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Entry
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1AC --- Border Gnosis --- Borderlands
Tournament: TOC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Damien MR | Judge: Lanning To live in the borderlands means you are neither hispana india negra española ni gabacha, eres mestiza, mulata, half-breed caught in the crossfire between camps while carrying all five races on your back not knowing which side to turn to, run from;
To live in the Borderlands means knowing that the indian in you, betrayed for 500 years, is no longer speaking to you, that mexicanas call you rajetas, that denying the Anglo inside you is as bad as having denied the Indian or Black;
Cuando vives en la frontera people walk through you, wind steals your voice, you're a burra, buey, scapegoat forerunner of a new race, half and half - both woman and man, neither- a new gender;
To live in the Borderlands means to put chile in the borscht eat whole wheat tortillas speak Tex-Mex with a Brooklyn accent; be stopped by la migra at the border check points; Living in the Borderlands means you fight hard to resist the gold elixer beckoning from the bottle, the pull of the gun barrel, the rope crushing the hollow of your throat;
In the Borderlands you are the battleground where enemies are kin to each other; you are at home, a stranger, the border disputes have been settled the volley of shots have shattered the truce you are wounded, lost in action dead, fighting back;
To live in the Borderlands means the mill with the razor white teeth wants to shred off your olive-red skin, crush out the kernel, your heart pound you pinch you roll you out smelling like white bread but dead; To survive in the Borderlands you must live sin fronteras be a crossroads
US/Mexico border is one such unique space of contention in the global imaginary – it is in this space that Anzaldua sees the colonial wound at the root of biographic and geopolitical classifications. Mignolo, ’11 - an Argentine semiotician and professor at Duke University (Walter D., “The Darker Side of Western Modernity,” Duke University Press, p.xx-xxii)CT
While in The... Second, or Third Worlds, etc.).
Thus we affirm border gnosis to engage the US/Mexico border --- recognizing the chasm of colonial difference --- only this engagement can challenge dominate economic, epistemological domination -root of other binaries like whiteness/blackness -prereq to productive dialogue -ignorance is knowing we cant know everything/we aren’t always right etc (or whatever knowledge exists might be beyond the European imaginary) Taylor 12 - Lecturer in Latin American Studies BA University of London, Queen Mary MPhil University of Glasgow PhD University of Manchester, (Lucy, “Decolonizing International Relations: Perspectives from Latin America,” International Studies Review, Volume 14, Issue 3, 11 SEP 2012, 14, 386–400, Wiley Online Library HA 2. What does IR...unequal global order.
And, our use of Anzaldua’s method is crucial to using our aff to performatively engage border gnosis in the debate space itself-This change in form of language is key to embodied performance that incorporates the subaltern Anzaldua, 87 Gloria, Chicana cultural and feminist theorist, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, ALB Invoking Art¶ In...que banar J'vertir.
Cartesian dualism is FUNDAMENTALLY INTERTWINED with coloniality/modernity-The aff is key to break it down Grosfoguel, 7 Ramon, Associate Professor, UC Berkeley Ethnic Studies Department, “The Epistemic Decolonial Turn,” Cultural Studies, 21: 2, 211 — 223, ALB Rene Descartes, the...of Europeans/ non-Europeans.
4/27/14
1AC --- Glenbrooks
Tournament: The Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Head Royce TP | Judge: Fink, Reka 1ac --- Glenbrooks
Spills
Advantage 1 is spills.
Drilling is inevitable in Cuba --- Russia proves Goodhue, 13 – Economist and journalist (David, June 6, 2013, http://www.keysnet.com/2013/06/06/487368/last-cuban-offshore-oil-project.html)HA The first company …. oil-drilling capabilities. High likelihood of oil in Cuba --- multiple surveys prove Piñón and Benjamin-Alvarado, 10 – Associate Director of UT at Austin Jackson School of Geoscience’s Center for International Energy and Environmental Policy (CIEEP) AND Ph. D of Political Science, University of Nebraska (Jorge R. and Jonathan, Cuba's Energy Future Strategic Approaches to Cooperation, p. 31)
Changes in the law are key Bert and Clayton 12- military fellow (U.S. Coast Guard) at the Council on Foreign Relations AND fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations. (Melissa and Blake, “Addressing the Risk of a Cuban Oil Spill” Council on Foreign Relations, March 2012, http://www.cfr.org/cuba/addressing-risk-cuban-oil-spill/p27515)//HA An oil well … and the Southeast.
Cuba’s industry is comparatively inadequate to resolve a spill --- the US needs immediate access to prevention and tech sharing capabilities --- even a three day delay can trigger the impact --- supposed safety talks are hype Krauss 10 (“Drilling Plans Off Cuba Stir Fears of Impact on Gulf” CLIFFORD KRAUSS, national business correspondent based in Houston, covering energy. He covered the State Department, September 29, 2010, NYT, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/30/world/americas/30cuba.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)//HA
Five months after … managing a spill.
