Tournament: Cal | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Thus the plan: The United States federal government should empower non-governmental organizations within Mexico to provide life supporting services for prostitutes.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide for life supporting services for prostitutes through non-governmental organizations in Mexico.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
TVPA

Chapter 1 is the TVPA,

We have two scenarios.

First is trafficking, 

Flawed anti-trafficking rhetoric created by the trafficking victims protection act victimizes people hurt by trafficking and hurts efforts to resolve human trafficking –

There are several causes to human trafficking in Mexico one of which is globalization
Acharya and Codina 12 (Arun Kumar Acharya - Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales and Manuel R. Barragan Codina - Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico, “Poverty and Trafficking of Indigenous Women in Mexico: Some Evidence from Chiapas State”, Journal of Sustainable Society, Vol. 1, No. 3, pg 63-69, World Scholars, http://worldscholars.org/index.php/jss/article/viewFile/129/99) MaxL
The trafficking industry has been able to establish itself firmly as a result of favorable… Spanish and has a slim figure; the asking price can be upwards of $4000. Prices are lowest for married women over 25 years old. 

Discourse in the squo offers scapegoats to trafficking conflating it with prostitution and crime – that ignores the other causes of human trafficking like globalization, which victimizes prostitutes and creates more trafficking.
Wallinger 10 (Caroline S. Wallinger – Professor at Arizona State University, “Media Representation and Human Trafficking: How Anti-Trafficking Discourse Affects Trafficked Persons”, 10-1-10, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=humtrafconf2) MaxL
The field of study developing around human trafficking abounds in complications and confusions. Activists, scholars and… thrive in the recesses of humanity—and indeed before our very eyes.

Second is NGOs – The anti-prostitution pledge of the TVPA prevents NGOs from working with trafficked sex workers and prevents sex workers from receiving life supporting services
Reuters 13 (Lawrence Hurley, Reuters, “Prostitution policy splits NGOs in top court AIDS case”, 4-10-13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/10/us-usa-court-aids-idUSBRE93904D20130410) MaxL
(Reuters) - A Supreme Court case that challenges a law requiring anti-prostitution policies for HIV/AIDS programs… been endorsed by around 150 nonprofit groups including some representing sex workers.

Government assistance towards NGO’s is critical to stopping instances of trafficking
Cary 10 (Kelsey Cary- COHA Research Associate, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE: THE NEED FOR INCREASED NGO INVOLVEMENT”, 7-27-10, http://www.coha.org/combating-human-trafficking-in-the-western-hemisphere-the-need-for-increased-ngo-involvement/) MaxL
The plight of these children, in Haiti and elsewhere throughout the region, reflect… recipient of U.S. aid in the region as well as being among Washington’s primary military allies in the Caribbean.

Also, we should allow NGOs to give life supporting services to sex workers - NGO support against STDs is critical to vulnerable populations in Mexico
Bronfman et al. 2 (Mario N. Bronfman - Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Rene Leyva, Mirka J. Negroni, and Celina M. Rueda, From the Avenida Universidad, “Mobile populations and HIV/AIDS in Central America and Mexico: research for action”, AIDS, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Vol 16, Suppl 3, Section 42-49, http://bvssida.insp.mx/articulos/4241.pdf) MaxL
Migration and HIV/AIDS have been described as associated phenomena since the early stages of studies of HIV/AIDS 1,2. The… that successful interventions may be replicated in a similar context of vulnerability for STI/HIV/AIDS.

Aids is a growing epidemic for prostitutes in Mexico – we should structure policies to support them
WP 8 (Ceci Connolly, The Washington Post, “Tijuana's AIDS Epidemic Is a Binational Threat”, 8-1-8, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/01/AR2008080102913_4.html?sid=ST2008080100738) MaxL
TIJUANA, Mexico -- Half a dozen prostitutes swarm Angel Cabrera's car as he inches… as the grandchild played at her feet. She hasn't been seen since.

Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should exempt Mexico and non-governmental organizations working in Mexico from the Anti-Prostitution Pledge of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. 

Solvency

Chapter 2 is Solvency,

Rejecting the anti-prostitution pledge of the TVPA is critical to re-conceptualizing human trafficking rhetoric – it rejects the anti-prostitution pledge and allows us to focus on Globalization and helping sex workers
Kim and Chang 7 (Kathleen Kim and Grace Chang – Professors at Loyola Law School, Loyola Law School, “Reconceptualizing Approaches to Human Trafficking: New Directions and Perspectives from the Field(s)”, Legal Studies Paper No. 2007-47, Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, http://www.sacramentosect.org/uploads/5/0/9/5/5095098/reconceptualizing_approaches_to_ht.pdf) MaxL
A. U.S. Anti-Trafficking Policies and Practices: A Narrow Conceptual Focus Organizations throughout the world… of trafficking, all exploited migrant workers and the victims of other harmful U.S.-sponsored "antitrafficking" activities.

Framing is key-- our advantages act in the frame through which government officials will advocate, enforce, and explain our policy to the public
Hall 93 – Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies – Harvard University
(Peter, Comparative Politics 25.3, “Policymaking Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State”)
Only in some cases, then, will it be appropriate to speak of a fully… of ideas in politics and by studies of the dynamics whereby policies change over time.

We are inherent – the Supreme Court decision that ruled the anti-prostitution pledge unconstitutional did not apply to Mexico or resolve the discourse of the squo
Grant 6/20
(Melissa Gira Grant – Sex and Politics writer, The Nation, “Supreme Court Strikes Down Anti-Prostitution Pledge for US Groups”, 6-20-13, http://www.thenation.com/blog/174910/supreme-court-strikes-down-anti-prostitution-pledge-us-groups#) MaxL
The United States may no longer compel..  must keep pushing to ensure that this harmful policy is completely and fully repealed.”

Framing

Chapter 3 is Framing, 

Our impacts outweigh. We should prefer probable impacts such as helping people who are trafficked and prostitutes in Mexico. Probability outweighs magnitude –
Probability neglect hurts and causes serial policy failure over important issues – like Aids
Sunstein, 2 Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago, Law School and Department of Political Science (Cass R. Sunstein, 9/23/2, “Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law”, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/112-1/SunsteinFINAL.pdf)//EM
How should we understand human behavior in cases of this sort? My… reason they will be closely attuned, as ordinary people are not, to the issue of probability.

