Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: CPS WX | Judge: James Stevenson
same as long beach round 1

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Central Gwinnett BG | Judge: Ben Schultz
The affirmative’s understanding of critical pedagogy reproduces humanism
Bell and Russell 2k (Anne and Constance, Canadian journal of education, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
Take, for example, Freire’s (1990) statements about the differences between “
AND
physical resonance that we share with all expressive bodies (p. 80).

Anthropocentrism outweighs – guarantees total destruction of the Earth
Gottlieb 94 – Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute; holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University (Roger, “Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology,” Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, summer 1994, http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm, Accessed 07-26-2011)
Here I will at least begin in agreement with Levinas. As he rejects an
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neither for ourselves nor for the other, but for us all.
Vote negative to endorse the standpoint of animals in challenging oppression – the divide between human and non-human is the root cause of all violence
Best 9  - UT El Paso philosophy professor (Steven, “The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: Putting Theory into Action and Animal Liberation into Higher Education “, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VII, Issue 1, 2009, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/issue_9/JCAS20VII20Issue20120MAY20ISSUE20The20Rise20of20Critical20Animal20Studies20pgs209-52.pdf,)
Postmodern critiques have been hugely influential in many theoretical strains of animal studies, but
AND
for human liberation, peace and justice, and ecological healing and balance.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Central Gwinnett BG | Judge: Ben Schultz
The affirmative’s understanding of critical pedagogy reproduces humanism
Bell and Russell 2k (Anne and Constance, Canadian journal of education, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
Take, for example, Freire’s (1990) statements about the differences between “
AND
physical resonance that we share with all expressive bodies (p. 80).

Anthropocentrism outweighs – guarantees total destruction of the Earth
Gottlieb 94 – Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute; holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University (Roger, “Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology,” Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, summer 1994, http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm, Accessed 07-26-2011)
Here I will at least begin in agreement with Levinas. As he rejects an
AND

neither for ourselves nor for the other, but for us all.
Vote negative to endorse the standpoint of animals in challenging oppression – the divide between human and non-human is the root cause of all violence
Best 9  - UT El Paso philosophy professor (Steven, “The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: Putting Theory into Action and Animal Liberation into Higher Education “, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VII, Issue 1, 2009, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/issue_9/JCAS20VII20Issue20120MAY20ISSUE20The20Rise20of20Critical20Animal20Studies20pgs209-52.pdf,)
Postmodern critiques have been hugely influential in many theoretical strains of animal studies, but
AND
for human liberation, peace and justice, and ecological healing and balance.

Tournament: GBX | Round: Semis | Opponent: Westminster DK | Judge: 3 niles west people
The current embargo holds Cuba responsible for compensation for property taken during the Castro revolution – lifting the embargo and normalizing relations makes the US legally responsible for that compensation under the Takings Clause – that causes lawsuits against the federal government that collapses relations
Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, ’95 (John, Fall, “Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
B. Full Compensation as an Inflexible Standard In extreme cases, full compensation may
AND
cast a cloud over any progress in U.S.-Cuban relations.

New Takings Clause litigation results in massive new spending that busts the budget
Tsongas, former Senator, 6-12-95 (Paul, “Environmental Regulations and Property Rights,” before the Senate Committee on Environment Works, FDCH Congressional Testimony)
Thank you Mr. Chairman for the invitation to testify today.  It is a
AND
our energy should instead be concentrated on bringing revenues and expenses into balance. 

Court clog from new litigation independently destroys the economy
Fix-Fierro, Circuit Master Judge, 3 (Hector, Courts, Justice, and Efficiency: A Social Justice Legal Study of Economic Rationality in Adjudication, p. 123)
Regarding the second question, ie, competition between legal systems121 and the role of
AND
decision-making process of foreign {and domestic) economic actors.123
Collapses power projection – leads to nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9
Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
more focus on preemption rather than defense, potentially leading to escalating crises.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Andres Gannon
Failure to resolve the property issue chills foreign investment
Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, ’95 (John, Fall, “Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
There is an increasing chorus of advocates for the "liberal" view. Former
AND
precisely what China did: resolve the property issue.  n323  *104
Adequate investment is the lynchpin to Cuba’s economy – other internal links insufficient
Smagula, Associate with Totti, Rodriguez Diaz and Fuentes, ’95 (John, Fall, “Redirecting Focus: Justifying the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba and Resolving the Stalemate” North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 21 N.C.J. Int'l L. and Com. Reg. 66, lexis)
D. Investor Confidence Considerations Foreign investors are essential to the economic growth of developing
AND
by providing a dangerous precedent that their property rights may not be respected.
Cuban instability collapse causes Latin American instability and terror attacks
Gorrell ‘5 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” 3/18/5, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)
Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Tournament: GBX | Round: Semis | Opponent: Westminster DK | Judge: 3 niles west people
The United States federal government should amend Title 22 of US Code (22 U.S.C. 6065) so that a transition government in Cuba is defined as a government that is taking appropriate steps to restitute and/or compensate United States citizens for property taken by the Cuban government, as outlined in the following addendum. The United States federal government should offer to negotiate a Bilateral Investment Treaty with Cuba that includes a Step-Down Restitution Policy.

We’ll insert this description of the counterplan.

Current language
Title 22-FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 69A-CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) SUBCHAPTER II-ASSISTANCE TO FREE AND INDEPENDENT CUBA
§6065. Requirements and factors for determining transition government
(a) Requirements
For the purposes of this chapter, a transition government in Cuba is a government that-
(1) has legalized all political activity;
(2) has released all political prisoners and allowed for investigations of Cuban prisons by appropriate international human rights organizations;
(3) has dissolved the present Department of State Security in the Cuban Ministry of the Interior, including the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution and the Rapid Response Brigades; and
(4) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair elections for a new government-
(A) to be held in a timely manner within a period not to exceed 18 months after the transition government assumes power;
(B) with the participation of multiple independent political parties that have full access to the media on an equal basis, including (in the case of radio, television, or other telecommunications media) in terms of allotments of time for such access and the times of day such allotments are given; and
(C) to be conducted under the supervision of internationally recognized observers, such as the Organization of American States, the United Nations, and other election monitors;

(5) has ceased any interference with Radio Marti or Television Marti broadcasts;
(6) makes public commitments to and is making demonstrable progress in-
(A) establishing an independent judiciary;
(B) respecting internationally recognized human rights and basic freedoms as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which Cuba is a signatory nation;
(C) allowing the establishment of independent trade unions as set forth in conventions 87 and 98 of the International Labor Organization, and allowing the establishment of independent social, economic, and political associations;

(7) does not include Fidel Castro or Raul Castro; and
(8) has given adequate assurances that it will allow the speedy and efficient distribution of assistance to the Cuban people.

(b) Additional factors
In addition to the requirements in subsection (a) of this section, in determining whether a transition government in Cuba is in power, the President shall take into account the extent to which that government-
(1) is demonstrably in transition from a communist totalitarian dictatorship to representative democracy;
(2) has made public commitments to, and is making demonstrable progress in-
(A) effectively guaranteeing the rights of free speech and freedom of the press, including granting permits to privately owned media and telecommunications companies to operate in Cuba;
(B) permitting the reinstatement of citizenship to Cuban-born persons returning to Cuba;
(C) assuring the right to private property; and
(D) taking appropriate steps to return to United States citizens (and entities which are 50 percent or more beneficially owned by United States citizens) property taken by the Cuban Government from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959, or to provide equitable compensation to such citizens and entities for such property;
(3) has extradited or otherwise rendered to the United States all persons sought by the United States Department of Justice for crimes committed in the United States; and
(4) has permitted the deployment throughout Cuba of independent and unfettered international human rights monitors.
(Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §205, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 811.)

Language post-counterplan
Title 22-FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 69A-CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) SUBCHAPTER II-ASSISTANCE TO FREE AND INDEPENDENT CUBA
§6065. Requirements and factors for determining transition government
(a) Requirements
For the purposes of this chapter, a transition government in Cuba is a government that is-
(1) has legalized all political activity;
(2) has released all political prisoners and allowed for investigations of Cuban prisons by appropriate international human rights organizations;
(3) has dissolved the present Department of State Security in the Cuban Ministry of the Interior, including the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution and the Rapid Response Brigades; and
(4) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair elections for a new government-
(A) to be held in a timely manner within a period not to exceed 18 months after the transition government assumes power;
(B) with the participation of multiple independent political parties that have full access to the media on an equal basis, including (in the case of radio, television, or other telecommunications media) in terms of allotments of time for such access and the times of day such allotments are given; and
(C) to be conducted under the supervision of internationally recognized observers, such as the Organization of American States, the United Nations, and other election monitors;

(5) has ceased any interference with Radio Marti or Television Marti broadcasts;
(6) makes public commitments to and is making demonstrable progress in-
(A) establishing an independent judiciary;
(B) respecting internationally recognized human rights and basic freedoms as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which Cuba is a signatory nation;
(C) allowing the establishment of independent trade unions as set forth in conventions 87 and 98 of the International Labor Organization, and allowing the establishment of independent social, economic, and political associations;

(7) does not include Fidel Castro or Raul Castro; and
(8) has given adequate assurances that it will allow the speedy and efficient distribution of assistance to the Cuban people.

(b) Additional factors
In addition to the requirements in subsection (a) of this section, in determining whether a transition government in Cuba is in power, the President shall take into account the extent to which that government-
(1) is demonstrably in transition from a communist totalitarian dictatorship to representative democracy;
(2) has made public commitments to, and is making demonstrable progress in-
(A) effectively guaranteeing the rights of free speech and freedom of the press, including granting permits to privately owned media and telecommunications companies to operate in Cuba;
(B) permitting the reinstatement of citizenship to Cuban-born persons returning to Cuba;
(C) assuring the right to private property; and
(D) taking appropriate steps to return to United States citizens (and entities which are 50 percent or more beneficially owned by United States citizens) property taken by the Cuban Government from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959, or to provide equitable compensation to such citizens and entities for such property;
(3) has extradited or otherwise rendered to the United States all persons sought by the United States Department of Justice for crimes committed in the United States; and
(4) has permitted the deployment throughout Cuba of independent and unfettered international human rights monitors.
(Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §205, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 811.)

