Tournament: Damien | Round: 2 | Opponent: Small School Debate | Judge:
1
Interpretation – Economic engagement has to be government to government
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between 

AND

with respect to some countries than to others

2

3
The world inherently embodies the Will to Power - a universal drive that inspires every event – Will to power means that their impacts are inevitable because it is the Dionysian element of life that is naturally chaotic and is fundamentally life itself – Their threat construction is filled with the language of seduction to justify their cowardly reaction to the absurdities of life
SINECULPA 93 (Felix, pseudonym, “Discourse No. 2: The Lament of the Lamb,” in Against Ethics: Contributions to a Poetics of Obligation with Constant Reference to Deconstruction by John D. Caputo, Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion and Humanities at Syracuse University, pg.186 – 190, ssd)
modified for holocaust trivialization
Auschwitz is not Evil, not Absolute Evil. Auschwitz is not some 

AND

ear, disappear without a trace.
Their constant longing for the Will to Order is life negating because it seeks to avoid the chaotic Will to Power which is the key existential drive to everything in our lives.  Their mere focus on self-preservation ignores their life-negating renouncement of the status quo and breeds ressentiment -  making extinction desirable
Saurette 96, PhD in political theory at John Hopkins U, "I mistrust all systematizers and avoid them': Nietzshce, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in INternational Relations Theory." Millenium Journal of International Studies. Vol. 25 no. 1 page 3-6
The Will to Order and Politics-as-Making The Philosophical Foundation 

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Order becomes .the fundamental philosophical principle of modernity.
Universal morals and ethics alienate human life – imposes a model unto us that has no grounding to the individual. The alternative creates individual ethical appeals to affirm life
Daigle 6  PHD and professor of Philosophy at Brock University (Christine, The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 32,2006, 1-21, Muse, MT)
In this section, I will delineate Nietzsche's own brand of virtue ethics. I

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of character and not on rules. 

Case

Prioritizing critical theory over political action creates a vicious cycle of flawed knowledge production that fails to solve real problems  
Owen 2002 – Reader on Political Theory at the University of Southampton
(David Owen, “Re-Orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reasoning,” Millenium – Journal of International Studies, 2002, accessed through Sage Journals)
The first danger with the philosophical 

AND

they can, collectively, generate.
Discourse doesn’t shape reality – 4 reasons
Peabody and Roskoski ’91 - joe and matthew, fsu, “a linguistic and philosophical critique of language ‘arguments’”, http://debate.uvm.edu/library/debatetheorylibrary/roskoskiandpeabody-langcritiques)
One reason for the hypothesis being taken for 

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quibbling over multiple interpretations of a few words.1
Evolutionary psychology makes realism falsifiable and scientific – human nature proves realists are right
Thayer, 2k Bradley A., Former Research Fellow, International Security Program, Associate Professor of Defense and Strategic Study, Missouri State University, International Security, 01622889, Fall2000, Vol. 25, Issue 2 “"Bringing in Darwin: Evolutionary Theory, Realism, and International Politics"
Evolutionary theory provides a better foundation for 

AND

national solidarity and mobilizing a society's resources. 

Realism’s inevitable – interdisciplinary research proves  
Wohlforth 09 - William Wohlforth (professor of government at Dartmouth College) 2009 “ Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War”Project Muse
Mainstream theories generally posit that 

AND

in ways that directly contradict their material interest in security and/or prosperity. 

Privileging representations locks in violence --- policy analysis is the best way to challenge power
Taft-Kaufman 95 (Jill, Professor of Speech – CMU, Southern Communication Journal, Vol. 60, Issue 3, Spring)

The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "Otherness," 

AND

, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: SVDP MY | Judge: Alex Velto

1

Our interpretation is that a topical plan must: Be a government to government engagement, only involve trade, engage with the federal government of the country not the entire or part of the country, and engage with either one of Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela

Definitions:

Economic engagement has to be government to government

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf-http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
, some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others

Violations - They engage with a group of people not the government

====Mexico refers to the United Mexican States, composed of states and the federal district====
Britannica, 13 – Britannica Encyclopedia ("Mexico", Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico)//VP
Mexico, country of southern North America and the third largest country in Latin America
AND
States) incorporates 31 socially and physically diverse states and the Federal District.

Violation – They engage with the Zapatistas

At best they are extra topical – they engage with the Zapatistas and the government

"Or" means one or the other

Quirk 93 (Randolph, Professor of Linguistics – University of Durham, and Sidney Greenbaum, "A University Grammar of English", http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm)
OR  To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail."  To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.  To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women’s college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae."  To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us."  To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die." http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm - top-http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and above-http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm): "They must approve his political style or they wouldn’t keep electing him mayor." 

Violation – They engage with all countries with "bad" and "rich" governments

Economic engagement requires trade promotion

Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies-http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)
Literature of liberal school points out that economic engagement policies are significantly effective tools for
AND
state believes in that economic linkages have political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993

Violation – They endorse a movement, not a trade promotion

Topicality is a voting issue for fairness and outweighs all other issues because without it, debate is impossible

Shively 2k (Ruth Lessl, Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A26M U., Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-182)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

2

Interpretation —- the ballot’s sole purpose is to answer the resolutional question: Is the outcome of the enactment of a topical plan better than the status quo or a competitive policy option? They violate by claiming ’advantages’ independent of the plan. It’s a voting issue.

Violation —- they claim advantages that are independent of the plan

Vote negative —-

1) Grammar: 

A) "Resolved" before a colon reflects a legislative forum

Army Officer School 4 (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "
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resolved:"Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

B) "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means

Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

C) Grammar is the biggest impact —- allowing other frameworks justifies arbitrarily changing the question of the debate to an infinite number of alternatives, destroying predictable limits and ensuring the Neg always wins. Grammar is the only predictable basis for determining meaning; it’s the foundation for how words interact. Ignoring it justifies changing the focus of the debate, mooting the resolution altogether.

2) Limits:

A) Our framework narrows the topics of debate to a finite set of political potentialities. Expanding beyond this makes an infinite number of philosophical beliefs germane.

Lutz 00 (Donald, Professor of Political Science – U Houston, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 39-40)

Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels – discourse
AND
the theory, not in the moral vision of the non-theorist.  

B) Limits are critical to ensuring fair debate with a baseline of predictability. A narrow, mutually agreed-upon understanding of the topic is a pre-requisite to meaningful research and strategy. The Neg can always say the exact opposite of the Aff, but it isn’t fair or productive unless they have the opportunity to prepare those arguments in advance.

3) Plan Focus: critical frameworks change the role of the ballot from a yes / no question about the desirability of the plan to something else. This undermines the singular logical purpose of debate: the search for the best policy. Logical policymaking is the biggest educational impact —- any other learning is worthless because it can’t be applied to the real world.

4) Judge intervention —- 

A) Their framework lacks clear criteria —- only policy debate avoids subjective decision-making

Speice and Lyle 3 (Patrick, Wake Forest, and Jim, Debate Coach – Clarion, "Traditional Policy Debate: Now More Than Ever", Debaters Research Guide, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/SpeiceLyle2003htm.htm)

While some criticize the cost-benefit analysis method of evaluating a debate as subjective
AND
exist for differentiating between a "good" and "bad" performance.

B) This destroys both fairness and education

Speice and Lyle 3 (Patrick, Wake Forest, and Jim, Debate Coach – Clarion, "Traditional Policy Debate: Now More Than Ever", Debaters Research Guide, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/SpeiceLyle2003htm.htm)

But why does it matter if the judge has a clearly defined role in the
AND
realistic chance to emerge victorious by making the game fair for both teams.

• • • Note: "TDP" = Acronym for "Traditional Policy Debate"
      
      5) Impact: 

Fairness outweighs –  

A) Debate is a game that, divorced from fairness, is meaningless. Competition without fair norms is simply a bad game —- it’s the reason that the NBA is more interesting than the Harlem Globetrotters.  

B) It’s a prerequisite to education —- without equitable rules, debaters wouldn’t learn anything. Establishing a fair forum is crucial to allow education to take place. Competition is critical to get young debaters hooked and invested enough to make them desire to learn more in order to win.

Lahman 36 (Carroll Pollack, Director of Men’s Forensics – Western State Teacher’s College, Debate Coaching: A Handbook for Teachers and Coaches, p. 19)

Not knowledge but thought is the end of education. Educational values lie not so
AND
thoughts clear and interesting to others. Those are truly educational values.8

C) Affects participation —- if it wasn’t fair, debaters would have no incentive to be involved. People would quit and couldn’t learn anything.
Speice and Lyle 3 (Patrick, Wake Forest, and Jim, Debate Coach – Clarion, "Traditional Policy Debate: Now More Than Ever", Debaters Research Guide, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/SpeiceLyle2003htm.htm)

As with any game or sport, creating a level playing field that affords each
AND
field that makes the game of debate fun and educational for all participants.

Switch Side debate is key to decision-making—- that skill is key to solve extinction level threats
Harrigan 8 NDT champion, debate coach at UGA (Casey, thesis submitted to Wake Forest Graduate Faculty for Master of Arts in Communication, "A defense of switch side debate", http://dspace.zsr.wfu.edu/jspui/bitstream/10339/207/1/harrigancd052008, p. 57-59)RaPa

Along these lines, the greatest benefit of switching sides, which goes to the
AND
Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p. 82). 

