reducing its global warming pollution emissions at least 20 percent below 2000 levels by 2020, and to 80 percent below 2000 levels by 2050. The cap should cover all major sources of emissions and all major heat-trapping gas emissions. A substantial majority of allowances should be auctioned, using auction revenues to invest in alternative energy. 

Cap and trade solves for warming and technological innovation
Center for Climate and Energy Solutions 11 (“Climate Change 101: Cap and Trade,” January 2011, Pew Center for Global Climate Change, http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/climate101-captrade.pdf)
THE BENEFITS OF...greenhouse gas innovation.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Carrollton GM | Judge: Matt Azimi
The Export-Import bank of the United States should substantially increase financing for ethanol derived from sugar or starch (other than corn starch), ethanol derived from waste material, including crop residue, other vegetative waste material, animal waste, and food waste and yard waste, biomass-based diesel, biogas (including landfill gas and sewage waste treatment gas) produced through the conversion of organic matter from renewable non-celullosic biomass, butanol or other alcohols produced through the conversion of organic matter from renewable non-cellulosic biomass.

The counterplan includes everything the USFG defines as a “non-corn biofuel” excluding cellulosic ethanol
EISA 7 (“Energy and Independence Security Act  of 2007.” United States 110th Congress. From U.S. Government Printing Office. Public Law 110-140. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ140/html/PLAW-110publ140.htm)
`(B) Advanced biofuel.-- ...from cellulosic biomass.

Cellulosic passes the threshold of topsoil destruction. No other factors could have triggered the link. It guarantees extinction.
Friedemann 7 (Alice Friedemann, energy journalist, member of the Northern California Science Writers Association, B.S. in biology, University of Illinois, “Peak Soil: Why Cellulosic Ethanol, Biofuels are Unsustainable and a Threat to America,” Culture Change, April 10, 2007, http://www.culturechange.org/cms/content/view/107/1/)
Part 1. The...oil-less future" (Jackson 1980).

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dowling Catholic ZW | Judge: Chris Tallungan
China is rapidly gaining influence in Latin America – renewed engagement pushes them out
Mallén 13 Latin America Increases Relations With China: What Does That Mean For The US?, IBT, 6-28, http://www.ibtimes.com/latin-america-increases-relations-china-what-does-mean-us-1317981
As if to...be too late.”

it wrecks Chinese soft power
Kreps and Flores-Macias 13 Sarah, Assistant Professor of Government at Cornell University, Gustavo, Assistant Professor of Government at Cornell University, "No Strings Attached? Evaluating China's Trade Relations Abroad" The Diplomat -- May 17 -- thediplomat.com/china-power/no-strings-attached-evaluating-chinas-trade-relations-abroad/
“The champion of...projecting influence abroad.

Key to global survival
Zhang 12 Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm
As China plays...surprise the world.

Tournament: UMich | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West AT | Judge: David Heidt
Mexican growth shifts manufacturing outsourcing away from China
Villagran 13 (Lauren, freelance correspondent in Mexico City for The Christian Science Monitor and other publications. Previously, she worked for the Associated Press in New York, “Is Mexico's economy more a fiesta or a siesta?” http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2013/0424/Is-Mexico-s-economy-more-a-fiesta-or-a-siesta)//CS)
Beyond the prospect...of a truck.

Manufacturing key to China growth
BBC 6/30 (BBC News, “China manufacturing growth rate slows”, June 30th 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23123610)//CS)
China has reported...projection of 8.4.

Manufacturing loss causes instability – CCP can’t solve
Yang 6/21 (Jia Lynn Yang. staff writer at The Washington Post who covers policy relating to corporate America, including regulation, taxes and antitrust. Before joining the Post, she worked at Fortune magazine., “China’s economic slowdown emerges as risk to U.S. economy”, June 21st 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/chinas-economic-slowdown-emerges-as-risk-to-us-economy/2013/06/21/b467bc1a-da7b-11e2-a9f2-42ee3912ae0e_story.html)//CS)
China’s economic slowdown...things go haywire. 

Chinese economic collapse triggers WW3
Plate 3 - Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, “Why Not Invade China” Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS
But imagine a...presidency than China.

Tournament: Umich | Round: 7 | Opponent: New Trier LO | Judge: Alex Pappas
Text: The People’s Republic of China should establish a long-term contract with Mexico that includes drilling for oil, tech-sharing initiatives for the safe drilling of oil, and the sales of oil from PEMEX to China’s national oil companies.

