Tournament: Emory | Round: 3 | Opponent: Alpharetta RS | Judge: Nate Sawyer

We begin with the story of Sarrasine

Weber 99 (Cynthia Weber | 1999. Cynthia Weber is associate professor of political science and Purdue University and is on the editorial boards of genders, International Journal of Politics, and Alternatives. “Faking It: U.S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic Era” pg. 15-17) /ZABD/
“Sarrasine tells … or to die!"

The story of Sarrasine is the best interpretive guide for retelling the tale of US-Cuban relations – Castro’s Cuba represents La Zambinella.

Weber 99 (Cynthia Weber | 1999. Cynthia Weber is associate professor of political science and Purdue University and is on the editorial boards of genders, International Journal of Politics, and Alternatives. “Faking It: U.S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic Era” pg. 19) /ZABD/
“There is … Castration is contagious “

The United States has desired Cuba – both in the foreign policy discourse as a colony and metaphorically as a trophy mistress

Weber 99 (Cynthia Weber | 1999. Cynthia Weber is associate professor of political science and Purdue University and is on the editorial boards of genders, International Journal of Politics, and Alternatives. “Faking It: U.S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic Era” pg. 1-2) /ZABD/
“This is the … Unidentified Sexual Object”

The United States failed to recognize the reengenderment of Cuba and continues to pursue Cuba as an idealized feminine object, leading the now-queered United States to construct a fake phallus to avoid castration anxiety. The United States continues to read itself incorrectly – our rereading is necessary to break down the masquerade.

Weber 99 (Cynthia Weber | 1999. Cynthia Weber is associate professor of political science and Purdue University and is on the editorial boards of genders, International Journal of Politics, and Alternatives. “Faking It: U.S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic Era” pg. 2-4) /ZABD/
“Misreading Castro and… always in formation” 

The United States’ masquerade is an attempt to conceal the lack of phallic power, literalizing castration anxiety. This masquerade results in interventions and encirclements around the world and forceloses us taking the role of the hysteric

Weber 99 (Cynthia Weber | 1999. Cynthia Weber is associate professor of political science and Purdue University and is on the editorial boards of genders, International Journal of Politics, and Alternatives. “Faking It: U.S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic Era” pg. 109-111) /ZABD/
“Mary Ann Doane … the Panama invasion.”

This male masquerade affirms itself through violence and the subordination of other countries leading to intervention and encirclement

Weber 99 (Cynthia Weber | 1999. Cynthia Weber is associate professor of political science and Purdue University and is on the editorial boards of genders, International Journal of Politics, and Alternatives. “Faking It: U.S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic Era” pg. 88 /ZABD/
Military intervention joins … no national borders”

And the masquerade forecloses economic engagement with Cuba in the form of the embargo

Weber 99 (Cynthia Weber | 1999. Cynthia Weber is associate professor of political science and Purdue University and is on the editorial boards of genders, International Journal of Politics, and Alternatives. “Faking It: U.S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic Era” pg. 33-34) /ZABD/
“Neither the Kennedy … its phallic identity.”

Thus, Zane and I propose to reread U.S.-Cuban relations functionally, as communication and countercommunication, and denotation and connotation.

Our advocacy breaks down the remnant Cold-War coding of relations and mythology surrounding them

Weber 99 (Cynthia Weber | 1999. Cynthia Weber is associate professor of political science and Purdue University and is on the editorial boards of genders, International Journal of Politics, and Alternatives. “Faking It: U.S. Hegemony in a Post-Phallic Era” pg. 18-19) /ZABD/
“I propose to … contagion of castration.”

Rereading through connotation and denotation is crucial – denotation or the literal meaning they subscribe to is only the last echo of connotations, whereas we reread the nebula of interconnected ideas surrounding Cuba-US relations

Barthes 74 (Roland Barthes | 1974. Professor at Middlebury College and the Sarbonne. “S/Z” http://www.ucientifica.com/biblioteca/biblioteca/documentos/web_cientifica/humanidades/s-z.pdf pg. 6-9) /ZABD/
For the moderately…innocence of language.¶ 

Reading through connotation alongside denotation creates an ideology assimilated into the public consciousness

Chandler 13 (Daniel Chandler | 1 March 2013. Visual semiotician at Aberystwyth University and author of Semiotics for Beginners “Denotation, Connotation and Myth” http://users.aber.ac.uk/dgc/Documents/S4B/sem06.html) /ZABD/
Related to …interpreted or demystified.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bronx Science YK | Judge: Charles Russell

1AC – Glenbrooks

Plan Text: The United States Supreme Court should rule that restrictions on trade with Cuba are unconstitutional on the grounds that it violates international humanitarian law.

Marine Diplomacy

Advantage One: sharks are friends not food

Lack of US-Cuba scientific cooperation exacerbates disease vectors, biodiversity loss, and coral reef loss – removing the embargo is key

Brian M. Boom - 08.14.2012 Director of the Caribbean Biodiversity Program and Bassett Maguire Curator of Botany at the New York Botanical Garden. “Biodiversity without Borders Advancing U.S.-Cuba Cooperation through Environmental Research” http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2012/biodiversity-without-borders /ZABD/
The ever-increasing challenges
...
to such threats.