3

The world inherently embodies the Will to Power - a universal drive that inspires every event – Will to power means that their impacts are inevitable because it is the Dionysian element of life that is naturally chaotic and is fundamentally life itself – Their threat construction is filled with the language of seduction to justify their cowardly reaction to the absurdities of life

SINECULPA 93 (Felix, pseudonym, "Discourse No. 2: The Lament of the Lamb," in Against Ethics: Contributions to a Poetics of Obligation with Constant Reference to Deconstruction by John D. Caputo, Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion and Humanities at Syracuse University, pg.186 – 190, ssd)
~modified for holocaust trivialization~
Auschwitz is not Evil, not Absolute Evil. Auschwitz is not some great Archimedean
AND
, never very audibly to the cosmic ear, disappear without a trace.

Their constant longing for the Will to Order is life negating because it seeks to avoid the chaotic Will to Power which is the key existential drive to everything in our lives.  Their mere focus on self-preservation ignores their life-negating renouncement of the status quo and breeds ressentiment -  making extinction desirable

Saurette 96, PhD in political theory at John Hopkins U, "I mistrust all systematizers and avoid them’: Nietzshce, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in INternational Relations Theory." Millenium Journal of International Studies. Vol. 25 no. 1 page 3-6
The Will to Order and Politics-as-Making The Philosophical Foundation of the
AND
, the Will to Order becomes .the fundamental philosophical principle of modernity. 

The alternative is to "Do nothing in the instance of the plan" —only through the embracement and confrontation of the Dionysian and rejection of life negation can we truly affirm life and give ourselves value because by fearing we only serve to construct an aversion to life itself

Scott 98, Jacqueline Scott, Associate Professor Philosophy Department Loyola University Chicago, 1998, "Nietzsche and decadence: The revaluation of morality" 7/04/12, ~AR~
The decay of the species is the reason why Nietzsche thought that the problem of
AND
and, wishing for that, frequently risks even sacri?ces self-preservation". 

Case

Zapatistas are classified as insurgents – their party is concerned with gang warfare – prefer this evidence – its from a US Government report about terrorism

Miro, 03 –Researcher for the Federal Research Division (Ramon J., Library of Congress, "ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORIST ACTIVITY ¶ IN MEXICO, 1999-2002", February 2003, http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/OrgCrime_Mexico.pdf**)//VP**
The Zapatista National Liberation Army (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional—¶ EZLN) is
AND
to future violent anti-system ¶ activity for thousands of EZLN supporters.

Say no –

Zapatistas refuse your aid without consultation – even the affirmative’s discourse in a neoliberal context is abhorred.

Evans, 08 –Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Bristol.
AND
Bringing the Political Back into Conflict Analysis", December 2008, Ebsco)VP
The "political" dimensions to the Zapatistas autonomy can, in certain senses,¶
AND
be the Zapatistas themselves who would start to impose the¶ "conditionality."

====They’re opposed to the states, and unilateral plans destroy their democratic ideals. ====
Cunninghame and Corona, 98 –writing for the Journal of Capital and Class (Patrick and Carolina, Capital and Class, Autumn98, Vol. 21 Issue 66, p12-12. "A Rainbow at Midnight: Zapatistas and Autonomy." Ebsco)VP
The EZLN takes its name and to some extent its ideology from the libertarian,
AND
consensus rather than the imposition of the ’majority’ on the ’minority’ through voting.

Democratization avoids nuclear war

Muravchik, 01 – Resident Scholar at American Enterprise Institute (Joshua, "Democracy and Nuclear Peace", July 11, http://www.npec-web.org/syllabi/muravchik.htm)//VP
The greatest impetus for world peace — and perforce of nuclear peace — is the
AND
yet exist but where the prospects for democracy may be still more remote.

The San Andreas accords break down the democratic structure of Mexico and will reinforce traditional misogynist structures.

Hilton, 01 – Ronald Hilton, British-American Journalist and Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University (Stanford University, "MEXICO: Pitfalls of San Andres Accords", 3/10/01, http://wais.stanford.edu/Mexico/mexico_pitfalls31001.html)//VP
"I have just returned from Mexico, where I found people animatedly debating the
AND
improved health care, quality schools, and safe streets as higher priorities."¶ 

Causes extinction and turns the aff – we have to challenge the prevailing experts to avoid error replication

Nhanenge 7 (Jyttwe, Masters at U South Africa, paper submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the subject Development Studies, "Ecofeminsm: Towards Integrating The Concerns of Women, Poor People and Nature into Development" MT)

Technology can be used to dominate societies or to enhance them. Thus both science
AND
-  33; Schumacher 1993: 20, 126, 128, 130).

Framing

Neoliberalism and populism can survive side by side.

Roberts, 95 – Dr. Kenneth M. Roberts is a professor of Latin American Politics at Cornell University (World Politics, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Oct., 1995), pp. 82-116, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case", JSTOR)VP
Drawing from an analysis of the Fujimori regime in Peru, this study ¶ suggests
AND
decoupling the populist ¶ concept from any specific phase or model of development. 

Neoliberalism actually helps populism – it allows it to transform, thus continuing the fight against elitism.

Roberts, 95 – Dr. Kenneth M. Roberts is a professor of Latin American Politics at Cornell University (World Politics, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Oct., 1995), pp. 82-116, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case", JSTOR)VP
Since neoliberalism first arrived in Latin America under the iron fist of ¶ Chile’s military
AND
direct, personalist mobilization of heterogeneous masses which is synonymous with populism.99 

The right to life is the most fundamental human right – it precedes everything else.

Trujillo and Maqueda, 12 – Diana Ortiz Trujillo, PhD Candidate in Law at Universidad Panamericana, and Santiago Maqueda, Lawyer at Baker 26 McKenzie, Argentina. Professor of Constitutional and Administrative Law ¶ at Universidad Austra ~Americans United for Life, "Defending the Human Right to Life in Latin America", July 2012, http://www.aul.org/contents-defending-the-human-right-to-life-in-latin-america)//VP
Article 4.1 of the treaty establishes that:¶ "Every person has the
AND
as set forth by the Political ¶ Constitution of the United Mexican States".

Life is a natural right – it is intrinsic to the meaning of being a human and thus is a precondition for all other rights.

Shestack, 01 -  Philadelphia lawyer and human rights advocate, president of the American Bar Association (ABA) from 1997 to 1998. He chaired the International League for Human Rights for twenty years, and was appointed the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1979 to 1980. Considered one of the top 100 most influential lawyers regularly during his lifetime ~Human Rights Quarterly 20.2 (1998) 201-234, "The Philosophic Foundations of Human Rights", 1998, http://www.princeton.edu/~~bsimpson/Human20Rights/articles/Shestack,20Philosophical20Foundation20of20Human20Rights.htm-http://www.princeton.edu/~bsimpson/Human Rights/articles/Shestack, Philosophical Foundation of Human Rights.htm~
What is meant by human rights? To speak of human rights requires a conception
AND
can differ from theorist to theorist, depending upon their conceptions of nature.

Our ethical obligation to secure justice demands calculative thought—the alternative is the continuation of violence and oppression

Campbell 99 (David, Prof of Int’l Politics @ Univ. of Newcastle, Moral Spaces, p. 46-7)
That undecidability resides within the decision, Derrida argues, "that justice exceeds law
AND
least not without treating it too lightly and forming the worst complicities." 6

Extinction comes first

Bok 88 (Sissela, Professor of Philosophy at Brandeis, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Rosenthal and Shehadi, Ed.)
The same argument can be made for Kant’s other formulations of the Categorical Imperative:
AND
would post a strong challenge to the unity and simplicity of Kant’s moral theory

Tournament: Damien | Round: 4 | Opponent: Damien | Judge:
1
Their constant longing for the Will to Order is life negating because it seeks to avoid the chaotic Will to Power which is the key existential drive to everything in our lives.  Their mere focus on self-preservation ignores their life-negating renouncement of the status quo and breeds ressentiment -  making extinction desirable
Saurette 96, PhD in political theory at John Hopkins U, "I mistrust all systematizers and avoid them': Nietzshce, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in INternational Relations Theory." Millenium Journal of International Studies. Vol. 25 no. 1 page 3-6
The Will to Order and Politics-as-Making 

AND

philosophical principle of modernity.
The alternative is the status quo — only through this embracement we can truly be life affirming
Scott 98, Jacqueline Scott, Associate Professor Philosophy Department Loyola University Chicago, 1998, “Nietzsche and decadence: The revaluation of morality” 7/04/12, AR
The decay of the species is the reason why Nietzsche thought that the 

AND

risks even sacri?ces self-preservation”. 

2
CIR will pass --- Obama is pushing and his PC is key
Kaplan 11/5 – Rebecca, CBS News, 11/5/13, Obama: House has votes to pass immigration reform, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57610933/obama-house-has-votes-to-pass-immigration-reform/)//a-berg
In a meeting with business leaders to discuss 

AND

dollars in deficit reduction and growth for the economy.