China can support the Mexican energy industry
Esenaro 13 Alberto, corporate lawyer in Mexico, expertise in high-profile corporate law with practice strong focus on foreign investment, energy, "MEXICO AND CHINA: AN EXPANDING ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP" Before You Do Business -- May 1 -- beforeyoudobusiness.com/archives/787
While Mexico’s economy...in railway infrastructure.”

Tournament: Cite Requests | Round: 9 | Opponent: Cites | Judge: Cites
For Aff cites, email Katie: mangofrog7@gmail.com
For Neg cites, email Arielle: ariellelevin21@gmail.com

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: Riverhill SS | Judge: Leo Kim
Fighting colonial education prevents neoliberalism and neoliberalism is fundamental for capitalism
-also key to heg
Diang 10-1-13(Mary C. Diang, writing for masters degree at Depaul University, 80 page thesis paper  “Colonialism, Neoliberalism, Education and Culture
in Cameroon” http://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052andcontext=soe_etdandsei-redir=1andreferer=http3A2F2Fwww.google.com2Furl3Fsa3Dt26rct3Dj26q3D2522colonialism25222520neoliberalism2520hegemony26source3Dweb26cd3D526ved3D0CE4QFjAE26url3Dhttp253A252F252Fvia.library.depaul.edu252Fcgi252Fviewcontent.cgi253Farticle253D10522526context253Dsoe_etd26ei3DHwnPUsDWIqqO2gWW1oGABw26usg3DAFQjCNGvBf_eR4p5BZLj5zt5RhBY1KxueQ26sig23DRh04lQ8E9XYCBg8tFJRgbg#search=22colonialism20neoliberalism20hegemony22, CS)
Neocolonialism and neoliberalism...as its agents.

Neoliberalism is key to hegemony
Cafruny ‘8 Alan, Professor of IR (“The ‘Imperial Turn’ and the Future of US Hegemony: ‘Terminal’ Decline or Retrenchment?,” All Academic)
The role played...intermittently, fiscal policy.

Hegemony makes the world a better place
Barnett ‘11
Thomas, American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, AM
Let me be...geometry to come.

Neolib is inevitable and movements are getting smothered out of existence—no viable alternative economic system
Jones 11—Owen, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph's 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left' for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing", 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html
My first experience...direction and purpose. 

Capitalism prevents war and has historically caused the largest reductions in poverty and inequality – any other argument ignores empirics and robust economic models
Weede 08 Erich, professor at the Institute for Political Science and Sociology, “Globalization and Inequality” Comparative Sociology 7, p. 415-433
Globalization refers to...under global capitalism.

Free market key to ethics
Sirico, 10. American Roman Catholic priest and the founder of the Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty. He is a well-known political and cultural commentator. (Reverend Robert, “The Moral Basis for Economic Liberty”, Heritage Foundation, July 13, 2010, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/07/the-moral-basis-for-economic-liberty, Callahan)
The Ethics of...our spiritual imaginations.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Mukwonago DP | Judge: Dana Randall
Text: The United States federal government should offer to remove all economic sanctions towards Cuba, if Cuba agrees to negotiate a bilateral investment treaty to address expropriation claims of United States nationals. 

Conditioning the plan on a BIT to resolve property issues allows the U.S. to save face internationally while encouraging investment in Cuba – Vietnam empirically proves solvency
MOWRY ’99 (David; article was written while David was a J.D. Candidate at Brooklyn Law School. He is currently Senior Counsel for the Xerox Corporation and in the past has been a Senior Associate for Nixon Peabody and Associate for Coudert Brothers, “Lifting the Embargo Against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity,” 25 Brooklyn J. Int’l L. 229, l/n) ww
Although an entire...a Communist economy.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Stephen Pipkin
Obama’s been weakened by Syria but he’s still strong enough to win the debt ceiling fight
Garrett 9-19 (Major, National Journal Correspondent-at-Large and Chief White House Correspondent for CBS News, “A September to Surrender: Syria and Summers Spell Second-Term Slump” http://www.nationaljournal.com/all-powers/a-september-to-surrender-syria-and-summers-spell-second-term-slump-20130917)\
There are no...ceiling suggest not.

Obama refocused and made debt ceiling his top priority – every ounce of PC is key
Pace 9-12 (Julie, AP White House Correspondent, “Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda,” 2013, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html#storylink=cpy)
With a military...on curbing spending.