Also, you should rethink the way you evaluate probability in this round. Base the impacts read off of our evidence not the way that neg will try to spin it. Our impacts are more probable because they are occurring in the squo while theirs are predictions. Even after the 1nc their authors are not saying the argument is 100 true but rather that it MAY be true. If they read a Mead impact to the economy do you really think Mead thinks there is a 100 chance of a war or a 10 chance – probably 10 chance. You should view what the authors say as the baseline for determining probability.

Human psychology has a bias against probability -- you must intentionally correct it
Yudkowsky 06 (Eliezer, 8/31/2006. Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence Palo Alto, CA. “Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks, Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic,singinst.org/upload/cognitive-biases.pdf.)
4. The Conjunction Fallacy Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She… cause which none of us foresaw. Yet for a futurist, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.

Your role as an educator is to promote social justice – it’s the only path towards alleviating structural inequalities
Nieuwenhuis 10 – Dept of Education Management and Policy Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria
(Jan, “Social justice in education today”, Acta Academica 2011: 43(1),)
 4. Accept the geo-historical context of… but to live in a way thatrespects and enhances the freedom of others.

We need to focus on alleviating slow violence rather than big quick impacts
Nixon 11 - Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-3
Three primary concerns animate this book, chief among them… where the conditions for sustaining life become increasingly but gradually degraded.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide for life supporting services for prostitutes toward non-governmental organizations in Mexico.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Thus the plan: The United States federal government should empower non-governmental organizations within Mexico to provide life supporting services toward prostitutes.

Tournament: Greenhill AND Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
TVPA

Chapter 1 is the TVPA,

Flawed anti-trafficking discourse created by the trafficking victims protection act victimizes people hurt by trafficking and hurts efforts to resolve human trafficking. We have several internal links –

First is globalization – the root cause of trafficking and prostitution in Mexico
Acharya and Codina 12 (Arun Kumar Acharya - Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales and Manuel R. Barragan Codina - Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico, “Poverty and Trafficking of Indigenous Women in Mexico: Some Evidence from Chiapas State”, Journal of Sustainable Society, Vol. 1, No. 3, pg 63-69, World Scholars, http://worldscholars.org/index.php/jss/article/viewFile/129/99) MaxL
The trafficking industry has been able to establish itself firmly as a result of favorable… Spanish and has a slim figure; the asking price can be upwards of $4000. Prices are lowest for married women over 25 years old. 

Discourse in the squo offers scapegoats to trafficking which ignores the real cause of human trafficking – globalization. Also, victimization rhetoric is an independent impact
Wallinger 10 (Caroline S. Wallinger – Professor at Arizona State University, “Media Representation and Human Trafficking: How Anti-Trafficking Discourse Affects Trafficked Persons”, 10-1-10, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=humtrafconf2) MaxL
The field of study developing around human trafficking abounds in complications and confusions. Activists, scholars and… thrive in the recesses of humanity—and indeed before our very eyes.

Third is NGOs – The anti-prostitution pledge of the TVPA prevents NGOs from working with trafficked sex workers and prevents sex workers from receiving life supporting services
Reuters 13 (Lawrence Hurley, Reuters, “Prostitution policy splits NGOs in top court AIDS case”, 4-10-13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/10/us-usa-court-aids-idUSBRE93904D20130410) MaxL
(Reuters) - A Supreme Court case that challenges a law requiring anti-prostitution policies for HIV/AIDS programs… been endorsed by around 150 nonprofit groups including some representing sex workers.

Government assistance towards NGO’s is critical to stopping instances of trafficking
Cary 10 (Kelsey Cary- COHA Research Associate, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE: THE NEED FOR INCREASED NGO INVOLVEMENT”, 7-27-10, http://www.coha.org/combating-human-trafficking-in-the-western-hemisphere-the-need-for-increased-ngo-involvement/) MaxL
The plight of these children, in Haiti and elsewhere throughout the region, reflect… recipient of U.S. aid in the region as well as being among Washington’s primary military allies in the Caribbean.

Also, we should allow NGOs to give life supporting services to sex workers - NGO support against STDs is critical to vulnerable populations in Mexico
Bronfman et al. 2 (Mario N. Bronfman - Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Rene Leyva, Mirka J. Negroni, and Celina M. Rueda, From the Avenida Universidad, “Mobile populations and HIV/AIDS in Central America and Mexico: research for action”, AIDS, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Vol 16, Suppl 3, Section 42-49, http://bvssida.insp.mx/articulos/4241.pdf) MaxL
Migration and HIV/AIDS have been described as associated phenomena since the early stages of studies of HIV/AIDS 1,2. The… that successful interventions may be replicated in a similar context of vulnerability for STI/HIV/AIDS.

Aids is a growing epidemic for prostitutes in Mexico – we should structure policies to support them
WP 8 (Ceci Connolly, The Washington Post, “Tijuana's AIDS Epidemic Is a Binational Threat”, 8-1-8, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/01/AR2008080102913_4.html?sid=ST2008080100738) MaxL
TIJUANA, Mexico -- Half a dozen prostitutes swarm Angel Cabrera's car as he inches… as the grandchild played at her feet. She hasn't been seen since.

Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should exempt non-governmental agencies working in Mexico from the Anti-Prostitution Pledge provisions of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. 

Solvency

Chapter 2 is Solvency,

Rejecting the anti-prostitution pledge of the TVPA is critical to re-conceptualizing human trafficking rhetoric – it rejects the anti-prostitution pledge and allows us to focus on Globalization and helping sex workers
Kim and Chang 7 (Kathleen Kim and Grace Chang – Professors at Loyola Law School, Loyola Law School, “Reconceptualizing Approaches to Human Trafficking: New Directions and Perspectives from the Field(s)”, Legal Studies Paper No. 2007-47, Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, http://www.sacramentosect.org/uploads/5/0/9/5/5095098/reconceptualizing_approaches_to_ht.pdf) MaxL
A. U.S. Anti-Trafficking Policies and Practices: A Narrow Conceptual Focus Organizations throughout the world… of trafficking, all exploited migrant workers and the victims of other harmful U.S.-sponsored "antitrafficking" activities.

Framing

Chapter 3 is Framing, 

Our impacts outweigh. We should prefer probable impacts such as helping people who are trafficked and prostitutes in Mexico. Probability outweighs magnitude –
Probability neglect paralyzes and causes serial policy failure over important issues – like Aids
Sunstein, 2 Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago, Law School and Department of Political Science (Cass R. Sunstein, 9/23/2, “Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law”, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/112-1/SunsteinFINAL.pdf)//EM
How should we understand human behavior in cases of this sort? My… reason they will be closely attuned, as ordinary people are not, to the issue of probability.