Pushing renewables decimates Obama’s pc
Friedman 6/26 (DAN FRIEDMAN DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITER; June 26, 2013; “Cool hand Bam Prez: I'll take on climate control measures by myself”; Daily News New York; lexis)KDUB
Obama said he would tell the 

AND

dark and under water," he said.
PC key – Obama pushing
Martosko 10/17
David, Daily Mail US Political Editor, Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats, 10/17/13, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html
The White House has shifted gears and put its policy team in immigration overdrive, zooming past the debt 

AND

other shoe is about to drop.
Its key to Aerospace competitiveness and innovation
AIAA 10 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, "Recruiting, retaining, and developing a world-class aerospace workforce: An AIAA Information Paper, presented at the AIAA's 13th Annual AIAA Congressional Visits Day in March 2010, pdf, http://www.doleta.gov/brg/indprof/aerospace_report.pdf
Without a strong aerospace workforce, 

AND

critical to the aerospace industry.

Aerospace decline causes global instability and great power war – and also solves all of their impacts
Pfaltzgraff 10 – Robert L, Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Security Studies at. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and President of the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, et al., Final Report of the IFPA-Fletcher Conference on National Security Strategy and Policy, “Air, Space, and Cyberspace Power in the 21st-Century”, p. xiii-9
Deterrence Strategy In stark contrast to 

AND

in U.S. strategy and crisis management.

3
Normal means prove that the plan will invest in hydropower in Mexico
ESMAP 9 (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. “MEXICO RENEWABLE ENERGY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM”. ESMAP. 2009. http://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/1210200912212_PROJECT20CONCEPT20NOTE20MEXICO20RENEWABLE20ENERGY20ASSISTANCE20PROGRAM.pdf)//JuneC//
PROJECT CONCEPT NOTE¶ 

AND

geothermal, and hydropower).
Hydropower development destroys biodiversity and leads to extinction - also turns their warming and water impact because dams destroy the environment
HRC 13 (Hydropower Reform Coalition. “Hydropower's Impacts on Rivers”. 2013. http://www.hydroreform.org/abouthydro/impacts-on-rivers)//JuneC//
Imagine that someone built a power 

AND

recreation and healthy fish and wildlife populations.

Solvency

Connectivity leads to grid instability – Guts solvency and leads to cyberattacks
Terry 12 - Master’s candidate at the University of Denver’s Josef Korbel School of International Studies
(Alison, “POLICY AND PRACTICE IN NORTH AMERICAN ENERGY SECURITY,” International Affairs Review, 20.3)BB
As the North American energy 

AND

increased risks of physical and ¶ virtual attacks.
Cyber attacks result in “silent wars” and extinction
Rothkopf 11 – visiting scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and President and CEO of Garten Rothkopf David, “Where Fukushima meets Stuxnet: The growing threat of cyber war”, 3-17, http://rothkopf.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/03/17/where_fukushima_meets_stuxnet_the_growing_threat_of_cyber_war
The Japanese nuclear crisis, though 

AND

 it should only have been amplified by it
Latin America will never adopt renewables – fossil fuels are too economically viable and oil lobby.
Meisen and Krumpel 9– President of the Global Energy Network Institute / Research-Associate at GENI (Peter and Sebastian, “Renewable Energy Potential of Latin America”, December 2009;  http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/renewable-energy-potential-of-latin-america/Potential20of20Renewables20in20Latin20America-edited-12-1620_Letter_.pdf)//Beddow
In reality the situation of 

AND

are few incentives to promote them.
Long time-frame
Lokey 11(Elizabeth Lokey, Environmental Studies, University of Colorado, “Barriers to clean development mechanism renewable energy projects in Mexico”, Renewable Energy Vol. 34 Issue 3, 504-508, Science Direct | JJ)
Oaxaca = wah-ha-kah
CFE – state department responsible for electricity distribution in Mexico
kWh – kilowatt hour
Because of these barriers for CDM 

AND

for CDM revenues and undergo the lengthy CDM process.
Squo solves – the windiest tract of land in Mexico has been already reserved for wind turbine systems
Pasqualetti 11 (Martin J. Pasqualetti, Senior Sustainability Scientist, Global Institute of Sustainabillity, 5/25/2011, “Social Barriers to Renewable Energy Landscapes”, Wiley Online Library | JJ)
Proving that objections to 

AND

development partners.
Warming

Warming is not anthropogenic
Bast and Taylor 11 – *CEO of the Heartland Institute, author of Rebuilding America’s Schools (1990), Why We Spend Too Much on Health Care (1992) Eco-Sanity: A Common-Sense Guide to Environmentalism (1994) Education and Capitalism (2003), Climate Change Reconsidered (2009), and The Patriot’s Toolbox (2010, rev. ed. 2011),  managing editor of Environment and Climate News, Senior Fellow for The Heartland Institute, bachelors degree from Dartmouth College and law degree from the Syracuse University College of Law, (Joseph and James, “Global Warming: Not a Crisis,” The Heartland Institute, 8/2/11, http://heartland.org/ideas/global-warming-not-crisis) PC
Natural or Man-Made? The 

AND

small amount of the climate change we witness.

Their claim about extinction outweighing is only true under a utilitarian and consequentialist framework
Seismic Activity is an alt cause to warming
Idso et. Al 11 – (Craig D., Robert M. Carter, S. Fred Singer, Susan Crockford, Sherwood Idso, Anthony Lupo, Willie Soon, Mitch Taylor, Indur Goklany, Joseph D’Aleo, Madhav Khandekar,”Interim Report: Climate Change Reconsidered”, The Heartland Institute, p.46, September 2011, KTOP)
O. Molchanov (2010) of the 

AND

years,” leaving it up to others to further study and debate the issue.
Reject their model based impacts- here’s a graph that shows the discrepancy between models and observations—we’ll read the caption
Singer 8 -Edited by S. Fred Singer, Distinguished Research Prof. @ George Mason U and Prof. Emeritus of Environmental Sciences @ U of Virginia, 3/2/2008 (24 Authors Available Upon Request, “Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate”, Science and Environment Policy Project and the Heartland Institute, p. 7)
Figure 10: A more detailed view 

AND

 balloons and satellites do not.
Aerosols means that even if warming happens it will be slow and we will be able to adapt
Hoffman 12 Doug L Hoffman, worked professionally as a mathematician, a computer programmer, an engineer, a computer salesman, a scientist, and a college professor. Dr. Hoffman earned his undergraduate degree, a BS in Applied Mathematics, from the Florida Institute of Technology. There he cut his teeth on computer models of heat flow and urban traffic simulations. After graduating, he performed hydro-acoustic work for the U.S. Navy in the Virgin Islands, where he first met Allen Simmons. Later projects included engineering work on the Carrier Automatic Landing System and cockpit field of view simulations, and environmental models for the Saudi Arabian government. He returned to academia in 1990, earning a Masters degree and a PhD in Computer Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. While there he did research in Molecular Dynamics Simulations and, as a member of the BioSCAN team, he helped develop and implement high-speed comparison methods for RNA, DNA, and protein sequences, work funded by the Human Genome Project. After joining the research faculty at UNC, he continued to pursue his thesis work, automated comparison of three dimensional protein molecules. Since 2000, he has been working in industry, serving as senior grid architect for a major information processing company, publishing several papers on modeling the performance of large scale grid computers. With a life long passion for education, he has also continued to teach as an adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Hendrix College and the University of Central Arkansas. “New Climate Models Fall Short,” http://thegwpf.org/the-climate-record/5849-new-climate-models-fall-short.html Accessed 6/21/12 BJM
The IPCC is working up to releasing pieces of its next climate 

AND

. Did someone say “settled science?”
No extinction
Carter et. Al 11–  Robert, PhD, Adjuct Research Fellow, James Cook University, Craig Idso, PhD, Chairman at the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Fred Singer, PhD, President of the Science and Environmental Policy Project, Susan Crockford, evolutionary biologist with a specialty in skeletal taxonomy , paleozoology and vertebrate evolution, Joseph D’Aleo, 30 years of experience in professional meteorology, former college professor of Meteorology at Lyndon State College, Indur Goklany, independent scholar, author, and co-editor of the Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, Sherwood Idso, President of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Research Physicist with the US Department of Agriculture, Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Geology, Botany, and Microbiology at Arizona State University, Bachelor of Physics, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy, all from the University of Minnesota, Madhav Khandekar, former research scientist from Environment Canada and is an expert reviewer for the IPCC 2007 Climate Change Panel, Anthony Lupo, Department Chair and Professor of Atmospheric Science at the University of Missouri, Willie Soon, astrophysicist at the Solar and Stellar Physics Division of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Mitch Taylor (Canada) (March 8th, “Surviving the Unpreceented Climate Change of the IPCC” http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html) Jacome
On the other hand, they indicate that some biologists 

AND

amplitude fluctuations in climate.
Increased CO2 is good:

1. Key to solve agricultural crises creating global food shortages – leads to extinction and a moral imperative – Also outweighs warming
   Idso’s, 11 Sherwood PhD and former research physicist for the Department of Agriculture, Keith PhD Botany, Craig PhD Geography, 6/6/2011, “Meeting the Food Needs of a Growing World Population”,  http://www.co2science.org/articles/V14/N27/EDIT.php DHirsch
   Parry and Hawkesford (2010) introduce their study of the 

AND

now than at the start of the millennium."
2. Ice age coming and CO2 is key to prevent it --- causes extinction and outweighs warming since we can adapt
Marsh ‘8 (Gerald E. Marsh, Retired Physicist from the Argonne National Laboratory and a former consultant to the Department of Defense on strategic nuclear technology and policy in the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton Administration, “The Coming of a New Ice Age,” February 24, 2008, http://www.winningreen.com/site/epage/59549_621.htm)//a-berg
CHICAGO — Contrary to the conventional wisdom 

AND

l prove to be only a will-o-the-wisp.