First, Exchange is key to protect marine environments

EDF Oceans - January 16, 2013. EDF protects the Earth's resources using smart economics, practical partnerships and rigorous science.  “Protecting Cuba's Abundant Coral Reefs” http://blogs.edf.org/edfish/2013/01/16/protecting-cubas-abundant-coral-reefs/ /ZABD/
In the waters
…
and fisheries management.

Second, Strained US-Cuba marine exchange prevent US-Mexico-Cuban trilateral cooperation on protecting the sharks

Robert E. Hueter and Pamela Baker - September 7, 2011. Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory. Southeast Oceans Program, Environmental Defense Fund. “Developing Trinational Management of Gulf of Mexico Shark Fisheries” https://afs.confex.com/afs/2011/webprogram/Paper7864.html
The Gulf of
…
this important effort.

Sharks are declining in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean – overfishing and nursery destruction.

Mote Marine Laboratory - 29 September 2010. Individually, Baker, P., R. Hueter, and D. Mun?oz-Nun?ez. Mote Marine Laboratory is an independent not-for-profit marine research organization based on City Island in Sarasota, Florida. “Exploring Shark Fisheries and Tri?National Management in the Gulf of Mexico” http://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/Shark-Workshop-Proceedings-Sarasota-2010.pdf /ZABD/
Shark Biodiversity in
…
 and provide benefits.

Sharks are a keystone species – extinctions collapse the whole structures and cause disease, biodiversity loss, and part of the global food web

Skoletsky and Medd – No Date. “SHARKS' ROLE IN THE OCEANS” Shark Savers, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Shark Savers Inc is a GuideStar Exchange Silver Participant. It’s not dated because it evolved over six years. Both authors are marine biologists who worked at the Mote Marine Laboratory. https://www.sharksavers.org/en/education/the-value-of-sharks/sharks-role-in-the-ocean/ /ZABD/
SHARKS' ROLE IN
…
for our children?

Loss of oceanic biodiversity causes extinction

Craig 2k3, Robin Kundis , Associate Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, (From Wake HM)
Biodiversity and
…
business as a result. 

Biodiversity loss causes extinction

Coyne and Hoekstra, 07 - *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago AND  Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University (Jerry and Hopi, The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying)
Aside from
…
of them all.

AND, Biodiversity collapse causes disease spread.

Matt and Gebser 11 – Florian and Ronny, citing Keesing et al. 2010, “Biodiversity decline can increase the spread of infectious diseases like Hantavirus,” http://www.eea.europa.eu/atlas/teeb/biodiversity-decline-can-increase-the/view)//a-berg
What is
…
(Keesing et al. 2010).

Extinction

Yu ‘9 Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate
In the
…
human-viable strain

International Law

The Cuban Embargo goes against United States treaty obligations – impairs the international humanitarian law. Ruling that the embargo is in conflict with i-law is key

Manchak 10 - April 2010, Benjamin. Boston College Third World Law Journal. Volume 30, Issue 2, Article 7. “Comprehensive Economic Sanction, the Right to Development, and Constitutionally Impermissible Violations of International Law” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent-.cgi?article=1021andcontext=twlj /ZABD
The obstinacy of
…
the United States

International legal mechanisms are undermined by the Supreme Court’s deferment – the judiciary must give force to international law.

Manchak 10  - April 2010, Benjamin. Boston College Third World Law Journal. Volume 30, Issue 2, Article 7. “Comprehensive Economic Sanction, the Right to Developement, and Constitutionally Impermissible Violations of International Law” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi-?article=1021andcontext=twlj) /ZABD
Although international law
…
the political branches

Monocausal – right to freely develop is the founding principle of international law – US noncompliance undermines international treaty norms

Manchak 10 - April 2010, Benjamin. Boston College Third World Law Journal. Volume 30, Issue 2, Article 7. “Comprehensive Economic Sanction, the Right to Developement, and Constitutionally Impermissible Violations of International Law” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi-?article=1021andcontext=twlj /ZABD
The right to
…
right to development.

Recognition of international treaty norms is key to U.S. leadership and effective global solutions to climate change

Long 08
Andrew Long,Assistant Professor of Law, Florida Coastal School of Law.,  International Consensus and U.S. Climate Change Litigation, 33 Wm. and Mary Envtl. L.
and Pol'y Rev. 177 (2008), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/4
 Advantages of Bringing
…
 international climate regime.

Warming is real and anthropogenic -~-- best ev yet.

Cites a lot of science, expert consensus, satellite data, and peer review. Also indites their authors. Write baller 2ac extensions.
Prothero 12 (Donald Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College, Lecturer in Geobiology at CalTech, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," 3/1/12, EBSCO)
How do we
…
can we as a society.

Organic matter breakdown and methane prove positive feedback

Venkataramanan and smitha ‘11(Department of Economics, D.G. Vaishnav College, Chennai, India Indian Journal of Science “Causes and effects of global warming p.226-229 March 2011 http://www.indjst.org/archive/vol.4.issue.3/mar11-pages159-265.pdf )
Methane's huge impact
…
thawing of clathrates. 