Setting up a Bilateral Investment Treaty as a mechanism for compensation helps Cuba meet the only condition that is keeping the embargo in place
Mowry, ’99 (David, Senior Counsel Xerox Corporation “Lifting the Embargo against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity” Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 25 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 229, lexis)
The obstacles that prevent a President from lifting the embargo against Cuba arbitrarily would appear
AND
S. Government would not be liable for any losses.   *262 

Step-Down Restitution Policy is the best mechanism --- flexibility in payment ensures appropriate and quick redress and means Cuba says yes
Espino, ‘8 (Daniel- JD Candidate Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center, President and Chairman of the Board of Puente de Jovenes Profesionales Cubanos and President of the Hispanic Law Students Association, Spring, “Step-Down Restitution: A Proposal For An Equitable Resolution To Confiscated Cuban Property” Nova Law Review, 32 Nova L. Rev. 423, lexis)
 *451  V. IMPLEMENTATION The Step-Down Restitution Policy should be
AND
justice for Cuba's transgressions by allowing them to receive individualistic and equitable remediation.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rowland Hall FS | Judge: Elsa Givan
Their heg and econ advantagesare an attempt to satisfy the unquenchable thirst for power – this causes threat construction, subjugation, and endless war
Cunningham 13 – expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East (Finian, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” 3/11/13, http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) *edited for trivializing language
Since at least World War II, the genocidal propensity and practices of the US
AND
unavoidably clear. The US is at war – against the entire world.

Their terrorism impacts are epistemologically suspect---their state-sponsored threat constructions legitimize interventions and violence
Raphael 9—IR, Kingston University (Sam, Critical terrorism studies, ed. Richard Jackson, 49-51) ellipses in original
Over the past thirty years, a small but politically-significant academic field of
AND
will then discuss the function that this research serves for the US state.

Food scarcity rhetoric is the framework for biopolitical control in which the subjugation of populations is done for the falsified ‘good’ of the majority
Nally 11 – Department of Geography at Cambridge University (David, “The Biopolitics of food provisioning”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers Volume 36, Issue 1, pages 37–53, January 2011, Wiley Online Library, DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00413.x)MM
Introduction
In the late 1970s Michel Foucault began exploring the emergence of a new technique of government that established ‘the basic biological features of the human species’ (Foucault 2007, 1) as the primary object of political strategy. In The history of sexuality, Foucault famously outlined the significance of this development:
   The old power of death that symbolized sovereign power was now carefully supplanted by
AND
era of bio-power. (1980, 140, emphasis added)
For Foucault, what distinguishes the early from the late modern period is the fact
AND
security of humankind (Foucault 1980 2008;Legg 2005; Lemke 2001).
This genealogy of biopolitics is now familiar enough and hardly requires further elaboration.1
AND
as agrarian structures are transformed to suit commercial interests rather than human needs.
My argument proceeds in four parts. The first part reviews Foucault’s writing on food
AND
indeed their control over the means of production, is being progressively eroded.
Homo æconomicus and the problem of scarcity
The content of the lectures delivered under the title, Security, territory, and
AND
political-economic problem, and later as a problem of ‘conduct’.
To begin, Foucault shows how these ‘apparatuses of security’ are materialised in the
AND
occurrences. Focusing on town plans and key urban texts, Foucault shows how
    the territorial sovereign became an architect of the disciplined space, but also, and almost at the same time, the regulator of the milieu, which involved establishing not so much limits and frontiers, or fixing locations, as, above all and essentially, making possible, guaranteeing, and ensuring circulations. (2007, 29)
This emphasis on the city as a site of circulation, and the sovereign as
AND
case for promoting the freedom of trade as a public good in itself.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Midway BH | Judge: Christ Leonardi
The aff’s ontology of guilt causes us to hate ourselves – the world becomes a morality play where the Exploitative Westerner preys upon the Helpless and Innocent Other. This self-hatred replicates racism and makes progressive reform impossible
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 102)
One part of the world, ours, is thus obsessively preoccupied with drawing up
AND
inseparably to its abominations and can exorcise them, rejoin the human family?

Western guilt causes genocide – our obsession with atoning for past wrongs prevents us from intervening in massacres
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 96)
All these ancient stones, in their splendor, overwhelm us, suffocate the future
AND
act that allows us not to feel obliged to justify ourselves to anyone.

The alternative is pride in Western values – we should view history as a source of moral progress rather than an invocation to atone for past wrongs – the impact is extinction
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 219)
No power can destroy the spirit of a people, either from the outside,
AND
poisoned gift, but one that is indispensable for the survival of humanity.

Tournament: Damien | Round: 2 | Opponent: Claremont GZ | Judge: Forest Fulgenzi
CIR will pass --- Obama is pushing and his PC is key
Kaplan 11/5 – Rebecca, CBS News, 11/5/13, Obama: House has votes to pass immigration reform, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57610933/obama-house-has-votes-to-pass-immigration-reform/)//a-berg
In a meeting with business leaders to discuss immigration reform, President Obama predicted that
AND
such as billions of dollars in deficit reduction and growth for the economy.

Tournament: St Marks RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Juan Diego AL | Judge: Weston, Sternberg
Reform key to competitiveness and growth
Trujillo and Melgoza 13
Mr. Trujillo is chairman of the Trujillo Group, LLC and co-chairman of the Latino Donor Collaborative. Mr. Melgoza is the CEO of Geoscape International Inc. The Economic—and Demographic—Case for Immigration Reform, 2/21/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323951904578290471589119346.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
Since the November election, there has been much talk in Washington and on the
AND
a coherent and enforceable immigration policy is in place and here to stay.
Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world's financial architecture
AND
of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Hines
Immigration will pass now – momentum
Parnes 10/18
Amie, The Hill, Obama’s hollow debt victory, 10/18/13, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/329219-obamas-hollow-debt-victory
Another former White House official saw things differently and argued Obama now has a real
AND
can make the argument that it is critical in a number of ways.”
Liberalizing policy towards Cuba costs capital – Congress will upset other items on the agenda
LeoGrande 12
William, School of Public Affairs @ American University, Fresh Start for a Stale Policy: Can Obama Break the Stalemate in U.S.-Cuban Relations?, 2012, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf
Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie? Political considerations¶
AND
happen unless the urgency of the¶ problem forces policymakers to take action.
Capital is key – allows Obama to thread the needle – there’s momemtum now
McMorris-Santoro 10/15
Evan, BuzzFeed Staff, Obama Has Already Won The Shutdown Fight And He’s Coming For Immigration Next, 10/15/13, http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for
As the fiscal fight roiling Washington nears its end, the White House is already
AND
fit the bill since we see voters across party lines calling for reform.”
Immigration k2 biotech
Dahms 3,  (executive director of the California State University System Biotechnology Program (CSUPERB); chair of the Workforce Committee, Biotechnology Industry Organization; and a member of the ASBMB Education and Professional Development Committee, (A. Stephen, “ Foreign Scientists Seen Essential to U.S. Biotechnology,” in Pan-Organizational Summit on the U.S. Science and Engineering Workforce: Meeting Summary, National Academy of Sciences, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi?book=nap10727andblobtype=pdf)
The scarcity of skilled technicians is seen by the biotechnology industry in the U.
AND
directed toward influencing greater congressional and federal agency attention to these important topics. 

Extinction
Trewavas, 2K – Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh
(Anthony, “GM Is the Best Option We Have,” 6/5/2000, www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html)
In 535A.D. a volcano near the present Krakatoa exploded with the force
AND
principle in recent years; my version of it is "be prepared".

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bingham SN | Judge: Haas
Immigration reform is key to space.
Tiger 8
(Joseph, a J.D. candidate at the Georgetown University Law Center. He graduated from Georgetown University in 2006 with a degree in economics, “NOTE: RE-BENDING THE PAPERCLIP: AN EXAMINATION OF AMERICA'S POLICY REGARDING SKILLED WORKERS AND STUDENT VISAS,” Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Spring, 22 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 507, LexisNexis)
Unlike the H-1B, the green card is a path to citizenship,
AND
extraordinary university system, represent an enormous asset that must not be squandered.

Solves inevitable human extinction
Objective Observer ‘3
(“The Case for Colonizing Mars”, July, http://www.theobjectiveobserver.com/articles/space01.shtml)
Homo sapiens, human beings, have to be one of the least intelligent species
AND
And Mars is the most likely candidate within our solar system for colonization.

Tournament: The Second Annual Western Championship For Novice and Second Year Debaters | Round: 3 | Opponent: SVDP CM | Judge: Brandon Garcia
Extinction outweighs all even a one percent risk - outweighs moral imperatives.
Bostrom 2005 (Professor of Philosophy @ Oxford (Nick, http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/44 I had to translate this by listening and typing (4:30-5:52) and I know it’s annoying so if you email me I’ll send you the unformatted text, MT)
Now if we think about what just reducing the probability of human extinction by just
AND
be lost if we went extinct it should still be a high priority.

Capitalism is sustainable and inevitable
Goklany 7-Julia Simon Fellow @ the Political Economy Research Center Indur, Reason.com, “Now for the Good News,” 3/23/2007, http://reason.com/archives/2007/03/23/now-for-the-good-news
Environmentalists and globalization foes are united in their fear that greater population and consumption of
AND
of knowledge, technology, people, and goods breed stagnation or regression.  
Moral obligation flips neg – Capitalism is better at promoting fairness and equality to the poor rather than any alternative—History proves
Bartholomew, 06- Author of 'The Welfare State we’re In' he is also a writer and columnist for the Daily Telegraph (James Bartholomew, “We need a revision course on why capitalism is a good thing” May 24th, 2006, Lexis-Nexis Academic)
Capitalism has made us richer and given us the opportunity of vastly more diverse experiences
AND
how vastly superior capitalism is to state control. We should be careful.
Short-term market mechanisms are the only solution to environmental destruction
Bryant 12—professor of philosophy at Collin College (Levi, We’ll Never Do Better Than a Politician: Climate Change and Purity, 5/11/12, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/well-never-do-better-than-a-politician-climate-change-and-purity/)
Somewhere or other Latour makes the remark that we’ll never do better than a politician
AND
there’s no way around this, and we do need to act now.