Also, you should rethink the way you evaluate probability in this round. Debate has trained us to believe conceded arguments are true arguments but that is illogical in practice. You should not treat conceded arguments as 100 truth because there was never a 100 chance to begin with. You should evaluate the arguments the authors are making and not the arguments the negative will try to make. Even after the 1nc their authors are not saying the argument is 100 true but rather that it MAY be true. If they read a Mead impact to the economy do you really think Mead thinks there is a 100 chance of a war or a 10 chance – probably 10 chance. You should view what the authors say as the baseline for determining probability.

Human psychology has a bias against probability -- you must intentionally correct it
Yudkowsky 06 (Eliezer, 8/31/2006. Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence Palo Alto, CA. “Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks, Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic,singinst.org/upload/cognitive-biases.pdf.)
4. The Conjunction Fallacy Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She… cause which none of us foresaw. Yet for a futurist, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.

Your role as an educator is to promote social justice – it’s the only path towards alleviating structural inequalities
Nieuwenhuis 10 – Dept of Education Management and Policy Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria
(Jan, “Social justice in education today”, Acta Academica 2011: 43(1),)
 4. Accept the geo-historical context of… but to live in a way thatrespects and enhances the freedom of others.

We need to focus on alleviating slow violence rather than big quick impacts
Nixon 11 - Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-3
Three primary concerns animate this book, chief among them… where the conditions for sustaining life become increasingly but gradually degraded.

Framing is key-- our advantages act in the frame through which government officials will advocate, enforce, and explain our policy to the public
Hall 93 – Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies – Harvard University
(Peter, Comparative Politics 25.3, “Policymaking Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State”)
Only in some cases, then, will it be appropriate to speak of a fully… of ideas in politics and by studies of the dynamics whereby policies change over time.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
TVPA

Chapter 1 is the TVPA,

We have two scenarios.

First is trafficking, 

Flawed anti-trafficking rhetoric created by the trafficking victims protection act victimizes people hurt from trafficking and hurts efforts to resolve human trafficking

There are several causes to human trafficking in Mexico --- one of which is globalization
Acharya and Codina 12 (Arun Kumar Acharya - Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales and Manuel R. Barragan Codina - Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico, “Poverty and Trafficking of Indigenous Women in Mexico: Some Evidence from Chiapas State”, Journal of Sustainable Society, Vol. 1, No. 3, pg 63-69, World Scholars, http://worldscholars.org/index.php/jss/article/viewFile/129/99) MaxL
The trafficking industry has been able to establish itself firmly as a result of favorable… Spanish and has a slim figure; the asking price can be upwards of $4000. Prices are lowest for married women over 25 years old. 

Discourse in the squo offers scapegoats to trafficking conflating it with prostitution and crime – that ignores the other causes of human trafficking like globalization, which victimizes prostitutes and creates more trafficking.
Wallinger 10 (Caroline S. Wallinger – Professor at Arizona State University, “Media Representation and Human Trafficking: How Anti-Trafficking Discourse Affects Trafficked Persons”, 10-1-10, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=humtrafconf2) MaxL
The field of study developing around human trafficking abounds in complications and confusions. Activists, scholars and… thrive in the recesses of humanity—and indeed before our very eyes.

Second is NGOs – The anti-prostitution pledge of the TVPA prevents NGOs from working with trafficked sex workers and prevents sex workers from receiving life supporting services
Reuters 13 (Lawrence Hurley, Reuters, “Prostitution policy splits NGOs in top court AIDS case”, 4-10-13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/10/us-usa-court-aids-idUSBRE93904D20130410) MaxL
(Reuters) - A Supreme Court case that challenges a law requiring anti-prostitution policies for HIV/AIDS programs… been endorsed by around 150 nonprofit groups including some representing sex workers.

Government assistance towards NGO’s is critical to stopping instances of trafficking
Cary 10 (Kelsey Cary- COHA Research Associate, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE: THE NEED FOR INCREASED NGO INVOLVEMENT”, 7-27-10, http://www.coha.org/combating-human-trafficking-in-the-western-hemisphere-the-need-for-increased-ngo-involvement/) MaxL
The plight of these children, in Haiti and elsewhere throughout the region, reflect… recipient of U.S. aid in the region as well as being among Washington’s primary military allies in the Caribbean.

Also, we should allow NGOs to give life supporting services to sex workers - NGO support against STDs is critical to vulnerable populations in Mexico
Bronfman et al. 2 (Mario N. Bronfman - Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Rene Leyva, Mirka J. Negroni, and Celina M. Rueda, From the Avenida Universidad, “Mobile populations and HIV/AIDS in Central America and Mexico: research for action”, AIDS, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Vol 16, Suppl 3, Section 42-49, http://bvssida.insp.mx/articulos/4241.pdf) MaxL
Migration and HIV/AIDS have been described as associated phenomena since the early stages of studies of HIV/AIDS 1,2. The… that successful interventions may be replicated in a similar context of vulnerability for STI/HIV/AIDS.

Aids is a growing epidemic for prostitutes in Mexico – we should structure policies to support them
Avert 14 (Avert: AVERTing HIV and AIDS, “HIV and AIDS in Latin America”, 2014, http://www.avert.org/hiv-aids-latin-america.htm) MaxL
Although HIV prevalence in Latin American… more figures, see our Latin America Statistics Page.

Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should empower non-governmental organizations within Mexico to provide life supporting services for prostitutes.

Solvency

Chapter 2 is Solvency,

Rejecting the anti-prostitution pledge of the TVPA is critical to re-conceptualizing human trafficking rhetoric. The plan reveals the conflation of trafficking with prostitution to the government and the media allowing for a broader discussion of trafficking including all the complex causes while also allowing NGO’s to support sex workers.
Kim and Chang 7 (Kathleen Kim and Grace Chang – Professors at Loyola Law School, Loyola Law School, “Reconceptualizing Approaches to Human Trafficking: New Directions and Perspectives from the Field(s)”, Legal Studies Paper No. 2007-47, Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, http://www.sacramentosect.org/uploads/5/0/9/5/5095098/reconceptualizing_approaches_to_ht.pdf) MaxL
A. U.S. Anti-Trafficking Policies and Practices: A Narrow Conceptual Focus Organizations throughout the world… of trafficking, all exploited migrant workers and the victims of other harmful U.S.-sponsored "antitrafficking" activities.