Extinction

Mazo 10
PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA, Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122
The best estimates
…
and political changes.

Climate change causes war over Arctic resources

Macalister 10 - Terry, writer for the Guardian citing Nato commander, Admiral James G Stavridis. Climate change could lead to Arctic conflict, warns senior Nato commander. 10 October 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/oct/11/nato-conflict-arctic-resources
One of Nato's
…
frozen in time."

Arctic competition escalates to nuclear war

Staples, 8/10/2009 (Steven - Rideau Institute, Steps toward an arctic nuclear weapon free zone, p. 5-6)
The fact is,
…
 of nuclear weapons

Effective international law makes cooperation and solvency possible on every issue

Koh and Smith 03 (Harold Hongju Koh, Professor of International Law, and Bernice Latrobe Smith, Yale Law School; Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, “FOREWORD: On American Exceptionalism,” May 2003, 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1479, LexisNexisMRG)
Similarly, the oxymoronic
…
of North Korea. 

ILAW is inevitable but US engagement is critical to make it effective

Deller 02 (Nicole Deller, J.D., has a law degree from New York University School of Law. She is program advisor for the World Federalist Movement and chairs the Committee on International Security Affairs for the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. She is editor of ‘Rule of Power or Rule of Law?’ research associate and consultant for the Lawyers’ Committee on Nuclear, “Rule of Power or Rule of Law?” 2002, http://lcnp.org/pubs/exesummary.pdf//MRG)
The evolution of
…
out of compliance.

Academic debate about the environment causes an empathetic shift – solves warming

Crist 4 (Eileen, Professor at Virginia Tech in the Department of Science and Technology, “Against the social construction of nature and wilderness”, Environmental Ethics 26;1, p 13-6, http://www.sts.vt.edu/faculty/crist/againstsocialconstruction.pdf)
Yet, constructivist analyses
…
to change it.

Probability of magnitude outweighs systemic impacts and timeframe – prefer existential risks

Anderson 12 (Ross, reporter at the Atlantic, citing a Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)
Bostrum, who directs
…
under ordinary standards.

Ignore their indicts of science – science is objective – scientists must disregard assumptions

Sullivan, 1998 (Phillip A., professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Toronto’s Institute for Aerospace Studies, “An Engineer Dissects Two Cases Studies”, A House Built on Sand: Exposing Postmodernist Myths about Science, edited by Noretta Koertge)
 On the Nature
…
of detached analysis.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valle DB | Judge: Toby Wisenhunt

Plan Text

The United States Supreme Court should rule that restrictions on trade with Cuba are unconstitutional on the grounds that it violates international humanitarian law. 

International Law

The Cuban Embargo goes against United States treaty obligations – impairs the international humanitarian law. Ruling that the embargo is in conflict with i-law is key

Manchak 10 - April 2010, Benjamin. Boston College Third World Law Journal. Volume 30, Issue 2, Article 7. “Comprehensive Economic Sanction, the Right to Development, and Constitutionally Impermissible Violations of International Law” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent-.cgi?article=1021andcontext=twlj /ZABD
The obstinacy of the United States in maintaining the Cuban blockade in the face of
AND
it from becoming customary international law binding on the United States.11* 

International legal mechanisms are undermined by the Supreme Court’s deferment – the judiciary must give force to international law.

Manchak 10  - April 2010, Benjamin. Boston College Third World Law Journal. Volume 30, Issue 2, Article 7. “Comprehensive Economic Sanction, the Right to Developement, and Constitutionally Impermissible Violations of International Law” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi-?article=1021andcontext=twlj) /ZABD
Although international law is a constituent element of U.S. law, the
AND
norms is, in all practicality, left to the political branches.133

Monocausal – right to freely develop is the founding principle of international law – US noncompliance undermines international treaty norms

Manchak 10 - April 2010, Benjamin. Boston College Third World Law Journal. Volume 30, Issue 2, Article 7. “Comprehensive Economic Sanction, the Right to Developement, and Constitutionally Impermissible Violations of International Law” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi-?article=1021andcontext=twlj /ZABD
The right to development is an inalienable human right intrinsically linked to a peoples’ sovereignty
AND
dual responsibilities under treaty and customary international law regarding the right to development.

Recognition of international treaty norms is key to U.S. leadership and effective global solutions to climate change

Long 08
Andrew Long,Assistant Professor of Law, Florida Coastal School of Law.,  International Consensus and U.S. Climate Change Litigation, 33 Wm. and Mary Envtl. L.
and Pol'y Rev. 177 (2008), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/4
Advantages of Bringing International Norms into Domestic Climate Change Cases Although domestic U.
AND
thereby, more significantly shape the future of the international climate regime.

Warming is real and anthropogenic -~-- best ev yet.

Cites a lot of science, expert consensus, satellite data, and peer review. Also indites their authors. Write baller 2ac extensions.
Prothero 12 (Donald Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College, Lecturer in Geobiology at CalTech, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," 3/1/12, EBSCO)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.