Capitalism prevents conflict -~-- prefer our evidence -~-- its backed by comprehensive studies
Gartzke 07, associate professor of political science and a member of the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies, 07 (Erik, “The Capitalist Peace”, American Journal of Political Science 51:1, 1/07, JSTOR)AS
The discovery that democracies seldom fight each other  has led, quite reasonably, to
AND
key causal variables, and some major  policy implications, are considerably changed.
Transitioning away from capitalism would collapse civilization and causes extinction
Rockwell 8 (Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr., President of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2008 “Everything You Love You Owe to Capitalism,” Ludwig von Mises Institute, May 18th, Available Online at http://mises.org/story/2982 Pismarov)
Whatever the specifics of the case in question, socialism always means overriding the free
AND
said for malaria and typhoid and dropping atom bombs on millions of innocents.
Capitalist privatization is key to space exploration and colonization.
Garmong, 05 – PhD in philosophy (Richard, Cap Mag, “Privatize Space Exploration,” http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=4327)
As NASA scrambles to make the July 31 window for the troubled launch of space
AND
government project, with home-district congressmen to lobby on their behalf.
Space colonization means we survive global nuclear war, bioweapon use, and environmental destruction.
Koschara, 01 – Major in Planetary Studies\ (Fred, L5 Development Group, http://www.l5development.com/fkespace/financial-return.html)
Potentially one of the greatest benefits that may be achieved by the space colonies is
AND
option available, and we had all best hope we're not to late.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall GL | Judge: Nathaniel Saxe
The affirmative’s claims of radical resistance are nothing more than interpassivity in the face of capitalism – their energetic promotion of an ideal critical theory serves as an ideological screen to allow the logic of capital to remain unchallenged.
Zizek 02—Professor of Philosophy @ Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana Slavoj, “Revolution at the Gates”, pg 167-172
The problem lies in the further implicit qualifications which can easily be discerned by a
AND
normal accepted meaning, multiculturalism perfectly fits the logic of the global market.

Capitalism results in neo-imperialist wars, the destruction of the environment and the subjugation and genocide of entire sections of the population
Everest 12 (Larry; correspondent for Revolution newspaper; 5/24/12; “WAR AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM: “Money for Jobs Not for War”: American Chauvinism and Reformist Illusions” http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaandaid=31024)//RSW
“Money for Jobs and Education! Jobs and Education, Not War and Occupation
AND
of the people in the U.S. and around the world.

Alternative text: Reject the affirmative as a means of refusing complicity with capitalism. 

Rejecting capitalism is key to opening up new alternatives.  Only complete refusal, not piecemeal reform, can prevent otherwise inevitable slavery and extinction.
Herod, 04 (James, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/4thEd/4-index.htm, Getting Free, 4th Edition
A sketch of an association of democratic, autonomous neighborhoods and how to create it, Fourth Edition, January 2004

It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and later concretely,
AND
. Otherwise we are doomed to perpetual slavery and possibly even to extinction.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bellarmine PR | Judge: Greenstein
The affirmative takes the position of the Maoist, critiquing the structures that shape their lives – their knowledge production is necessarily homogenizing and draws capital from the others’ deprivation
Chow 93 - Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Duke (Rey, Indiana University of Press, “Writing Diaspora,” 1993, p12-15, Google Books accessed 12/9/2013) RGP *edited for ablest language
In the “cultural studies” of the American academy in the 1990s. The
AND
career. How do we intervene in the productivity of this overdetermined circuit?
Their grouping of Cuba Mexico and Vebezuela is homogenizing – Knowledge is always situated and partial – they perpetuate the myth of a non-situated “ego” which conceals epistemic violence – this supports Western claims of a “God-eyed view” reproducing portrayals of the under-developed South
Grosfoguel 11 - PhD in sociology and associate professor in Ethnics studies and Chicano/Latino studies at UC Berkeley (Ramon, “Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of Political-Economy: Transmodernity, Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality, http://www.dialogoglobal.com/granada/documents/Grosfoguel-Decolonizing-Pol-Econ-and-Postcolonial.pdf) RGP
The first point to discuss is the contribution of racial/ethnic and feminist ¶
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critique to our knowledge production and to our concept of world-system?

The alternative is to vote negative to engage in academic exile – we must disengage the structures they critique and question our privilege to speak in the first place – rejection of the academy is a prerequisite to solvency
Biswas 7 – politics at Whitman (Shampa, “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist,” Millennium 36)
Said has written extensively and poignantly about his own exilic conditions as a Palestinian schooled
AND
extended his love to all places; the perfect man has extinguished his.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Grapevine JS | Judge: Flynn Makuch
Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success
Pace 9/12
Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military ... on curbing spending.

Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove
Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ... riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are ... travails with external adventures.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Grapevine JS | Judge: Flynn Makuch
Counterplan solves the aff and doesn’t link to politics.
Epstein and O’Hallaron 99 (David Epstein- Department of Political Science and Stanford Graduate School of Business, Columbia and Stanford University, and Sharyn O’Hallaron- Department of Political Science and the School of International and Public Affairs and Hoover Institution, Columbia and Stanford University, January 1999 (“The Nondelegation Doctrine and the Separation of Powers” – Cardozo Law Review) p. lexis
Our institutional analysis ... mode of policymaking.

Tournament: St Marks RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Niles North BS | Judge: Sedelmyer, Ziering
Democracy causes proliferation
Ostrawski ‘2, (James, a trial and appellate lawyer, libertarian and political author, Rutgers and Stanford, “The Myth of Democratic Peace: Why Democracy Cannot Deliver Peace in the 21st Century,” Lewell Rock, http://www.lewrockwell.com/ostrowski/ostrowski72.html)
Arguably, the greatest threat to world peace is the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
AND
our times. Rather, democracies are a major part of the problem.

Global nuclear war
Taylor ‘1  (Theodore, Chairman of NOVA, Former Nuclear Weapons Designer, Recipient of the US Atomic Energy Commission’s 1965 Lawrence Memorial Award and former Deputy Dir. of Defense Nuclear Agency, “Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”, in “Breakthrough: Emerging New Thinking”, http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/Breakthrough/book/chapters/taylor.html)
Nuclear proliferation - be it among nations or terrorists - greatly increases the chance of
AND
, the small nuclear war could easily escalate into a global nuclear war.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 5 | Opponent: San Dieguito Academy GS | Judge: Tom Woodhead
Disease outbreaks solidify the BWC.
Stephen Kaufman, IIP Staff Writer December 10, 2010. Biological Weapons Pact Offers Cooperation Against Pandemics, http://geneva.usmission.gov/2010/12/10/biological-weapons-pact-offers-cooperation-against-pandemics/
Kennedy said the parties to the BWC want the arms control and nonproliferation agreement to
AND
… and the implementation has great benefits for every country around the world.”
 

Effective BWC solves bioterror and the terminal consequences of their disease claims
Graham S. Pearson, Visiting Professor of International Security, Department of Peace Studies,  University of Bradford, June 2001. The Regime To Prevent Biological Weapons:  Opportunities For A Safer, Healthier, More Prosperous World, http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/other/BTWCrgime.pdf
When a wider perspective is considered, it is evident that the BTWC Protocol regime
AND
more prosperous world bringing benefits to all countries, both developed or developing.

Extinction – different type of agent than their disease argument assumes
Ochs MA in Natural Resource Management 02 –from Rutgers University and Naturalist at Grand Teton National Park Richard, “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY,” Jun 9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
AND
Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 3 | Opponent: SVDP GD | Judge: Chris Lau
Counterplan Text: The United States federal government should end the economic blockade against Cuba

We compete textually - we use the word blockade instead of embargo.
An embargo is distinct from a blockade – the word “embargo” is an imperialist rhetoric that conceals America’s illegal, non-declared war against Cuba caused by the blockade
Bravo 96 (Olga Miranda Bravo. Doctor of Legal Sciences. “Cuba-USA: Nationalization and Blockade”. Social Sciences Editorial. 1996. http://emba.cubaminrex.cu/Default.aspx?tabid=22631)//JuneC//
Despite the “embargo” expression, that group of coercive and economically aggressive measures
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the Cuban State and the destruction of its fundamental basis as a nation.
Language shapes reality – evaluating the meanings behind the words of an action is a priori to the action
Edelman 85 (Murray Edelman. American political scientist in University of Wisconsin. “Political Language and Political Reality”. American Political Science Association. Winter 1985. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/418800?seq=1anduid=3739560anduid=2anduid=4anduid=3739256andsid=21102185169611)//JuneC//
The most incisive twentieth century students of language converge from different premises on the conclusion
AND
so far as the meaning of events to actor and spectators is concerned.
Imperialist rhetoric causes imperialism, racism and dehumanization
Kim 4 (Soonsik Kim. Professor in the English Department al Myongji University in Seoul. Korea. Ph.D. in compulsive literature from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “Colonial and Postcolonial Discourse in the Novels of Y?m Sang-s?p, Chinua Achebe, and Salman Rushdie”, Pg. 3-4. Peter Lang. 2004. Google Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=wzXbv13XucUCandprintsec=frontcoverandsource=gbs_ge_summary_randcad=0#v=onepageandqandf=false)//JuneC//
Early stages of colonial discourse in a broad sense are usually documentary accounts of cultural
AND
. Literary works contributed to the perpetuation of such colonial or imperial attitudes.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Hines
Text: The United States federal government should condition normalizing trade relations on the Republic of Cuba agreeing to implement environmental regulations in Cuba
Conditioning the Embargo on Environmental protection solves the aff - is key to environmental leadership.  Lifting the embargo alone dooms the environment.
Connell 9 – Council of Hemispheric Affairs research associate (Christina, COHA, “The US and Cuba: Destined to be an environmental duo?” 2009, http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/) RGP
Unlike the U.S., which still has never ratified the Kyoto Protocol,
AND
the invasion of U.S. consumerism may seriously damage the island.
The impact is extinction – its linear
Diner 94 – Judge Advocate’s General’s Corps of US Army
David N., Military Law Review, Winter, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, LN
No  species  has ever dominated its fellow  species  as man has.  In most cases
AND
wings, humankind may be edging closer to the abyss.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 4 | Opponent: Desert Vista JG | Judge: Velto
The criticism of the limit of rationalism, universalism and objecitvity encourages epistemological pluralism –  this is seized on by conservatives to justify and project their radical ideologies.  
Sherry 96 – Professor of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law and the University of Minnesota (Suzanna, Georgetown Law Journal, “The Sleep of Reason,” February 1996, 84 Geo. L.J. 453
We all know the Enlightenment story, but this article recounts -- and criticizes --
AND
all point to Enlightenment epistemology as the one best suited for public governance.