Cuba is key to regional bio d and collapse spills over Almeida ‘12 Rob Almeida is Partner/CMO at gCaptain. He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1999 with a B.S in Naval Architecture and spent 6.5 years on active duty as a Surface Warfare Officer. He worked for a year as a Roughneck/Rig Manager trainee on board the drillship Discoverer Americas. May 18th – http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/
In short however … for in advance. Biodiversity hotspots key Mittermeier ‘11 (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)
Extinction is the… a genuine hotspot. Biodiversity loss causes extinction Coyne and Hoekstra, 07 - *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago AND Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University (Jerry and Hopi, The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying)
Russia is seeking to increase military ties with Cuba --- influence is in limbo because of the death of Chavez and imminent retirement of Castro --- Russia would place cruise missiles and boost electronic spying capability Gertz 13 (Bill Gertz - national security columnist for The Washington Times and senior editor at The Washington Free Beacon, The Washington Times, “Inside the Ring: Russia boosts Cuba ties” Wednesday, July 31, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jul/31/inside-the-ring-russia-boosts-cuba-ties/?page=all)//HA
The Russian military … and nuclear tests.
That causes war --- a lack of communication between the two power houses allows escalation --- relations determine influence Inter-American Dialogue 12 (U.S. based think tank for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs, “Are External Tensions Entangling Latin American Countries?” http://www.cepr.net/documents/CEPR_News/LAA120810.pdf) A Stephen Johnson, senior fellow and director of the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies:
“It may or may not … Russians to do so."
The plan is key to US-Cuban energy cooperation --- solves overall relations Benjamin-Alvadaro 10 – Jonathan Benjamin-Alvadaro, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, 2010, Brookings Institution book, “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation” Conclusion and Recommendations
Jorge Castañeda ("Morning in Latin America," September/October 2008) argues …on the island.
Our argument is not that Russia wants to attack, rather that US policymakers will perceive a threat, and miscalculate accordingly Richter 08 (Paul, Staff Writer for New York Times, “Moscow-Havana ties worry U.S.” http://articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/01/world/fg-usrussia1)
But at a … in the sand."
Taking steps to reduce the probability of war is key --- the plan is the only way to deal with dogmatic policy makers on the hill Baum ‘12 Seth Baum, Executive Director of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Nuclear War Group Discusses Ongoing Risk Of US-Russia Nuclear War, 12/30/2012, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, http://gcrinstitute.org/nuclear-war-group-discusses-ongoing-risk-of-us-russia-nuclear-war/,
The key statistic … in Eastern Europe.
US-Russia nuclear miscalc over external crises is likely—risks extinction Barrett et al. 13 (Anthony M. Barrett- Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Seth D. Baum- Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, Columbia University, Kelly R. Hostetler- Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, 2013, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia”, http://sethbaum.com/ac/fc_NuclearWar.pdf)
War involving significant … events as attacks. 60,61,62,63
Plan
Thus the plan:
The United States federal government should substantially ease its impediments to technology sharing for the purposes of oil production and oil spill response in Cuba.
11/23/13
1ac cuba
Tournament: Greenhill Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Greenhill | Judge: 1AC --- Oil Drilling in Cuba is inevitable --- the embargo prevents cooperation and coordinated response to spills --- destroys Florida’s ecosystem *We do not endorse ablest language Stephens and Colvin, 11 – Sarah, Executive Director of the Center for Democracy in the America, and Jake, VP for Global Trade Issues at the National Foreign Trade Council (“US-Cuba policy, and the race for oil drilling,” 9/29, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/184661-us-cuba-policy-and-the-race-for-oil-drilling)//HA To protect the…. crisis involving Cuba.
Florida is a unique biodiversity hotspot Alles, 07 – Professor of Biology at the Western Washington University (David L., “Biodiversity Hot Spots: The Florida Everglades”, 3/7/2007, http://www.biol.wwu.edu/trent/alles/Everglades.pdf) "Biodiversity hot spots… contaminated by pollutants.
So is the Caribbean CEPF ‘10 (quoting Mittermeier -- the same author that establishes the “hotspot” thesis and writes our impact ev. , Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. CEPF is the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund – “Ecosystem Profile: THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT” – Prepared by: BirdLife International¶ in collaboration with:¶ Durrell Wildlife Conservation¶ Trust / Bath University¶ The New York Botanical Garden¶ and with the technical support of:¶ Conservation International-Center¶ for Applied Biodiversity Science; assistance for this report was offered by 100 international and non-profit organizations. Jan 15th – http://www.cepf.net/Documents/Final_Caribbean_EP.pdf) The Caribbean Islands… world’s total¶ species
Biodiversity loss causes extinction Coyne and Hoekstra, 07 - *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago AND Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University (Jerry and Hopi, The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying) Aside from the…. dying of them all.
Independently, biodiversity collapse causes disease spread. Matt and Gebser 11 – Florian and Ronny, citing Keesing et al. 2010, “Biodiversity decline can increase the spread of infectious diseases like Hantavirus,” http://www.eea.europa.eu/atlas/teeb/biodiversity-decline-can-increase-the/view)//a-berg What is the problem?... in pathogen transmission (Keesing et al. 2010).
Cuba is key to regional bio d and collapse spills over Almeida ‘12 Rob Almeida is Partner/CMO at gCaptain. He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1999 with a B.S in Naval Architecture and spent 6.5 years on active duty as a Surface Warfare Officer. He worked for a year as a Roughneck/Rig Manager trainee on board the drillship Discoverer Americas. May 18th – http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/
In short however… for in advance.
Biodiversity hotspots key Mittermeier ‘11 (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)
Extinction is the… to a genuine hotspot.
1ac --- Plan The United States federal government should substantially normalize its trade relations with Cuba. 1ac --- Relations US-Latin American relations have grown distant --- renewed policy key to effective relations and cooperation Inter-American Dialogue 12 - the Inter-American Dialogue is the leading US center for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs(“Remaking the Relationship The United States and Latin America”, April 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf)//HA
What is at stake … disappointing trends are scarce.