This time will be different – failure to raise debt ceiling has global effects and collapses the ENTIRE economy
Davidson 9-10 (Adam, “Our Debt to Society,” New York Times, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)
¶ If the debt...riskier and costlier.

Global nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Of course, the...eat-dog world.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Stephen Pipkin
Drug cartels are key to the Mexican economy – generates valuable liquidity in the banking system
Lange, 10 – Washington Correspondent for Reuters, citing US officials in Mexico; additional reporting by Lizbeth Diaz in Tijuana (Jason, “From spas to banks, Mexico economy rides on drugs,” Reuters, 22 January 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/22/us-drugs-mexico-economy-idUSTRE60L0X120100122)//BI
Mexican cartels, which...of the economy.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Stephen Pipkin
Text: The United States federal government should shift its resources from violent anti-drug policies to drug prevention and rehabilitation. 

CP solves - Focus on demand is key – anything that focuses on supply alienates Latin America
Butters 13 Rose, “Rethinking the War on Drugs in South America,” http://foreignaffairsreview.co.uk/2013/03/drug-laws-relations/
For many years...with Latin America.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Mukwonago DP | Judge: Dana Randall
Lifting the embargo collapses cuba healthcare-leads to doctors leaving
Garrett 10
Laurie Garrett, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council of Foreign Relations, “Castrocare in crisis: Will lifting the embargo make things worse” Foreign Affairs Volume 89 No. 4, July/August 2010 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journalsandhandle=hein.journals/fora89andtype=Imageandid=583
Cuba is a...children's health care.

Current Cuban health care effective model for elimination of disease
Cooper et al, 6 - Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine (Richard S., Joan F Kennelly, and Pedro Orduñez-Garcia, “Health in Cuba,” International Journal of Epidemiology, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/817.full)//SY
Two aspects of...middle-income countries.

Disease will cause extinction – most probable scenario – action now is key
Gordon, 8 – BA in Engineering, MBA, CEO of Early Warning, Inc. (Neil, “Biohazards are the greatest threat to humankind,” Early Warning, http://www.earlywarninginc.com/biohazards.php)//SY
Biohazard outbreaks from...and economic costs.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cypress Bay VP | Judge: Maria Liu
Farm bill will pass now, but PC is still key to negotiate a compromise
Dale Hildebrant, 11-17-2013, “Farm Bill Conference Committee wants to finish by Thanksgiving,” Minnesota Farm Guide, http://www.minnesotafarmguide.com/news/regional/farm-bill-conference-committee-wants-to-finish-by-thanksgiving/article_2e07f0b2-4d4a-11e3-9894-001a4bcf887a.html
Little has been...the issue resolved.

Political capital is key --- overcomes partisanship
Josh Lederman 10/18/13, reporter for the Associated Press, and Jim Kuhnhenn, “No safe bets for Obama despite toned-down agenda,” US News and World Report, http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2013/10/18/no-safe-bets-for-obama-despite-toned-down-agenda
WASHINGTON (AP) — Regrouping after a...the American people."

Key to rural economies, secure food supply and healthy forest --- disagreement over food assistance will make or break the bill
Denver Post, 11/10 (The Post Editorials, 11/10/2013, “Here's why the farm bill matters,” Factiva))
The farm bill has the rap of being a public policy snooze, a broad measure that gets boiled down to a debate over subsidies to wealthy farmers and food stamp handouts to the poor.
Agriculture Secretary Tom...pass the legislation.

Rural economy key to the overall economy—studies prove
Rocha 13—Electric Coop Today. (Victoria, Strong Rural Economy, Strong America, February, http://www.ect.coop/industry/trends-reports-analyses/usda-rural-america-growth-report/52264, chm)
Investments in rural...deficits,” O’Brien added.

Global nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Of course, the...eat-dog world.

Tournament: Alpharetta | Round: 1 | Opponent: Chattahoochee KM | Judge: Adam Grellinger
IR is profoundly gendered.  The process of making foreign policy relies upon a discourse of danger designed to secure the legitimation of masculine hegemony to suppress the feminine other.  looking to the state as the primary actor in international relations makes violence inevitable
Steans 98 Senior Lecturer in International Relations Theory, Director of the Graduate School for the University of Birmingham, 1998 (Jill, Gender and International Relations, An Introduction, page 108-109)
Critical approaches to...understand their lives.24 

Ignorance of gender makes their methodology suspect – error replication is inevitable. The alternative is to investigate how reality is constituted can we develop a basis for action and avoid error replication
Peterson and Runyan 99 professor of political science at the University of Arizona and professor of women’s studies at Wright State University, 1999  (V. Spike and Anne, Global Gender Issues, 2nd edition, p. 1-3)
Whenever we study...potentially disastrous, guides.