Enlightenment reason is necessary to prevent a new wave of domestic conflicts.  Epistemological pluralism leads to power as the only legitimate means for resolving disputes.  The affirmative cedes the political sphere to those in power.
Sherry 96 – Professor of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law and the University of Minnesota (Suzanna, Georgetown Law Journal, “The Sleep of Reason,” February 1996, 84 Geo. L.J. 453
Some, however, have suggested that the historical era of the Enlightenment was unique
AND
over those currently in favor, they are likely to be sorely disappointed.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall GL | Judge: Nathaniel Saxe
“United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
1) A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami,
Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45Debate is a means of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

2) switch-side is key---Effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible when debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation
Roberts-Miller 3 - Patricia is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.
3) Government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, however those outcomes may be defined---and, it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

This outweighs - Effective deliberation is key to decision-making which helps us in every asset of our lives. It’s essential to have an informed citizenry that can reclaim the political and solve global problems—
Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: Octas | Opponent: Brophy SM | Judge: Tribble, Kall, McClay
refer to round 4 meadows

Tournament: Alta | Round: 4 | Opponent: Desert Vista JG | Judge: Velto
1 off 1nc
“United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
Economic Engagement is defined as expanding economic ties with a country to change its behavior
Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., “Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait” in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order to change the behavior of the target state and improve bilateral political relations
Violation – the affirmative does not defend a USFG policy
Vote negative---
1) Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis --- that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
Steinberg and Freeley ‘13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
2) switch-side is key---Effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible when debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation
Roberts-Miller 3 - Patricia is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.
3) Government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, however those outcomes may be defined---and, it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14
4) Limited deliberative forums like debate which discuss Latin American specific policies prevent elite domination, develops agency, and promotes epistemological equality
Baxter 10 (Jorge, Education Specialist, Department of Education and Culture in the Organization of American States, Former Coordinator of the Inter-American Program on Education for Democratic Values and Practices at the OAS, PHD in International Comparative Education and Policy from University of Maryland College Park, “Towards a Deliberative and Democratic Model of International Cooperation in Education in Latin America”, Inter-American Journal of Education for Democracy, 3(2), 224-254, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ried/article/viewFile/1016/1307, Accessed: 7/30/13)
In the context of international¶ education cooperation and international¶ development in Latin America
AND
of quality¶ and equity in education at national and local¶ levels.

5) Politics – debate as a competitive political game is the best framework to solve dogmatism and human brutality
Carter 8 – prof @ The Colorado College, research support from the Rockefeller Foundation and the staff of the Villa Serbelloni, Bellagio, Italy, the Institute of Governmental Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Benezet Foundation at The Colorado College (Lief H, 2008, "LAW AND POLITICS AS PLAY," Chicago-Kent Law Review, 83(3), http://www.cklawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/vol83no3/Carter.pdf)

Vico asked his audience at the University of Naples in 1708 to debate two competing
AND
Play thereby helps humans become Shaw’s “race that can under-stand.”
Decisionmaking is the most portable and flexible skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy – means we turn case
Steinberg and Freeley ‘13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition
In the spring of 2011, facing a legacy of problematic U.S,
AND
should be justified by good reasons based on accurate evidence and valid reasoning.
Our model of debate is process, not product – decision-making is learned in a safe space of competing thought experiments
Hanghoj 08 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant professor. http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf

 Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a “theory of situated creativity
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  
case
This aff’s focus on epistemology first is reductionist and turns solvency – decolonial thinking doesn’t translate into action, and their speech acts are delaying actual decolonization
Tuck and Yang. 2012 Eve Tuck is an assistant professor of educational foundations at
AND
. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-­?40
Fanon told us in 1963 that decolonizing the mind is the first step, not
AND
as decolonization and does not inherently offer any pathways that lead to decolonization.

The criticism of the limit of rationalism, universalism and objecitvity encourages epistemological pluralism –  this is seized on by conservatives to justify and project their radical ideologies.  
Sherry 96 – Professor of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law and the University of Minnesota (Suzanna, Georgetown Law Journal, “The Sleep of Reason,” February 1996, 84 Geo. L.J. 453
We all know the Enlightenment story, but this article recounts -- and criticizes --
AND
all point to Enlightenment epistemology as the one best suited for public governance.

Enlightenment reason is necessary to prevent a new wave of domestic conflicts.  Epistemological pluralism leads to power as the only legitimate means for resolving disputes.  The affirmative cedes the political sphere to those in power.
Sherry 96 – Professor of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law and the University of Minnesota (Suzanna, Georgetown Law Journal, “The Sleep of Reason,” February 1996, 84 Geo. L.J. 453
Some, however, have suggested that the historical era of the Enlightenment was unique
AND
over those currently in favor, they are likely to be sorely disappointed.

Focusing on epistemology selfishly ignores real world problems
Jarvis, 2K – Prof Philosophy @ U South Carolina (Darryl, Studies in International Relations, “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism”, pg. 2)
While Hoffmann might well be correct, these days one can neither begin nor conclude
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," where novelty has itself become "an appropriate form of scholarship."5 

Focus on discourse forces emotional disconnection, guaranteeing domination by hegemonic forms of thought.
Kidner, professor of psychology at Nottingham Trent University and internationally renowned scholar on nature
AND
the “human from the “natural” and  abandons nature to industrialism.

Trying to heed the global south results in homogenizing the different voices and links back to their K
Salvatore 10 (Ricardo D., Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Vol. 8, No. 1, Fall 2010, 332-348, The Postcolonial in Latin America and the Concept  of Coloniality: A Historian’s Point of View, http://www.ncsu.edu/project/acontracorriente/fall_10/misc/Salvatore_debate.pdf)
The same could be said about forms of narrating or representing  the national, or
AND
by the state in  which subaltern voices appear, however misconstrued or disfigured.

Their assertions of colonial subjectivity enforces an endless cycle of confrontation – the alt will never reach an endpoint
Grossberg 10 (Lawrence, Ph.D in speech communication, “Cultural Studies in the Future Tense,” pg. 265-66)
This exteriority is, it seems to me, further compromised by the assumption that
AND
) open up the multiplicity of modernities as well as alternatives to modernity?

Space openeed by the alternative can be filled in by anything – there is no way to ensure it doesn’t enable new violence and opression
Wyn Jones 99, Prof. IR @ Aberystwyth University,
Richard, Security, Strategy and Critical Theory
A close reading of Ole Wæver also reveals similar concerns in his discussion of the
AND
how some forms of society are more acceptable (emancipated) than others.
Trying to accomplish political goals within a debate round creates backlash against whatever you’re trying to accomplish – telling opponents they should lose at the altar of your political movement causes alienation and resentment
Atchison and Panetta 09 – *Director of Debate at Trinity University and Director of Debate at the University of Georgia (Jarrod, and Edward, “Intercollegiate Debate and Speech Communication: Issues for the Future,” The Sage Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Lunsford, Andrea, ed., 2009, p. 317-334)
The final problem with an individual debate round focus is the role of competition.
AND
approach to evidence are all critical aspects of being participants in the community.
However, the dismissal of the proposed resolution that the debaters have spent countless hours
AND
of the debate community to dismiss competition in the name of community change.
The larger problem with locating the “debate as activism” perspective within the competitive
AND
what is best for promoting solutions to diversity problems in the debate community.
If the debate community is serious about generating community change, then it is more
AND
and argue that the reaction is evidence that the issue is being discussed.
From our perspective, the discussion that results from these hostile situations is not a
AND
long community problems requires a tremendous effort by a great number of people.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 3 | Opponent: Denver FF | Judge: Cam Collela
Interpretation and violation --- the affirmative should defend the desirability of topical government action
“United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
Vote neg
1) Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis --- that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
Steinberg and Freeley ‘13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
2) Switch side debate is a necessary corrective to imperialism---their mode of ethical absolutism recreates “with us or against us” Bush-style binaries which makes dogmatism more likely
Mitchell et al 7 - Gordon Mitchell, Professor of Communication at the University of
AND
of that institutional power, democratic discussion would have a positively subversive effect.

3) Pragmatic policy discussion – ignoring pragmatic policy details leaves the Left completely unequipped to prevent domination
McClean 1 (David E., Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)
I would like to suggest that it is time for American social critics who are
AND
about but who lack awareness of the dogmatic assumptions from which they proceed.
Decision-making is the most portable and flexible skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy – means we turn case
Steinberg and Freeley ‘13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition
In the spring of 2011, facing a legacy of problematic U.S,
AND
should be justified by good reasons based on accurate evidence and valid reasoning.
This is independently a voting issue for fairness – the only thing we are ready to debate is affs that instrumentally defend the topic – they justify an infinite number of other ways to “affirm the topic” that we can’t predict or negate – this makes debate impossible which undermines participation and fun
Our model of debate is process, not product – decision-making is learned in a safe space of competing thought experiments
Hanghoj 08 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant professor. http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a “theory of situated creativity
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Central Gwinnett BG | Judge: Ben Schultz
Interpretation and violation --- the affirmative should defend the desirability of topical government action
“United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
Economic engagement is an exchange of government contacts
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT¶ In order to establish a more effective framework for
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.¶
Vote neg
1) Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis --- that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
Steinberg and Freeley ‘13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
2) Switch side debate is a necessary corrective to imperialism---their mode of ethical absolutism recreates “with us or against us” Bush-style binaries which makes dogmatism more likely
Mitchell et al 7 - Gordon Mitchell, Professor of Communication at the University of
AND
of that institutional power, democratic discussion would have a positively subversive effect.

3) Pragmatic policy discussion – ignoring pragmatic policy details leaves the Left completely unequipped to prevent domination
McClean 1 (David E., Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)
I would like to suggest that it is time for American social critics who are
AND
about but who lack awareness of the dogmatic assumptions from which they proceed.
Decision-making is the most portable and flexible skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy – means we turn case
Steinberg and Freeley ‘13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition
In the spring of 2011, facing a legacy of problematic U.S,
AND
should be justified by good reasons based on accurate evidence and valid reasoning.
Our model of debate is process, not product – decision-making is learned in a safe space of competing thought experiments
Hanghoj 08 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant professor. http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a “theory of situated creativity
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.

Tournament: GBX | Round: 1 | Opponent: Mukwanago ZB | Judge: Clay Carlson
Lifting embargo empowers Castro, causes HR violations
López 12 (Juan J. Lopez, Ph.D. Director of Research @ Research Office (College of Arts and Sciences) at Florida International University) Implication of the US Economic embargo for a Political Transition in Cuba. Endowment for Cuban American Studies of the Cuban American National Foundation, 1998. (http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/pdfs/Lopez.pdf) (HT)

An alternative to maintaining the embargo
AND
in Cuba have been living in hell for a long time.