Framing is key-- our advantages act in the frame through which government officials will advocate, enforce, and explain our policy to the public
Hall 93 – Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies – Harvard University
(Peter, Comparative Politics 25.3, “Policymaking Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State”)
Only in some cases, then, will it be appropriate to speak of a fully… of ideas in politics and by studies of the dynamics whereby policies change over time.

We are inherent – the Supreme Court decision that ruled the anti-prostitution pledge unconstitutional did not apply to Mexico or resolve the discourse of the squo
Grant 6/20
(Melissa Gira Grant – Sex and Politics writer, The Nation, “Supreme Court Strikes Down Anti-Prostitution Pledge for US Groups”, 6-20-13, http://www.thenation.com/blog/174910/supreme-court-strikes-down-anti-prostitution-pledge-us-groups#) MaxL
The United States may no longer compel..  must keep pushing to ensure that this harmful policy is completely and fully repealed.”

Framing

Chapter 3 is Framing, 

Our impacts outweigh. We should prefer probable impacts such as helping people who are trafficked and prostitutes in Mexico. Probability outweighs magnitude –
Probability neglect hurts and causes serial policy failure over important issues – like Aids
Sunstein, 2 Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago, Law School and Department of Political Science (Cass R. Sunstein, 9/23/2, “Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law”, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/112-1/SunsteinFINAL.pdf)//EM
How should we understand human behavior in cases of this sort? My… reason they will be closely attuned, as ordinary people are not, to the issue of probability.

Also, you should rethink the way you evaluate probability in this round. Base the impacts read off of our evidence not the way that neg will try to spin it. Our impacts are more probable because they are occurring in the squo while theirs are predictions. Even after the 1nc their authors are not saying the argument is 100 true but rather that it MAY be true. If they read a Mead impact to the economy do you really think Mead thinks there is a 100 chance of a war or a 10 chance – probably 10 chance. You should view what the authors say as the baseline for determining probability.

Human psychology has a bias against probability -- you must intentionally correct it
Yudkowsky 06 (Eliezer, 8/31/2006. Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence Palo Alto, CA. “Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks, Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic,singinst.org/upload/cognitive-biases.pdf.)
4. The Conjunction Fallacy Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She… cause which none of us foresaw. Yet for a futurist, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.

Your role as an educator is to promote social justice – it’s the only path towards alleviating structural inequalities
Nieuwenhuis 10 – Dept of Education Management and Policy Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria
(Jan, “Social justice in education today”, Acta Academica 2011: 43(1),)
 4. Accept the geo-historical context of… but to live in a way thatrespects and enhances the freedom of others.

We need to focus on alleviating slow violence rather than big quick impacts
Nixon 11 - Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-3
Three primary concerns animate this book, chief among them… where the conditions for sustaining life become increasingly but gradually degraded.

Tournament: Saint Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
TVPA

Chapter 1 is the TVPA,

We have two scenarios.

First is globalization, 

Flawed anti-trafficking rhetoric created by the trafficking victims protection act victimizes people hurt by trafficking and hurts efforts to resolve human trafficking –

The real cause of trafficking and prostitution in Mexico is globalization
Acharya and Codina 12 (Arun Kumar Acharya - Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales and Manuel R. Barragan Codina - Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico, “Poverty and Trafficking of Indigenous Women in Mexico: Some Evidence from Chiapas State”, Journal of Sustainable Society, Vol. 1, No. 3, pg 63-69, World Scholars, http://worldscholars.org/index.php/jss/article/viewFile/129/99) MaxL
The trafficking industry has been able to establish itself firmly as a result of favorable… Spanish and has a slim figure; the asking price can be upwards of $4000. Prices are lowest for married women over 25 years old. 

Discourse in the squo offers scapegoats to trafficking which ignores the real cause of human trafficking – globalization. Also, victimization rhetoric is an independent impact
Wallinger 10 (Caroline S. Wallinger – Professor at Arizona State University, “Media Representation and Human Trafficking: How Anti-Trafficking Discourse Affects Trafficked Persons”, 10-1-10, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=humtrafconf2) MaxL
The field of study developing around human trafficking abounds in complications and confusions. Activists, scholars and… thrive in the recesses of humanity—and indeed before our very eyes.

Third is NGOs – The anti-prostitution pledge of the TVPA prevents NGOs from working with trafficked sex workers and prevents sex workers from receiving life supporting services
Reuters 13 (Lawrence Hurley, Reuters, “Prostitution policy splits NGOs in top court AIDS case”, 4-10-13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/10/us-usa-court-aids-idUSBRE93904D20130410) MaxL
(Reuters) - A Supreme Court case that challenges a law requiring anti-prostitution policies for HIV/AIDS programs… been endorsed by around 150 nonprofit groups including some representing sex workers.

Government assistance towards NGO’s is critical to stopping instances of trafficking
Cary 10 (Kelsey Cary- COHA Research Associate, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, “COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE: THE NEED FOR INCREASED NGO INVOLVEMENT”, 7-27-10, http://www.coha.org/combating-human-trafficking-in-the-western-hemisphere-the-need-for-increased-ngo-involvement/) MaxL
The plight of these children, in Haiti and elsewhere throughout the region, reflect… recipient of U.S. aid in the region as well as being among Washington’s primary military allies in the Caribbean.

Also, we should allow NGOs to give life supporting services to sex workers - NGO support against STDs is critical to vulnerable populations in Mexico
Bronfman et al. 2 (Mario N. Bronfman - Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Rene Leyva, Mirka J. Negroni, and Celina M. Rueda, From the Avenida Universidad, “Mobile populations and HIV/AIDS in Central America and Mexico: research for action”, AIDS, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Vol 16, Suppl 3, Section 42-49, http://bvssida.insp.mx/articulos/4241.pdf) MaxL
Migration and HIV/AIDS have been described as associated phenomena since the early stages of studies of HIV/AIDS 1,2. The… that successful interventions may be replicated in a similar context of vulnerability for STI/HIV/AIDS.

Aids is a growing epidemic for prostitutes in Mexico – we should structure policies to support them
WP 8 (Ceci Connolly, The Washington Post, “Tijuana's AIDS Epidemic Is a Binational Threat”, 8-1-8, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/01/AR2008080102913_4.html?sid=ST2008080100738) MaxL
TIJUANA, Mexico -- Half a dozen prostitutes swarm Angel Cabrera's car as he inches… as the grandchild played at her feet. She hasn't been seen since.

Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should exempt non-governmental agencies working in Mexico from the Anti-Prostitution Pledge provisions of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. 

Solvency

Chapter 2 is Solvency,

Rejecting the anti-prostitution pledge of the TVPA is critical to re-conceptualizing human trafficking rhetoric – it rejects the anti-prostitution pledge and allows us to focus on Globalization and helping sex workers
Kim and Chang 7 (Kathleen Kim and Grace Chang – Professors at Loyola Law School, Loyola Law School, “Reconceptualizing Approaches to Human Trafficking: New Directions and Perspectives from the Field(s)”, Legal Studies Paper No. 2007-47, Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, http://www.sacramentosect.org/uploads/5/0/9/5/5095098/reconceptualizing_approaches_to_ht.pdf) MaxL
A. U.S. Anti-Trafficking Policies and Practices: A Narrow Conceptual Focus Organizations throughout the world… of trafficking, all exploited migrant workers and the victims of other harmful U.S.-sponsored "antitrafficking" activities.

Framing is key-- our advantages act in the frame through which government officials will advocate, enforce, and explain our policy to the public
Hall 93 – Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies – Harvard University
(Peter, Comparative Politics 25.3, “Policymaking Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State”)
Only in some cases, then, will it be appropriate to speak of a fully… of ideas in politics and by studies of the dynamics whereby policies change over time.

Framing

Chapter 3 is Framing, 

Our impacts outweigh. We should prefer probable impacts such as helping people who are trafficked and prostitutes in Mexico. Probability outweighs magnitude –
Probability neglect hurts and causes serial policy failure over important issues – like Aids
Sunstein, 2 Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago, Law School and Department of Political Science (Cass R. Sunstein, 9/23/2, “Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law”, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/112-1/SunsteinFINAL.pdf)//EM
How should we understand human behavior in cases of this sort? My… reason they will be closely attuned, as ordinary people are not, to the issue of probability.

Also, you should rethink the way you evaluate probability in this round. Base the impacts read off of our evidence not the way that neg will try to spin it. Our impacts are more probable because they are occurring in the squo while theirs are predictions. Even after the 1nc their authors are not saying the argument is 100 true but rather that it MAY be true. If they read a Mead impact to the economy do you really think Mead thinks there is a 100 chance of a war or a 10 chance – probably 10 chance. You should view what the authors say as the baseline for determining probability.

Human psychology has a bias against probability -- you must intentionally correct it
Yudkowsky 06 (Eliezer, 8/31/2006. Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence Palo Alto, CA. “Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks, Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic,singinst.org/upload/cognitive-biases.pdf.)
4. The Conjunction Fallacy Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She… cause which none of us foresaw. Yet for a futurist, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.

Your role as an educator is to promote social justice – it’s the only path towards alleviating structural inequalities
Nieuwenhuis 10 – Dept of Education Management and Policy Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria
(Jan, “Social justice in education today”, Acta Academica 2011: 43(1),)
 4. Accept the geo-historical context of… but to live in a way thatrespects and enhances the freedom of others.

We need to focus on alleviating slow violence rather than big quick impacts
Nixon 11 - Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-3
Three primary concerns animate this book, chief among them… where the conditions for sustaining life become increasingly but gradually degraded.

Tournament: 2AC 50 States CP | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
2. Obama takes the blame for state decisions
Kiely, 12 (EUGENE KIELY, Washington assignment editor USA today, February 17, Factcheck.org “Did Obama ‘Approve’ Bridge Work for Chinese Firms?” http://www.factcheck.org/2012/02/did-obama-approve-bridge-work-for-chinese-firms/)
Who’s to blame, if that’s the right word, if the project ends up … money on Chinese firms to build U.S. bridges.

Tournament: 2AC Biopower | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Ehhhh whatever its no big deal
Dean, 04 – professor of sociology at the University of Newcastle (Mitchell, “Four Theses on the Powers of Life and Death,” Contretemps 5, December 2004, http://sydney.edu.au/contretemps/5december2004/dean.pdf)//HK

Fourth thesis: Bio-politics captures life stripped naked (or the zo? that… committing homicide—is today entering into the very core of modern politics, ethics, and systems of justice.

Tournament: 2AC China DA | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
China influence in Mexico is inevitable and trilateral – not zero sum with the US
Hongbo 13 – Sun Hongbo  is an associate professor at the Institute of Latin American Studies, affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (“A new stage of interaction”, June 6 2013, http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2013-06/06/content_29046199_2.htm)//sawyer
They should also expand people-to-people exchanges and … three countries can explore potential areas for future cooperation.

Tournament: 2AC Debt Politics DA | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
The negative’s approach to the economy assures catastrophic collapse—the economy is too hard for us to understand
Kroker, 8 Ph.D. in political science and professor of political science at the University of Victoria, director of the Pacific Centre for Technology and Culture and Senior Research Scholar at the University of Victoria (Arthur and Marilouise Kroker, 10/30/8, “City of Transformation Paul Virilio in Obama's America”, http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=597#bio)//EM
Are we beyond Speed and Politics? What characterizes contemporary politics is the unstable mixture of … of the futures market. Allan Greenspan throws up his hands, exclaiming "I'm in shocked disbelief."

Economic leadership is a product underlying frontier mentality in American space
WILLIAMSON 1987 (Ray, Office of Technology Assessment, United States Congress, “Outer Space as Frontier: Lessons for Today,” Western Folklore, October)
Within a few months of the Princeton meeting, I confronted for the first time the extent to which … extensively on television and radio, we have maintained our place on the edge of our collective seats.20

The disads view of economics is part of the hegemon’s attempt to eliminate false threats lingering on the horizon.
Higgot 2003 (Richard – Center for the Sudy Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research and Professor of International Political Economy at the University of Warwick. He was Foundation Director of the ESRC Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, “American Unilateralism, Foreign Economic Policy and the ‘Securitisation’ of Globalisation” PDF, MT)
In short, there would appear to be a correlation between the degree of … discussion in part 3 will demonstrate, economic relations with East Asia have also been ‘securitised’.