Interrogating the gendered nature of IR solves.  
Peterson and Runyan 99 professor of political science at the University of Arizona and professor of women’s studies at Wright State University, 1999  (V. Spike and Anne, Global Gender Issues, 2nd edition, p. 14-15)
Gender issues surface...in the world

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: Riverhill SS | Judge: Leo Kim

1. A. Interpretation --- the aff has to defend USFG engagement towards Latin America --- ‘resolved’ means to enact a policy by law.
   Words and Phrases, 1964  (Permanent Edition)
   Definition of the...establish by law”.

B. USFG is the government in Washington
WEST'S LEGAL THESAURUS/DICTIONARY, 1985, p. 744.
United States: Usually means the federal government centered in Washington, D.C.

C. Substantially means real, not imaginary
Wollman ’93 (Circuit Judge, US Court of Appeals – 8th Circuit, Kansas City Power and Light Company, a Missouri corporation, Appellee, v. Ford Motor Credit Company, a Delaware corporation; McDonnell Douglas Finance Corporation, a Delaware corporation; HEI Investment Corp., a Hawaii corporation, Appellants, 995 F.2d 1422; 1993 U.S. App. LEXIS 13755, L/N)
Instruction No. 10...the contract required.

Voting issue --- resolving the framework is a pre-condition for debate to occur.
Ruth Lessl Shively, 2K. Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas AandM U. Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2.
The requirements given...agreement or harmony.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science ML | Judge: Christian Rodriguez
Text: The Global Village Energy Partnership should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to the 31 Mexican States and all relevant territories 

GVEP funding and coordination with Mexican States ensures decentralized solar power
ITC 5 (Intermediate Technology Consultants, Practical Action Consultants: Technology Challenging Poverty, “Institutional Structure for the Development of Rural Electrification Projects: GVEP Project for Rural Electrification in Southern Mexico,” November 2005, http://practicalaction.org/docs/consulting/GVEP_Mexico_ITC_Report.pdf//AL)
In 2000, the...of poor communities

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: Riverhill SS | Judge: Leo Kim
They misunderstand the cause of the slave – gendered relations was the model for oppression of the black
Clarke 81 Cheryl Clarke A graduate of Howard University, Clarke later received her Masters and Ph.D in English from Rutgers University. This presaged a long relationship with the University where she has taught and worked. She is currently on the graduate faculty of the Rutgers University Department of Women and Gender Studies and the Director of Diverse Community Affairs and Lesbian/Gay Concerns. She presently serves as Dean of Students on the Livingston Campus at Rutgers University. Feminism and sexuality: a reader. Lesbianism: an act of resistance.
Gender oppression . . . originated...the white man. 

Gendered oppression makes multiple scenarios for extinction inevitable
Nhanenge 07 (Jytte, Masters @ U South Africa, Accepted Thesis Paper for Development Studies, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT, uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/10500/570/1/dissertation.pdf) *edited for offensive language where *holocaust is replaced with catastrophe*.
The androcentric premises...nuclear *holocaust catastrophe*. 

Vote negative to critique these gendered representations – the alternative is the only way to question whiteness
Clark 01 Suzanne Clark, University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon, "Fight Club": Historicizing the Rhetoric of Masculinity, Violence, and Sentimentality Author(s): Suzanne Clark Source: JAC, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Spring 2001), pp. 411-420 Published by: JAC Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20866410 . Accessed: 09/05/2013 20:30
Recent attention to...can be changed.

Reading this critique is an action in itself – the silence of the 1ac’s anti-racist movements toward women proves their methodology is deeply gendered
Hammonds 97 Evelynn M. Hammonds is an American academic, Barbara Gutmann Rosenkrantz Professor of History of Science and African American Studies at Harvard University and recently appointed Dean of Harvard College. Toward a genealogy of black female sexuality: the problematic of silence
In tandem with...the AIDS epidemic.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oakwood FP | Judge: Val McIntosh
California grid stretched thin now – intermittence overflow causes rolling blackouts
Smith, 2/26 (Rebecca, 2/26/2013, “California Girds for Electricity Woes; Increased Reliance on Wind, Solar Power Means Power Production Fluctuates,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323699704578328581251122150.html)
SAN FRANCISCO—California is weighing...wouldn't be here."

