Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cedar Ridge | Judge: Elyse Conklin

Int K

====We recognize that traits such as race, gender, social class, and sexual orientation form an intersection of discrimination.  The alternative is to reject the affirmative for constructing a black/white binary which perpetuates the discrimination that they try to resolve.  An endorsement of intersectionality liberates individuals oppressed beyond the black/white binary.====

Focus on the black-white binary excludes analysis of racism that affects other oppressed populations. This exclusion turns the aff solvency.

Perea, 1997—Professor of Law at the University of Florida~Juan F. Perea, "The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The "Normal Science" of American Racial Thought," Oct. 5, 1997, JSTOR~
Paradigms of race shape our understanding of race and our definition of racial problems.
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that will not fit the box are often not seen at all."29 

====The aff approach is essentialist- reproduces the most dangerous forms of racism and is doomed to fail. Only recognizing difference in sameness and sameness in difference can solve====
Hartigan 5- prof of anthropology @ UT, PhD from University of California, Santa Cruz
(John, South Atlantic Quarterly 104.3, Summer, "Culture against Race: Reworking the Basis for Racial Analysis" MGD)
One might be tempted to assume that Gilroy’s stance is largely polemical, but his
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be able to do away with race, but seemingly not with culture. 

Anthro

The 1AC’s call for change revolves around an anthropocentric framing of the world which seeks to tackle a symptom instead of the underlying disease – this ensures the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives hierarchies and exclusion

Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Evaluate impact solvency based on who solves the root cause—proximate causes are useless and only replicate their harms

Shaw and Wong, 89 - *Ph.D., Health Economist and Program at Adviser of the Human Development Group at the World Bank AND HSBC Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Business at the University of British Columbia (*R. Paul AND Yuwa, 1989, Genetic Seeds of Warfare: evolution, nationalism and patriotism, Google Books, p. 11-12)
So far, we have synthesized many studies indicating that intergroup warfare is a frequent
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proximate causes which emerged in humanity’s early history to reinforce propensities for warfare.

The alternative is to adopt an animal standpoint epistemology. Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF

Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
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exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

1NC Framework

Interpretation—the role of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela

They are not topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy by the USFG.  Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as judge you are only allowed to affirm those policies within jurisdiction dictated by the resolution.

Decision-making DA—debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that avoids a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law,
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Switch side is the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
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honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

Expertism DA

And, their appeal to social location just flips the error and polarizes people that can’t identify with their experiences – they replicate expertism

Scott, 92
professor of sociology at Princeton (Joan, "Multiculturalism and the Politics of Identity," The Identity in Question (Summer, 1992), pp. 12-19, JSTOR)
There is nothing wrong, on the face of it, with teaching individuals about
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and deeming as discernably objective facts the prerequisites for inclusion in any group.

No ground makes the aff presumptively false

Lasch 95
Christopher, Social Critic and Author, "The Revolt of the Elites and the
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activity we may well decide that there is something wrong with our own.

Common ground builds bridges to consensus—their critique of debate demonizes a target and then forces us to defend that target, reversing the potential for progress

Levasseur and Carlin 01
David G. Levasseur is Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at West Chester University in
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evaluate policy positions using an egocentric standard than a common-good standard.

Activism Turn

Making debate a site for activism encourages dangerous elite infiltration and politicizes key training process

Coverstone, 95 
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan, "An Inward Glance; A Response to Mitchell’s Outward Activist Turn,"http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Coverstone1995China.htm-http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Coverstone1995China.htm)
Second, Mitchell’s argument underestimates the risks associated with an outward turn. Individuals trained in the art and practice of debate are, indeed, well suited to the task of entering the political world. At some unspecified point in one’s training, the same motivation and focus that has consumed Mitchell will also consume most of us. At that point, political action becomes a proper endeavor. However, all of the members of the academic debate community will not reach that point together. A political outward turn threatens to corrupt the oasis in two ways. It makes our oasis a target, and it threatens to politicize the training process. As long as debate appears to be focused inwardly, political elites will not feel threatened. Yet one of Mitchell’s primary concerns is recognition of our oasis in the political world. In this world we face well trained information managers. Sensing a threat from "debate," they will begin to infiltrate our space. Ready made information will increase and debaters will eat it up. Not yet able to truly discern the relative values of information, young debaters will eventually be influenced dramatically by the infiltration of political elites. Retaining our present anonymity in political life offers a better hope for reinvigorating political discourse. As perhaps the only truly non-partisan space in American political society, academic debate holds the last real possibility for training active political participants. Nowhere else are people allowed, let alone encouraged, to test all manner of political ideas. This is the process through which debaters learn what they believe and why they believe it. In many ways this natural evolution is made possible by the isolation of the debate community. An example should help illustrate this idea. Like many young debaters, I learned a great deal about socialism early on. This was not crammed down my throat. Rather, I learned about the issue in the free flow of information that is debate. The intrigue of this, and other outmoded political arguments, was in its relative unfamiliarity. Reading socialist literature avidly, I was ready to take on the world. Yet I only had one side of the story. I was an easy mark for the present political powers. Nevertheless, I decided to fight City Hall. I had received a parking ticket which I felt was unfairly issued. Unable to convince the parking department to see it my way, I went straight to the top. I wrote the Mayor a letter. In this letter, I accused the city of exploitation of its citizens for the purpose of capital accumulation. I presented a strong Marxist critique of parking meters in my town. The mayor’s reply was simple and straightforward. He called me a communist. He said I was being silly and should pay the ticket. I was completely embarrassed by the entire exchange. I thought I was ready to start the revolution. In reality, I wasn’t even ready to speak to the Mayor. I did learn from the experience, but I did not learn what Gordon might have hoped. I learned to stop reading useless material and to keep my opinions to myself. Do we really want to force students into that type of situation? I wrote the mayor on my own. Debaters will experiment with political activism on their own. This is all part of the natural impulse for activism which debate inspires. Yet, in the absence of such individual motivation, an outward turn threatens to short circuit the learning process. Debate should capitalize on its isolation. We can teach our students to examine all sides of an issue and reach individual conclusions before we force them into political exchanges. To prematurely turn debaters out threatens to undo the positive potential of involvement in debate.