And, securitization of the economy marginalizes the role of other actors and prevents long term economic cooperation.
Higgot 2003 (Richard – Center for the Sudy Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research and Professor of International Political Economy at the University of Warwick. He was Foundation Director of the ESRC Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, “American Unilateralism, Foreign Economic Policy and the ‘Securitisation’ of Globalisation” PDF, MT)
But, any decent reading of history will tell us that attempts by a … the agenda for, and propagating, US interests abroad.

Tournament: 2AC Dip Cap DA | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Sequestration takes away capital
Landler and Mazzeti 13 (MARK LANDLER is a White House correspondent and diplomatic correspondent and MARK MAZZETTI is a is a correspondent for The New York Times shared a Pulitzer Prize for reporting on the intensifying violence in Pakistan and Afghanistan and Washington's response, May 27, 2013, “In Obama's ambitions, hurdles and inconsistencies; ¶ Risks are posed by giving diplomacy priority over military and intelligence,”http:www.lexisnexis.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=trueandrisb=21_T17684379954andformat=GNBFIandsort=BOOLEANandstartDocNo=1andresultsUrlKey=29_T17684379931andcisb=22_T17684379957andtreeMax=trueandtreeWidth=0andcsi=8357anddocNo=1RM)
At the same time, Mr. Obama put renewed emphasis on diplomacy and foreign aid, saying these were important ways to … nailed down,'' he wrote, ''not wait to point of failure as we did in Iraq.''

Diplomatic capital doesn’t trade off– Asia proves
Globalpost 6/29/13 (an online US news company that focuses on international news founded on January 12, 2009 by Charles M. Sennott and Philip S. Balboni.Their stated goal is "to redefine international news for the digital age."GlobalPost has 65 correspondents worldwide. GlobalPost offers daily, in-depth perspective on the changing global picture by combining traditional journalistic values and the power of new media.While the articles are intended for an American audience, the website is available to all English-reading audiences world wide, “Kerry, on Mideast tour, to confront doubts in Asia”, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130629/kerry-mideast-tour-confront-doubts-asia, T.C.)
Secretary of State John Kerry heads to talks in Asia trying to quash fears that the vaunted US … United States, almost by definition, is going to be sporadic," he said

State department can’t solve anything.
Glain, 11 Stephen, Freelance writer focusing on US military and leadership, July 31, 2011, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2011/07/31/state_vs_defense_stephen_glain_excerpt/index.html
Quietly, gradually -- and inevitably, given the weight of its colossal … now the federal government's fastest-growing source of foreign aid.

Tournament: 2AC Drug Tradeoff | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Ending the drug trade is impossible
Friedman 10 - American political scientist, founder, chief intelligence officer, financial overseer, and CEO of private intelligence corporation STRATFOR, political science professor at Dickinson College, briefed senior commanders in the armed services, Office of Net Assessments, SHAPE technical center, the US Army War College, National Defense University, and the RAND Corporation (George, “Mexico and the Failed State Revisited”, 4/6/10;  http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20100405_mexico_and_failed_state_revisited)//Beddow
STRATFOR argued March 13, 2008, that … -- it is following a rational strategy to turn a national problem into a national benefit.

Alt cause to surge in illegal drug trade – struggling economies
Wigglesworth, 13 Gulf correspondent for FT (Robin, “Debt-ridden Caribbean unable to resist drug traffickers” July 14, 2013 http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/260d6b9e-eadf-11e2-bfdb-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Z9LXFLZ2)  czhang
The Caribbean is again becoming an increasingly important transit route for drug-trafficking into the US as South American … said. “Because of the debt situation, even if they wanted to do something, they couldn’t.”

Tournament: 2AC EU CP | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Ice age coming --- causes extinction and outweighs warming since we can adapt --- co2 solves
Marsh ‘8 (Gerald E. Marsh, Retired Physicist from the Argonne National Laboratory and a former consultant to the Department of Defense on strategic nuclear technology and policy in the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton Administration, “The Coming of a New Ice Age,” February 24, 2008, http://www.winningreen.com/site/epage/59549_621.htm)//a-berg

CHICAGO — Contrary to the conventional wisdom of the day, … global warming threat that may well prove to be only a will-o-the-wisp.

Tournament: 2AC Federalism DA | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
No link uniqueness
FAA/OST 99 - Task Force study (“Airport Business Practices and Their Impact”, October 1999, http://ostpxweb.dot.gov/aviation/Data/airportsbuspract.htm)
The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 placed “maximum reliance on … a more effective and competitive airline industry

Tournament: 2AC Gendered Language to Man | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Man is not gender neutral—interchanging it with people perpetuates gender inequality.
Writing Center 2010 (The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. “Gender-Sensitive Language.” February 11, 2010. http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html, KD) 

English speakers and writers have traditionally been taught to use masculine nouns and… you with an overview of some of those strategies so that you can "mix and match" as necessary when you write. 

That causes a flawed epistemological understanding of the world that proves their methodology is self-serving
Tickner, 1 IR prof, —professor at the School of International Relations, USC. B.A. in History, U London. M.A. in IR, Yale. PhD in pol sci, Brandeis U (Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, 44-47 , KD)
44 New issues and new definitions of security have been accompanied by calls for… relations, and an emancipatory agenda—are beginning to undertake such reanalyses.

Tournament: 2AC Generic Politics DA | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
That creates best education – debate should be concerned with developing sound advocacy skills, not the sophistry of  Congressional posturing
Gordon Mitchell, 1998 (Associate Professor at the University of Pittsburg. Pedagogical Possibilities for Argumentative Agency in Academic Debate.Argumentation and Agenency, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p41-60)
The skills honed during preparation for and participation in … over the course of a year to the work involved in completion of masters' thesis.

Political capital re-entrentches gendered violence – prioritization of more consequential issues tradeoff with our focus on gender
Enloe 04 Cynthia, PhD Adjunct Professor of Political Science, The Curious Feminist, p. 74 KD
Thus we need to become more curious about the process of trivialization. How exactly … (it would be the trivializers twentieth century successors who would thing to add "lesbian").

That causes a flawed epistemological understanding of the world that proves their methodology is self-serving
Tickner, 1 IR prof, —professor at the School of International Relations, USC. B.A. in History, U London. M.A. in IR, Yale. PhD in pol sci, Brandeis U (Ann, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, 44-47 , KD)
44 New issues and new definitions of security have been accompanied by calls for new ways of understanding security. Controversy about the meaning of … to security, an ontology of social relations, and an emancipatory agenda—are beginning to undertake such reanalyses. 