Economic sanctions boost human rights – not the cause of violations
Baek 8 - J.S.D. candidate, Cornell Law School (Buhm Suk, “Economic Sanctions Against Human Rights Violations”, Cornell Law Library, April 14 2008, http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039andcontext=lps_clacp)//CB

Undeniably, these economic sanctions
AND
mitigating any negative humanitarian impact.

Easing the embargo will collapse Cuba’s health care model
Garrett, 10 – senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations and a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist (Lincoln, “Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?”, Foreign Policy, July-August 2010, http://www.ihavenet.com/Latin-America-Cuba-Castrocare-in-Crisis-LG.html)//EX
According to Steven Ullmann of the
AND
of relations between the United States and Cuba killed that vision.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Leland VV | Judge: Khalid Sharif
Food management is the framework for biopolitical control in which the subjugation of populations is done for the falsified ‘good’ of the majority
Nally 11 – Department of Geography at Cambridge University (David, “The Biopolitics of food provisioning”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers Volume 36, Issue 1, pages 37–53, January 2011, Wiley Online Library, DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00413.x)MM
Introduction
In the late 1970s Michel Foucault began exploring the emergence of a new technique of government that established ‘the basic biological features of the human species’ (Foucault 2007, 1) as the primary object of political strategy. In The history of sexuality, Foucault famously outlined the significance of this development:
   The old power of death that symbolized sovereign power was now carefully supplanted by
AND
case for promoting the freedom of trade as a public good in itself.
Claims about Asian instability are rooted in security discourse that is epistemologically racist.
Nizamani 2K (Haider Nizamani, Lecturer in Political Science at the University of British Columbia, 2k The roots of rhetoric: politics of nuclear weapons in India and Pakistan, p. 9-10)
For Buzan and Holsti the “weak states” are perceived as fixed entities in
AND
focus is on the processes that constitute the political world of an issue.
Economic threat predictions are a means of political ordering under the guise of military subjugation—all who don’t conform to the economic order are slaughtered
Neocleous 8 Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, p95- MT)
In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection
AND
apparatus intimately bound up with national identity and thus the politics of loyalty.

Their rhetoric of failed states and spheres of influence reifies an imperialistic approach to Latin America.
Slater 10 - Professor in the Department of Geography at Loughborough University, (David Rethinking the Imperial Difference: towards an understanding of US–Latin American encounters Third World Quarterly Volume 31, Issue 2, 07 Apr 2010, Taylor and Francis)A-Berg 

Terms such as the North–South divide, and centre–periphery relations are
AND
as if they are both ‘boldly new and disturbingly the same’.74

Tournament: GBX | Round: Octas | Opponent: West Des Moines Valle HR | Judge: Klante, Verna, Anguiera
The United States federal government should establish an economic bilateral partnership toward the government of Mexico for the prevention of trafficking.
CP solves the aff and eliminates the human/non-human binary
Deckha, 10 – Associate Professor at the University of Victoria Faculty of Law in Victoria (Maneesha, 12/13/10, “It’s time to abandon the idea of ‘human’ rights”, http://www.thescavenger.net/animals/its-time-to-abandon-the-idea-of-human-rights-77234-536.html)//VP
While the intersection of race and gender is often acknowledged in understanding the etiology of
AND
only for humans made vulnerable by their dehumanization, but nonhumans as well. 

Rejection of the “human” is a pre-requisite to an analysis of gender and disposability- solves the root cause of the aff
Best, 07 – Chair of Philosophy (Steven Best, Chair of Philosophy at UT-EP, 2007 JCAS 5.2)VP
While a welcome advance over the anthropocentric conceit that only humans shape human actions,
AND
and stewardship, which however was Judaic moral baggage official Chistianithy left behind.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 3 | Opponent: SVDP GD | Judge: Chris Lau
Ice age coming -~-- causes extinction and outweighs warming since we can adapt -~-- co2 solves
Marsh ‘8 (Gerald E. Marsh, Retired Physicist from the Argonne National Laboratory and a former consultant to the Department of Defense on strategic nuclear technology and policy in the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton Administration, “The Coming of a New Ice Age,” February 24, 2008, http://www.winningreen.com/site/epage/59549_621.htm)//a-berg
CHICAGO — Contrary to the conventional wisdom of the day, the real danger facing
AND
well prove to be only a will-o-the-wisp.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Grapevine JS | Judge: Flynn Makuch
Development and economic engagement policies are economic imperialism hidden by benevolence -~--this encourages countervailing forces which turn the case.
Veltmeyer, ’11 - Professor of Development Studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas in Mexico and Professor of Sociology and International Development Studies at St. Mary’s University, (Henry, “US imperialism in Latin America: then and now, here and there,” estudios críticos del desarrollo, vol. I, núm. 1, segundo semestre de 2011, pp. 89–123, http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/critical/rev1/3.pdf)//A-Berg
Finding itself in ... in the 1990s.

The impact is cultural extinction
Escobar 95 - Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill
(Arturo, “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World,” pg. 52-54)BB
The crucial threshold ... the coming chapter.

The alternative is to vote negative -~-- rejecting imperialism in this round serves as a starting point to theorize anti-imperialism and break down hegemonic systems of knowledge.
Morrissey 11 – (John, Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, 2011, “Architects of Empire: The Military–Strategic Studies Complex and the Scripting of US National Security,” Antipode Vol. 43, (2):435-470, http://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/xmlui/handle/10379/2893)//a-berg
As an academic ... urgent as ever. 

Rejecting the affirmative’s production of knowledge in THIS academic space sparks a language of critique that reclaims public spaces from the militarization of knowledge -~-- this is NOT about offense and defense or weighing the case -~-- this is a pass/fail gateway issue. If the 1AC has produced bad scholarship, you vote negative to send them home to write a better 1AC.
Giroux 12 (Henry, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, “Against the Militarized Academy”, 7.4.12,http://nnomy.org/index.php?option=com_flexicontentandview=itemsandcid=2903Amilitarism-a-warandid=5453Aagainst-the-militarized-academyandItemid=821andlang=en, CL)
While there is an ongoing ... sustain human life.

Tournament: GBX | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West HG | Judge: Shunta
Development and economic engagement policies are economic imperialism hidden by benevolence ---this encourages countervailing forces which turn the case.
Veltmeyer, ’11 - Professor of Development Studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas in Mexico and Professor of Sociology and International Development Studies at St. Mary’s University, (Henry, “US imperialism in Latin America: then and now, here and there,” estudios críticos del desarrollo, vol. I, núm. 1, segundo semestre de 2011, pp. 89–123, http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/critical/rev1/3.pdf)//A-Berg

Finding itself in the wake of a second world war as the dominant economic power
AND
the case of the economic imperialism that came into play in the 1990s.

Economic development perpetuates the commodification of the environment and North-South divide making violence inevitable
Howard, Hume, and Oslender 07 (*David Howard – PhD in Latin America Studies from the University of Oxford; he is a lecturer in Sustainable Urban Development at the University of Oxford, Mo Hume – PhD in Latin American studies from the University of Liverpool; she is a professor of Development and Latin American Politics (Department of Politics) at the University of Glasgow, and *Ulrich Oslender – PhD in Hispanic Studies from the University of Glasgow; former research fellow at the University of Glasgow in the Department of Geography, November 2007, “Violence, fear, and development in Latin America: a critical overview”, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/25548278.pdf) MD
Others, however, have criticised 'Mrs Brundtland's disenchanted cosmos' and the fact that sustainable
AND
and for the affirmation of truly emancipatory political projects of self-affirmation.

The alt is to reject US intervention in Latin America and decolonize the 1AC– this is key to interrupt the imperial underpinnings of the 1AC
Taylor 12 - Lecturer in Latin American Studies BA University of London, Queen Mary MPhil University of Glasgow PhD University of Manchester, (Lucy, “Decolonizing International Relations: Perspectives from Latin America,” International Studies Review, Volume 14, Issue 3,  11 SEP 2012, 14, 386–400, Wiley Online Library)A-Berg
The aim of this paper is to think differently about International Relations (IR)
AND
, locating its critique at the heartland of international relationships and International Relations.

Tournament: GBX | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lane Tech MP | Judge: Shanna Carlson
A deal to stall Iran’s nuclear program is coming – Obama will hold off Senate sanctions now – key to prevent Iran prolif
Landler and Sanger 11/14
Mark and David, New York Times, Obama Calls for Patience in Iran Talks, 11/14/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/us/politics/obama-iran.html?_r=0
President Obama made a vigorous appeal to Congress on Thursday to give breathing space to
AND
will, just like the European Union and the United States have done.”
Engagement costs PC – strong political division
Harper 10  
Liz, Senior Editor @ US Institute for Peace, adjunct fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, americasquarterly.org contributing blogger based in Washington DC, 12/21, http://americasquarterly.org/node/2058
Venezuela’s Formal Rejection of Ambassador-Designate Larry Palmer The long-running debate over
AND
are the broad brush strokes of the debate into which Palmer was tossed.

Capital key – prevents confrontation
Cockburn 11/11
Patrick, author of Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq, Why Iran’s Concessions Won’t Lead to a Nuclear Agreement, 11/11/13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-o-a-nuclear-agreement/
On the other hand, the decision by President Obama not to launch airstrikes against
AND
extinguished by those who believe that confrontation with Iran works better than diplomacy.
Deal key to prevent war and Iran prolif
Shank and Gould 9/12
Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/
Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord
AND
Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.
US-Iran war causes global nuclear war and collapses the global economy  
Avery 11/6
John Scales, Lektor Emeritus, Associate Professor, at the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, since 1990 he has been the Contact Person in Denmark for Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, An Attack On Iran Could Escalate Into Global Nuclear War, 11/6/13, http://www.countercurrents.org/avery061113.htm
Despite the willingness of Iran's new President, Hassan Rouhani to make all reasonable concessions
AND
and future of all the peoples of the world, US citizens included.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kinkaid BR | Judge: Paul Leader
Republicans are pushing for a vote on Iran sanctions – Obama’s PC is holding Democrats in line now
Rogin 2/5
Josh, Daily Beast, GOP Will Force Reid to Save Obama’s Iran Policy—Over and Over Again, 2/5/14, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/05/gop-will-force-reid-to-save-obama-s-iran-policy-over-and-over-again.html
The Republican Senate caucus is planning to use every parliamentary trick in the book to
AND
demand a vote on it as a condition of moving any other legislation.
Economic engagement with Mexico is unpopular – costs PC
NYT 13
New York Times. “In Latin America, U.S. Focus Shifts From Drug War to Economy” May 4, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=alland_r=1and
Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
Felbab-Brown, a counternarcotics expert at the Brookings Institution in Washington. 