Renewable development now, but speeding border transmission causes bottlenecks – kills transmission capabilities and triggers widespread vulnerability
RELA 10 (Renewable Energy Latin America, “Mexico – Wind: US outsourcing renewable generation to the south?” 6/5/10, http://latamrenewables.com/2010/06/05/mexico-wind-us-outsourcing-renewable-generation-to-the-south/)//SJF
The US-Mexico...Oaxaca last November.

Blackouts risks nuclear meltdowns
Cappiello, 11 (3/29/2011, Dina, “AP IMPACT: Long blackouts pose risk to US reactors,” http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/mar/29/ap-impact-long-blackouts-pose-risk-to-us-reactors/)
WASHINGTON — It's a nightmarish...four-hour blackouts. 

Impact is on par with nuclear warfare – fallout will be massive and global
Drell, 9 Professor emeritus of theoretical physics at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, and a member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and Science Advisory Committee, 12 (THE NUCLEAR ENTERPRISE High-Consequence Accidents: How to Enhance Safety and Minimize Risks in Nuclear Weapons and Reactors, pg. 1-3)
We live in...such an event.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dowling Catholic ZW | Judge: Chris Tallungan
Text: The United States federal government should exempt graduates from universities in the United States from the employment-visa quota and preference category system if they hold an advanced degree in science or technology from a school in the United States.

High skilled immigrants establish economic linkages that enhance trade flows  
Saxenian 99 –Professor of City and Regional Planning @ University of California, Berkeley. AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, 1999
Scholars and policymakers...of native workers. Pg. 75

Tournament: UMich | Round: 5 | Opponent: Niles West AT | Judge: David Heidt
Heg solves nothing- past two decades prove
Mearsheimer 2011 (John J., R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, The National Interest, Imperial by Design, lexis)
One year later...a pronounced pessimism.

Retrenchment now is key to stable transition to multipolarity- only way to ensure cooperation
Patrick 2010 (November/December, Stewart, Senior Fellow and Director of the Program on International Institutions and Global Governance at the Council on Foreign Relations, Irresponsible Stakeholders? Subtitle: The Difficulty of Integrating Rising Powers, Foreign Affairs, lexis)
And yet Obama's...of multilateral cooperation.

Hegemony and increases in military power result in backlash
Fiammenghi 11 (Davide, postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Politics, Institutions, History at the University of Bologna. “The Security Curve and the Structure of International Politics,” International Security, Spring 2011.) http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00037
Beyond a certain...state’s expansionist efforts.

American power makes conflict with Russia more likely – any new confrontation would escalate
Cohen 06 Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies at New York University, Contributing Editor of The Nation
Stephen F. “The New American Cold War” The Nation, July 10th (http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060710/cohen)
If American policy...been "constantly deceived.")  

Largest nuclear war and extinction
BOSTROM   3 / 8 / 02 Dr. and Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at YALE – Dr. Nick, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html
With the exception...the 21st century.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: Riverhill SS | Judge: Leo Kim
Arielle and I advocate the entirety of the 1AC without the use of the word “history”

Their framing of “history” reifies patriarchal systems of domination
Tsehelska 2006 (Marina Tsehelska has been teaching English at Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University for ten years. During that time she completed a dissertation in Linguistics and became chair of the English Language and Methodology department; “Teaching Politically Correct Language” English Teaching Forum, Vol. 44 No. 1 http://exchanges.state.gov/englishteaching/forum/archives/docs/06-44-1-e.pdf)
Politically correct speech...HIStory, not HERstory"). 

In the context of women’s liberation, we advocate the use of the word “herstory”-  this recognizes that women have been written out of regular quote “history”
Wallechinsky and Wallace 1981 (David; and Irving; “Feminism Ideas and Sexism in Language Part 3” http://www.trivia-library.com/a/feminism-ideas-and-sexism-in-language-part-3.htm)
The Women's Liberation...hundreds of "chairpersons."

Vote Negative to challenge this linguistic oppression- we can agree with the entire 1AC but take issue with their linguistic framing:
Zainzinger 2010 (Vanessa; “His-/herstory of Gender-Based Language Reform” October 28th. http://vanessazainzinger.wordpress.com/2010/10/28/his-herstory-of-gender-based-language-reform/)
While language and...women in language.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dowling Catholic ZW | Judge: Chris Tallungan
IPR decreases innovation in agricultural biotech.
Michele Boldrin and David Levine, 1/2/2008. Joseph G. Hoyt Distinguished Professor of Economics in Arts and Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis and John H. Biggs Distinguished Professor of Economics in Arts and Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. “The Evil of Intellectual Monopoly,” Against Intellectual Monopoly, http://www.dklevine.com/general/intellectual/against.htm.
A recent “innovation”...of this chapter. 