Social Progress DA

Social progress—their project fails without concrete policy guiding it
Feaver 2001

Assistant professor of political science at Duke (Peter, "Twenty-first century weapons proliferation", p. 178)
At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed
AND
. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 

Specifically true of Latin America

Margheritis and Pereira ’07 (Ana- assistant professor of international relations and Latin American politics at the University of Florida and Anthony- associate professor of political science at Tulane University; "The Neoliberal Turn in Latin America: The Cycle of Ideas and the Search for an Alternative"; Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 3, Contested Transformation (May, 2007),pp. 25-48)
This analysis is offered from a critical point of view in the hope that it
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also important—but that the mechanisms for their promulgation have been understudied.

The impact is war

Hanson 07
Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, "Why Study War?" City Journal, Summer)
It’s no surprise that civilian Americans tend to lack a basic understanding of military matters
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, if we did, we would withdraw as we had from Mogadishu.

Impact Defense

Individual debate rounds don’t reshape the community
Atchison and Panetta, 09

Director of Debate at Trinity University and Director of Debate at the University of Georgia
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debate with so few participants is the best strategy for addressing important problems.

They don’t solve exclusion

Mouffe 1999
Professor of Political Theory at the University of Westminster, 1999 (Chantall, Race
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rational" consensus. It is always based on a form of exclusion.

The aff fails to create any "bottom-up" influence

Atchison and Panetta 09
Director of Debate at Trinity University and Director of Debate at the University of Georgia
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competition diminishes the additional potential for collaboration, consensus, and coalition building.

Case

They may challenge the US, but not Cuban society – can’t solve for anti-Black policies of the Castro regime

Assata is not the top most wanted terrorist—that’s Jamal Ahmad Mohammad Al Badawi—introduce the FBIs Most Wanted list into the debate

Name Alleged terrorist activity Date of Activity Date Added to List Status
 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terbadawi1.jpg Jamal Ahmad Mohammad Al Badawi-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Ahmad_Mohammad_Al_Badawi USS Cole bombing-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing October 12, 2000 February 23, 2006 At large
 Rewards for Justice offering 245 million for information leading to his capture or conviction.^{~8~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}

 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terelbaneh1.jpg Jaber A. Elbaneh-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaber_A._Elbaneh Buffalo Six-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Six Sometime in 2002 February 23, 2006 Captured
 Captured in Yemen on May 20, 2007.^{~24~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists} However, he was not taken into US custody and is still listed as wanted as of September 5, 2011.

 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammed_Ali_Hammadi.jpg Mohammed Ali Hamadei-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Hammadi TWA Flight 847 June 14, 1985 February 24, 2006 At large
 Rewards for Justice offering 245 million for information leading to his capture or conviction.^{~8~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}

 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramadan_Abdullah_Mohammad_Shallah_1.jpg Ramadan Abdullah Mohammad Shallah-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_Shalah Palestinian Islamic Jihad-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad, on RICO Since 1995 February 24, 2006 At large


 Abd Al Aziz Awda-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Al_Aziz_Awda Palestinian Islamic Jihad, on RICO Since 1995 February 24, 2006 At large


 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khadafi_Abubakar_Janjalani.jpg Khadafi Abubakar Janjalani-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadaffy_Janjalani Abu Sayyaf-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf_Group kidnaps 26 murders in the Philippines Early 1990s - 2000s (decade) February 24, 2006 Dead
 Died of gunshot wounds on September 4, 2006. Philippine marines found the remains of his body on December 27, 2006. Death was confirmed by DNA testing on January 20, 2007^{~25~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists} Listed as deceased as of January 22, 2007. Removed from list as of February 21.

 Jainal Antel Sali-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainal_Antel_Sali,_Jr. Abu Sayyaf-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf_Group kidnaps 26 murders in the Philippines Early 1990s - 2000s (decade) February 24, 2006 Dead
 Killed by Philippines special forces on January 16, 2007.

 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isnilon_Totoni_Hapilon.jpg Isnilon Totoni Hapilon-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnilon_Totoni_Hapilon Abu Sayyaf kidnaps 26 murders in the Philippines Early 1990s - 2000s (decade) February 24, 2006 At large


 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gadahn.PNG Adam Yahiye Gadahn-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Yahiye_Gadahn Treason-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason 2003–Present October 11, 2006 At large
 Gadahn was removed by the FBI from the Seeking Information - War on Terrorism list on October 11, 2006, and placed instead on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list.^{~26~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists} Also, on October 11, 2006, Gadahn was indicted on a treason-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason charge by a federal grand jury in Santa Ana-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California, California making him the first American charged with treason since 1952.^{~27~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists} Rewards for Justice offering 241 million for information leading to his capture.^{~8~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}

 Daniel Andreas San Diego-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Andreas_San_Diego Chiron-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiron_Corporation and Shaklee-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaklee bombings August 28, 2003
September 26, 2003 April 11, 2009 At large
 San Diego was added to the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list in connection with two Animal Liberation Brigade-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Brigade bombings in Northern California in 2003. He is the second United States citizen, and the first domestic terrorist, to appear on the list.^{~28~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists} The FBI is offering 24250,000.00 for information leading to his arrest.^{~8~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}

 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fahd_Mohammed_Ahmed_al-Quso_2.jpg Fahd al-Quso-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_al-Quso USS Cole bombing-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing October 12, 2000 November 2, 2009 Dead
 Sought for his role in the October 2000 bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen, in which 17 American sailors were killed.^{~29~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists} Rewards for Justice offered 245 million for information leading to his capture or conviction ^{~8~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists} He was killed by an airstrike on May 6, 2012.