Organic matter breakdown and methane prove positive feedback

Venkataramanan and smitha ‘11(Department of Economics, D.G. Vaishnav College, Chennai, India Indian Journal of Science “Causes and effects of global warming p.226-229 March 2011 http://www.indjst.org/archive/vol.4.issue.3/mar11-pages159-265.pdf )
Methane's huge impact: Methane is created when bacteria break down organic matter under oxygen
AND
in the Earth's history have been caused by the sudden thawing of clathrates. 

Extinction

Mazo 10
PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA, Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Climate change causes war over Arctic resources

Macalister 10 - Terry, writer for the Guardian citing Nato commander, Admiral James G Stavridis. Climate change could lead to Arctic conflict, warns senior Nato commander. 10 October 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/oct/11/nato-conflict-arctic-resources
One of Nato's most senior commanders has warned that global warming and a race for
AND
potential to alter the geopolitical balance in the Arctic heretofore frozen in time."

Arctic competition escalates to nuclear war

Staples, 8/10/2009 (Steven - Rideau Institute, Steps toward an arctic nuclear weapon free zone, p. 5-6)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming an zone of increased military competition.
AND
, lead to conflict escalating into the threat or use of nuclear weapons.”

Ignore their indicts of science – science is objective – scientists must disregard assumptions

Sullivan, 1998 (Phillip A., professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Toronto’s Institute for Aerospace Studies, “An Engineer Dissects Two Cases Studies”, A House Built on Sand: Exposing Postmodernist Myths about Science, edited by Noretta Koertge)
 On the Nature of Science  Scientists usually work in a framework of unstated assumptions
AND
attention from serious issues in the practice of science worthy of detached analysis.

Effective international law makes cooperation and solvency possible on every issue

Koh and Smith 03 (Harold Hongju Koh, Professor of International Law, and Bernice Latrobe Smith, Yale Law School; Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, “FOREWORD: On American Exceptionalism,” May 2003, 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1479, LexisNexisMRG)
Similarly, the oxymoronic concept of "imposed democracy" authorizes top-down regime
AND
the Middle East crisis, or the renewed nuclear militarization of North Korea. 

ILAW is inevitable but US engagement is critical to make it an effective

Deller 02 (Nicole Deller, J.D., has a law degree from New York University School of Law. She is program advisor for the World Federalist Movement and chairs the Committee on International Security Affairs for the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. She is editor of ‘Rule of Power or Rule of Law?’ research associate and consultant for the Lawyers’ Committee on Nuclear, “Rule of Power or Rule of Law?” 2002, http://lcnp.org/pubs/exesummary.pdf//MRG)
The evolution of international law since World War
…
may find that the state has followed the U.S. example and opted out of compliance.

Sugar Ethanol

Status quo ethanol fails and no plans to import Cuban corn or corn ethanol

Specht 4/24 – 2013. Jonathan. Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States /ZABD/
“The United States of America cannot afford to bet our long-term prosperity
AND
deserves much greater consideration and evaluation ¶ than it has thus far received.

Cuban sugar ethanol trades off with Midwest ethanol.

Specht ’12 - (Jonathan – Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D.,¶ Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States” – ExpressO – http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf)
Absent a scenario in which the RFS was raised at the same time as U
AND
espoused, especially¶ after the policy-makers had supported the industry. 

US engagement and tech critical to Cuban energy sector

Benjamin-Alverado – 2010. Published by the Brookings Institute. Edited by Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado. The Brookings Institution is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C.,2 in the United States. One of Washington's oldest think tanks, Brookings conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development. “Energy Balances and Potential Biofuels in Cuba” pg. 80-81 /ZABD/
The ability of U.S.-based actors to conduct business in Cuba is
AND
precondition for the creation and devel- opment of the Cuban energy sector.

Two internal links –

A) Midwest corn ethanol kills Gulf of Mexico biodiversity – nitrogenous positive feedback and runoff

Specht 4/24 – 2013. Jonathan. Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States /ZABD/
The process by which incentives for ethanol production change land use ¶ patterns and thereby
AND
production and, thus, to ¶ the domestic ethanol industry.68 ¶

B) Domestic corn ethanol will soon plow through grasslands and wetlands – both are key biodiversity hotspots

.
Specht 4/24 – 2013. Jonathan. Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis 2012. “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States /ZABD/
 Incentivizing farmers to grow consecutive corn crops instead of alternating ¶ with soybean crops
AND
clean as the grasslands and wetlands that once filtered ¶ contaminants disappear.100

Biodiversity outweighs on timeframe and irreversibility – total human extinction

Walsh 10. Bryan, “Wildlife: A Global Convention on Biodiversity Opens in Japan, But Can It Make a Difference?” Ecocentric Blog @ TIME, http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlife-a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp BR
The story of non-human life on the planet Earth over the past few
AND
forgive us. We're losing nature. And that loss really is forever.

AND, Biodiversity collapse causes disease spread

.
Matt and Gebser 11 – Florian and Ronny, citing Keesing et al. 2010, “Biodiversity decline can increase the spread of infectious diseases like Hantavirus,” http://www.eea.europa.eu/atlas/teeb/biodiversity-decline-can-increase-the/view)//a-berg
What is the problem? Intuitively one might expect that higher overall biodiversity leads to
AND
backfire” by resulting in pathogen transmission (Keesing et al. 2010).