Our link is reverse causal and uniqueness doesn’t overwhelm – a loss of political capital causes Democrats to abandon Obama on Iran
Kraushaar 11/22
Josh, National Interest, The Iran Deal Puts Pro-Israel Democrats in a Bind, 11/22/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/the-iran-deal-puts-pro-israel-democrats-in-a-bind-20131122
All of this puts Democrats, who routinely win overwhelming support from Jewish Americans on
AND
be surprised to see Democrats become less hesitant about going their own way.
Successful deal key to prevent war with Iran
Shank and Gould 9/12
Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/
Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord
AND
Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.
US-Iran war causes global nuclear war and collapses the global economy  
Avery 11/6
John Scales, Lektor Emeritus, Associate Professor, at the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, since 1990 he has been the Contact Person in Denmark for Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, An Attack On Iran Could Escalate Into Global Nuclear War, 11/6/13, http://www.countercurrents.org/avery061113.htm
Despite the willingness of Iran's new President, Hassan Rouhani to make all reasonable concessions
AND
and future of all the peoples of the world, US citizens included.

Tournament: GBX | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West HG | Judge: Shunta
Obama will hold off sanctions – capital is key
Dennis 11/23
Steven, Roll Call, Obama Faces Skeptical Congress as Iran Nuclear Deal Reached (Updated), 11/23/13, http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/
President Barack Obama has a sales job to do with Congress after he announced an
AND
move the needle economically for Iran.Ӧ Instant reaction from Republicans was skeptical.
Economic engagement with Mexico is unpopular – costs PC
NYT 13
New York Times. “In Latin America, U.S. Focus Shifts From Drug War to Economy” May 4, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/americas/in-latin-america-us-shifts-focus-from-drug-war-to-economy.html?pagewanted=alland_r=1and
Last week, Mr. Obama returned to capitals in Latin America with a vastly
AND
Felbab-Brown, a counternarcotics expert at the Brookings Institution in Washington. 

Capital key – prevents deal rollback  
Cockburn 11/11
Patrick, author of Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq, Why Iran’s Concessions Won’t Lead to a Nuclear Agreement, 11/11/13, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-o-a-nuclear-agreement/
On the other hand, the decision by President Obama not to launch airstrikes against
AND
extinguished by those who believe that confrontation with Iran works better than diplomacy.
Successful deal key to prevent war with Iran
Shank and Gould 9/12
Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/
Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord
AND
Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.
US-Iran war causes global nuclear war and collapses the global economy  
Avery 11/6
John Scales, Lektor Emeritus, Associate Professor, at the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, since 1990 he has been the Contact Person in Denmark for Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, An Attack On Iran Could Escalate Into Global Nuclear War, 11/6/13, http://www.countercurrents.org/avery061113.htm
Despite the willingness of Iran's new President, Hassan Rouhani to make all reasonable concessions
AND
and future of all the peoples of the world, US citizens included.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: MBA BR | Judge: Whit
Obama is using PC to hold the line on Iran sanctions now
Haaretz 1/22
Will AIPAC-Obama sanctions clash dent pro-Israel lobby’s clout?, 1/22/14, http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.569900
In previous AIPAC vs. White House dustups,
AND
said the Jewish organizational official.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Midway BH | Judge: Christ Leonardi
The affirmative’s concept of violence as external from their own lives allows individuals to abdicate their responsibility. kills meaningful change violence becomes more likely.
Kappeler in 1995 Susanne Kappeler, The Will To Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, pg 1-4
What is striking is that the violence which is talked about is always the violence
AND
is am unmistakable signal to society that racist violence does indeed 'pay off'.

Political violence is sustained by organized thinking that looks at violence through meta-analysis. We need to have deeper insight that realizes that each of us is culpable for violence
Kappeler in 1995 Susanne Kappeler, The Will To Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, pg 8-11
Moreover, personal behaviour is no alternative to `political' action; there is no
AND
and that there is no such thing as not acting or doing nothing. 

The alternative is to vote negative -~-- you should punish their failure by politicizing the way we think about violence – key to solve.
Kappeler in 1995 Susanne Kappeler, The Will To Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, pg 4-5
If we nevertheless continue to explain violence by its ‘circumstances’ and attempt to counter
AND
for any political struggle against violence and for a non-violent society.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont JN | Judge: Garret Lincoln
ive already read them all

Tournament: The Second Annual Western Championship For Novice and Second Year Debaters | Round: 5 | Opponent: CKM BH | Judge: Damien Balla
nothing new

Tournament: The Second Annual Western Championship For Novice and Second Year Debaters | Round: Semis | Opponent: CPS JO | Judge: Grigsby, Ayush, Miller
nothing new

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 3 | Opponent: SVDP GD | Judge: Chris Lau
Engagement is the lynchpin of neoliberal expansion into Cuba
Wenston and Woods ’08 – Trotskyist political theorist and author and leading members of the International Marxist Tendency (Fred and Alan, “Vultures hovering over Cuba after Fidel Castro steps down”, http://www.cjournal.info/2008/02/20/vultures-hovering-over-cuba-after-fidel-castro-steps-down/)//VP
They all pretend to be democrats when it comes to Cuba. In reality they
AND
to capitalism accompanied by a firm grip on state power at the top.
Neoliberalism causes extinction through ecological destruction and resource wars
Darder, 10 – Professor Antonia Darder, Distinguished Professor of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign (“Preface” in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement by Richard V. Kahn, 2010, pp. x-xiii)VP
GENDER MODIFIED  
It is fitting to begin my words about Richard Kahn’s Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy,
AND
the well-being of all species with whom we walk the earth. 

The alternative is to reject the 1ac to interrogate neoliberal economic engagement with latin America from the starting point of knowledge production- that is a prerequisite to breaking down neoliberalism
Walsh, 12 – Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar (Catherine, “The Politics of Naming”, Cultural Studies, 26.1, Project Muse)VP
Cultural Studies, in our project, is constructed and understood as more than a
AND
only one of our options, and part of the politics of naming.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rowland Hall GL | Judge: Nathaniel Saxe
The affirmative’s fixation with ending suffering negates life. Instead of deluding ourselves with dreams of escaping the inevitability of suffering followed by a meaningless death, we should embrace this suffering as a testing and show of strength.
Kain 7, professor of philosophy at Santa Clara, 2007 Philip J., “Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, and the Horror of Existence,” Journal of Nietzsche Studies 33 (2007), 49-63
At the center of Nietzsche's vision lies his concept of the "terror and horror
AND
, we cannot eliminate suffering; we can only seek to mask it.

The affirmative is an attempt to rid the world of its negative aspects, constructing an idealized false world in which conflict and suffering don’t occur and provokes a hatred for the real world in which suffering occurs, breeding ressentiment
Turanli 03(Aydan, Associate Prof. at Istanbul Technical University, “Nietzsche and the Later Wittgenstein: An Offense to the Quest for Another World,” The Journal of Nietzsche Studies issue 26 pg 55-63)
The craving for absolutely general specifications results in doing metaphysics. Unlike Wittgenstein, Nietzsche
AND
"to show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle"

Ressentiment destroys value to life
Nietzsche 87 (“Genealogy of Morals”, second essay “Guilt…” pg. 497 in “The Basic Writings of Nietzsche”)
How can one create a memory for the human animal? How can one impress
AND
social existence as present realities upon these slaves of momentary affect and desire.

The alt - Embrace the status quo. Acceptance of the necessity of the existing world is also acceptance of the inevitability of chaos and chance. We must submit ourselves to the one dice-roll of the status quo, rather than resentfully trying to control the dice through claims to predictions and causality.
DELEUZE 1986 (Gilles, French philosopher, “Nietzsche and Philosophy,” Columbia UP, p. 25-7) vp
The game has two moments which are those of a dicethrow – the dice that
AND
the repetition of a dicethrow by the nature of the fatally obtained number.

Tournament: St Marks RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Juan Diego AL | Judge: Weston, Sternberg
Oil prices will remain above 100 dollars --- most predictive evidence proves
AllAfrica News 7/30 - thuli Ncube (phd) Mthuli Ncube (phd), Chief Economist and Vice President of the African Development Bank (“High Oil Prices - Boom to Some, Doom to Others”, 7/30/2013, http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201307301218.html/) RGP
Oil prices have remained consistently high and volatile over the past few years. According
AND
euro area seems to be easing, global demand for oil may increase.

Loosening the embargo causes US energy independence
Carroll 8 - Latin American correspondent for The Guardian (Rory, The Guardian, “20bn Barrel Oil Discovery Puts Cuba in the Big League,” 10/17/2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/oct/18/cuban-oil) RGP
Friends and foes have called Cuba many things - a progressive beacon, a quixotic
AND
strategic way. Oil is different. It's something we need and want."

Causes OPEC flood --- empirics
Kole 7 – AP correspondent  (William, NWI, “Despite Rising Prices, OPEC Appears to be in No Rush to Raise its Output Targets”, 9/8/2007, http://nwitimes.com/articles/2007/09/08/business/business/doc7e79bb33cb7ec6f28625734f00723bfd.txt) RGP
If you remember what happened in the 1970's (look it up if you don't
AND
a bunch of junkies on drugs while making as much money as possible.
Drop below 100 dollars causes Russian economic collapse --- it’s on the brink now
Whitmore 13 - senior Correspondent in RFE/RL's Central Newsroom, covering European security, energy and military issues and domestic developments in Russia (Brian, The Power Vertical, “After The Storm: Trends To Watch In Russia In 2013,” 1/2/2013, http://www.rferl.org/content/after-the-storm-trends-to-watch-in-russia-in-2013/24813957.html) RGP
It began with a roar and it ended with a whimper. ¶ As 2012
AND
the figure needed for a balanced budget was $50 to $55.

Nuclear war
Filger 9 – Huffington Post author (Sheldon, Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction,” 5/10/2009, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356) RGP
In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Damien | Round: 4 | Opponent: Loyola GN | Judge: Bill Smelko
Liberalizing policy towards Cuba costs capital – Congress will upset other items on the agenda
LeoGrande 12
William, School of Public Affairs @ American University, Fresh Start for a Stale Policy: Can Obama Break the Stalemate in U.S.-Cuban Relations?, 2012, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf
Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie? Political considerations¶
AND
happen unless the urgency of the¶ problem forces policymakers to take action.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 6 | Opponent: CPS AG | Judge: Idriss
The ecological crunch is coming --- overwhelming scientific evidence proves it risks extinction
Shearman 7, David, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 4-6
This impending crisis is caused by the accelerating damage to the natural environment on which
AND
will not be met and human well-being will be seriously affected.