 Husayn Muhammed al-Umari-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_Muhammed_al-Umari Pan Am Flight 830-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_830 Bombing August 11, 1982 November 2, 2009 At large
 Also known as Abu Ibrahim, is wanted in connection with the 1982 bombing of Pan Am Flight 830.^{~29~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists~~30~~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}

 Wadoud Muhammad Hafiz Al-Turki-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadoud_Muhammad_Hafiz_Al-Turki Pan Am Flight 73-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73 September 5, 1986 December 3, 2009 At large
 Wanted for his role in the hijacking of Pan American World Airways Flight 73.^{~31~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}

 Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Saeed_Abdul_Rahim Pan Am Flight 73 September 5, 1986 December 3, 2009 At large^{~32~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}
 Wanted for his role in the hijacking of Pan American World Airways Flight 73.^{~31~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}

 Muhammad Abdullah Khalil Hussain Ar-Rahayyal Pan Am Flight 73 September 5, 1986 December 3, 2009 At large
 Wanted for his role in the hijacking of Pan American World Airways Flight 73.^{~31~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}

 Muhammad Ahmed Al-Munawar Pan Am Flight 73 September 5, 1986 December 3, 2009 At large
 Wanted for his role in the hijacking of Pan American World Airways Flight 73.^{~31~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}

 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elshukrijumah1.jpg Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Gulshair_el_Shukrijumah New York City Subway-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway suicide bomb planning September 2009 July 8, 2010 At large
 Wanted for his alleged role in the plot against New York City’s subway system, uncovered in September 2009.^{~33~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}

 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assata_Shakur.jpg Assata Shakur-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assata_Shakur (née-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_and_maiden_names JoAnne Deborah Byron, married name Joanna Chesimard) Murder of Trooper Werner Foerster-http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Foerster26action=edit26redlink=1on May 2, 1973 May 2, 1973 May 2, 2013 At large
 Former Black Liberation Army-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army member openly living in Cuba-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba after she escaped from a New Jersey-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey prison in 1979. Two million dollar reward offered.^{~34~-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists}
Terrorism Turn

Leaving Assata on the list kills the ability to truly define terrorism

Edmonds 13 (Kevin Edmonds, blogger for the North American Congress on Latin America. "Assata Shakur and Cuba – U.S. Relations" May 16, 2013 https://nacla.org/blog/2013/5/16/assata-shakur-and-cuba-E28093-us-relations)
Granted, at the time Shakur sought asylum in Cuba, there was no such
AND
who counts as a terrorist when it comes to Posada Carilles and Shakur. 

Accurate definitions of terrorism are necessary to stopping terrorism

Ganor, 01  (Boaz, Director of the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism "Defining Terrorism," http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.htm, May 16)

We face an essential need to reach a definition of terrorism that will enjoy wide
AND
sooner the nations of the world come to this realization, the better.

Terrorism is a real threat – ignoring that reality risks annihilation.
Peters, 6 (Ralph, retired Army Officer, The Weekly Standard, "The Counterrevolution in Military Affairs; Fashionable thinking about defense ignores the great threats of our time," 2-6-2006, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/649qrsob.asp, AFM) 

Living in unprecedented safety within our borders and lacking firsthand knowledge of the decay beyond
AND
secular intellectuals who anxiously dismiss all possibilities that lie outside their theoretical constructs.

Tournament: GHill | Round: 5 | Opponent: CE Byrd | Judge: John Hines

FW

Interpretation—the role of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of federal transportation infrastructure investment

They are non-topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy by the United States federal government.  Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as judge you are only allowed to affirm those policies within your jurisdiction dictated by the resolution.

Here’s evidence that the resolution is the key stasis point—their interpretation is arbitrary
O’Donnell 2004

PhD, director of debate at Mary Washington (Tim, WFU Debaters Research Guide, "Blue helmet blues", ed. Bauschard 26 Lacy, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm-http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm)
The answer, I believe, resides deep in the rhetorical tradition in the often
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debate from other forms of communication and gives the exchange a directed focus. 

And, this form of argumentation outweighs

Shively ’2K
(Ruth Lessl, Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A26M U., Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Hijacks education—predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

Social progress—their project fails without concrete policy guiding it
Feaver 2001

Assistant professor of political science at Duke (Peter, "Twenty-first century weapons proliferation", p. 178)
At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed
AND
. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 

Switch side is the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
AND
honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

k1

The search for a meaningful critical reflection and deep metaphysical profundity is stupid — vote neg

ten Bos ’7 Rene, Social Epistemology Vol 21 No 2 "The Vitality of
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thought in this book is that animals cannot be stupid. ~jstor~

Contemplating the heavenly bodies, Thales of Milete, one of the Seven Sages in
AND
the ever increasing veneration of smartness, intelligence or wisdom in organizational settings?

K2

The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations
Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics
Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Evaluate impact solvency based on who solves the root cause—proximate causes are useless and only replicate their harms
Shaw and Wong, 89 - *Ph.D., Health Economist and Program at Adviser of the Human Development Group at the World Bank AND HSBC Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Business at the University of British Columbia (*R. Paul AND Yuwa, 1989, Genetic Seeds of Warfare: evolution, nationalism and patriotism, Google Books, p. 11-12)
So far, we have synthesized many studies indicating that intergroup warfare is a frequent
AND
proximate causes which emerged in humanity’s early history to reinforce propensities for warfare.

Alternative Text: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF
Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

Comma

A. Interpretation – a topical affirmative must increase economic engagement towards the city of Cuba in Mexico or the country of Venezuela

There’s no comma between Mexico and Venzuela in the resolution

NFL, 2013 (http://www.nationalforensicleague.org/aspx/nav.aspx?navid=227-http://www.nationalforensicleague.org/aspx/nav.aspx?navid=227)
Policy Debate¶ 2013-2014 Topic¶ Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela.