Relations

US influence is resilient
Ben-Ami 6/5– former Israeli foreign minister and internal security minister, Vice President of the Toledo International Center for Peace (Shlomo, “Is the US Losing Latin America?”, 6/5/13; http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-new-nature-of-us-influence-in-latin-america-by-shlomo-ben-ami, Project Syndicate)Beddow
Yetit would be a mistake 

AND

these advantages in its immediate vicinity.

Solving prolif causes a shift to bio-weapons.
Cordesman 2k (Anthony, Senior Fellow for Strategic Assessment – CSIS, Federal News Service, 3-28, L/N)
New, critical technologies are escaping our control One 

AND

into other weapons systems and modes of delivery. 

Bioweps cause extinction – it outweighs nuclear war.
Singer 01 Clifford , Spring .  Director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign. “Will Mankind Survive the Millennium?” The Bulletin of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 13.1, http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/research/SandPs/2001-Sp/SandP_XIII/Singer.htm.
In recent years the fear of the apocalypse (or 

AND

family may be in question when and if this is achieved.

US Mexico Relations High – Obama’s pushing a Media shift away from negative parts of the relationship
Guilamo-Ramos and Lopez 5/28/13 - (Vincent, Director, Doctoral Program at the Silver School of Social Work at New York University, and José Alfredo Miranda, president of Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP) in Puebla, Mexico. “The U.S. and Mexico Have Much to Learn from Each Other” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/vincent-guilamoramos/us-mexico-relations_b_3347068.html) DF
Barack Obama's recent visit to 

AND

heavily to both countries' economies.

Prolif Prevents Miscalc
Kenneth Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate, 1995, p. 6-7
Certainty about the relative 

AND

the oppos¬ing coalitions to be quite evenly matched. 

Alt cause to relations – Merida Initiative, NAFTA
Hakim et. al. 2/1/13– (Peter Hakim, member of the Advisor board and president emeritus of the Inter-American Dialogue Andrés Rozental, member of the Advisor board, president of RozentalandAsociados in Mexico City and senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and Laura Carlsen, director of the Americas program at the Center for International Policy, Latin America Advisor, February 1, 2013 “Have Prospects for U.S.-Mexican Relations Improved?” http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=3222) DF
A: Laura Carlsen, director of the 

AND

 workers will increase."

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: Palo Verde | Judge:
Topicality
Interpretation and violation --- economic engagement requires trade promotion --- the plan is an economic inducement
Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)
Literature of liberal school points AND have political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)

‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his AND the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)
Politics
Will pass – 4 reasons
Creamer 10/25
Robert, long-time political organizer and strategist, Huffington Post, Four Reasons Why Shutdown Battle Increases Odds of Passing Immigration Reform, 10/25/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/four-reasons-why-shutdown_b_4162829.html
Yesterday, President Obama renewed his AND. Now let's see if that's true of elephants.
Link

PC key – Obama pushing
Martosko 10/17
David, Daily Mail US Political Editor, Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats, 10/17/13, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html
The White House has shifted AND suspect the other shoe is about to drop.
Its key to Aerospace competitiveness and innovation
AIAA 10 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, "Recruiting, retaining, and developing a world-class aerospace workforce: An AIAA Information Paper, presented at the AIAA's 13th Annual AIAA Congressional Visits Day in March 2010, pdf, http://www.doleta.gov/brg/indprof/aerospace_report.pdf
Without a strong aerospace AND critical to the aerospace industry.

Aerospace decline causes global instability and great power war – and also solves all of their impacts
Pfaltzgraff 10 – Robert L, Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Security Studies at. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and President of the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, et al., Final Report of the IFPA-Fletcher Conference on National Security Strategy and Policy, “Air, Space, and Cyberspace Power in the 21st-Century”, p. xiii-9
Deterrence Strategy In stark contrast to the bipolar AND U.S. strategy and crisis management.

China CP

Solves the aff- China can help Venezuela boost oil production
PLNA, 13 (5/17/2013, From Presna Latina News Agency, “Venezuela, China Strengthen Cooperation in Oil Sector,” http://www.energytribune.com/76932/venezuela-china-strengthen-cooperation-in-oil-sector#sthash.8RLoHoEy.dpbs, JMP)
China’s Vice President Li AND Petrourica, located in Junin 4 bloc.

US encroachment on China’s sphere of influence kills relations and leads to a nuclear conflagration
Eland, 05 – Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute and Former Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute (Ivan, “Coexisting with a Rising China,” 4/11, http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1494)//VP
Although China is an AND war or even a nuclear conflagration.

That spurs a US-China nuclear war
Eland, 05 – Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute and Former Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute (Ivan, “Coexisting with a Rising China,” 4/11, http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1494)//VP
As during the Cold War AND modestly construe their vital interests.
Imperialism K

Development and economic engagement policies are economic imperialism hidden by benevolence ---this encourages countervailing forces which turn the case.
Veltmeyer, ’11 - Professor of Development Studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas in Mexico and Professor of Sociology and International Development Studies at St. Mary’s University, (Henry, “US imperialism in Latin America: then and now, here and there,” estudios críticos del desarrollo, vol. I, núm. 1, segundo semestre de 2011, pp. 89–123, http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/critical/rev1/3.pdf)//A-Berg
Finding itself in the wake of a second AND that came into play in the 1990s.

The impact is cultural extinction.
Escobar 95 - Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill (Arturo, “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World,” pg. 52-54)BB
The crucial threshold and transformation AND them I dedicate the coming chapter.

The alternative is to vote negative --- rejecting imperialism in this round serves as a starting point to theorize anti-imperialism and break down hegemonic systems of knowledge.
Morrissey 11 – (John, Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, 2011, “Architects of Empire: The Military–Strategic Studies Complex and the Scripting of US National Security,” Antipode Vol. 43, (2):435-470, http://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/xmlui/handle/10379/2893)//a-berg
As an academic working in political geography, AND just like us, is as urgent as ever. 

Rejecting the affirmative’s production of knowledge in THIS academic space sparks a language of critique that reclaims public spaces from the militarization of knowledge --- this is NOT about offense and defense or weighing the case --- this is a pass/fail gateway issue. If the 1AC has produced bad scholarship, you vote negative to send them home to write a better 1AC.
Giroux 12 (Henry, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, “Against the Militarized Academy”, 7.4.12,http://nnomy.org/index.php?option=com_flexicontentandview=itemsandcid=2903Amilitarism-a-warandid=5453Aagainst-the-militarized-academyandItemid=821andlang=en, CL)
While there is an ongoing discussion about AND democracy and the desire to sustain human life.

Oil

No solvency—reform for the oil sector will take years and there are many structural alt causes to the industry’s decline
Ladislaw and Verrastro 3/6 – Ladislaw is co-director and senior fellow with the Energy and National Security Program at the CSIS and Verrastro is senior vice president and James R. Schlesinger Chair for Energy and Geopolitics at CSIS (Sarah and Frank, “Post-Chavez Outlook for Venezuelan Oil Production,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, http://csis.org/publication/post-chavez-outlook-venezuelan-oil-production)
Even under the best of circumstances, reform AND into the domestic demand-side of that equation.
Venezuelan economy growing
El Universal 13 – (“Venezuela’s GDP Up 0.7 In The First Quarter”, El Universal, 5/31, http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/130531/venezuelas-gdp-up-07-in-the-first-quarter)//mm
The Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV) AND compared to the same period last year.

Economic decline doesn’t cause instability in LA
World Economic Forum 08 – is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. (“Uncertain political landscape ahead for Latin America,” News Release, April 15, 2008, http://www.weforum.org/news/uncertain-political-landscape-ahead-latin-america)//SS
The political future of Latin America seems AND like when the economy is bad.”

Status quo solves – China and Russia providing funding – output projected to increase
Iwata 13 – (Mari, “Venezuela Secures $4 Billion Funding from China,” Wall Street Journal, 6/6/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324798904578528922435217366.html)//SR
Venezuela has secured $4 AND -funded Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp.