Masculine lenses make extinction inevitable and turn the DA—rejection of the gender lens is the only way to open up new frameworks of thought
Clark 4—French Professor of Conflict Resolution at George Mason University (Mary E, ‘Rhetoric, Patriarchy and War: Explaining the Dangers of "Leadership" in Mass Culture, Women and Language’ pg. 21, KD)

Today's Western patriarchal world view now dominates globalwide … thinking, dialoguing and visioning new patterns of intersocietal interaction.

No link Uniqueness – the TVPA spent money the aff is a question of what trafficking policies should focus on not whether or not we should spend money
GARZA 2011 (Rocio, Candidate for Juris Doctor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, May 2011; A.B. (2005) Harvard University, CARDOZO J. OF INT’L and COMP. LAW, March, www.cjicl.com/uploads/2/9/5/9/2959791/cjicl_19.2_garza_note.pdf?)
One obstacle that would be faced in creating a bilateral partnership is the amount of … and Mexico could minimize start-up costs and resources by utilizing this model.

Tournament: 2AC Immigration Politics DA | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Neoliberalism makes their impacts inevitable ---Implementation of Immigration reform will be shaped by neoliberalism –corporations will be able to make exceptions to the rules that favor their economic interests. This means they can’t solve their impacts because the law will be circumvented – and the aff functions as an impact turn
Kretsedemas 8, assistant professor of sociology at the University of Massachusetts, Boston, 08
(Philip, American Quarterly, Volume 60, Number 3, September)
Meanwhile, proposals for “legalizing” unauthorized migrants have called for … longer being used to merely suspend the law. Instead, it becomes a tool for making and shaping laws.  

Political capital is an empty concept – the disad is made up
Hirsh 2/7/13 (Michael, Chief correspondent for National Journal, Previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, Overseas Press Club award for best magazine reporting from abroad in 2001 and for Newsweek’s coverage of the war on terror which also won a National Magazine Award, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207)
Consider this: Three months ago, just before the November election,if someone had talked seriously … there.That makes it kind of useless,” says Richard Bensel, agovernment professor at Cornell University.

Tournament: 2AC Role Playing good | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
RP good
Rawls 99 (John, Professor Emeritus – Harvard University, The Law of Peoples, p. 54-7)

Developing the Law of Peoples within a liberal conception of justice, we work … and social basis of peace and understanding among peoples.

Tournament: 2AC Security | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Ontology focus destroys any chance of effectively describing the world and guiding action
Owen, 2 – (David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks … dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

No impact – threat construction isn’t sufficient to cause wars and proximate causes outweigh
Kaufman, 9 - Prof Poli-sci and IR – U Delaware (Stuart J, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434)SMS

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are … and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

No impact to threat construction
Gray, 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration", SSI, July, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)//SMS

7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for … merit. And strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

Tournament: 2AC State Good | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Case outweighs and the alt cant solve – without the state no one is mobalized to create movements to help Mexicans or sex workers. Their depoliticization fails – no one cares about state injustices when we reject it
Goble 98 (Paul, Publisher of RFE/RL, “THE CONSEQUENCES OF DEPOLITICIZATION,” Radio Free Europe, October 12, 1998, http://www.friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1998/10/981012I.html(opt,mozilla,unix,english_{new), accessed July 07)}

First, as people turn away from the state as the source of support, they … count on support because people no longer expect the governments to be able to deliver.

Tournament: 2AC T Exclusive | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Sex work has an economic focus – it is the transfer of a specific service
Veen 01 (Marholein van der Veen – Professor of Economics, “Rethinking Commodification and Prostitution: An Effort at Peacemaking in the Battles over Prostitution”, Rethinking Marxism, Vol 13, N. 2, Summer 2001, http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Rethinking_Commodification_and_Prostitution__An_Effort_at_Peacemaking_in_the_Battles_over_Prostitution.pdf) MaxL
The battles over prostitution became particularly heated among feminists during the last twenty… duties, and monitoring that produce negative effects on such workers.

Excluding prostitution as an economic activity stigmatizes prostitutes – it delegitimizes sex work
Peterson-Iyer 98 (Karen Peterson-Iyer – Professor of ethics at Santa Clara University, “A Feminist Ethical Analysis”, Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, Vol. 14, No. 2, Fall 1998) MaxL
{Modified for ableist language}
Those who view prostitution according to a liberal paradigm embrace the view that prostitution, in its "… customers; however, it does not by itself settle the question of the moral status of prostitution.

Tournament: 2AC T Mastanduno | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
This applies to NGO’s too – dependence on government funding creates a long term structural dependency for NGO’s that modifies behavior.
Anheier 96 Helmut K. Anheier, 1996 (Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies “Exploring the State-Dependency Thesis: NonProfit Organizations in Germany.” Working Paper Series, 10, http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/03/CCSS_WP10_1996.pdf0
Current literature OD the nonprofit sector in Germany and other Western European countries… their organizational structure, orientation and behavior (Bauer, 1987).

Tournament: 2AC T gov to gov | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Counter-Interpretation: Economic engagement is a strategy – not a specific tactic – “structural linkage” means a topical affirmative must develop a policy of continual economic benefits to foster greater interdependence between two countries
Mastanduno, 12 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases edited by Steve Smith, p. 217)
Positive economic statecraft can be defined as the… weaker central European neighbours during the inter-war period.

Economic engagement includes removal of penalties and funding to NGOs
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide… some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.}

So long as we are associated with governments we are topical
Oxford Dictionaries, 13 (its, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/its?view=uk)
Definition of its determiner belonging to or… or animal of unspecified sex: a baby in its mother’s womb

Mexico refers to the country not the government
Oxford Dictionaries 13. Date Accessed May 10 2013 -- oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Mexico
Definition of Mexico¶ a country in… in the Mexican War of 1846–48

Tournament: 2AC Tax Incentive CP | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Also, your solvency advocate concludes that a tax incentive fails – they turn the system into a charade
Fahey, ‘9 Diane. Assc Prof Law @ NYU School of Law.  “Can Tax Policy Stop Human Trafficking?” The Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol 40 No 2. Winter 2009. Ln
Two issues remain problematic. First, the source countries need to reach an agreement as to what the … to expending their limited funds in assisting wealthy, developed countries track down tax evaders. (233)

Tournament: 2AC The Empire  Evil | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
No link – our criticism of globalization policies are critical of the process of neoliberal expansion into Latin America. Everything is double sided – free trade regimes can be vehicles of freedom or domination. We restructure policies to bring about the good.
Escobar 10 (Arturo, Ph.D. in Development Policy and Philosophy from UC Berkeley and Professor of Anthropology at UNC Chapel Hill, "Latin America at a Crossroads," Cultural Studies, 24: 1, pp. 1-65, 12 January 2010, slim_)
This specificity also has to do with the multiplicity of long-term histories and … of bringing about modernity in the continent since the Conquest.