And yes, there’s a city of Cuba in Mexico

Falling Rain, 2010 (http://www.fallingrain.com/world/MX/26/Cuba.html-http://www.fallingrain.com/world/MX/26/Cuba.html)
Cuba, Mexico Page World-http://www.fallingrain.com/world/index.html:Mexico-http://www.fallingrain.com/world/MX/26/index.html:Estado de Sonora-http://www.fallingrain.com/world/MX/26/index.html
Latitude 31.0683 Longitude -111.9672 Altitude (feet) 1978
Lat (DMS) 31° 4’ 6N Long (DMS) 111° 58’ 2W Altitude (meters) 602
 Time zone (est)    
Approximate population for 7 km radius from this point: 149

B. Violation – the affirmative increases economic engagement that is not targeted toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela

C. Vote negative

1. Key to grammar and legal interpretation

2. If the affirmative cannot answer this argument effectively, they don’t deserve to win anyway

Definitions

Any of these definitions mean that they are unpredictable and prevent the neg from having any ground and moots the education of the topic. It also justifies literally every action which is impossible to be neg – vote neg on topicality

Resolved means to express by formal vote in the context of the resolution – their interpretation is one of the verb to resolve – not resolved

Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1998  (dictionary.com)
Resolved: 5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; — followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

USFG is the federal government of the USA, based in DC

Dictionary of Government and Politics ’98 (Ed. P.H. Collin, p. 292)
United States of America (USA) ~ju:’naitid ’steits av e’merike
AND
executive (the Governor) as well as its own legal system and constitution

Their Summers evidence is inconclusive and cites several cases where should was interpreted differently

"Should" doesn’t require certainty

Black’s Law 79 (Black’s Law Dictionary – Fifth Edition, p. 1237)
Should. The past tense of shall; ordinarily implying duty or obligation; although usually no more than an obligation of propriety or expediency, or a moral obligation, thereby distinguishing it from "ought." It is not normally synonymous with "may," and although often interchangeable with the word "would," it does not ordinarily express certainty as "will" sometimes does. 

Substantially means to a large degree

Words and Phrases, 2 (Words and Phrases Permanent Edition, "Substantially," Volume 40B, p. 324-330 October 2002, Thomson West)
N.D.Ill. 2002. Under ADA, "substantially" in phrase substantially limits, means considerable, or to a large degree.

Substantially means real, not imaginary

Wollman ’93 (Circuit Judge, US Court of Appeals – 8^th Circuit, Kansas City Power 26 Light Company, a Missouri corporation, Appellee, v. Ford Motor Credit Company, a Delaware corporation; McDonnell Douglas Finance Corporation, a Delaware corporation; HEI Investment Corp., a Hawaii corporation, Appellants, 995 F.2d 1422; 1993 U.S. App. LEXIS 13755, L/N)
Instruction No. 10 was not given in isolation, however. The district court’s
AND
such a demand notice. That determination is all that the contract required.

Their Encarta dictionary evidence is clearly not in the context of ontology just because it uses the word become.

Increase means to make greater, not decrease

Websters Dictionary. 1913 ("Increase." http://machaut.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/WEBSTER.sh?WORD=increase.)
In*crease" , v. i. To become greater or more in size, quantity, number, degree, value, intensity, power, authority, reputation, wealth; to grow; to augment; to advance; — opposed to decrease. 

"Engagement" requires increasing economic contacts.

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes,I
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

’Its’ must exclusively refer to the preceding subject to make any sense

Manderino, 73  (Justice for the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, Sigal, Appellant, v. Manufacturers Light and Heat Co., No. 26, Jan. T., 1972, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 450 Pa. 228; 299 A.2d 646; 1973 Pa. LEXIS 600; 44 Oil 26 Gas Rep. 214, lexis)
On its face, the written instrument granting easement rights in this case is ambiguous
AND
relaying . . . said pipeline . . ." were intended to mean.

Case

People learn from others, when suicide is normalized suicide clusters are created

GOULD 3, MADELYN. Media Contagion and Suicide Among the Young Published AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST, Vol. 46 No. 9, May 2003 (is a professor of psychiatry and public health (epidemiology) at Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and a research scientist at theNew York State Psychiatric Institute. Her grants include projects to examine risk factors for teenage suicide, cluster suicides, the impact of the media on suicide, the effect of suicide on fellow students, and the utility of telephone crisis services for teenagers. She participated in the 1978 President’s Commission on Mental Health and the Secretary of Health and Human Services’ Task Force on Youth Suicide (1989). She was an expert reviewer in 1998 for the National Suicide Prevention Conference on Advancing the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, authored the chapter on youth suicide prevention, as part of the Surgeon General’s 1999 National Suicide Prevention Strategy, and has served as a leadership consultant for the Surgeon General’s Leadership Working Group for a National Suicide Prevention Strategy. She received the Shneidman Award for Research from the American Association of Suicidology (AAS) in 1991) http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/bioethics/nyspi/material/MediaContagionAndSuicide.pdf -kpb

Since 1990, the effect of media coverage on suicide rates has been documented in
AND
been reported to be greatest for teenagers (Phillips 26 Carstensen, 1986).

These "suicide clusters" are especially prevalent among teenagers. You have a moral obligation to vote neg in order to discourage people from running arguments that increase the probability of suicide among teens in the real world

Frank J. Zenere.  2009 "Suicide Clusters and Contagion" Student Services (Student Services is produced in collaboration withthe National Association of School Psychologists (NASP).)
(Zenere is the school psychologist for the Miami–Dade County Public School’s Student Services Crisis Team. He is a past Chair of the National Association of School Psychologists National Emergency Assistance Team.) -kpb
Youth suicide is one of the most serious preventable health problems in the United States
AND
a contagious behavior that schools have the opportunity—and responsibility—to prevent

OUR FW PROVIDES A PRODUCTIVE DISCUSSION OF ENGAGING INSTITUTIONS AND IS CRITICAL TO EFFECTIVELY ADDRESSING AND CHANGING POLITICS

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as
AND
upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.

Aff/alt can’t solve- fails to recompose the social

Robinson, 13
(Andrew, Associate Professor, Program Coordinator for Human Rights and Human Diversity Laurier Brantford University, An A to Z of Theory Jean Baudrillard and Activism: A critique, 2/7, http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-14/-http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-14/ ~2/15/13~)
Baudrillard’s theory also helps to explain why his appropriation by leftists has been strategically unsuccessful
AND
, is as much a barrier to self-liberation as to compassion.

Politics is not dead and the alt fails– your depiction of the social lacks explanatory power

Robinson, 13
(Andrew, Associate Professor, Program Coordinator for Human Rights and Human Diversity Laurier Brantford University, An A to Z of Theory Jean Baudrillard and Activism: A critique, 2/7, http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-14/-http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-14/ ~2/15/13~)
What of the crucial concept of ’symbolic exchange’? Baudrillard’s discussion of symbolic exchange
AND
can spread on the basis of unexpectedness, rapidity and limited police resources.
Baudrillard’s theory of deterrence needs to be reconsidered in light of recent events. We
AND
communicate in its terms. Therefore, esoteric language is an effective resistance. 