IPR for agriculture prevents development in poor countries.
Michele Boldrin and David Levine, 1/2/2008. Joseph G. Hoyt Distinguished Professor of Economics in Arts and Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis and John H. Biggs Distinguished Professor of Economics in Arts and Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. “The Evil of Intellectual Monopoly,” Against Intellectual Monopoly, http://www.dklevine.com/general/intellectual/against.htm.
Back to economic...the original varieties.

Tournament: Alpharetta | Round: 1 | Opponent: Chattahoochee KM | Judge: Adam Grellinger
Immigration will pass – GOP is willing to compromise, but political capital is key
Martosko 10-17 (David, U.S. political editor, Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html#ixzz2hziJbwnt)
Republicans' new worst...the right thing.'

Deal solves US-India relations --- builds trade relationships
LAT ‘12
(The LA Times, 11/19/12. Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, p. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html)
"Comprehensive immigration reform...not," he said.

Key to every existential threat
Armitage et al ‘10
Richard is the President of Armitage International and former Deputy Secretary of State. R. Nicholas Burns is a Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy and International Politics, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Richard Fontaine is the President of the Center for New American Security. “Natural Allies: A Blueprint for the Future of U.S.-India Relations,” October, Center for New American Security, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Burns20-20Natural20Allies.pdf
A strengthened U.S.-India...and global partnership.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Stephen Pipkin
Development and economic engagement policies are economic imperialism hidden by benevolence ---this encourages countervailing forces which turn the case.
Veltmeyer, ’11 - Professor of Development Studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas in Mexico and Professor of Sociology and International Development Studies at St. Mary’s University, (Henry, “US imperialism in Latin America: then and now, here and there,” estudios críticos del desarrollo, vol. I, núm. 1, segundo semestre de 2011, pp. 89–123, http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/critical/rev1/3.pdf)//A-Berg
Finding itself in...in the 1990s.

Unlimited imperialist conquest inevitably results in extinction, every modern war has been a byproduct of the spread of colonialism
Harvey ‘06
David Harvey, “Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development”, May 17 2006, Chapter 13
At times of...of global war.

The alternative is to vote neg to interrogate the imperial underpinnings of the 1AC- only by rejecting US imperialism can we open up new spaces for decolonized thought
Taylor 12 - Lecturer in Latin American Studies BA University of London, Queen Mary MPhil University of Glasgow PhD University of Manchester, (Lucy, “Decolonizing International Relations: Perspectives from Latin America,” International Studies Review, Volume 14, Issue 3,  11 SEP 2012, 14, 386–400, Wiley Online Library)A-Berg
The aim of...and International Relations.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science ML | Judge: Christian Rodriguez
Iran sanction won’t pass – Obama’s using political capital to reign-in Democrats and hold off new sanctions
Gardner 1-13 (Timothy, “Iran Deal Progress Dampens Push for New U.S. Sanctions Bill,” Reuters, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/us-iran-nuclear-congress-idUSBREA0D02T20140114)
President Barack Obama...the interim deal.

That means the sanctions bill will become veto-proof – the threshold is low
Armbruster, 1/6/14 (Ben, Think Progress, “Security Experts Ask Senators To Pull Back Iran Sanctions Bill”¶ http://thinkprogress.org/security/2014/01/06/3122551/crocker-experts-senate-iran-sanctions-bill/
A group of...of this situation.”

Failure to hold off sanctions emboldens hardliners, collapses the nuclear deal, and commits the US to supporting Israel strikes
Merry, 1/1/14 - Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy (Robert, “Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran” Washington Times, factiva)
Presidential press secretary...up to be.

The impact is Iraeli-Iran war
Perr, 12/24/13 – B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#
As 2013 draws...all-out regional war.

Global war – and turns their econ impact
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)
A unilateral Israeli...World War III

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: SDVP GC | Judge: Nicholas Fiori
Arielle and I advocate the entirety of the 1AC without the use of the word “man”

“Man” is not gender neutral—interchanging it with people perpetuates gender inequality.
Writing Center 2010 (The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. “Gender-Sensitive Language.” February 11, 2010. http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html. MR.)
English speakers and...when you write. 