Extinction

Yu ‘9 Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate
In the past, humans have indeed fallen victim to viruses. Perhaps the best
AND
could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

Tournament: St Marks RR | Round: Quarters | Opponent: GBN CT | Judge: 

Plan Text

The United States Supreme Court should rule that restrictions on trade with Cuba are unconstitutional on the grounds that it violates international humanitarian law. 

Marine Diplomacy

Advantage One: sharks are friends not food
Lack of US-Cuba scientific cooperation exacerbates disease vectors, biodiversity loss, and coral reef loss – removing the embargo is key
Brian M. Boom - 08.14.2012 Director of the Caribbean Biodiversity Program and Bassett Maguire Curator of Botany at the New York Botanical Garden. “Biodiversity without Borders Advancing U.S.-Cuba Cooperation through Environmental Research” http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2012/biodiversity-without-borders /ZABD/

The ever-increasing challenges to the biodiversity shared by Cuba and the United States
AND
cooperation between Cuba and the United States in seeking solutions to such threats.

Two internal links
One - Exchange is key to protect marine environments
EDF Oceans - January 16, 2013. EDF protects the Earth's resources using smart economics, practical partnerships and rigorous science.  “Protecting Cuba's Abundant Coral Reefs” http://blogs.edf.org/edfish/2013/01/16/protecting-cubas-abundant-coral-reefs/ /ZABD/

In the waters off the Southeast coast of Cuba there's a near-pristine coral
AND
Cuba and the United States to collaborate on marine conservation and fisheries management.¶
Two - Strained US-Cuba marine exchange prevent US-Mexico-Cuban trilateral cooperation on protecting the sharks
Robert E. Hueter and Pamela Baker - September 7, 2011. Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory. Southeast Oceans Program, Environmental Defense Fund. “Developing Trinational Management of Gulf of Mexico Shark Fisheries” https://afs.confex.com/afs/2011/webprogram/Paper7864.html
The Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea ecoregion contains approximately 20 of the world’s
AND
is why EDF and Mote as independent NGOs can facilitate this important effort.
Sharks are declining in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean – overfishing and nursery destruction.
Mote Marine Laboratory - 29 September 2010. Individually, Baker, P., R. Hueter, and D. Muñoz-Nuñez. Mote Marine Laboratory is an independent not-for-profit marine research organization based on City Island in Sarasota, Florida. “Exploring Shark Fisheries and Tri?National Management in the Gulf of Mexico” http://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/Shark-Workshop-Proceedings-Sarasota-2010.pdf /ZABD/

Shark Biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea¶ Of the approximate 500
AND
algae is less resilient and able to support reef life and provide benefits.

Sharks are a keystone species – extinctions collapse the whole structures and cause disease, biodiversity loss, and part of the global food web
Skoletsky and Medd – No Date. “SHARKS' ROLE IN THE OCEANS” Shark Savers, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Shark Savers Inc is a GuideStar Exchange Silver Participant. It’s not dated because it evolved over six years. Both authors are marine biologists who worked at the Mote Marine Laboratory. https://www.sharksavers.org/en/education/the-value-of-sharks/sharks-role-in-the-ocean/ /ZABD/

SHARKS' ROLE IN THE OCEANS¶ Sharks play a very important role in the oceans
AND
sharks and the oceans to be the legacy we leave for our children?

Biodiversity regions check extinction
Mittermeier ’11 - (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)
Extinction is the gravest consequence of the biodiversity crisis, since it is¶ irreversible
AND
than 30 of original vegetation remaining” criterion to a genuine hotspot.

AND, Biodiversity collapse causes disease spread.
Matt and Gebser 11 – Florian and Ronny, citing Keesing et al. 2010, “Biodiversity decline can increase the spread of infectious diseases like Hantavirus,” http://www.eea.europa.eu/atlas/teeb/biodiversity-decline-can-increase-the/view)//a-berg
What is the problem? Intuitively one might expect that higher overall biodiversity leads to
AND
backfire” by resulting in pathogen transmission (Keesing et al. 2010).

Extinction
Yu ‘9 Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate
In the past, humans have indeed fallen victim to viruses. Perhaps the best
AND
could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

International Law

The Cuban Embargo goes against United States treaty obligations – impairs the international humanitarian law. Ruling that the embargo is in conflict with i-law is key
Manchak 10 - April 2010, Benjamin. Boston College Third World Law Journal. Volume 30, Issue 2, Article 7. “Comprehensive Economic Sanction, the Right to Development, and Constitutionally Impermissible Violations of International Law” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent-.cgi?article=1021andcontext=twlj /ZABD
The obstinacy of the United States in maintaining the Cuban blockade in the face of
AND
it from becoming customary international law binding on the United States.11* 