Death is the ultimate evil—it is a metaphysical lightning strike that obliterates what it is to be human in our present state—there is no possible warrant for their argument

Paterson, 03 - Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth
Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com-http:sce.sagepub.com/)

Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
AND
destroy the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.

Fear of Death is key to human survival – confronting death is key to state and individual existence.

Beres 96 (Louis Rene, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, Feb.,  http://www.freeman.org/m_online/-http://www.freeman.org/m_online/ feb96/ beresn.htm).
Fear of death, the ultimate source of anxiety, is essential to human survival
AND
it loses, possibly forever, the altogether critical benefits of "anxiety." 

Repeated meta-analyses prove fear appeals motivate adaptive behavior, this solves their extinction inevitable claims as well

Witte and Allen ’2k  (Kim, Prof. Comm. – MSU, and Mike, Prof. Comm. – U. Wisconsin Milwaukee, Health Education 26 Behavior, "A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns", 27:5, October, Sage Journals)
At least three meta-analyses have been conducted on the fear appeal literature.
AND
fear appeal, the greater the attitude, intention, and behavior change.

Baudrillard is wrong – reality exists – symbols aren’t everything

Marsh 95 (James, Professor of Philosophy – Fordham University, Critique, Action, and Liberation, p. 292-293)
Such an account, however, is as one-sided or perhaps even more
AND
, and on media such as movies, television, and radio.7

Tournament: Cal RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: CE Byrd | Judge: Givan, Tallungen

1

The role of the ballot should be to determine whether the United States federal government should increase its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela.

1. Resolution DA—de-centering policy debate away from defending a controversial action prevents students from weighing the costs and benefits of a decision—their inability to facilitate a competitive clash of arguments will devolve into competing truth claims that makes a productive discussion impossible

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law,
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Debating the pros and cons of a resolution requires students to exercise the critical thinking skills necessary to solve their impacts

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 9-10)
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

2. Rigorous Testing DA – Predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

3. Switchside – it’s the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
AND
honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

4. Social progress DA—their project fails without concrete policy guiding it
Feaver 2001

Assistant professor of political science at Duke (Peter, "Twenty-first century weapons proliferation", p. 178)
At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed
AND
. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 

The impact is war

Hanson 07
Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, "Why Study War?" City Journal, Summer)
It’s no surprise that civilian Americans tend to lack a basic understanding of military matters
AND
, if we did, we would withdraw as we had from Mogadishu.

2

Attempting to end problems through competition trades off with focusing on the root causes – causes endless factionization – our alternative is to embraces the Aff’s resistance without fighting that resistance via a tie to the ballot

Karlberg 3 (Michael, Assistant Professor of Communication at Western Washington University, PEACE 26 CHANGE, v28, n3, July, p. 339-41)
Granted, social activists do "win" occasional "battles" in these adversarial
AND
"east" and its "west" are locked in adversarial relationships.

This is specifically true in the context of Debate Space – labelling the ballot as a tool for resistance trades off with broader community focusing on resolving the problem

Bankey 13 (BRENDON BANKEY – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of   WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES   in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements   for the Degree of   MASTER OF ARTS   Communication   August 2013 – Bankey holds an BA from Trinity and now holds an MA from Wake Forest. This thesis was approved by: Michael J. Hyde, Ph.D., Advisor; Mary M. Dalton, Ph.D., Chair; R. Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D.   THE "FACT OF BLACKNESS" DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM   OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS   (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS – From Chapter Two – footnoting Atchison and Panetta and consistent with Bankey’s defense of an aspect of their position – http://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/39020/Bankey_wfu_0248M_10473.pdf)
Atchison and Panetta ’s concern with the "debate as activism" approach highlights the
AND
within the community. Creating change through wins generates backlash through losses. 25

3

The 1AC’s call for change revolves around an anthropocentric framing of the world which seeks to tackle a symptom instead of the underlying disease – this ensures the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations that justify violence

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

The alternative is to adopt an animal standpoint epistemology – key to solve and mutually exclusive

Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

Case

People learn from others, when suicide is normalized suicide clusters are created

GOULD 3, MADELYN. Media Contagion and Suicide Among the Young Published AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST, Vol. 46 No. 9, May 2003 (is a professor of psychiatry and public health (epidemiology) at Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and a research scientist at theNew York State Psychiatric Institute. Her grants include projects to examine risk factors for teenage suicide, cluster suicides, the impact of the media on suicide, the effect of suicide on fellow students, and the utility of telephone crisis services for teenagers. She participated in the 1978 President’s Commission on Mental Health and the Secretary of Health and Human Services’ Task Force on Youth Suicide (1989). She was an expert reviewer in 1998 for the National Suicide Prevention Conference on Advancing the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, authored the chapter on youth suicide prevention, as part of the Surgeon General’s 1999 National Suicide Prevention Strategy, and has served as a leadership consultant for the Surgeon General’s Leadership Working Group for a National Suicide Prevention Strategy. She received the Shneidman Award for Research from the American Association of Suicidology (AAS) in 1991) http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/bioethics/nyspi/material/MediaContagionAndSuicide.pdf -kpb

Since 1990, the effect of media coverage on suicide rates has been documented in
AND
been reported to be greatest for teenagers (Phillips 26 Carstensen, 1986).

These "suicide clusters" are especially prevalent among teenagers. You have a moral obligation to vote neg in order to discourage people from running arguments that increase the probability of suicide among teens in the real world

Frank J. Zenere.  2009 "Suicide Clusters and Contagion" Student Services (Student Services is produced in collaboration withthe National Association of School Psychologists (NASP).)
(Zenere is the school psychologist for the Miami–Dade County Public School’s Student Services Crisis Team. He is a past Chair of the National Association of School Psychologists National Emergency Assistance Team.) -kpb
Youth suicide is one of the most serious preventable health problems in the United States
AND
a contagious behavior that schools have the opportunity—and responsibility—to prevent

Aff can’t solve- fails to recompose the social

Robinson, 13
(Andrew, Associate Professor, Program Coordinator for Human Rights and Human Diversity Laurier Brantford University, An A to Z of Theory Jean Baudrillard and Activism: A critique, 2/7, http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-14/-http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-14/ ~2/15/13~)
Baudrillard’s theory also helps to explain why his appropriation by leftists has been strategically unsuccessful
AND
, is as much a barrier to self-liberation as to compassion.