Cuba is a keystone nation in Latin America --- offensive diplomatic strategy pertaining to Cuba is key to reverse the Anti-American sentiment Perez 10 ¬– JD, Yale Law (David, “America's Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department” 13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, Spring, lexis)HA
Anti-Americanism has… toward creating goodwill.
Cuba policy destroys OAS effectiveness --- increased relations with Cuba is vital to OAS credibility, including Cuba key reverse that trend Ellsworth 12 (Brian Ellsworth- Senior Correspondent, Brazil at Reuters, “Despite Obama charm, Americas summit boosts U.S. isolation,” Rueters 4/16/12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/16/us-americas-summit-obama-idUSBRE83F0UD20120416)//HA
(Reuters) - President Barack… Office on Latin America
Draws major powers in --- goes nuclear Press TV 12 (“'Argentina to get Malvinas Islands back',” 1/20/12, http://presstv.com/detail/222072.html)//HA *Quotes Gretchen Small – Executive Intelligence Review
Press TV: This … Argentina's claim is!
US-Cuba relations check Chinese influence in the region Benjamin-Alvadaro ‘6 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)
Additionally, Venezuela remains … all parties involved.
US influence in the region is critical to deter conflict – China is trying to displace the US Dowd ‘12 (Alan, Senior Fellow with the American Security Council Foundation, “Crisis in the America's,” http://www.ascfusa.org/content_pages/view/crisisinamericas)
Focused on military … the Western Hemisphere.
US-China conflict escalates to Nuclear catastrophe Goldstein ‘13 Avery Goldstein is the David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations, Director of the Center for the Study of Contemporary China, and Associate Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics at the University of Pennsylvania, “First Things First: The Pressing Danger of Crisis Instability in U.S.-China Relations,” International Security, Vol. 37, no 4, Spring, 2013, pp 49-89
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: 1ac
The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with Cuba.
The advantage is leadership.
US-Latin American relations have grown distant --- renewed policy key to effective relations and cooperation Inter-American Dialogue 12 - the Inter-American Dialogue is the leading US center for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs(“Remaking the Relationship The United States and Latin America”, April 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf)//HA
What is at … trends are scarce.
Cuba is a keystone nation in Latin America --- offensive diplomatic strategy pertaining to Cuba is key to reverse the Anti-American sentiment Perez 10 ¬– JD, Yale Law (David, “America's Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department” 13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, Spring, lexis)HA
Anti-Americanism has become … way toward creating goodwill.
US-Latin American relations are vital to the legitimacy of US global leadership Sabatini and Berger 2012 – editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at AS/COA, policy associate at the AS/COA Christopher and Ryan, “Why the U.S. can't afford to ignore Latin America”, June 13th, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america//cc Speaking in Santiago, Chile, … drugs heading north.
Legitimacy’s the fundamental internal link to effective hegemony---power distributions perceived as illegitimate are the most likely causes of great power war Martha Finnemore 9, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, January 2009, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be,” World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1 Legitimacy is, by … have tried to do so.
Legitimacy key to make US leadership durable and effective. Knowles 9 Spring, 2009, Robert Knowles is a Acting Assistant Professor, New York University School of Law, “American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution”, ARIZONA STATE LAW JOURNAL, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87
American unipolarity … adjudicating domestic disputes.
US leadership underpins the success of the world order --- absent the plan the system fails and mass violence ensues.. Thomas P.M. Barnett 11 Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads It is worth … Century now unfolding. That order is the least violent era of history --- shocks to the system are the ONLY propensity for conflict —liberal norms have eradicated warfare and structural violence—every field study proves JOHN HORGAN 9 is Director of the Center for Science at Stevens Institute of Technology, former senior writer at Scientific American, B.A. from Columbia and an M.S. from Columbia “The End of the Age of War,” Dec 7, http://www.newsweek.com/id/225616/page/1 The economic crisis … come to pass.
We have a robust epistemological and methodological defense of our impacts A) empirics prove. William Wohlforth 8 Daniel Webster Professor of Government, Dartmouth. BA in IR, MA in IR and MPhil and PhD in pol sci, Yale, Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War, October 2008, World Politics Vol. 61, Iss. 1; pg. 28, 31 pgs, Proquest Despite increasingly compelling findings concerning the importance of status seeking in human behavior, research on its connection to war waned some three decades ago.38 Yet empirical studies … theories of hegemonic war.
B) focus on deterrence is key to adverting crisis escalation --- all other theories use infinite root causes and debilitate action John Moore 4 chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State, Beyond the Democratic Peace, 44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis If major interstate … increased or decreased?
C) it creates an ontological context for interaction and expectations among states—leads to the forging of new collective identities Lupovici 8 (Amir, Post-Doctoral Fellow Munk Centre for International Studies, Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse, http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/ papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf, AD: 9/22/10) jl Since deterrence can … of avoiding violence. D) statistical studies prove heg stops war. John M. Owen 11, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ Andrew Mack and his … democracy remains strong.
No risk of heg bad---US engagement and reintervention are inevitable---it’s only a question of making it effective Robert Kagan 11 is a contributing editor to The Weekly Standard and a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution. "The Price of Power" Jan 24 Vol 16 No18 www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3 In theory, the … built and defended.
US benevolent leadership key to global peace—the alternative is major power wars that escalate Kromah 9, Masters Student in IR February 2009, Lamii Moivi Kromah at the Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR2009.pdf?sequence=1 A final major … of the system.