Terrorism is low probability and low impact – can be contained and prevented
Gross and Gilles 4/23 – director of Internet Communications for Howard Dean’s 2004 campaign, and director of Sol Kula Healing (April 23 2012, Matthey Barrett and Mel, “How Apocalyptic Thinking Prevents Us from Taking Political Action,” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/the-perils-of-apocalyptic-thinking/255758/, mrs)

Nothing inspires fear like the AND their impact is containable

Virulent diseases cannot cause extinction because of burnout theory
Gerber 5 (Leah R. Gerber, PhD. Associate Professor of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Sciences, Ecological Society of America, "Exposing Extinction Risk Analysis to Pathogens: Is Disease Just Another Form of Density Dependence?" August 2005, Jstor) 

The density of it population is an important parameter for both PVA AND depends on the density of the endangered host species.
Disease spread is inevitable.
Bower and Chalk ’03 (Jennifer Bower, Science and Tech Policy Analyst, Peter Chalk, Political Scientist, “Vectors Without Borders,” summer 2003,
http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html)
In the latter half of the 20th AND with potentially fatal diseases.

Squo solves for nuclear war – declining proliferation
ACA ’13 Arms Control Association, Updated: April 2013, “Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance”, http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat SD

At the dawn of the nuclear age, the AND shelved nuclear weapons programs.

Turn - U.S. influence causes instability in Latin America – Venezuela and Columbia prove
Avilés 05 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Nebraska (William, “The Democratic-Peace Thesis and U.S. Relations with Colombia and Venezuela,” LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES, Issue 142, Vol. 32 No. 3, May 2005, http://faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/articles/aviles.pdf)//SS
The cases of the Samper and Chávez AND the country remains democratic or not.
Relations

Venezuela’s overreliance on oil makes instability and economic collapse inevitable – must diversify
GIS 13 (Geopolitical Information Service, May 28, 2013. The Dangers of ‘Dutch Disease’ in Latin America.” http://www.geopolitical-info.com/en/economics/the-dangers-of-dutch-disease-in-latin-america)
A number of Latin American economies have boomed as world prices AND government has been forced to import refined oil. 

Alt caus – U.S. must end Cuba embargo to improve relations with Venezuela
Pagano 13 - contributing writer to the Truman National Security Project, a national community of issue experts (James, ‘Moving Venezuela to the Center’, 3/18/2013, http://trumanproject.org/doctrine-blog/moving-venezuela-to-the-center)//MJ
Chavez was infamous for his anti-American AND for Venezuela to prosper moving forward.

Relations have already been reset – recent actions and rhetoric prove
De Cordoba and Vyas 6/25 – staff writers (Jose and Kejal “Venezuela, U.S. Try to Boost Ties” Wall Street Journal June 6 2013 ProQuest 6/25/13)AH
Venezuela freed a U.S. filmmaker it AND is politically strong enough to carry it off."

Can’t solve soft power - Diplomacy has limited utility – can’t be effectively practiced by the government
Wolf and Rosen, 04 (Charles Jr. Wolf - Senior Economic Adviser and Corporate Fellow in International Economics at RAND, and Brian Rosen - Doctoral Fellow at the RAND Corporation, “Public Diplomacy: How to Think about and improve it,” www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2004/RAND_OP134.pdf)
Still, a reformed and AND inevitably the two will be linked.
Long time frame for solvency on soft power
Freeman, 06 (Chas W., Ambassador (USFS, Ret.), “Why Not Let Them Hate Us, as Long as They Fear Us?” 11-4-2006, http://www.publicdiplomacy.org/71.htm)
To rediscover public AND five years to destroy.

Soft power is irrelevant – can’t solve any of the harms they claim to solve
Kagan, 06 (Robert, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The Washington Post, 1/15, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=17894andprog=zgpandproj=zusr)
The striking thing about the present international situation AND it was in the 1990s: Who will be invited to join NATO?

Say no - Venezuela will lock out US investment
Epperson and Domm 13 - correspondent for CNBC covering the commodity markets and personal finance; CNBC Executive Editor, News, responsible for news coverage of the markets and economy (Sharon and Patti, Christian Science Monitor, “With Hugo Chavez gone, US oil industry eyes Venezuela,” 3/6/2013, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Latest-News-Wires/2013/0306/With-Hugo-Chavez-gone-US-oil-industry-eyes-Venezuela) RGP
Venezuela has more oil reserves than any other AND profits for gasoline, diesel and other refined products.

Tournament: CP - China | Round: 1 | Opponent: CP - China | Judge: CP - China
Text: The People’s Republic of China should invest in Venezuela’s oil sector

Solves the aff- China can help Venezuela boost oil production
PLNA, 13 (5/17/2013, From Presna Latina News Agency, “Venezuela, China Strengthen Cooperation in Oil Sector,” http://www.energytribune.com/76932/venezuela-china-strengthen-cooperation-in-oil-sector#sthash.8RLoHoEy.dpbs, JMP)
China’s Vice President Li Yuanchao and
AND
in another of the Chinese-Venezuelan companies, Petrourica, located in Junin 4 bloc.

US encroachment on China’s sphere of influence kills relations and leads to a nuclear conflagration
Eland, 05 – Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute and Former Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute (Ivan, “Coexisting with a Rising China,” 4/11, http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1494)//VP
Although China is an autocratic state, it still has legitimate
AND
war or even a nuclear conflagration.

That spurs a US-China nuclear war
Eland, 05 – Director of the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute and Former Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute (Ivan, “Coexisting with a Rising China,” 4/11, http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1494)//VP
As during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the
AND
reassess and more modestly construe their vital interests.

Tournament: CP - Courts | Round: 1 | Opponent: CP - Courts | Judge: CP - Courts
Text: The United States Supreme Court should lift its economic restrictions on Cuba by ruling them unconstitutional

The supreme court can do the aff and avoids politics
Tushnet 8 (law professor at Harvard, Mark, “THE OBAMA PRESIDENCY AND THE ROBERTS COURT: SOME HINTS FROM POLITICAL SCIENCE: POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS OF JUDICIAL SUPREM-ACY: THE PRESIDENCY, THE SUPREME COURT, AND CONSTITUTIONAL LEADERSHIP IN U.S. HISTORY”, Summer, 25 Const. Commentary 343, lexis, Accessed 2/18/2013, rwg)
What can the courts do for a resilient regime?
AND
pressure on the President to do something about the Court.

The reviewing and examining laws through ruling it unconstitutional is key to judicial independence
Shetreet 89 (Shimon Shetreet. “Judicial Independence: The Contemporary Debate”. Chapter 33. 1985. Martinus Nijhoff. Google Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=jEG0KVCu_soCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false)//JuneC//
The Course and Framework of IBA Project¶ The
AND
Jerusalem in March 1982 and In New Delhi in October 1982.¶
Judicial independence is key to human rights and de-escalates conflicts
OSCE 12 (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe MISSION IN KOSOVO. “Independence of the Judiciary in Kosovo: Institutional and Functional Dimensions”. January 2012. http://www.osce.org/kosovo/87138)//JuneC//
I. INTRODUCTION¶ “Everyone is entitled in full equality to a
AND
conflicts, and economic development.

Tournament: CP - Cuba Environmental Conditions | Round: 1 | Opponent: CP - Cuba Environmental Conditions | Judge: CP - Cuba Environmental Conditions
Text: The United States federal government should condition normalizing trade relations with the Republic of Cuba agreeing to implement environmental regulations in Cuba

Conditioning the Embargo on Environmental protection solves the aff - is key to environmental leadership.  Lifting the embargo alone dooms the environment.
Connell 9 – Council of Hemispheric Affairs research associate (Christina, COHA, “The US and Cuba: Destined to be an environmental duo?” 2009, http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/) RGP
Unlike the U.S., which still has never
AND
may seriously damage the island.

The impact is extinction – its linear
Diner 94 – Judge Advocate’s General’s Corps of US Army
David N., Military Law Review, Winter, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, LN
No  species  has ever dominated its fellow  species
AND
may be edging closer to the abyss.

Tournament: CP - El Bloqueo | Round: 1 | Opponent: CP - El Bloqueo | Judge: CP - El Bloqueo
The United States federal government should lift its blockade against Democratic Republic Cuba.

Using economic language like “sanctions” to describe the blockade hides America’s imperialist policies – Their portrayal establishes the “sanctions” as something distinct from a blockade
CubavsBlockade 7 (Cuba vs Blockade. Cuban people web site. 2007. http://www.cubavsbloqueo.cu/Default.aspx?tabid=434)//JuneC//
US Blockade against Cuba: simile of the
AND
the limitations imposed by the siege.¶ 

Imperialist rhetoric causes imperialism, racism and dehumanization
Kim 4 (Soonsik Kim. Professor in the English Department al Myongji University in Seoul. Korea. Ph.D. in compulsive literature from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “Colonial and Postcolonial Discourse in the Novels of Y?m Sang-s?p, Chinua Achebe, and Salman Rushdie”, Pg. 3-4. Peter Lang. 2004. Google Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=wzXbv13XucUCandprintsec=frontcoverandsource=gbs_ge_summary_randcad=0#v=onepageandqandf=false)//JuneC//
Early stages of colonial discourse in a
AND
such colonial or imperial attitudes.