Politics is not dead and the alt fails– your depiction of the social lacks explanatory power

Robinson, 13
(Andrew, Associate Professor, Program Coordinator for Human Rights and Human Diversity Laurier Brantford University, An A to Z of Theory Jean Baudrillard and Activism: A critique, 2/7, http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-14/-http://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-14/ ~2/15/13~)
What of the crucial concept of ’symbolic exchange’? Baudrillard’s discussion of symbolic exchange
AND
can spread on the basis of unexpectedness, rapidity and limited police resources.
Baudrillard’s theory of deterrence needs to be reconsidered in light of recent events. We
AND
communicate in its terms. Therefore, esoteric language is an effective resistance. 

Death is the ultimate evil—it is a metaphysical lightning strike that obliterates what it is to be human in our present state—there is no possible warrant for their argument

Paterson, 03 - Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth
Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com-http:sce.sagepub.com/)

Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
AND
destroy the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.

Fear of Death is key to human survival – confronting death is key to state and individual existence.

Beres 96 (Louis Rene, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue University, Feb.,  http://www.freeman.org/m_online/-http://www.freeman.org/m_online/ feb96/ beresn.htm).
Fear of death, the ultimate source of anxiety, is essential to human survival
AND
it loses, possibly forever, the altogether critical benefits of "anxiety." 

Repeated meta-analyses prove fear appeals motivate adaptive behavior, this solves their extinction inevitable claims as well

Witte and Allen ’2k  (Kim, Prof. Comm. – MSU, and Mike, Prof. Comm. – U. Wisconsin Milwaukee, Health Education 26 Behavior, "A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns", 27:5, October, Sage Journals)
At least three meta-analyses have been conducted on the fear appeal literature.
AND
fear appeal, the greater the attitude, intention, and behavior change.

Baudrillard is wrong – reality exists – symbols aren’t everything

Marsh 95 (James, Professor of Philosophy – Fordham University, Critique, Action, and Liberation, p. 292-293)
Such an account, however, is as one-sided or perhaps even more
AND
, and on media such as movies, television, and radio.7

Tournament: Emory | Round: 5 | Opponent: River Hill | Judge: Nathaniel Sawyer

1

Interpretation—the role of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela

They are not topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy by the USFG.  Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as judge you are only allowed to affirm those policies within jurisdiction dictated by the resolution.

Decision-making DA—debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that avoids a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law,
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Hijacks education—predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

Switch side is the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
AND
honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

Social progress—their project fails without concrete policy guiding it
Feaver 2001

Assistant professor of political science at Duke (Peter, "Twenty-first century weapons proliferation", p. 178)
At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed
AND
. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 

Specifically true of Latin America

Margheritis and Pereira ’07 (Ana- assistant professor of international relations and Latin American politics at the University of Florida and Anthony- associate professor of political science at Tulane University; "The Neoliberal Turn in Latin America: The Cycle of Ideas and the Search for an Alternative"; Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 3, Contested Transformation (May, 2007),pp. 25-48)
This analysis is offered from a critical point of view in the hope that it
AND
also important—but that the mechanisms for their promulgation have been understudied.

The impact is war

Hanson 07
Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, "Why Study War?" City Journal, Summer)
It’s no surprise that civilian Americans tend to lack a basic understanding of military matters
AND
, if we did, we would withdraw as we had from Mogadishu.

2

We should reject Eurocentric globalization only to the extent that such rejection does not act as a constraint on the option of international actions to prevent widespread atrocity.

Anti-coloniality is used in the South as a cover for committing atrocities

Breakey  11Hugh Breakey, Institute for Ethics, Governance and Law, Griffith University,   May, 2011.
The Responsibility to Protect and the  Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflicts  :  Review  and Analysis
http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/333844/Responsibility-to-Protect-and-the-Protection-of-Civilians-in-Armed-Conflict-Review-and-Analysis.pdf
Peters, "Humanity as theAand ? of Sovereignty", p. 532; see
AND
interests."Howard-Hassmann, "Mugabe’s Zimbabwe", p. 912.

We must take a stand against genocide and crimes against humanity – they can be stopped only when there is a clear message that it will not be tolerated

Trimel  13Suzanne Trimel, Amnesty International USA, et al   July 16, 2013Press ReleaseOn International Justice Day, Survivors of Mass Atrocities Join Human Rights Leaders and Governments at U.N. for Discussion on Accountability and Justice
Global leaders unite in support of atrocity prevention through justice and accountabilityhttp://www.amnestyusa.org/news/press-releases/on-international-justice-day-survivors-of-mass-atrocities-join-human-rights-leaders-and-governments-http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/press-releases/on-international-justice-day-survivors-of-mass-atrocities-join-human-rights-leaders-and-governments
Keynote remarks will feature the Ambassadors of the sponsoring missions, alongside AdamaDieng, Undersecretary General and U.N. Special Adviser on Genocide Prevention, and Stephen J. Rapp, Ambassador of the US Department of State Office of Global Criminal Justice.
"Mass murder, mass rape, and mass mutilation are not acts of spontaneous
AND
the impunity that allows the perpetrators of these grave crimes to remain free.¶ 

3

Attempting to end problems through competition trades off with focusing on the root causes – causes endless factionization – our alternative is to embraces the Aff’s resistance without fighting that resistance via a tie to the ballot

Karlberg 3 (Michael, Assistant Professor of Communication at Western Washington University, PEACE 26 CHANGE, v28, n3, July, p. 339-41)
Granted, social activists do "win" occasional "battles" in these adversarial
AND
"east" and its "west" are locked in adversarial relationships.