2/3/14
1ac mba
Tournament: MBA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodward BP | Judge: plan The United States federal government should substantially ease its impediments to oil technology sharing toward Cuba. Spills Advantage 1 is spills. Drilling is inevitable in Cuba --- multiple reasons: Russia will restart Phase II of its oil drilling in 2014 Reuters ’13 (Jeff Franks, “Cuban oil hopes sputter as Russians give up for now on well,” 5/29/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/29/cuba-oil-idUSL2N0EA00W20130529)/ Russian state-owned … Cuba until July 1.
Additionally, there is accessible Cuban offshore oil --- multiple surveys prove Piñón and Benjamin-Alvarado, 10 – Associate Director of UT at Austin Jackson School of Geoscience’s Center for International Energy and Environmental Policy (CIEEP) AND Ph. D of Political Science, University of Nebraska (Jorge R. and Jonathan, Cuba's Energy Future Strategic Approaches to Cooperation, p. 31)
Cuba will probably … support of their estimate. Likelihood of a devastating oil spill is high in the status quo - First, prevention severely weakened because companies operating in Cuba cannot use the US capping equipment, which is key to prevent a spill -- US tech is the ONLY way to safely drill --- all countries rely on the tech and will default to second-tier parts absent the plan. Davenport 11 (Coral, National Journal, “Drill, Bebe, Drill,” 7/28, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/will-sloppy-drilling-off-the-coast-of-cuba-threaten-florida-gulf-beaches~-~-20110728)//HA Cuba is about … event on their own.
Second, current impediments to US-Cuban oil cooperation destroy spill response – two reasons: a) Technology - Absent changes in US policy the Coast Guard and US Companies can’t use expertise and specially designed equipment --- existing licenses don’t solve (booms, skimming equipment and vessels, and dispersants), well-capping stacks and submersibles Bert and Clayton ’12 – Captain of the US Coast Guard/military fellow (U.S. Coast Guard) at the Council on Foreign Relations and a fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations (Captain Melissa and Blake, “Addressing the Risk of a Cuban Oil Spill,” Policy Innovation Memo 15, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/cuba/addressing-risk-cuban-oil-spill/p27515
An oil well … and the Southeast.
b) Transparency - Even if limited licenses already granted, lack of transparency thwarts fast response. Peterson, Whittle, and Rader, ’12 – Assoc. at California Environmental Associates, Environmental Defense Fund's Cuba program director, and (Emily A., Daniel J., and Douglas N., “Bridging the Gulf Finding Common Ground on Environmental and Safety Preparedness for Offshore Oil and Gas in Cuba,” Environmental Defense Fund, http://www.macfound.org/media/article_pdfs/Bridging_the_Gulf.pdf)//HA
Under current U.S. … Cuban waters.
It will destroy key Cuban AND US ecosystems. Peterson, Whittle, and Rader, ’12 – Assoc. at California Environmental Associates, Environmental Defense Fund's Cuba program director, and (Emily A., Daniel J., and Douglas N., “Bridging the Gulf Finding Common Ground on Environmental and Safety Preparedness for Offshore Oil and Gas in Cuba,” Environmental Defense Fund, http://www.macfound.org/media/article_pdfs/Bridging_the_Gulf.pdf
Shared environmental resources … resources there.
AND, dispersants must be used within 4 days to be effective – key to technical response. Bert and Clayton ’12 – Captain of the US Coast Guard/military fellow (U.S. Coast Guard) at the Council on Foreign Relations and a fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations (Captain Melissa and Blake, “Addressing the Risk of a Cuban Oil Spill,” Policy Innovation Memo 15, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/cuba/addressing-risk-cuban-oil-spill/p27515)
Deepwater drilling off …. containment booms ineffective.
Cuba is key to regional bio d and collapse spills over Almeida ‘12 Rob Almeida is Partner/CMO at gCaptain. He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1999 with a B.S in Naval Architecture and spent 6.5 years on active duty as a Surface Warfare Officer. He worked for a year as a Roughneck/Rig Manager trainee on board the drillship Discoverer Americas. May 18th – http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/ In short however … for in advance. Biodiversity hotspots key Mittermeier ‘11 (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots) Extinction is the… a genuine hotspot. Biodiversity loss causes extinction Coyne and Hoekstra, 07 - *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago AND Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University (Jerry and Hopi, The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying) Aside from the … of them all. Independently, biodiversity collapse causes disease spread. Matt and Gebser 11 – Florian and Ronny, citing Keesing et al. 2010, “Biodiversity decline can increase the spread of infectious diseases like Hantavirus,” http://www.eea.europa.eu/atlas/teeb/biodiversity-decline-can-increase-the/view)//a-berg What is the … pathogen transmission (Keesing et al. 2010). Extinction Yu ‘9 Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22,http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate In the past … human-viable strain (10). Russia Advantage 2 is Russia. Russia is seeking to increase military ties with Cuba --- influence is in limbo because of the death of Chavez and imminent retirement of Castro --- Russia would place cruise missiles and boost electronic spying capability Gertz 13 (Bill Gertz - national security columnist for The Washington Times and senior editor at The Washington Free Beacon, The Washington Times, “Inside the Ring: Russia boosts Cuba ties” Wednesday, July 31, 2013,http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jul/31/inside-the-ring-russia-boosts-cuba-ties/?page=all)//HA The Russian military … and nuclear tests. That causes war --- a lack of communication between the two power houses allows escalation --- relations determine influence Inter-American Dialogue 12 (U.S. based think tank for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs, “Are External Tensions Entangling Latin American Countries?”http:www.cepr.net/documents/CEPR_News/LAA120810.pdf) A Stephen Johnson, senior fellow and director of the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies: “It may or may not … Russians to do so." The plan is key to US-Cuban energy cooperation --- solves overall relations Benjamin-Alvadaro 10 – Jonathan Benjamin-Alvadaro, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, 2010, Brookings Institution book, “Cuba’s Energy Future: Strategic Approaches to Cooperation” Conclusion and Recommendations Oil exploration is … neighbors, and beyond. AND, the plan is critical to reverse Russian influence indefinitely. Bloomberg, 12/11/13(Leonid Bershidsky, an editor and novelist, is a Bloomberg View contributor, “Obama’s Handshake Trumps Putin’s Money in Cuba,” 12/11/13, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-11/obama-s-handshake-trumps-putin-s-money-in-cuba.html)
Are the 1950s …. editors' news judgment.