Language shapes reality – evaluating the meanings behind the words of an action is a priori to the action
Edelman 85 (Murray Edelman. American political scientist in University of Wisconsin. “Political Language and Political Reality”. American Political Science Association. Winter 1985. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/418800?seq=1anduid=3739560anduid=2anduid=4anduid=3739256andsid=21102185169611)//JuneC//
The most incisive twentieth century students
AND
events to actor and spectators is concerned.

Tournament: CP - Human Rights Conditions | Round: 1 | Opponent: CP - Human Rights Conditions | Judge: CP - Human Rights Conditions
The United States federal government should condition expanding the mandates of the North American Development Bank to allow for investment in border infrastructure on ending human rights abuses by Mexican forces. The United States federal government should enact a periodic certification process to determine that abuses are effectively investigated and prosecuted.

The counterplan solves 100 of the case AND human rights violations
Roth 9 – executive director of the Human Rights Watch (Kevin, Human Rights Watch “Mexico: US Should Withhold Military Aid Rights Conditions in Merida Initiative Remain Unmet,” 7/13/2009) RGP
The Merida Initiative provides the Obama administration with
AND
rights requirements included in the aid package." 

Human rights violations causes global instability and turns the case - Independently, we have a moral obligation to stop human rights abuses
Clinton 12 (Hillary Rodham Clinton. Secretary of State. “Secretary Clinton: We Have a Moral Obligation to Confront Atrocities That Violate Our Common Humanity”. GENEVA. 24 July 2012. http://geneva.usmission.gov/2012/07/25/genocide-prevention/)//JuneC//
Thank you very much, and it’s a tremendous
AND
again.Ӧ Thank you all very much. (Applause.)

Tournament: CP - Hydropower | Round: 1 | Opponent: CP - Hydropower | Judge: CP - Hydropower
The United States federal government should provide renewable energy assistance to Mexico except for hydropower.

Normal means prove that the plan will invest in hydropower in Mexico
ESMAP 9 (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. “MEXICO RENEWABLE ENERGY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM”. ESMAP. 2009. http://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/1210200912212_PROJECT20CONCEPT20NOTE20MEXICO20RENEWABLE20ENERGY20ASSISTANCE20PROGRAM.pdf)//JuneC//
PROJECT CONCEPT NOTE¶ MEXICO RENEWABLE ENERGY
AND
(wind power, solar power, geothermal, and hydropower).

Hydropower development destroys biodiversity and leads to extinction
HRC 13 (Hydropower Reform Coalition. “Hydropower's Impacts on Rivers”. 2013. http://www.hydroreform.org/abouthydro/impacts-on-rivers)//JuneC//
Imagine that someone built a power plant that set your heater to
AND
recreation and healthy fish and wildlife populations.

Tournament: CP - XO | Round: 1 | Opponent: CP - XO | Judge: CP - XO
Text: The president of the United States should expand the mandate of the North American Development Bank and provide the necessary funds to improve land ports of entry along the U.S.-Mexico border. 

CP is competitive – they don’t spec their agent which is a reason to vote neg because it kills agent CPs and branch specific DA’s AND hurts knowledge about implementation. 

CP solves and shields congress
Milner and Tingley 11 (Helen V. and Dustin H., Profs @ Princeton U, ?Who Supports Global Economic Engagement? The Sources of Preferences in American Foreign Economic Policy, International Organization 65, Winter 2011, p. 37-68, http://www.princeton.edu/~hmilner/forthcoming20papers/MilnerTingley20(2011)20Who20Supports20Global20Economic20Engagement.pdf, p. 37-8)LA
Governments pursue their international
AND
and international pressures.

Unilateral executive policies let the president take credibility from Congress  and increases pres powers
Howell and Pevehouse 7 (William G. Howell - Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics in the Harris School And Jon C. Pevehouse - associate professor at the University of Chicago's Irving B. Harris School of Public Policy, Princeton University Press, “While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers”, 2007, Pg. 7) MaxL
There is, at present, a
AND
institution limit the presidents unilateral powers.

Strong presidency is necessary to avert nuclear annihilation
Paul 98 (Professor at University of Connecticut School of Law. The Geopolitical Constitution: Executive Expediency and Executive Agreements.)
Whatever the complexity of causes that led to the Cold War
AND
institution of constitutional dictatorship.

Use of ANY Nuclear Weapons Will Cause Extinction
Ross 3 (Founder of NZ Nuclear-Free Peacemaking Association. RACING TOWARD EXTINCTION. Dec 10, 2003. http://nuclearfree.lynx.co.nz/racing.htm)
We have greatly changed our environment
AND
A probable escalation would follow.

Tournament: DA - China | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - China | Judge: DA - China
China’s engagement in Latin America is high now and its zero sum- even if US engagement is happening now, China’s influence is overpowering now
Rosenthal, 9/11 – political consultant and writer who is currently interning at The Center for Security Policy in Washington DC (Terence, 2013, “China’s Pivot to Latin America”, Global Balita, http://globalbalita.com/2013/09/11/chinas-pivot-to-latin-america/)//VP
The quest for global naval power runs parallel
AND
diplomatic influence in South America.

Increased US-Mexico relations crowd out China
Fischer, 12 – Analyst for Capitol Media (Howard, “Fox Says US-Mexico Ties Deter China’s Influence”, September 14, http://azstarnet.com/news/local/border/fox-says-us-mexico-ties-deter-china-s-influence/article_b8fd3834-acdc-5b33-b1fb-d983fdf8d2de.html)//VP
Former Mexican President Vicente Fox said the United States
AND
billion of U.S. products every year, meaning "millions of jobs" to this country's economy. 

Latin American relations mutually beneficial – key to China’s economy
Kunsheng, 12 - Assistant Foreign Minister of the People’s Republic of China (Zhang, “On Strengthening China’s Relations with Latin American and Caribbean Countries under New Situation”, China Institute of International Studies, 10-30-12, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2012-10/30/content_5446364.htm)//KG
Second, the convergence of interests between the
AND
trade cooperation between the two sides.  

China economic collapse causes WW3- hotspot for escalation
Plate, 03 - Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, “Why Not Invade China” Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS
But imagine a China disintegrating -- on its own,
AND
the Bush presidency than China

Tournament: DA - Debt Ceiling | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - Debt Ceiling | Judge: DA - Debt Ceiling
Obama is pushing Congress to resolve the debt ceiling – political capital is key to success
Pace 9/12 Julie, AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda, The Fresno Bee, 9/12/13, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold,
AND
Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.

Plan costs PC – Obama avoiding the fight
Padgett 10 Tim, Latin America Bureau Chief @ Time Magazine last 14 years, 8/23, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2013820,00.html
Proponents of doing just that insist there's more
AND
decide that the fight's not worth it."

Failure collapses the economy – goes global and past events don’t disprove
Davidson 9/10 Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again
AND
economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8   Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences
AND
travails with external adventures.

Tournament: DA - Dual Economy | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - Dual Economy | Judge: DA - Dual Economy
Dollar circulation has dropped, but tourism will increase dollar flow and fuel Cuba’s dual economy – this creates an economic gap that disturbs Cuba and creates instability
Carl 1 (Traci Carl. AP regional editor overseeing news in 13 states west of the Rockies, working mom, former Chilanga who still drives like she lives in Mexico City. “Dollar influx creates dual economy in Cuba”. Honolulu Advertiser. 12 November, 2001. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2001/Nov/12/bz/bz03a.html)//JuneC//
Dollar influx creates dual economy in Cuba
AND
to loved ones on the island also has fallen.

The social gap created by the dual economy sparks revolution and creates instability in Cuba which turns the case
Herrera and Nakatani 3 (Rémy Herrera and Paulo Nakatani. Researcher at CNRS (National Center of Scientific Research) in France. “THE CUBAN DOLLARIZATION. Reflections for a de-dollarizing process”. http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/ec/jec9/pdf/A0320-20Herrera,20RE9my20y20Nakatani,20Paulo.pdf)JuneC
The egalitarian wages and incomes structure
AND
to private wage-earning hiring.

Tournament: DA - Free Trade | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - Free Trade | Judge: DA - Free Trade
Free trade increases vulnerability to terrorism and trades off with counterterrorist efforts
Johnson 8 (Jeff Johnson. Editor of CNS. War on Terror and Free Trade Are Incompatible, Expert Says”. CNS News. 7 July 2008. http://cnsnews.com/news/article/war-terror-and-free-trade-are-incompatible-expert-says)//JuneC//
(CNSNews.com) - The controversy over a proposal to give a
AND
which already control operations at some U.S. ports.

Leads to nuclear terrorism
Bowman 2 - Specialist in National Defense¶ Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division(Steve, Congressional Research Service, ”Weapons of Mass Destruction”, March 7th , 2002, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/9184.pdf,/JWD)
The¶ continuing¶ possibility of terrorist attacks
AND
technology¶ and information¶ in¶ general.

Tournament: DA - Grid | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - Grid | Judge: DA - Grid
Connectivity leads to grid instability – Guts solvency and leads to cyberattacks
Terry 12 - Master’s candidate at the University of Denver’s Josef Korbel School of International Studies
(Alison, “POLICY AND PRACTICE IN NORTH AMERICAN ENERGY SECURITY,” International Affairs Review, 20.3)BB
As the North American energy networks continue to integrate
AND
increased risks of physical and ¶ virtual attacks.