This is specifically true in the context of Debate Space – labelling the ballot as a tool for resistance trades off with broader community focusing on resolving the problem

Bankey 13 (BRENDON BANKEY – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of   WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES   in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements   for the Degree of   MASTER OF ARTS   Communication   August 2013 – Bankey holds an BA from Trinity and now holds an MA from Wake Forest. This thesis was approved by: Michael J. Hyde, Ph.D., Advisor; Mary M. Dalton, Ph.D., Chair; R. Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D.   THE "FACT OF BLACKNESS" DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM   OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS   (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS – From Chapter Two – footnoting Atchison and Panetta and consistent with Bankey’s defense of an aspect of their position – http://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/39020/Bankey_wfu_0248M_10473.pdf)
Atchison and Panetta ’s concern with the "debate as activism" approach highlights the
AND
within the community. Creating change through wins generates backlash through losses. 25

4

The 1AC’s call for change revolves around an anthropocentric framing of the world which seeks to tackle a symptom instead of the underlying disease – this ensures the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations that justify violence

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

The alternative is to adopt an animal standpoint epistemology – key to solve and mutually exclusive

Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

Case

The 1AC only interrogates Cuba which is too narrow of a reconceptualization to solve – the entire world has been affected. Either way the violence continues despite an aff ballot.

The 1ACs assumption of the modern being tangible means their impacts are built upon false assumptions

Grossberg 10 (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina)
(Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 260)DDI13
The question is neither empirical nor conceptual, but conjunctural and discursive. To theorize
AND
is never fully actualized, because it can be actualized in multiple ways.

They cannot access their impacts – political action is key to true reformation

Grossberg(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10
I •want to describe a diagram of ways of being modern as a configuration
AND
, then "being modern’) itself is a real and positive multiplicity.

Modernity allows us to find solutions to world problems
Grossberg(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10
One of the most famous (in the English-speaking world at least)
AND
brutality, exhibited most clearly in slavery, colonialisn1, and global wars.

Their advocacy recreates the hierarchy of civilizations and normalizes racist views of the subaltern – you must reject the 1AC

Alcoff 92(Linda Martín Department of Philosophy at Syracuse University. "The Problem of Speaking For Others" Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, pp. 5-32.) 

(1) The impetus to speak must be carefully analyzed and, in many
AND
any of these elements is changed, a new evaluation is called for.
Their fixation on euro-modernity ignores multiple modernities, which negates alternatives now challenging the North—REJECT their narrow reification euro-modernity that effectively excludes the wills of real people who want modernity
Grossberg(Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10
(Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 286-7)DDI13
Before ending this discussion of multiple modernities, I want to address one final challenge
AND
) declares, "other stories to be told.’’(186).

Tournament: Umich | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Independent LM | Judge: Dave Weston, Ryan Keenan, Talya Slaw

1

Interpretation—the role of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela

They are not topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy by the USFG.  Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as judge you are only allowed to affirm those policies within jurisdiction dictated by the resolution.

Increase means to make greater, not decrease

Websters Dictionary. 1913 ("Increase." http://machaut.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/WEBSTER.sh?WORD=increase.)
In*crease" , v. i. To become greater or more in size, quantity, number, degree, value, intensity, power, authority, reputation, wealth; to grow; to augment; to advance; — opposed to decrease. 

Decision-making DA—debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that avoids a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law,
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Switch side is the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
AND
honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

Hijacks education—predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
Gorgias in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles

Social progress—their project fails without concrete policy guiding it
Feaver 2001

Assistant professor of political science at Duke (Peter, "Twenty-first century weapons proliferation", p. 178)
At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed
AND
. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 

Specifically true of Latin America

Margheritis and Pereira ’07 (Ana- assistant professor of international relations and Latin American politics at the University of Florida and Anthony- associate professor of political science at Tulane University; "The Neoliberal Turn in Latin America: The Cycle of Ideas and the Search for an Alternative"; Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 3, Contested Transformation (May, 2007),pp. 25-48)
This analysis is offered from a critical point of view in the hope that it
AND
also important—but that the mechanisms for their promulgation have been understudied.

The impact is war

Hanson 07
Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, "Why Study War?" City Journal, Summer)
It’s no surprise that civilian Americans tend to lack a basic understanding of military matters
AND
, if we did, we would withdraw as we had from Mogadishu.

2

====Violence is inevitable but escalation isn’t. Knowing our friends and enemies allows wars to be controlled – attempting to erase dichotomies homogenizes the Other====

Rasch 3 (Cultural Critique 54 (2003) 137-41, William Rasch is the Henry H. H. Remak Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University,  Human Rights as Geopolitics ?Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy).NAR
In the past, we/they, neighbor/foreigner, friend/enemy
AND
signs of their outlaw status is their insistence on autonomy, on sovereignty. 

====Trying to create a uniformly peaceful world justifies violence against deviants who "create conflict"- means war is inevitable====

Rasch 4 (William, Prof. of German Studies, Indiana U, Sovereignty and its Discontents, Birkbeck Law Press, pg. 15) my
What could be wrong with such a vision? Certainly it is neither verifiable nor
AND
solved, once and for all, the nihilistic problem of the political? 

====The total wars inherent to liberalism pose the greatest threat of extinction====
Celermajer 07 (Danielle Celermajer, Professor of Human Rights at University of Sydney, "If Islam is our other, who are ’we’?", http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3359/is_1_42/ai_n29344394/?tag=content;col1, Autumn, 2007) 

The moral tenor of the moment recalls Carl Schmitt’s warning that war conducted in the
AND
—"~H~e who invokes the word ’humanity’, wants to cheat."

====The alternative is to reject the affirmative. Adopting a clear picture of who is a ’friend’ and who is an ’enemy’ ensures wars do not reach the point of genocide.====

Rasch 5 (William Rasch, Prof. of German Studies, Indiana, 2005, Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle, p.260-61)NAR
What is to be done? If you are one who says there is a
AND
it may also always produce recurring, asphyxiating political nightmares of absolute exclusion. 

3

Resolved: The United States federal government should close its prison at Guantanamo Bay and transfer United States’ owned physical assets to the Republic of Cuba.