International legal mechanisms are undermined by the Supreme Court’s deferment – the judiciary must give force to international law.
Manchak 10  - April 2010, Benjamin. Boston College Third World Law Journal. Volume 30, Issue 2, Article 7. “Comprehensive Economic Sanction, the Right to Developement, and Constitutionally Impermissible Violations of International Law” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi-?article=1021andcontext=twlj) /ZABD
Although international law is a constituent element of U.S. law, the
AND
norms is, in all practicality, left to the political branches.133

Monocausal – right to freely develop is the founding principle of international law – US noncompliance undermines international treaty norms
Manchak 10 - April 2010, Benjamin. Boston College Third World Law Journal. Volume 30, Issue 2, Article 7. “Comprehensive Economic Sanction, the Right to Developement, and Constitutionally Impermissible Violations of International Law” http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi-?article=1021andcontext=twlj /ZABD
The right to development is an inalienable human right intrinsically linked to a peoples’ sovereignty
AND
dual responsibilities under treaty and customary international law regarding the right to development.

Recognition of international treaty norms is key to U.S. leadership and effective global solutions to climate change
Long 08
Andrew Long,Assistant Professor of Law, Florida Coastal School of Law.,  International Consensus and U.S. Climate Change Litigation, 33 Wm. and Mary Envtl. L.
and Pol'y Rev. 177 (2008), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol33/iss1/4
 Advantages of Bringing International Norms into Domestic Climate Change Cases Although domestic U.
AND
, thereby, more significantly shape the future of the international climate regime.

Warming is real and anthropogenic -~-- best ev yet.
Cites a lot of science, expert consensus, satellite data, and peer review. Also indites their authors. Write baller 2ac extensions.
Prothero 12 (Donald Prothero, Professor of Geology at Occidental College, Lecturer in Geobiology at CalTech, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," 3/1/12, EBSCO)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
change when it threatens their survival. Neither can we as a society.
Organic matter breakdown and methane prove positive feedback
Venkataramanan and smitha ‘11(Department of Economics, D.G. Vaishnav College, Chennai, India Indian Journal of Science “Causes and effects of global warming p.226-229 March 2011 http://www.indjst.org/archive/vol.4.issue.3/mar11-pages159-265.pdf )
Methane's huge impact: Methane is created when bacteria break down organic matter under oxygen
AND
in the Earth's history have been caused by the sudden thawing of clathrates. 

Extinction
Mazo 10
PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA, Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, “Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it,” pg. 122

The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Climate change causes war over Arctic resources
Macalister 10 - Terry, writer for the Guardian citing Nato commander, Admiral James G Stavridis. Climate change could lead to Arctic conflict, warns senior Nato commander. 10 October 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/oct/11/nato-conflict-arctic-resources
One of Nato's most senior commanders has warned that global warming and a race for
AND
potential to alter the geopolitical balance in the Arctic heretofore frozen in time."

Arctic competition escalates to nuclear war
Staples, 8/10/2009 (Steven - Rideau Institute, Steps toward an arctic nuclear weapon free zone, p. 5-6)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming an zone of increased military competition.
AND
, lead to conflict escalating into the threat or use of nuclear weapons.”

Effective international law makes cooperation and solvency possible on every issue
Koh and Smith 03 (Harold Hongju Koh, Professor of International Law, and Bernice Latrobe Smith, Yale Law School; Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, “FOREWORD: On American Exceptionalism,” May 2003, 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1479, LexisNexisMRG)
Similarly, the oxymoronic concept of "imposed democracy" authorizes top-down regime
AND
the Middle East crisis, or the renewed nuclear militarization of North Korea. 

ILAW is inevitable but US engagement ... and opted out of compliance.

Academic debate about the environment causes an empathetic shift – solves warming
Crist 4 (Eileen, Professor at Virginia Tech in the Department of Science and Technology, “Against the social construction of nature and wilderness”, Environmental Ethics 26;1, p 13-6, http://www.sts.vt.edu/faculty/crist/againstsocialconstruction.pdf)
Yet, constructivist analyses of "nature" favor remaining in the comfort zone of
AND
the world at an hour that is pressingly calling us to change it.
Probability of magnitude outweighs systemic impacts and timeframe – prefer existential risks
Anderson 12 (Ross, reporter at the Atlantic, citing a Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, “We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction”, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)
Bostrum, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
AND
eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 6 | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Mancuso
Collapse of society is inevitable—it’s better to have it now than to have a catastrophic one in the future
MacKenzie 8 (Debora, Are We Doomed, New Scientist, Vol. 197 Issue 2650, p32-35, 4p, 4 May 2005, EBSCO, AMiles)
DOOMSDAY. The end of civilisation. Literature and film abound with tales of plague
AND
stagnation or collapse, and in the long run this cannot be sustainable.

Current growth unsustainable – extinction is inevitable but collapse right now solves – yearly trends prove
Roberts 8/20 - President and CEO of World Wildlife Fund (Carter, Foreign Affairs, “The Day the Earth Ran Out,” 8/20/2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139832/carter-roberts/the-day-the-earth-ran-out) RGP
Earth Overshoot Day marks the moment when, according to Global Footprint Network, an
AND
wiser, and more conservatively, before we overspend ourselves out of existence.