Our argument is not that Russia wants to attack, rather that US policymakers will perceive a threat, and miscalculate accordingly Richter 08 (Paul, Staff Writer for New York Times, “Moscow-Havana ties worry U.S.” http://articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/01/world/fg-usrussia1) But at a … in the sand." Taking steps to reduce the probability of war is key --- the plan is the only way to deal with dogmatic policy makers on the hill Baum ‘12 Seth Baum, Executive Director of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Nuclear War Group Discusses Ongoing Risk Of US-Russia Nuclear War, 12/30/2012, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute,http://gcrinstitute.org/nuclear-war-group-discusses-ongoing-risk-of-us-russia-nuclear-war/, The key statistic … in Eastern Europe. US-Russia nuclear miscalc over external crises is likely—risks extinction Barrett et al. 13 (Anthony M. Barrett- Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Seth D. Baum- Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, Columbia University, Kelly R. Hostetler- Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, 2013, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia”, http://sethbaum.com/ac/fc_NuclearWar.pdf) War involving significant … events as attacks. 60,61,62,63
Russia
1/4/14
Border Gnosis
Tournament: CPS Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Hines, Bancroft Before 1492, the Americas were not on anybody’s map, not even on the map of the people inhabiting Anáhuac (the territory of the Aztecs) and Tawantinsuyu (the territory of the Incas). The Spanish and Portuguese, as the sole and diverse European occupants in the sixteenth century, named the entire continent that was under their control and possession. It may be hard to understand today that the Incas and the Aztecs did not live in America or, even less, Latin America. Until the early sixteenth century, America was not on anybody’s map simply because the word and the concept of a fourth continent had not yet been invented. The mass of land and the people were there, but they had named their own places: Tawantinsuyu in the Andes, Anáhuac in what is today the valley of Mexico, and Abya-Yala in what is today Panama. The extension of what became “America” was unknown to them. People in Europe, in Asia, and in Africa had no idea of the landmass soon to be called the Indias Occidentales and then America, or of all the people inhabiting it who would be called Indians. America came, literally, out of the blue sky that Amerigo Vespucci was looking at when he realized that the stars he was seeing from what is now southern Brazil were not the same stars he had seen in his familiar Mediterranean. What is really confusing in this story is that once America was named as such in the sixteenth century and Latin America named as such in the nineteenth, it appeared as if they had been there forever. “America,” then, was never a continent waiting to be discovered. Rather, “America” as we know it was an invention forged in the process of European colonial history and the consolidation and expansion of the Western world view and institutions. The narratives that described the events as “discovery” were told not by the inhabi- tants of Anáhuac or Tawantinsuyu, but by Europeans themselves. It would be four hundred and fifty years until a shift in the geography of knowledge would turn around what Europeans saw as a “discov- ery” and see it as an “invention.” The conceptual frame that made possible this shift in the geography of knowledge, from discovery to invention, came from the Creoles’ consciousness, in the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking world. Of course, we should briefly note that Indigenous and Afro frames of mind in continental South America had not yet inter- vened in these public debates from their own broken histories. The idea of “America” and subsequently of “Latin” and “Anglo” America was an issue in the minds of European and Creoles of European descent. Indians and Creoles of African descent (men and women) were left out of the conversation. Afro-Caribbeans had been working toward a similar and complementary shift in the geography of knowledge, but in English and French. For Creoles of Afro descent, the European arrival in the islands that today we call Caribbean was not of primary concern: African slaves were brought to the conti- nent that was already called America many decades after it was dis- covered or invented. In the Indian genealogy of thought, whether America was an existing continent discovered or a non-existing entity that was invented was not a question. Mexican historian and philosopher Edmundo O’Gorman strongly and convincingly argued many years ago that the invention of America implied the appropriation and integration of the continent into the Euro-Christian imaginary.2 The Spanish and Portuguese, as the sole and diverse European foreign intruders in the sixteenth century, claimed for themselves a continent and renamed it at the same time as they began a process of territorial organization as they had it in Spain and Portugal. Vespucci could pull America out of the sky when he realized that, navigating the coasts of what is today Brazil, he was in a “New World” (new for Europeans, of course), and not in “India,” as Columbus thought about ten years before him. The story is well known that since Vespucci conceptually “dis- covered” (in the sense of “discovering for oneself” or “realizing”) that Europeans were confronting a New World, the continent was renamed “America” after Amerigo Vespucci himself, with a slight change to the ending to make it fit with the already existing non- European continents, Africa and Asia. “Discovery” and “invention” are not just different interpretations of the same event; they belong to two different paradigms. The line that distinguishes the two paradigms is the line of the shift in the geo-politics of knowledge; changing the terms and not only the content of the conversation. The first presupposes the triumphant European and imperial perspective on world history, an achievement that was described as “modernity,” while the second reflects the critical perspective of those who have been placed behind, who are expected to follow the ascending progress of a history to which they have the feeling of not belonging. Colonization of being is nothing else than producing the idea that certain people do not belong to history – that they are non-beings. Thus, lurking beneath the European story of discovery are the histories, experiences, and silenced conceptual narratives of those who were disqualified as human beings, as historical actors, and as capable of thinking and understanding. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the “wretched of the earth” (as Frantz Fanon labeled colonized beings) were Indians and African slaves. That is why missionaries and men of letters appointed themselves to write the histories they thought Incas and Aztecs did not have, and to write the grammar of Kechua/Kichua and Nahuatl with Latin as the model. Africans were simply left out of the picture of conversion and taken as pure labor force. Toward the end of the seventeenth century, a new social group surfaced, and when they surfaced they were already outside of history: the Creoles of Spanish and Portuguese descent. Although their marginalization was far from the extremes to which Indians and Africans were subjected, the Creoles, between the limits of humanity (Indians and Africans) and humanity proper (Europeans), were also left out of history.The geo-political configuration of scales that measured the nature of human beings in terms of an idea of history that Western Christians assumed to be the total and true one for every inhabitant of the planet led to the establishment of a colonial matrix of power, to leave certain people out of history in order to justify violence in the name of Christianization, civilization, and, more recently, development and market democracy. Such a geo-political configuration created a divide between a minority of people who dwell in and embrace the Christian, civilizing, or devel- oping missions and a majority who are the outcasts and become the targets of those missions. Max Weber has been credited, after Hegel, with having concep- tualized “modernity” as the direction of history that had Europe as a model and a goal. More recently, since the late 1980s, Peruvian sociologist Anibal Quijano unveiled “coloniality” as the darker side of modernity and as the historical perspective of the wretched, the outcasts from history told from the perspective of modernity. From the perspective of modernity, coloniality is difficult to see or recognize, and even a bothersome concept. For the second set of actors, the wretched, modernity is unavoidable although coloniality offers a shifting perspective of knowledge and history. For the first actors, modernity is one-sided and of single density. For the second, modernity is double-sided and of double density. To understand the co- existence of these two major paradigms is to understand how the shift in the geography and the geo-politics of knowledge is taking place. My argument is straightforwardly located in the second paradigm, in the double density of modernity/coloniality. How do these two entangled concepts, modernity and coloniality, work together as two sides of the same reality to shape the idea of “America” in the sixteenth century and of “Latin” America in the nineteenth? Modernity has been a term in use for the past thirty or forty years. In spite of differences in opinions and definitions, there are some basic agreements about its meaning. From the European perspective, modernity refers to a period in world history that has been traced back either to the European Renaissance and the “discovery” of America (this view is common among scholars from the South of Europe, Italy, Spain, and Portugal), or to the European Enlightenment (this view is held by scholars and intel- lectuals and assumed by the media in Anglo-Saxon countries – England, Germany, and Holland – and one Latin country, France). On the other side of the colonial difference, scholars and intellectu- als in the ex-Spanish and ex-Portuguese colonies in South America have been advancing the idea that the achievements of modernity go hand in hand with the violence of coloniality. The difference, to reiterate, lies in which side of each local history is told. O’Gorman’s “invention of America” theory was a turning point that put on the table a perspective that was absent and not recognized from the existing European and imperial narratives. Let’s agree that O’Gorman made visible a dimension of history that was occluded by the partial “discovery” narratives, and let’s also agree that it is an example of how things may look from the varied experiences of coloniality. America, as a concept, goes hand in hand with that of modernity, and both are the self-representation of imperial projects and global designs that originated in and were implemented by European actors and institutions. The invention of America was one of the nodal points that contributed to create the conditions for imperial European expansion and a lifestyle, in Europe, that served as a model for the achievements of humanity. Thus, the “discovery and conquest of America” is not just one more event in some long and linear historical chain from the creation of the world to the present, leaving behind all those who were not attentive enough to jump onto the bandwagon of modernity. Rather, it was a key turning point in world history: It was the moment in which the demands of modernity as the final horizon of salvation began to require the imposition of a specific set of values that relied on the logic of coloniality for their implementation. The “invention of America” thesis offers, instead, a perspective from coloniality and, in consequence, reveals that the advances of modernity outside of Europe rely on a colonial matrix of power that includes the renaming of the lands appropriated and of the people inhabiting them, insofar as the diverse ethnic groups and civilizations in Tawantinsuyu and Anáhuac, as well as those from Africa, were reduced to “Indians” and “Blacks.”The idea of “America” and of “Latin” America could, of course, be accounted for within the philosophical framework of European modernity, even if that account is offered by Creoles of European descent dwelling in the colonies and embracing the Spanish or Portuguese view of events. What counts, however, is that the need for telling the part of the story that was not told requires a shift in the geography of reason and of understanding. “Coloniality,” therefore, points toward and intends to unveil an embedded logic that enforces control, domination, and exploitation disguised in the language of salvation, progress, modernization, and being good for every one. The double register of modernity/coloniality has, perhaps, never been as clear as it has been recently under the administration of US president George W. Bush. Pedagogically, it is important for my argument to conceptualize “modernity/coloniality” as two sides of the same coin and not as two separate frames of mind: you cannot be modern without being colonial; and if you are on the colonial side of the spectrum you have to transact with modernity – you cannot ignore it. The very idea of America cannot be separated from coloniality: the entire continent emerged as such in the European consciousness as a massive extent of land to be appropriated and of people to be converted to Christianity, and whose labor could be exploited. Coloniality, as a term, is much less frequently heard than “moder- nity” and many people tend to confuse it with “colonialism.” The two words are related, of course. While “colonialism” refers to spe- cific historical periods and places of imperial domination (e.g., Spanish, Dutch, British, the US since the beginning of the twentieth century), “coloniality” refers to the logical structure of colonial domination underlying the Spanish, Dutch, British, and US control of the Atlantic economy and politics, and from there the control and management of almost the entire planet. In each of the particu- lar imperial periods of colonialism – whether led by Spain (mainly in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) or by England (from the nineteenth century to World War II) or by the US (from the early twentieth century until now) – the same logic was maintained; only power changed hands.