Their alternative fails – Many Mexican sex workers are trying to take matters into their hands and improve their material situation using the only means at their disposal. THEY HAVE NEEDS THAT HAVE TO BE MET. Pointing out the HIDDEN MOTIVES in our 1AC just makes it harder to resist neoliberalism
Bryant 12 (Levi, Critique of the Academic Left, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)
What, given existing conditions, are we to do if all of this is right? At least … prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

And, NGOs have tried to push out neoliberalism in Latin America – they were unable to offensively push out the US because they rely on the US for funding. Restructuring our policies within the state are key to solve – we recognize neoliberalism is inevitable but can make it better to lessen the impacts of the hegemon.
Sader 8 EMIR SADER, PhD Poli Sci Univ of Sau Paolo   THE WEAKEST LINK? Neoliberalism in Latin America  New Left Review 52, July-August 2008 http://newleftreview.org/II/52/emir-sader-the-weakest-link-neoliberalism-in-latin-america
The entire framework of political and ideological struggle in Latin America has thus been … place—as, for example, in the case of Venezuela—through state action. 

The alt does not solve – the affirmative recognizes that imperialism in Latin America is inevitable – we aim to work within the globalized system in order to reject it
Price 11 (John, Graduate in Commerce from Queen's University in Canada, has taught international business at Universidad de las Americas in Mexico City, “Globalization Is Here to Stay: Why Latin America Must Accept Its Globalized Destiny and Ready Itself to Compete," 8/19/11, https://umshare.miami.edu/web/wda/hemisphericpolicy/Task_Force_Papers/Price-GlobalizationTFPaper.pdf slim_)
There exists a sizeable industry of academics, pundits, policy makers and … mining industry during the 1990s), productivity and wealth creation drop.

Tournament: 2AR The negative said fuck | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
The affirmatives use of the word “fuck” engages in a culture of violence and gender binaries—vote negative to rethink language and its relation to violence.
Schwyzer 2009 (Hugo, gender studies professor.  DPhil, Berkley,  “Penetrate” v. “Engulf” and the multiple meanings of the “f” word: a note on feminist language, 4 November 2009, http://hugoschwyzer.net/2009/11/04/penetrate-v-engulf-and-the-multiple-meanings-of-the-f-word-a-note-on-feminist-language/, KD)

In every women’s studies class I’ve taught... of building a more pleasurable, safe, just and egalitarian world.

Tournament: 2AC Wilderson | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
A. Societal Exclusions Emerge as a Consequence of Multiple Historical Factors That Are Not Premised on White Supremacy. This takes out your root cause claims-And even if you win them on a broad level, they don’t take into account the contextualization of OUR AFF.
John Press, Ph.D. is an adjunct professor at New York University 2/13/2008 “Whiteness Studies: Understanding Culture or Promoting Hate?” http://www.globalpolitician.com/24114-race

Whiteness studies provide some valuable tools of analysis for historians. Yes, in 1790 Congress made naturalization available to … and insane racism. Culture is important and significant. 

Wilderson’s analsysis is poor and ignores Black Diasporic studies which disprove his conclusions and ontological claims
Saër Maty Bteaches film at Portsmouth University (UK),            Cultural Studies Review VOLUME17 NUMBER2 SEP2011 http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ojs/index.php/csrj/article/viewFile/2304/2474   The US Decentred From Black Social Death to Cultural Transformation

A few pages into Red, White and Black, I feared that it would just be a matter of … from such an undertaking? The coffle approaches with its answers in tow.’ (340)

Tournament: 2AC Word PICs | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
Language is fluid – assigning it a negative value re-creates the violence and hierarchies of the language itself
SHAPIRO  98  Professor of Political Science at the University of Hawai'i, Michael J. Shapiro, Peace Review; Dec98, Vol. 10 Issue 4
Of late, critical and polemical commentaries aimed at politicizing language have been focusedon the damaging … universalizing cognitive enlargement at the levels of both the individual and global society.

Hinging agency on linguistic limitations crushes political hope by trapping us in the prison-house of words-Also proves you can NEVER solve the aff
McNally 97 David McNally (prof. PoliSci at York University) 1997in defense of history: marxism and the postmodern agenda p. 26-27
We are witnessing today a new idealism, infecting large … to the rebuilding of mass movements of protest and resistance.

Using this language intensifies our responsibility for it and allows us an opportunity to negotiate its meaning
Butler 97 Judith Butler, Chancellor's professor in the department of rhetoric and comparative literature at the U of California, Berkeley, 1997, Excitable Speech, p. 27
We might be tempted to understand the existence of injurious language as posing an ethical question on the order of: … rather of negotiating the legacies of usage that constrain and enable the speaker's speech. 

The counterplan’s use of euphemisms fails to challenge assumptions and makes their impacts inevitable
American Enterprise 99 (“From Euphemisms to Bloody Lies”, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-61487372/euphemism-bloody-lies.html)
In the eighteenth-century France of painters Fragonard and Watteau, a lady told her confessor that she had "esteem" for … it less specific, less vigorous, more verbose, and in the instance of "flight attendant" or "waitperson" more nearly neutered. 

Censorship bad – worsens the effects of offensive language
Roskoski and Peabody 91 (Matthew and Joe, “A Linguistic and Philosophical Critique of Language ‘Arguments,’” http://debate.uvm.edu/Library/DebateTheoryLibrary/RoskoskiandPeabody-LangCritiques)
If language "arguments" become a dominant … will inevitably be long periods between rounds during which further dialogue can take place.

Tournament: Information | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
Hello everyone! Welcome to my wiki. Make yourself at home, but not to much at home this is my house. Make yourself comfortable, but not to comfortable, this is my house.

I will put up the 1AC any changes to it as soon as its broken I will also put up any relevant 2AC blocks If you see something that looks incorrect or see something I read that is not here feel free to contact me  maxlubell@gmail.com

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