Growth causes water wars and scarcity  
Speth, law prof, 8—Served as President Jimmy Carter’s White House environmental
AND
Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability, Gigapedia, 32-34, AMiles)

 First, there is the crisis of natural watercourses and their attendant wetlands.
AND
a Goldman Sachs water analyst told the New York Times in 2006.48 

Extinction
Barlow 8—National chairperson of The Council of Canadians. Co-founder of the Blue Planet Project.  Chairs the board of Washington-based Food and Water Watch and is also an executive member of the San Francisco–based International Forum on Globalization and a Councillor with the Hamburg-based World Future Council. She is the recipient of eight honorary doctorates. Served as Senior Advisor on Water to the 63rd President of the United Nations General Assembly (Maude,  The Global Water Crisis and the Coming Battle for the Right to Water, 25 February 2008, http://www.fpif.org/articles/the_global_water_crisis_and_the_coming_battle_for_the_right_to_water, AMiles)

 The three water crises – dwindling freshwater supplies, inequitable access to water and
AND
leading to a rise in illegal, and unpopular, migration to India. 

Growth causes terrorism
Cronin 3—Senior Associate at the Oxford Leverhulme Programme on the Changing Character of War (Audrey Kurth, “Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism”, Project MUSE)

The objectives of international terrorism have also changed as a result of globalization. Foreign
AND
global media outreach, or a diverse network of financial and information resources.  

Nuclear war
Hellman 8—professor emeritus of electrical engineering at Stanford University. PhD from Stanford. (Martin, The Odds for Nuclear Armageddon, Spring 2008, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf, AMiles)

 The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the
AND
., nuclear war between the U.S. and China over Taiwan).

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 4 | Opponent: Nevada Union CH | Judge: Luz Lopez
Do not evaluate their value system without first assessing the consequences of its actual implementation. Viewing ethics in isolation is irresponsible and complicit with the evil they criticize.
Issac 2002.,( Jeffery C. Professor of political science at Indiana-Bloomington and Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life. PhD Yale University. From “Ends, Means, and Politics.” Dissent Magazine. Volume 49. Issue # 2. Available online @ subscribing institutions using Proquest. Herm
As a result, the most important political ... And it undermines political effectiveness.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Williamson
Realism’s inevitable – interdisciplinary research proves  
Wohlforth 09 (William professor of government at Dartmouth College) 2009 “ Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War”Project Muse
Mainstream theories generally posit that states ... material interest in security and/or prosperity.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westside HW | Judge: Gonzalez
RP good
Rawls 99 (John, Professor Emeritus – Harvard University, The Law of Peoples, p. 54-7)

Developing the Law of Peoples within a liberal conception of justice, we work out
AND
part of the political and social basis of peace and understanding among peoples.

Academic debate over energy policy in the face of environmental destruction is critical to shape the direction of change and create a public consciousness shift-~--action now is key
Crist 4 (Eileen, Professor at Virginia Tech in the Department of Science and Technology, “Against the social construction of nature and wilderness”, Environmental Ethics 26;1, p 13-6, http://www.sts.vt.edu/faculty/crist/againstsocialconstruction.pdf)
Yet, constructivist analyses of "nature" favor remaining in the comfort zone of
AND
the world at an hour that is pressingly calling us to change it.

DEBATE roleplay specifically activates agency
Hanghoj 8 http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant professor. 

 Thus, debate games require teachers to balance the centripetal/centrifugal forces of
AND
, but also in becoming articulate and responsive citizens in a democratic society.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: SVDP GC | Judge: Danny Abraha
Util inevitable and good
Kymlicka, 90 (Will, Professor of Philosophy and Canada Research Chair in Political Philosophy, Queen's University at Kingston, Recurrent Visiting Professor, Central European University, “Contemporary Political Philosophy,” Clarendon Press, pg. 10-11, Tashma)
There are two features of utilitarianism ... authority over us in the name of morality.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: TBA

We meet United States Federal Government – the government is the people and we have an imperative to change the government

Howard, 05 (Adam, “Jeffersonian Democracy: Of the People, By the People, For the People,” http://www.byzantinecommunications.com/adamhoward/homework/highschool/jeffersonian.html, 5/27)

“Ideally, then, ….from the people.”

Resolved is to reduce by mental analysis

– that’s Random House 11 

And - Economic engagement is academic analysis of economic areas

Bond and Paterson, 5 – *lecturer in Sociology in the School of Social and Political Studies, University of Edinburgh AND professor of educational policy at the University of Edinburgh (Ross and Lindsay, “Coming down from the ivory tower? Academics’ civic and economic engagement with the community”; September 2005)
We now … have economic relevance.

Their linguistic rules conceal truth and perpetuate relational asymmetry – turns decisionmaking and education

Steele 10 – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Kansas
(Brent, Defacing Power: The Aesthetics of Insecurity in Global Politics pg 109-111, dml)
The rules of … the point, inconvenient.