Walter Mignolo in 2005 The Idea of Latin America, p. 2-7 DDI13
Since the creation of America, US policies of engagement with Latin America has relied on colonial logic to implement imperialist policies and justify epistemological domination --- that continues today --- current US engagement strategies and scholarship towards Latin America are US-centric and ignore a multiplicity of locus points --- debates over scholarship are necessary to transform policy-making. Bertucci, 2013 (Mariano, Political Science and International Relations Ph.D. candidate at the University of Southern California, “Latin America Has Moved On: U.S. Scholarship Hasn’t”, Americas Quarterly, Vol. 7 No. 2, Spring) The bias in U.S. … in the hemisphere.
Our aff is border gnosis --- only thinking from the border about the border can create space to undermine the colonality of power and create new types of knowledge --- repressing other ways of thinking only ensures repetition of authoritarian knowledge production --- only border gnosis can shift transform current thought and engagement Alcoff 7 (Linda Martin Alcoff, president of the APA, Eastern Division.1 She earned her PhD in Philosophy from Brown University, “Mignolo’s Epistemology of Coloniality” pp. 15-20, CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 7, Number 3, Winter 2007, (Article), http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ncr/summary/v007/7.3.alcoff.html) The concepts just … for the what.
Vote affirmative to endorse border gnosis as a method to examine colonial knowledge production.
Using this opportunity in a policy debate classroom to question the current reading of history is critical to encourage student consciousness. This robs the sovereign of its dressing for interventionist wars. This round is a starting point for change – every instance matters because it changes the nature of the classroom entire, not just an individual debate round. Brenda Trofanenko, Professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Illinois, The Social Studies , ‘5 (Brenda, Professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Illinois, The Social Studies, Sept/Oct) The debates about … discussion, and learning.
Our role as scholars of Latin America is more than just to discuss policy but also to pose question about the official narrative of history and study the effects of our curriculum on the world around us. Fein 03, former professor of history at Yale University, professor at Columbia University's departments of Latin American and Caribbean Studies and History, (Seth, “Culture across Borders in the Americas,” History Compass 1, 2003, NA 025, 1–6 The ‘new’ international … culture is political.
2/14/14
New Plan Text --- Alta
Tournament: Alta | Round: 1 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Givan, Elsa The United States federal government should substantially ease its impediments to technology sharing for the purposes of oil spill prevention and response in Cuba.
12/5/13
St Marks Cuba Aff 1AC
Tournament: St Marx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Barstow DN | Judge: Sarah Topp Advantage 1 is leadership.
We have 2 internal links.
First is credibility.
Obama’s credibility is low --- the plan reverses that. Dickerson 10 – Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted in fulfillment of a Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the US Army War College (Sergio M, “UNITED STATES SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDS CUBA,” 1/14/10, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a518053.pdf) At the international political level, ….. peace for years to come.
The plan improves foreign policy credibility --- it generates momentum. Colvin 08 12/13/ (Jake, fellow with the New Ideas Fund, a group that seeks new approaches and paradigms for U.S. national security and foreign policy. He is also Vice President for Global Trade Issues at the National Foreign Trade Council (NFTC) and oversees the Cuba initiative of USA*Engage, “The Case for a New Cuba Policy”, http://web.archive.org/web/20120904201743/http://www.newideasfund.org/proposals/Colvin20-20Cuba20-20Master.pdf) A signal to the world¶ Beyond the ….. impact. I think you can do that with ¶ Cuba.?
Obama’s credibility solves South China Seas conflict, Iran prolif, and Russia resurgence. Ghitis 13 (Frida, world affairs columnist for The Miami Herald and World Politics Review. A former CNN producer and correspondent, she is the author of The End of Revolution: A Changing World in the Age of Live Television. “World to Obama: You can't ignore us,” 1/22, http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/22/opinion/ghitis-obama-world) President Obama made it ….. plans of American presidents.
South China Sea conflict causes nuclear war. Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace and Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446) While nuclear weapons …. and generating chaos and destruction.
Iran proliferation causes nuclear war. Edelman 11, distinguished fellow – Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, ’11 (Eric S, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, January/February) The reports of the Congressional Commission on ….. neighbors or their own people.172
Second is Latin American Relations.
They are declining because of the embargo --- the plan is key. Perez 10 ¬– JD, Yale Law (David, “America's Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department” 13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, Spring, lexis)HA Anti-Americanism has become the ….., and would go a long way toward creating goodwill.