That means eco-authoritarianism is coming now and prevents extinction, but the aff’s promotion of democracy ensures that it fails.
Humphrey 7 - Mathew, Reader in Political Philosophy at the University of Nottingham, UK, 2007, Ecological Politics and Democratic Theory: The Challenge to the Deliberative Ideal, p. 14-15
In terms of the first of these points, that our democratic choices reflect a
AND

we are faced with a stark choice, democracy or ecological survival.

Yes your democracy --- it’s impossible to reform or modify the foundational principle of democratic freedom to make it ecologically sustainable --- only authoritarianism can ensure survival.
David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 3-4
However putting these subjective assessments aside, our analysis of the performance of democracy is
AND
for democratic approval, or humanity will elect to live as it wishes.

Environmental decline makes the transition to authoritarianism inevitable --- the only question is whether it can be effective
Mark Beeson 10, Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, 2010, “The coming of environmental authoritarianism,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2, DOI:10.1080/09644010903576918
The conclusions that emerge from the following discussion are necessarily impressionistic, speculative and rather
AND
alone the ‘good life’ upon which the legitimacy of democratic regimes hinges.

This vastly outweighs the case --- preserving existence by definition has to come before any other value---worsening environmental crisis turns all of their impacts, but embracing eco-authoritarianism unites humanity and solves all war.
David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 85-86
Our position differs from Wolff and other anarchists also insofar as we reject the principle
AND
liberal social world would have would be to perish in a polluted environment.
The issue of values calls into question the Western view of the world or perhaps
AND
it may unite humanity in common cause and heal the cultural fault lines.

Outweighs their ethics – lifeboat ethics turn and outweigh their feel-good impacts
Elliott and Lamm, 2 - *Emeritus Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Florida and former Governor of Colorado, Professor at the University of Denver, Executive Director of the University of Denver’s Center for Public Policy and Contemporary Issues
(Herschel and Richard D, “A Moral Code for a Finite World,” The Chronicle Review, Volume 49, Issue 12, Page B0, The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 15, 2002, http://chronicle.com/free/v49/i12/12b00701.htm)

What if global warming is a reality, and expanding human activity is causing irreparable
AND
a tragedy of the commons -- the collapse of both environment and society. 

Their ethics link to the DA and cause extinction
Rohe, 6 – J.D, Board of Directors of the Federation for American Immigration Reform
(John F, “Book Review of "Ethics for a Finite World" by Herschel Elliott,” The Social Contract Journal, Volume 16, Number 2, Winter 2005-2006, http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1602/article_1381.shtml)
Conventional ethics are enshrined in the United Nations' "universal human rights." The rights
AND
growth (in human numbers or consumption) is destined to be arrested.

Tournament: St Marks RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Niles North BS | Judge: Sedelmyer, Ziering
Counterplan text: The United States federal government should reverse status quo funding cuts to counter-terrorism and not retaliate with nuclear weapons in the event of a nuclear terrorist attack. The United States Armed Forces should develop and implement a mobile Sea Basing naval capability aimed at ensuring adequate United States forward deployment and power projection capabilities. 

Obama announced cutbacks in counterterror efforts – such cuts make efficiency in anti-terror efforts more impossible
Tourangbam 13 Monish Tourangbam, Eurasia Review, 6/29/13 http://www.eurasiareview.com/29062013-rethinking-us-counter-terrorism-policy-analysis-2/
Close to 12 years after the 9/11 attacks that led to the global
AND
risks involved and the negative repercussions it had for US-Pakistan relations.

Sea basing solves deterrence – Allows for rapid forward deployment and global deterrence
Michael Perry, 2009, U.S. navy commander, “ Importance of Seabasing to Land Power Generation”, U.S.  Army War College, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA508337andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf
Seabasing supports numerous aspects of America’s National Security, Defense  and Military Strategies. This
AND
of the National Security,  Defense and Military Strategies of the United States.

Tournament: St Marks RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: GBS CR | Judge: Pavur, Normand
The plan’s untouchable fiat makes it an off-budget project — this ensures every pet project gets funded
Boskin, 96 — senior fellow at the Hoover Institute (Michael, Congressional Record, 142 Con Rec H, 4/17/1996 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1996-04-17/html/CREC-1996-04-17-pt1-PgH3497-3.htm)
I believe it is likely
AND
tax and budget policy impossible.

Guarantees the ABL
Hodge, 11 (Nathan, “Pentagon Loses War to Zap Airborne Laser From Budget”, The Wall Street Journal, 2/11/2011,http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704570104576124173372065568.html)
But if the administration's budget request doesn't include funds to keep the Airborne Laser aloft
AND
Future Combat Systems. (The FCS's overall cost: $18 billion.)

Global nuclear war
Rozoff, 10 – contributor to The Centre for Research on Globalization (Rick, “U.S. Tightens Missile Shield Encirclement Of China And Russia”, 3/4/2010, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaandaid=17948)
The U.S. has not substituted the missile encirclement of Russia with that
AND
nations’ deterrence capacities and prepare the way for conventional and nuclear first strikes.

Tournament: GBX | Round: Semis | Opponent: Westminster DK | Judge: 3 niles west people
OFAC is overstretched --- the plan makes sanctions effective
Johnson, Spector and Lilac 10 - Andy Johnson, Director, National Security Program, Kyle Spector, Policy Advisor, National Security Program, Kristina Lilac, National Security Program, Senior Fellows of The Third Way Institute, (“End the Embargo of Cuba”, Article for The Third Way Institute, 9/16/10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf, Accessed 7/02/13, AW)
Keeping the embargo in place requires that the US government devote time and resources to
AND
resources to respond to the current threats posed by rogue states and terrorist networks

That revamps sanctions on Iran.
Maberry and Jensen 13 – J. Scott Maberry, J.D, Georgetown University Law Center, International Trade partner in the Government Contracts, Investigations and International Trade Practice Group, Mark L. Jensen, J.D, Harvard Law School, International Trade associate in the Government Contracts, Investigations and International Trade Practice Group, (“OFAC gets hot, bothered on Iran and Cuba: how economic sanctions work today”, Report for Sheppard Mullin Richter and Hampton LLP, 5/7/13, http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=8657e6ce-454a-4eaf-ba8b-d225ea59ecdd, Accessed 7/9/13, AW)
People who practice U.S. economic sanctions law like to talk about how
AND
and economy further, it seems likely that additional sanctions will be applied.

Diplomatic resolution to Iran prolif now --- sanctions undermine diplomacy --- causes US-Iran war and broader Middle East war.
Shank and Gould 9/12
Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/
Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord
AND
Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.

Global nuke war.
Avery 11/6
John Scales, Lektor Emeritus, Associate Professor, at the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, since 1990 he has been the Contact Person in Denmark for Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, An Attack On Iran Could Escalate Into Global Nuclear War, 11/6/13, http://www.countercurrents.org/avery061113.htm
Despite the willingness of Iran's new President, Hassan Rouhani to make all reasonable concessions
AND
and future of all the peoples of the world, US citizens included.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: SVDP LD | Judge: Matt Contreras
The 1ac’s ethical insistence on the abolition of otherization produces a universal standard that all societies must conform to – this causes exclusion to resurface as it projects enemies to humanity, justifying total war and dehumanization.
Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008MC
In The Concept of the Political Schmitt had already indicted the increased usage of the
AND
lines articulated by Foucault under the heading of ‘self government’(2007b).

Embrace the call for ethics through the lens of enmity. This is critical to a reflexive political identity – only rejecting the obligation to the Other prevents annihilation of difference and unending violence.
Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008MC
The paper ends with a discussion of obligation. Outlining the contours of a notion
AND
but changeable structurations of the field of politics, of politics as pluriverse.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bingham SN | Judge: Haas
The 1AC’s securitized approach to global problems sanitizes structural violence.
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14781158.2011.601854#.UfV-kW3aVos)//A-Berg
3. From securitisation to militarisation 3.1 Complicity
This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving the
AND
for crisis onto a newly constructed 'outsider' group vindicating various forms of violence.

The alt is to interrogate the epistemological failures of the 1ac---this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward
AND
, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: SVDP LD | Judge: Matt Contreras
Text: the United States federal government should add every country to the list of countries governed by Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act. The United States federal government should cease current and ban future projects of regime change, economic sanctions, military base expansion, military occupation, military assistance for strategic partners, isolation of disapproved political movements, and counterterrorism operations to countries governed by Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act.

Counterplan solves – the aff takes Cuba off the list of state sponsors of terrorism, the counterplan adds every country to the list of state sponsors of terrorism but says being on the list of state sponsors of terrorism prevents the US from being able to militarily or coercively intervene in that country’s affairs. Your author concludes the only reason the list is problematic is it allows neoconservative approaches towards those countries, but we solve that better
Jackson 7 - Professor in International Politics at Aberystwyth University (Richard, “Critical reflection on counter-sanctuary discourse”, In: M. Innes, ed. Denial of sanctuary: understanding terrorist safe havens, p. 30-33) RGP
A related problem for the "terrorist sanctuaries" discourse is that it has always
AND
approaches to terrorism and the ongoing problem of civilian-directed state terror.

Tournament: GBX | Round: Octas | Opponent: West Des Moines Valle HR | Judge: Klante, Verna, Anguiera
Interpretation and violation - Engagement is the attempt to influence the political behavior of a state by increasing contacts with that state – economic engagement means using exclusively economic contacts like trade, loans and grants – they are cultural engagement
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT¶ In order to establish a more effective framework for
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

3. precision – it’s key to effective policy analysis
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)
In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition
AND
"engagement," they undermine the ability to build an effective foreign policy.
The refined definition I propose as a substitute for existing descriptions of engagement is different
AND
the information necessary to better manage the rogue states of the 21st century.

Tournament: GBX | Round: Octas | Opponent: West Des Moines Valle HR | Judge: Klante, Verna, Anguiera
Interpretation - “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bingham SN | Judge: Haas
A. Interpretation - Economic engagement is long-term strategy for promoting structural linkage between two economies
Mastanduno, 1 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, “Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice” http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf
The basic causal logic of economic engagement, and the emphasis on domestic politics,
AND
chain runs from economic interdependence through domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.