AND, debate’s current model of detatched switch-side increasingly causes people to leave or be unable to adapt after graduation because of the emphasis on a “win” as the sole end of debates – the rush to bad, contradictory positions, large impacts, and rational atomized arguments punishes discussions about intrinsic value that resolve disputes outside of this space

Tom Fulkerson and Wes Lotz 13
(Partners and founders, Fulkerson Lotz LLC, and former policy policy debaters; “GOOD HABITS AND BAD HABITS: THE RECYCLING OF COMPETITIVE DEBATERS INTO TRIAL LAWYERS,” Houston Law Review; http://www.houstonlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/4-Fulkerson-Lotz.pdf)
The manner in …. selecting the jury.

Their traditional ideas about limits and decisionmaking mask irrationalities and power struggles – chaos creates new and deeper understanding

De Cock 01 (Christian De Cock | 2001. Professor of Organizational behaviour, change management, creative problem solving. “Of Philip K. Dick, reflexivity and shifting realities Organizing (writing) in our post-industrial society” in the book “Science Fiction and Organization”)                                           
'As Marx might …. to break loose' (McCloskey, 1994, p. 166).

Their oppressive rhetoric of fairness upholds the existing order and perpetuates clash divisions – guarantees structural violence and poverty

Egnor 11 (Bill Egnor | 28 November 2011. Contributor and assistant to the publisher at Firedoglake “Occupy Wall St: It is All About Fairness, and that is the Strength of It” http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/11/28/1040453/-Occupy-Wall-St:-It-is-All-About-Fairness,-and-that-is-the-Strength-of-It)

America has a … can change things.

Their call for switch-side debate and decisionmaking skills mirrors the technique of the far-right – it occludes mass extinction of life

Kahn 10 (Richard Kahn | 2010.  Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations and Research at the University of North Dakota, “Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement” pg. 9-11)
Worse still, though, … highlight their limitations.

Doing it on the negative marginalizes our criticism.

Bleiker 1 (Roland Bleiker, Professor of International Relations at University of Queensland, Brisbane, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 30(3), p. 523)
A second and … of these debates.

Reorientation of thought is necessary

Bleiker 1 (Roland, prof of International Relations @ U of Queensland, Brisbane, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 30(3), p. 519)
To broaden our …. us to think.44

No objective understanding of the resolution

Edelman 85 – (Murray Edelman, PhD, American Political Scientist, University of Wisconsin, Madison “Political Language and Political Reality” http://ed-share.educ.msu.edu/scan/TE/danagnos/te9201A.PDF A-BERG)

But that statement … political, by definition.

A singular linguistic interpretation of the topic is bad. It is hostile to all that is different in our community- instead of a place in which we can engage in meaningful discussions debate becomes a dead vehicle for exclusions and the oppression of minorities. We need to accept difference and facilitate dialog within that difference.

Bleiker 98 asst. prof. of International Studies at Pusan National University (Roland, “Retracing and redrawing the boundaries of events: Postmodern interferences with international theory”, Alternatives, Oct-Dec 1998, Vol. 23, Issue 4)
In the absence … to a majority.

Our role as intellectuals is not to provide proscriptive solutions, but to critique the problems with hegemonic institutions. Our criticism of denotive structures in this debate is both an introduction of our analysis as a useful starting point for discussing and an attempt to shift the way we, as a community of intellectuals, engage policy debates

Foucault, 198
(Michel, “Questions of Method,” in “The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality,” (1991), by Michel Foucault, Graham Burchell, and Colin Gordon, p. 82-85) * WE DO NOT ENDORSE THE ABLEIST LANGUAGE
You're quite right …realized their ideas.

Interrogating the reasons behind what we do is more important than what we do- ignoring our critique to focus on the so called “policy debate” is epistemologically bankrupt.

Marston 2004 (Greg, Bachelor of Social Science (QUT), PHD (UQ) Social policy and Discourse Analysis , 2k4 p. 14-15, MT) *edited for ableist language

The positivist paradigm … language and culture.

Fictionality is a routine and necessary part of enchantment and hold transformative power over reality

Cetina 94 (Karin Knorr Cetina | 1994. Professor of Sociology at the University of Bielefeld. “Primitive Classification and Postmodernity: Towards a Sociological Notion of Fiction” Published in Theory, Culture, and Society, pg. 1-22) /ZABD/
A Sociological Notion … law¶ and justice.¶ 

Fictionality allows the creation of new epistemic regimes, new ontologies and reconfigurations of the self, a progress from one framework to another, new encoding and decodings, and the rereading of modern institutions

Cetina 94 (Karin Knorr Cetina | 1994. Professor of Sociology at the University of Bielefeld. “Primitive Classification and Postmodernity: Towards a Sociological Notion of Fiction” Published in Theory, Culture, and Society, pg. 1-22) /ZABD/
Summary and Conclusion¶ … of modern institutions.

Fiction is necessary to the sustained success and seeding of new collaborations of the affirmative

Cetina 94 (Karin Knorr Cetina | 1994. Professor of Sociology at the University of Bielefeld. “Primitive Classification and Postmodernity: Towards a Sociological Notion of Fiction” Published in Theory, Culture, and Society, pg. 1-22) /ZABD/
Social Simulations Primitive …  practice and discourse.