US-Latin American relations are vital to the legitimacy of US global leadership Sabatini and Berger 2012 – editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly and senior director of policy at AS/COA, policy associate at the AS/COA Christopher and Ryan, “Why the U.S. can't afford to ignore Latin America”, June 13th, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america//cc Speaking in Santiago, Chile, ….. point for drugs heading north.
Legitimacy’s the fundamental internal link to effective hegemony --- power distributions perceived as illegitimate are the most likely causes of great power war Martha Finnemore 9, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, January 2009, “Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be,” World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1 Legitimacy is, by its …… unipoles have tried to do so.
Heg solves great power war. Brooks et al 13 Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File A core premise of ….. great power war).
No risk of heg bad --- US engagement and reintervention are inevitable---it’s only a question of making it effective Robert Kagan 11 is a contributing editor to The Weekly Standard and a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution. "The Price of Power" Jan 24 Vol 16 No18 www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3 In theory, the ….built and defended.
The United States federal government should substantially normalize its trade relations with Cuba.
Here is what the plan could be French 9 – editor of and a frequent contributor to The Havana Note. She has led more than two dozen research trips to Cuba (Anya, “Options for Engagement A Resource Guide for Reforming U.S. Policy toward Cuba” http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/library/resources/documents/Cuba/USPolicy/options-for-engagement.pdf) the path to “normal” trade relations If the United States were …. statutory and regulatory changes.
Cuba will keep looking for oil- it’s too early to determine nothing is there. Maffei 12- Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Elena,“The Lure of Cuban Energy Independence: One Twist After” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, June 25, 2012,http://www.coha.org/the-lure-of-cuban-energy-independence-one-twist-after-another/)//HA With the conclusion of the Spanish company’s ….. lease on the platform.(3)
There is also no coordinated response capabilities --- a spill would easily spillover to surrounding ecosystems including Florida *We do not endorse ablest language Stephens and Colvin, 11 – Sarah, Executive Director of the Center for Democracy in the America, and Jake, VP for Global Trade Issues at the National Foreign Trade Council (“US-Cuba policy, and the race for oil drilling,” 9/29, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/184661-us-cuba-policy-and-the-race-for-oil-drilling)//HA To protect the …. crisis involving Cuba.
Florida is a unique biodiversity hotspot Alles, 07 – Professor of Biology at the Western Washington University (David L., “Biodiversity Hot Spots: The Florida Everglades”, 3/7/2007, http://www.biol.wwu.edu/trent/alles/Everglades.pdf) "Biodiversity hot spots …..is contaminated by pollutants.
So is the Caribbean CEPF ‘10 (quoting Mittermeier -- the same author that establishes the “hotspot” thesis and writes our impact ev. , Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. CEPF is the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund – “Ecosystem Profile: THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT” – Prepared by: BirdLife International¶ in collaboration with:¶ Durrell Wildlife Conservation¶ Trust / Bath University¶ The New York Botanical Garden¶ and with the technical support of:¶ Conservation International-Center¶ for Applied Biodiversity Science; assistance for this report was offered by 100 international and non-profit organizations. Jan 15th – http://www.cepf.net/Documents/Final_Caribbean_EP.pdf) The Caribbean Islands ….. least 2 percent of the world’s total¶ species.
Cuba is key to regional bio d and collapse spills over Almeida ‘12 Rob Almeida is Partner/CMO at gCaptain. He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1999 with a B.S in Naval Architecture and spent 6.5 years on active duty as a Surface Warfare Officer. He worked for a year as a Roughneck/Rig Manager trainee on board the drillship Discoverer Americas. May 18th – http://gcaptain.com/drilling-cuba-embargo-badly/
In short however, Cuba’s ….. not planned for in advance.
Biodiversity hotspots key Mittermeier ‘11 (et al, Dr. Russell Alan Mittermeier is a primatologist, herpetologist and biological anthropologist. He holds Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology and serves as an Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has conducted fieldwork for over 30 years on three continents and in more than 20 countries in mainly tropical locations. He is the President of Conservation International and he is considered an expert on biological diversity. Mittermeier has formally discovered several monkey species. From Chapter One of the book Biodiversity Hotspots – F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel (eds.), DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011. This evidence also internally references Norman Myers, a very famous British environmentalist specialising in biodiversity. available at: http://www.academia.edu/1536096/Global_biodiversity_conservation_the_critical_role_of_hotspots)
Extinction is the ….” criterion to a genuine hotspot.
Biodiversity loss causes extinction Coyne and Hoekstra, 07 - *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago AND Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University (Jerry and Hopi, The New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying) Aside from the Great Dying, ….. dying of them all.
Independently, biodiversity collapse causes disease spread. Matt and Gebser 11 – Florian and Ronny, citing Keesing et al. 2010, “Biodiversity decline can increase the spread of infectious diseases like Hantavirus,” http://www.eea.europa.eu/atlas/teeb/biodiversity-decline-can-increase-the/view)//a-berg What is the problem? Intuitively one might expect that higher overall biodiversity leads to greater diversity and abundance of pathogens and thus more incidences of the transmission of …… in pathogen transmission (Keesing et al. 2010).
Tournament: infosheet and disclosure deets | Round: 1 | Opponent: the world | Judge: this is just a general infosheet for all your ev request and information needs. we're open source, but if I goof and forget to put up something feel free to email me at ab90210@gmail.com or harry at harryaaronson1@gmail.com.