Cyber attacks result in “silent wars” and extinction
Rothkopf 11 – visiting scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and President and CEO of Garten Rothkopf David, “Where Fukushima meets Stuxnet: The growing threat of cyber war”, 3-17, http://rothkopf.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/03/17/where_fukushima_meets_stuxnet_the_growing_threat_of_cyber_war
The Japanese nuclear crisis, though still unfolding
AND
it should only have been amplified by it

Tournament: DA - Immigration | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - Immigration | Judge: DA - Immigration
CIR will pass --- Obama is pushing and his PC is key
Kaplan 11/5 – Rebecca, CBS News, 11/5/13, Obama: House has votes to pass immigration reform, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57610933/obama-house-has-votes-to-pass-immigration-reform/)//a-berg
In a meeting with business leaders to discuss immigration reform
AND
deficit reduction and growth for the economy.

Link

PC key – Obama pushing
Martosko 10/17
David, Daily Mail US Political Editor, Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats, 10/17/13, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html
The White House has shifted gears and put
AND
critical to the aerospace industry.

Aerospace decline causes global instability and great power war – and also solves all of their impacts
Pfaltzgraff 10 – Robert L, Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Security Studies at. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and President of the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, et al., Final Report of the IFPA-Fletcher Conference on National Security Strategy and Policy, “Air, Space, and Cyberspace Power in the 21st-Century”, p. xiii-9
Deterrence Strategy In stark contrast to the
AND
airpower would play in U.S. strategy and crisis management.

Tournament: DA - Iran | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - Iran | Judge: DA - Iran
A deal to stall Iran’s nuclear program is coming – Obama will hold off Senate sanctions now
Landler and Sanger 11/14
Mark and David, New York Times, Obama Calls for Patience in Iran Talks, 11/14/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/us/politics/obama-iran.html?_r=0
President Obama made a vigorous appeal to Congress on
AND
and the United States have done.”

Border investment is unpopular
Johnson, 6/12/13 (June 12th- National Journal Writer, government executive newspaper, Fawn, “Analysis: Why Democrats Are Afraid of Border Security”, http://www. govexec.com/oversight/2013/06/analysis-why-democrats-are-afraid-border-security/64802/)
Senate Republicans don't believe President Obama
AND
for green cards, the ticket to citizenship.

Obama capital key – prevents deal collapses that causes war – deal independently solves Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, proliferation, and terrorism
Hamilton 11/15
Lee H. Hamilton, Director, Center on Congress at Indiana University, “Iran Nuclear Talks Are Bound to Get Tougher,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lee-h-hamilton/iran-nuclear-talks-are-bo_b_4269412.html
Going into last week's Geneva talks, Iran signaled
AND
hopes and expectations were so high.

Tournament: DA - Nuclear Reactors | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - Nuclear Reactors | Judge: DA - Nuclear Reactors
Plan causes funding for Cuba’s nuclear reactors --- causes catastrophic meltdowns.
Gaffney 99 – Frank, “Life Support for Castro Redux: Clinton Doesn’t Have Time for Blue-Ribbon Commission, Goes Direct to Gutting the Embargo,” January 6, 1999, https://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/1999/01/06/life-support-for-castro-redux-clinton-doesnt-have-time-for-blue-ribbon-commission-goes-direct-to-gutting-the-embargo-2/)//a-berg
Worse still, the misguided and inevitable
AND
potentially dangerous levels of radiation. 7

Extinction
Lendmen 11  (Stephen – BA from Harvard University and MBA from Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan” 3/13/11 http://rense.com/general93/nucmelt.htm)//VP
For years, Helen Caldicott warned it's coming.
AND
Doomsday Clock keeps ticking.

Tournament: DA - Rights Malthus | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - Rights Malthus | Judge: DA - Rights Malthus
The ecological crunch is coming --- overwhelming scientific evidence proves it risks extinction
Shearman 7, David, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 4-6
This impending crisis is caused by the
AND
and human well-being will be seriously affected.

That means eco-authoritarianism is coming now and prevents extinction, but the aff’s promotion of democracy ensures that it fails.
Humphrey 7 - Mathew, Reader in Political Philosophy at the University of Nottingham, UK, 2007, Ecological Politics and Democratic Theory: The Challenge to the Deliberative Ideal, p. 14-15
In terms of the first of these points, that our democratic
AND
democracy or ecological survival.

Tournament: DA - Sacred Cow | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - Sacred Cow | Judge: DA - Sacred Cow
The plan’s untouchable fiat designates it as an off-budget project — this snowballs and ensures every pet project gets funded
Boskin, 96 — senior fellow at the Hoover Institute (Michael, Congressional Record, 142 Con Rec H, 4/17/1996 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1996-04-17/html/CREC-1996-04-17-pt1-PgH3497-3.htm)
I believe it is likely that moving one
AND
render sensible tax and budget policy impossible.

Guarantees the ABL
Hodge, 11 (Nathan, “Pentagon Loses War to Zap Airborne Laser From Budget”, The Wall Street Journal, 2/11/2011,http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704570104576124173372065568.html)
But if the administration's budget request
AND
Future Combat Systems. (The FCS's overall cost: $18 billion.)

Global nuclear war
Rozoff, 10 – contributor to The Centre for Research on Globalization (Rick, “U.S. Tightens Missile Shield Encirclement Of China And Russia”, 3/4/2010, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=vaandaid=17948)
The U.S. has not substituted the
AND
for conventional and nuclear first strikes.

Tournament: DA - Sanctions Tradeoff | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - Sanctions Tradeoff | Judge: DA - Sanctions Tradeoff
Plan revitalizes the OAS and revamps sanctions on Iran – Focus trades off
Maberry and Jensen 13 – J. Scott Maberry, J.D, Georgetown University Law Center, International Trade partner in the Government Contracts, Investigations and International Trade Practice Group, Mark L. Jensen, J.D, Harvard Law School, International Trade associate in the Government Contracts, Investigations and International Trade Practice Group, (“OFAC gets hot, bothered on Iran and Cuba: how economic sanctions work today”, Report for Sheppard Mullin Richter and Hampton LLP, 5/7/13, http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=8657e6ce-454a-4eaf-ba8b-d225ea59ecdd, Accessed 7/9/13, AW)
People who practice U.S. economic sanctions
AND
that additional sanctions will be applied.

Sanctions cause US-Iran war and Middle East war
Shank and Gould 9/12
Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/
Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss
AND
obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.

Tournament: DA - TPA | Round: 1 | Opponent: DA - TPA | Judge: DA - TPA
Obama will spend political capital on TPA now – creates bipartisan coalition for passage – key to US leadership and economic growth
Business Times Singapore 1/23
Chance for Obama to push trade agenda, 1/23/14, Lexis.
AS US President Barack Obama prepares
AND
strengthen US global leadership and boost the world economy.

Engagement costs PC
Harper 10  
Liz, Senior Editor @ US Institute for Peace, adjunct fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, americasquarterly.org contributing blogger based in Washington DC, 12/21, http://americasquarterly.org/node/2058
Venezuela’s Formal Rejection of Ambassador-Designate
AND
strokes of the debate into which Palmer was tossed.

Losses prevent Democratic coalitions
Loomis 7 Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at Georgetown University, “Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy”, March 2, 2007, pg 36-37, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php
Declining political authority encourages defection.
AND
U.S. policy, foreign and domestic. 

Nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8  
Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous consequences
AND
internal travails with external adventures.

Tournament: K - Anthro | Round: 1 | Opponent: K - Anthro | Judge: K - Anthro
Environmental policy is decided through anthropocentric justifications.
Katz and Oechsli 93 (Members of the Science, Technology, and Society Program _{New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark. Katz is currently Vice President of the International Society for Environmental Ethics , “Moving beyond Anthropocentrism: Environmental Ethics, Development, and the Amazon”, http://www.umweltethik.at/download.php?id=392.)
In sum, these preservationist arguments based on
AND
maintenance of this unique ecological region.}

In addition, to discuss oppression as “dehumanizing” only reasserts dominate forms of hierarchy in hidden ways and furthers anthropocentric thought.
Adams 94 (Carol, feminist scholar and animal rights theorist, M.Div. from Yale Divinity School, B.A. from Rochester University, Neither Beast nor Man, P. 77 http://books.google.com/books?id=CinU6Vy_sYMC)
It is conventionally said that oppression
AND
positions animals as lower?

Anthropocentrism outweighs – guarantees total destruction of the Earth
Gottlieb 94 – Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute; holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University (Roger, “Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology,” Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, summer 1994, http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm, Accessed 07-26-2011)
Here I will at least begin in agreement with
AND
neither for ourselves nor for the other, but for us all. 

Vote negative to endorse the standpoint of animals in challenging oppression – the divide between human and non-human is the root cause of all violence
Best 9  - UT El Paso philosophy professor (Steven, “The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: Putting Theory into Action and Animal Liberation into Higher Education “, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VII, Issue 1, 2009, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/issue_9/JCAS20VII20Issue20120MAY20ISSUE20The20Rise20of20Critical20Animal20Studies20pgs209-52.pdf,)
Postmodern critiques have been hugely
AND
and ecological healing and balance.