B. Violation – the plan is an economic inducement – engagement requires trade promotion
Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)
Literature of liberal school points out that economic engagement policies are significantly effective tools for
AND
believes in that economic linkages have political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Grapevine JS | Judge: Flynn Makuch
A. Interpretation and violation - Economic engagement has to be conditional
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books
In sum, conditional ..., no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: MBA BR | Judge: Whit
They’re not topical – “economic engagement” means the aff must be an exclusively economic action to bolster economic development between countries
Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES” BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW and POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic
AND
such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 5 | Opponent: GBS OS | Judge: Kinsee Gaither
Engagement requires sustained government-to-government interaction
Sheen, 2 –  associate professor at the Graduate School of International Studies, Seoul National University (Seongho, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2002, “US Strategy of Engagement During the Cold War and Its Implication for Sunshine Policy” http://www.kida.re.kr/data/2006/04/14/seongho_sheen.pdf)
Can the sunshine policy
AND
target country as undesirable.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown Day WK | Judge: Paul Johnson
Interpretation - Economic Engagement is defined as expanding economic ties with a country to change its behavior – this means they have to be gov to gov
Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., “Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait” in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - ... bilateral political relations

‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005 – (“Term: Possessive Pronoun,”
http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, ... that it belongs to me.)

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Andres Gannon
Engagement requires sustained government-to-government interaction
Sheen, 2 –  associate professor at the Graduate School of International Studies, Seoul National University (Seongho, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2002, “US Strategy of Engagement During the Cold War and Its Implication for Sunshine Policy” http://www.kida.re.kr/data/2006/04/14/seongho_sheen.pdf)
Can the sunshine policy really bring positive changes within the North Korean regime and peace
AND
sees political polarization with target or isolation of the target country as undesirable.

This means they can be government contacts like trade agreements, aid, loans, or grants
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT¶ In order to establish a more effective framework for
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.¶ 

‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005 – (“Term: Possessive Pronoun,”
http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership.
EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: SVDP LD | Judge: Matt Contreras
US credibility is low now – China looking to replace vacuum
Hadas, ’12 - Analyst for Reuters (Edward, Reuters, “Soft power is priceless – and scarce,” 11/19/2012,
http://blogs.reuters.com/breakingviews/2012/11/19/soft-power-is-priceless-and-scarce/) RGP
Soft power is proving to be priceless – and scarce. The United States may
AND
unresponsive government mean China suffers from what is better described as soft weakness.

Labeling Cuba a “state sponsor of terror” hurts US credibility – removing Cuba would free resources and increase international trust.   The CP ensures US credibility remains low.  
Stephens 11 – Executive director at Center for Democracies in the Americas, panelist at George Washington University’s Elliot School of International Affairs, Cuban policy expert for the Washington Office on Latin America (Sarah, Center for International policy/Latin American Working Group, “A Call for Cuba’s Removal from the List of State Sponsers of Terrorism”, 12/1/11, http://www.lawg.org/storage/documents/Cuba/lawg_cip_dec_2011.pdf) RGP
My second point is that this really bad U.S. policy. When
AND
to prevent the ¶ expansion of direct flights to state sponsors of terrorism.

Lack of credibility undermines US hegemony
Kydd 96
’(Andrew, received his Ph. D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 1996 and taught at the University of California, Riverside and Harvard, In America(used to) Trust the Hegemony, the Yale Press, 7/2/1996) (http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20202601?uid=3739728anduid=2anduid=4anduid=3739256andsid=21102552206777)¶
Benign hegemony explains why the hegemon cooperates, but why do any of the other
AND
via hegemonic assurance, therefore, the hegemon ¶ needs to be trustworthy. 

Heg leads to disease spread– multipolarity solves
Weber et. al, ‘7
Steven, professor of political science and director of the Institute of International Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, Naazneen Barma, Matthew Kroenig, and Ely Ratner, all Ph.D. candidates at U.C., Berkeley and research fellows at its New Era Foreign Policy Center, Foreign Policy, January/February, 2007, Issue 158, l/n
The same is true for global public health. Globalization is turning the world into
AND
Southeast Asia or sub-Saharan Africa. America can't change that alone.

Extinction
Yu ‘9 Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate
In the past, humans have indeed fallen victim to viruses. Perhaps the best
AND
could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: SVDP LD | Judge: Matt Contreras
Aff frees up resources to be used for the War on Terror
Levy 11 – Lecturer and Doctoral Candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Affairs at the University of Denver, received the Leonard Marks Essay Award of the American Academy of Diplomacy, masters degree from Columbia in International Affairs. (Arturo,  Center for International policy/Latin American Working Group, “A Call for Cuba’s Removal from the List of State Sponsers of Terrorism,” 12/1/11, http://www.lawg.org/storage/documents/Cuba/lawg_cip_dec_2011.pdf)// RGP
So, let me discuss the first issue, ... a non issue, the presence of members

The turn is unique – War on Terror resources are being cutback now – only the aff reinscribes the spread of imperialism
Tourangbam 13 – (Monish, Eurasia Review, 6/29/13, http://www.eurasiareview.com/29062013-rethinking-us-counter-terrorism-policy-analysis-2/) RGP
Close to 12 years after the 9/11 attacks that ... negative repercussions it had for US-Pakistan relations.

Anti-terror efforts are only a symptom of a neoliberal domestic agenda
Lafer 4 - political economist and is an Associate Professor at the University of Oregon's Labor Education and Research Center (Gordon, “Neoliberalism by other means: the “war on terror” at home and abroad,” New Political Science 26:3, 2004, Taylor and Francis) RGP
If the war in Iraq is really about ... prosperity of Americans has grown threadbare.

Unlimited neoliberalism and imperialist conquest inevitably results in extinction, every modern war has been a byproduct of the spread of colonialism
Harvey 6 - Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (David, “Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development,” Chapter 13, 5/7/2013) RGP
At times of savage devaluation, ... destruction and death of global war.

Tournament: GBX | Round: Octas | Opponent: West Des Moines Valle HR | Judge: Klante, Verna, Anguiera
Discourse in the squo offers scapegoats to trafficking conflating it with prostitution and crime – that ignores the other causes of human trafficking like globalization, which victimizes prostitutes and creates more trafficking.
Wallinger 10 (Caroline S. Wallinger – Professor at Arizona State University, “Media Representation and Human Trafficking: How Anti-Trafficking Discourse Affects Trafficked Persons”, 10-1-10, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=humtrafconf2) MaxL
The field of study developing around human trafficking abounds in complications and confusions. Activists
AND
thrive in the recesses of humanity—and indeed before our very eyes.

Anti-trafficking legislation is overemphasized on eradicating sex work – turns the case and marginalizes sex workers
Kim and Chang 7 (Kathleen Kim and Grace Chang – Professors at Loyola Law School, Loyola Law School, “Reconceptualizing Approaches to Human Trafficking: New Directions and Perspectives from the Field(s)”, Legal Studies Paper No. 2007-47, Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, http://www.sacramentosect.org/uploads/5/0/9/5/5095098/reconceptualizing_approaches_to_ht.pdf) MaxL
A. U.S. Anti-Trafficking Policies and Practices: A Narrow
AND
victims of other harmful U.S.-sponsored "antitrafficking" activities.

Tournament: GBX | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lane Tech MP | Judge: Shanna Carlson
The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela should:
--Make necessary reforms to PDVSA to encourage foreign investment and asset security
--Upgrade refining infrastructure
--Create an Oil Ministry, independent Energy Council, and National Petroleum Agency with new managerial models to encourage contractual agreements
--Introduce economic reforms including an export price norm, ending currency, price, and wage controls, separating fiscal and monetary policy, and changing ownership and tax laws
--Enact national police training standards, payroll and equipment reform, internal review procedures, and incarceration reform
Counterplan solves internal stability and relations – it’s a prerequisite
Metzker 6/17 - studies American Foreign Policy at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, correspondent for the Inter Press Service and The Atlantic (Jared, IPS, “Analysts Say Oil Could Help Mend U.S.-Venezuela Relations,” 6/17/2013, http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/analysts-say-oil-could-help-mend-u-s-venezuela-relations/) RGP
Over half of Venezuela’s federal budget revenues come from its oil industry, which also
AND
more time to observe the new government and see where it is going.”

Economic reforms key to reverse inflation – only way for stable economic recovery
Christensen 3/9 - Chief Analyst, Head of Emerging Markets Research and Cross Asset Allocation at Danske Bank (Lars, Market Monetarist, “A modest proposal for post-Chavez monetary reform in Venezuela,” 3/9/13, http://marketmonetarist.com/2013/03/09/a-modest-proposal-for-post-chavez-monetary-reform-in-venezuela/) RGP
Let’s just say it as it is – I was very positively surprised by the
AND
reform the Venezuelan economy is unlikely to fully recover from its present crisis.

Tournament: Alta | Round: Octas | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Tribble, Shackleford, Saiedian
To the aff, identity is grounded in injuries of the past with no guide for the future --- this reinscribes exclusion and foreclosures social justice
Bhambra and Margree 10– Gurminder K, U Warwick, and Victoria, School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 10, 2010 vol xlv no 15, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
2 The Reification of Identity We wish to turn now to a related problem within
AND
to the identity being foreclosed through its attention to past-based grievances.

The aff is IDENTITY but not POLITICS---failure to envision a future in which their identity claims will no longer be needed results in a reactionary politics that entrenches the status quo --- we aren’t saying we need to reject identity but rather prioritize politics.
Bhambra and Margree 10– Gurminder K, U Warwick, and Victoria, School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, Economic and Political
Weekly, April 10, 2010 vol xlv no 15, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
The quotation with which this article begins comes from the end of the novel where
AND
Satya Mohanty, and com-munities and knowledge by Lynn Hankinson Nelson.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Grapevine JS | Judge: Flynn Makuch
Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success
Pace 9/12
Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military ... on curbing spending.

Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove
Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ... riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are ... travails with external adventures.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Grapevine JS | Judge: Flynn Makuch
Counterplan solves the aff and doesn’t link to politics.
Epstein and O’Hallaron 99 (David Epstein- Department of Political Science and Stanford Graduate School of Business, Columbia and Stanford University, and Sharyn O’Hallaron- Department of Political Science and the School of International and Public Affairs and Hoover Institution, Columbia and Stanford University, January 1999 (“The Nondelegation Doctrine and the Separation of Powers” – Cardozo Law Review) p. lexis
Our institutional analysis ... mode of policymaking.