Vote Negative to challenge this linguistic oppression
Zainzinger 10 (Vanessa; “His-/herstory of Gender-Based Language Reform” October 28th. http://vanessazainzinger.wordpress.com/2010/10/28/his-herstory-of-gender-based-language-reform/)
While language and...women in language.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Chattahoochee AS | Judge: Val McIntosh
Text: The United States Federal Government should phase out loan guarantees for sugar and eliminate all non-Cuba parts of the tariff rate quota (TRQ) for sugar

Solves ethanol
The Houston Chronicle 3/30/2008 (Loren Steffy, business columnist, Biofuel startup slow going, p. lexis)
More than half...compared with corn.

Tournament: Umich | Round: 7 | Opponent: New Trier LO | Judge: Alex Pappas
OPEC thinks demand is stable --- any demand increase will be marginal at best
Smith 13 (Grant, Correspondent – Bloomberg, “OPEC Boosts Supply to Six-Month High; Demand Forecast Stable”, Bloomberg, 6-11, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-11/opec-boosts-supply-to-six-month-high-keeps-demand-view-stable.html, Deech)
The Organization of...to the downside.”

Development of alternative energy sources directly trades off with demand for Saudi oil – solvency means they will flood the market
Kole 7, AP Writer William, “Despite Rising Prices, OPEC Appears to be in No Rush to Raise its Output Targets,” 9/8, http://nwitimes.com/articles/2007/09/08/business/business/doc7e79bb33cb7ec6f28625734f00723bfd.txt
If you remember...money as possible.

OPEC members will flood the market – our evidence postdates yours and assumes U.S. shale findings
McCarthey and Jones, 6/8/13 (global energy reporter for the Globe and Mail, business reporter for the Globe and Mail, citing Saudi Arabia’s oil minister and OPEC, “OPEC’s slipping grasp on the world’s oil market”, The Globe and Mail, 6/8/2013, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/opecs-slipping-grasp-on-the-worlds-oil-market/article12431746/?page=1, JKahn)
OPEC ministers put...in that sense.” 

A Saudi flood would destroy Putin’s credibility and the Russian economy
Levine, 12 (Steve, Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation, and is Washington correspondent for Quartz, adjunct professor at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, former foreign correspondent for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, the Financial Times and Newsweek “The Coming Oil Crash”, Foreign Policy, 6/19/2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/19/the_coming_oil_crash, JKahn)
My mom out...cruising the 405.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Correspondent – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia, historically...least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: UMich | Round: 1 | Opponent: Oakwood GO | Judge: Aaron Schoeneman
Prolif solves all risk of war through nuclear deterrence
Tepperman 9 Jonathan Tepperman, Deputy Editor of Newsweek, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, now Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, holds a B.A. in English Literature from Yale University, an M.A. in Jurisprudence from Oxford University, and an LL.M. in International Law from New York University, 2009 (“Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb,” The Daily Beast, August 28th, Available Online at http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/08/28/why-obama-should-learn-to-love-the-bomb.print.html, Accessed 01-27-2012)
A growing and...a death wish.

Deterrence won’t fail
Preston ‘7 (Thomas, Associate Prof. IR – Washington State U. and Faculty Research Associate – Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs, “From Lambs to Lions: Future Security relationships in a World of Biological and Nuclear Weapons”, p. 31-32)
1.) The Cost of...resulted in war (Hagerty 1998).

Deterrence solves all conflicts - credible threats and moderate demands check back even ‘irrational’ actors from striking
Colby, 07 (Elbridge Colby, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, United States Regarding weapons of Mass Destruction, “Restoring Deterrence”, Orbis¶ Volume 51, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 413–428, 18 May 2007, jld)
The leading charge...Korea or Syria?14

Nuclear weapons reduce the risk and impact of nuclear war
Asal and Beardsley ‘7 (Victor, Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci. – SUNY Albany, and Kyle, Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci. – Emory U., Journal of Peace Research, “Proliferation and International Crisis Behavior*”, 44:2, Sage)
Other, more optimistic,...a few members.

Iran proliferation stabilizes regional deterrence – key to check Israel.
Waltz 12 – Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University (Kenneth N., Foreign Affairs: “Why Iran Should get the Bomb: Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability”, page 3, July-August 2012)AB
The third possible...power is restored.