Tournament: K - Imperialism | Round: 1 | Opponent: K - Imperialism | Judge: K - Imperialism
Development and economic engagement policies are economic imperialism hidden by benevolence ---this encourages countervailing forces which turn the case.
Veltmeyer, ’11 - Professor of Development Studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas in Mexico and Professor of Sociology and International Development Studies at St. Mary’s University, (Henry, “US imperialism in Latin America: then and now, here and there,” estudios críticos del desarrollo, vol. I, núm. 1, segundo semestre de 2011, pp. 89–123, http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/critical/rev1/3.pdf)//A-Berg
Finding itself in the wake of a second world war as the
AND
economic imperialism that came into play in the 1990s.

The impact is cultural extinction.
Escobar 95 - Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill (Arturo, “Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World,” pg. 52-54)BB
The crucial threshold and transformation that took place in the early post–
AND
To them I dedicate the coming chapter.

The alternative is to vote negative --- rejecting imperialism in this round serves as a starting point to theorize anti-imperialism and break down hegemonic systems of knowledge.
Morrissey 11 – (John, Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, 2011, “Architects of Empire: The Military–Strategic Studies Complex and the Scripting of US National Security,” Antipode Vol. 43, (2):435-470, http://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/xmlui/handle/10379/2893)//a-berg
As an academic working in political geography,
AND
rights just like us, is as urgent as ever. 

Rejecting the affirmative’s production of knowledge in THIS academic space sparks a language of critique that reclaims public spaces from the militarization of knowledge --- this is NOT about offense and defense or weighing the case --- this is a pass/fail gateway issue. If the 1AC has produced bad scholarship, you vote negative to send them home to write a better 1AC.
Giroux 12 (Henry, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, “Against the Militarized Academy”, 7.4.12,http://nnomy.org/index.php?option=com_flexicontentandview=itemsandcid=2903Amilitarism-a-warandid=5453Aagainst-the-militarized-academyandItemid=821andlang=en, CL)
While there is an ongoing discussion about what
AND
democracy and the desire to sustain human life.

Tournament: K - Nietzsche | Round: 1 | Opponent: K - Nietzsche | Judge: K - Nietzsche
The world inherently embodies the Will to Power - a universal drive that inspires every event – Will to power means that their impacts are inevitable because it is the Dionysian element of life that is naturally chaotic and is fundamentally life itself – Their threat construction is filled with the language of seduction to justify their cowardly reaction to the absurdities of life
SINECULPA 93 (Felix, pseudonym, “Discourse No. 2: The Lament of the Lamb,” in Against Ethics: Contributions to a Poetics of Obligation with Constant Reference to Deconstruction by John D. Caputo, Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion and Humanities at Syracuse University, pg.186 – 190, ssd)
modified for holocaust trivialization
Auschwitz is not Evil, not Absolute Evil
AND
never very audibly to the cosmic ear, disappear without a trace.

Their constant longing for the Will to Order is life negating because it seeks to avoid the chaotic Will to Power which is the key existential drive to everything in our lives.  Their mere focus on self-preservation ignores their life-negating renouncement of the status quo and breeds ressentiment -  making extinction desirable
Saurette 96, PhD in political theory at John Hopkins U, "I mistrust all systematizers and avoid them': Nietzshce, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in INternational Relations Theory." Millenium Journal of International Studies. Vol. 25 no. 1 page 3-6
The Will to Order and Politics-as-Making
AND
philosophical principle of modernity. 

Universal morals and ethics alienate human life – imposes a model unto us that has no grounding to the individual. The alternative creates individual ethical appeals to affirm life
Daigle 6  PHD and professor of Philosophy at Brock University (Christine, The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 32,2006, 1-21, Muse, MT)
In this section, I will delineate Nietzsche's own brand
AND
development of character and not on rules.

Tournament: T - Gov 2 Gov | Round: 1 | Opponent: T - Gov 2 Gov | Judge: T - Gov 2Gov
Economic engagement has to be government to government
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among
AND
important with respect to some countries than to others

Tournament: T - Its | Round: 1 | Opponent: T - Its | Judge: T - Its
‘Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms 5  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
AND
word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

Tournament: T - Mexico | Round: 1 | Opponent: T - Mexico | Judge: T - Mexico
Mexico refers to the United Mexican States, composed of states and the federal district
Britannica, 13 – Britannica Encyclopedia (“Mexico”, Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico)//VP
Mexico, country of southern North America
AND
physically diverse states and the Federal District.

Tournament: T - Or | Round: 1 | Opponent: T - Or | Judge: T - Or
“Or” means one or the other
Quirk 93 (Randolph, Professor of Linguistics – University of Durham, and Sidney Greenbaum, “A University Grammar of English”, http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm)
OR  To suggest that only one possibility
AND
"They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him mayor."

Tournament: T - Pre-existing | Round: 1 | Opponent: T - Pre-existing | Judge: T - Pre-existing
Increase means to make something greater from a preexisting baseline – Especially in context of foreign policy
Buckley et al 6   - attorney (Jeremiah, Amicus Curiae Brief, Safeco Ins. Co. of America et al v. Charles Burr et al,
http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/briefs/06-84/06-84.mer.ami.mica.pdf)
First, the court said that the ordinary meaning
AND
(“a phrase gathers meaning from the words around it”) (citation omitted).

Tournament: T - QPQ | Round: 1 | Opponent: T - QPQ | Judge: T - QPQ
Economic engagement has to be conditional
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books
In sum, conditional engagement consists
AND
"The Reagan Strategy of Containment,” Political Science Quarterly 105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

Tournament: T - Trade | Round: 1 | Opponent: T - Trade | Judge: T - Trade
Interpretation and violation --- economic engagement requires trade promotion --- the plan is an economic inducement
Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)
Literature of liberal school points out that
AND
Sender state believes in that economic linkages have political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)

Tournament: T - USFG | Round: 1 | Opponent: T - USFG | Judge: T - USFG
Interpretation -~-- the ballot’s sole purpose is to answer the resolutional question: Is the outcome of the enactment of a topical plan better than the status quo or a competitive policy option? They violate by claiming ‘advantages’ independent of the plan. It’s a voting issue.

“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School 4 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only a
AND
That this council petition the mayor.

‘Should’ denotes an expectation the aff will be enacted.
American Heritage Dictionary 2k
Used to express probability or expectation 

Violation -~-- they claim advantages that are independent of the plan

Vote negative -~--

1) Grammar: 

A) “Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School 4 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a.  A list
AND
after the word "resolved:"Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

B) “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future
AND
audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

2) Limits:

A) Our framework narrows the topics of debate to a finite set of political potentialities. Expanding beyond this makes an infinite number of philosophical beliefs germane.
Lutz 00 (Donald, Professor of Political Science – U Houston, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 39-40)
Aristotle notes in the Politics that
AND
the moral vision of the non-theorist.  

4) Judge intervention -~-- 

A) Their framework lacks clear criteria -~-- only policy debate avoids subjective decision-making
Speice and Lyle 3 (Patrick, Wake Forest, and Jim, Debate Coach – Clarion, “Traditional Policy Debate: Now More Than Ever”, Debaters Research Guide, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/SpeiceLyle2003htm.htm)
While some criticize the cost-benefit
AND
between a “good” and “bad” performance.

B) This destroys both fairness and education
Speice and Lyle 3 (Patrick, Wake Forest, and Jim, Debate Coach – Clarion, “Traditional Policy Debate: Now More Than Ever”, Debaters Research Guide, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/SpeiceLyle2003htm.htm)
But why does it matter if the judge
AND
emerge victorious by making the game fair for both teams.

• • • Note: “TDP” = Acronym for “Traditional Policy Debate”
      
      5) Impact: 

Fairness outweighs –  

B) It’s a prerequisite to education -~-- without equitable rules, debaters wouldn’t learn anything. Establishing a fair forum is crucial to allow education to take place. Competition is critical to get young debaters hooked and invested enough to make them desire to learn more in order to win.
Lahman 36 (Carroll Pollack, Director of Men’s Forensics – Western State Teacher’s College, Debate Coaching: A Handbook for Teachers and Coaches, p. 19)

Not knowledge but thought
AND
Those are truly educational values.8

C) Affects participation -~-- if it wasn’t fair, debaters would have no incentive to be involved. People would quit and couldn’t learn anything.
Speice and Lyle 3 (Patrick, Wake Forest, and Jim, Debate Coach – Clarion, “Traditional Policy Debate: Now More Than Ever”, Debaters Research Guide, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/SpeiceLyle2003htm.htm)
As with any game or sport
AND
and educational for all participants.

Switch Side debate is key to decision-making-~-- that skill is key to solve extinction level threats
Harrigan 8 NDT champion, debate coach at UGA (Casey, thesis submitted to Wake Forest Graduate Faculty for Master of Arts in Communication, “A defense of switch side debate”, http://dspace.zsr.wfu.edu/jspui/bitstream/10339/207/1/harrigancd052008, p. 57-59)RaPa
Along these lines, the greatest
AND
critical thinking (Allen, Berkowitz, Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p. 82).