Extinction
Hirsch 5 - Professor @ UC San Diego (Jorge, “Can a nuclear strike on Iran be averted,” November 21st, EMM - BRW)
The Bush administration...many times over.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dowling Catholic ZW | Judge: Chris Tallungan
A. Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement
Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)
Appeasement is defined...define the word.

Engagement and appeasement are distinct
Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)
Thus, a rigid...the target state.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dowling Catholic ZW | Judge: Chris Tallungan
Interpretation – “Engagement” requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass and O’Sullivan 00 – Richard Haass and Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2
The term engagement...has important disagreements.

That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health and Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department (John, “Perverse and unintended” Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct)
Incentives work on...and perverse incentives.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Stephen Pipkin
A. Interpretation - Economic engagement is long-term strategy for promoting structural linkage between two economies
Mastanduno, 1 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, “Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice” http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf
The basic causal...foreign policy accommodation.

B. Violation – the plan is an economic inducement since it only focuses on one short-term infrastructure policy – engagement requires trade promotion
Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)
Literature of liberal...transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)

Tournament: UGA | Round: 5 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt MK | Judge: Michael Antonucci
We examine the resolution as a means of disrupting neoliberalism except in the case of a bilateral partnership with Mexico to prevent human trafficking.

A US-Mexico partnership reduces human trafficking and send a signal to get others on board this means we are able to help stop this patriarchal atrocity
Garza 11 Candidate for Juris Doctor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, AB from Harvard (Rocio, 11/1/11, "Addressing Human Trafficking Along the United States-Mexico Border: The Need for a Bilateral Partnership," http://www.cjicl.com/uploads/2/9/5/9/2959791/cjicl_19.2_garza_note.pdf)
Victims on both...in human trafficking.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 5 | Opponent: SDVP GC | Judge: Nicholas Fiori
Radical change will be destroyed as soon as it becomes visible.  An invisible movement has the most subversive potential—voting neg to reject politics is the only political act
The Invisible Committee, ‘7 an anonymous group of French professors, phd candidates, and intellectuals, in the book “The Coming Insurrection” published by Semiotext(e) (attributed to the Tarnac Nine by the French police), http://tarnac9.noblogs.org/gallery/5188/insurrection_english.pdf
Whatever angle you...drawn from it.

To make micropolitics visible is to coopt it by giving resistance an object – this understanding allows resistance to be framed, to be declared a failure and prevents the immanence of imperceptible politics from coalescing around mundane practices and habitudes of existence
Tsianos et al. ‘8 Vassilis, teaches sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Dimitris Papadopoulos teaches social theory at Cardiff University, Niamh Stephenson teaches social science at the University of New South Wales. “Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the 21st Century” Pluto Press
In this sense...for imperceptible politics.

Their arguments about personal agency are ultimately conservative and de-politicizing – arguments for localizing activism within the purview of social location are the equivalent of privatizing social change, creating us as dependent on the necessity of their advocacy. The more successful their strategy is the more damage it does by making institutions necessary to our understanding of social change
Hershock '99, East-West Center, 1999.  “Changing the way society changes”, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 6, 154; http://jbe.gold.ac.uk/6/hershock991.html
The trouble is...with all things.

The only local space left to us is that of the imperceptible – their ressentiment against exclusion prevents us from loving the present enough to change it
Tsianos et al. ‘8 Vassilis, teaches sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Dimitris Papadopoulos teaches social theory at Cardiff University, Niamh Stephenson teaches social science at the University of New South Wales. “Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the 21st Century” Pluto Press
New tools of...by sovereign powers.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oakwood FP | Judge: Val McIntosh
The affirmative characterizes climate change as an emergency – turns the advantage – our alternative is to use positive and compelling images of a desired future without warming. This does not preclude the possibility of doing the aff
Hodder and Martin 09 Brian Martin is Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong, Australia. Climate crisis? The politics of emergency framing Published in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 36, 5 September 2009, pp. 53-60. Patrick Hodder and Brian Martin Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, Australia *Note: Steve Breyman, Holly Creenaune, Mark Diesendorf, Rowan Huxtable, Jørgen Johansen and Mary Scott made comments on drafts. They do not necessarily agree with the views expressed here.
This frame - this...from polluting industries.

Frames are a prior question
Foust and Murphy 9-*Associate Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies @ the University of Denver, PhD in Communication Studies @ University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, PhD in Communication Studies @ University of Denver (Christina, William, “Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse” A Journal of
Nature and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 2, pg. 153-154, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17524030902916624, DKP
While frames ‘‘cannot...all individual judgments’’ (O’Leary, 1993, p. 409).