Guantanamo Bay is the site of convergence of U.S. exercise of biopower through states of exception

Federman 11
Cary Federman, 2011, received Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and at James Madison College (Michigan State University). Recipient of two Fulbright scholarships, taught law and political science at the University of Zagreb, Croatia and criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Has lectured at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, the University of Graz (Faculties of Law and Social Sciences), and taught American Politics and Law at Palacky University, the Czech Republic, "Guantanamo Bodies: Law, Media, and Biopower" http://www.academia.edu/1051667/Guantanamo_Bodies_Law_Media_and_Biopower-http://www.academia.edu/1051667/Guantanamo_Bodies_Law_Media_and_Biopower
There is, for Foucault, a clear movement in history and philosophy awayfrom concerns
AND
of ideas and practices that fundamentally alter the meaning of being a detainee.

This specific instance of the state of exception justifies endless torture and suffering – reduces individuals to bare life

Piotukh 8
Volha Piotukh, Edinburgh, 6 June 2008, PhD student, School of Politics and International Studies, (POLIS) The University of Leeds, Supervisors: Dr. Deiniol Jones and Prof. Alice Hills, "Humanitarian Action and the War on Terror: Some Preliminary Thoughts on a New Biopolitical Nexus" www.pol.ed.ac.uk/data/assets/word_doc/0004/.../Piotukh_Paper.doc
I would suggest that theorising on biopower and biopolitics can provide useful insights not only
AND
only through an endless suffering" (Wadiwel, 2003 p. 120).

4

The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics

Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
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of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Alternative Text: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF

Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

Case

Borders are key to developing common knowledge for decision-making and is a pre-req to ontological discussions

Parker and Addler-Nissen 12, Department of Political Science at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 2012 ~Noel and Rebecca, "Picking and Choosing the ’Sovereign’ Border: A Theory of Changing State Bordering Practices", http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2012.660582-http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2012.660582~~

We can ?rst observe that borders help ful?l epistemological conditions. Borders produce particular conditions
AND
tests’.19 A fortiori threats which it may be necessary to protect again

When we eliminate borders, it makes all conflicts civil wars, which makes a peace an impossibility. Kosovo proves that partition is key to stability in any region.

Downes, 2k6(Alexander Downes, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Duke, More Borders, Less Conflict?: Partition as a Solution to Ethnic Civil Wars, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais_review/v026/26.1downes.html-http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais_review/v026/26.1downes.html)

The conventional wisdom among scholars and policymakers opposes solving ethnic conflicts by drawing new
AND
of implementing power-sharing among Iraq’s Shi’ites, Kurds, and Sunnis.

Borders in Latin America may contribute to rivalry, but do not cause conflict – Studies prove

Trinkunas 12
~Harold, Naval Postgraduate School, Maiah Jaskoski- Naval Postgraduate School, Borders and Borderlands in the Americas- PASCC Report Number 2012 009~
Border policies are rooted in a deep history of partial, problematic state building in
AND
existential import, but at most as subjects that may be negotiated.11

Strong border security is key to deterring terrorists

Willis et al. 10— Henry H. Willis, the Director of the RAND Homeland Security and Defense Center, and professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School, Ph.D. in engineering and public policy at Carnegie Mellon University, M.A. in environmental engineering and science at University of Cincinnati, B.A. in chemistry and environmental sciences at University of Pennsylvania; Joel B. Predd, engineer at the RAND Corporation, Ph.D. in electrical engineering at Princeton University, B.S. in electrical engineering at Purdue University; Paul K. Davis, senior principal researcher at the RAND Corporation and a professor of policy analysis in the Pardee RAND Graduate School, Ph.D. in chemical physics at MIT, B.S. at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Wayne P. Brown, 2010 ("Measuring the Effectiveness of Border Security Between Ports-of-Entry", Sponsored by the DHS, Technical Report, RAND Homeland Security and Defense Center, Available Online at http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2010/RAND_TR837.pdf-http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2010/RAND_TR837.pdf, Accessed 7-25-13, p. 18-20 | NikP)
4.2.2 Contributions of Border Interdiction, Deterrence, and Networked Intelligence
AND
some of these dependencies and factors that moderate the effectiveness of border security.

Violence is necessary to combat terrorism–only preemptive force can win the struggle against terrorism–all other approaches condemn us to a never ending cycle of war

CARR 2002 (Caleb, Author and Military Historian, The Lessons of Terror, p 13-14)
The successful answer to the terrorist threat, then, lies not in repeated analyses
AND
have been made in the past to address and curtail that savage tradition.

Biopower doesn’t culminate in genocide

Ojakangas 2005 (Mika, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, FOUCAULT STUDIES, May, v2, p.26-27)
For Foucault, the coexistence in political structures of large destructive mechanisms and institutions oriented
AND
but rather because of the deplovment of bio-political thinking and practice. 

Claims of a permanent state of exception undermine criticism of biopower

Andrew 2005 (Neal, PhD candidate, School of Politics, Philosophy and International Relations at Keele
University, "Review of the literature on the ccstate of exception)) and the application of this
concept to contemporary politics," March 3, htb:llwww.libertvsecuritv.org/articlel69.htmI)
«If, as has been suggested, terminology is the properly poetic moment of thought, then terminological choices can never be neutral. In this sense, the choice of the term state of exception implies a position taken on both the nature of the phenomenon we seek to investigate and the logic most useful for understanding it.» ~51~
There is a final criticism to be made about Agamben’s treatment of the idea of
AND
the current norm, in that it attempts to label it as exceptional. 

Reject monocausal explanations of biopower

Dickinson 4 (Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, Central European History, v37, nl, p. 41-42)
In any case, the focus on the activities and ambitions of the social engineers
AND
individual or family than it is in the technocrats’ visions of national efficiency. 

Modernity canchallenge exclusion and oppression and prevents the worst manifestations of violence to return

Deranty 04 (Jean-Philippe, teaches French and German Philosophy at Macquarie University, Sydney,
"Agamben’s challenge to normative theories of modem rights," Borderlands E-Journal, 3: 1,
http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no1_2004/deranty_agambnschall.htm)
48. One can acknowledge the descriptive appeal of the biopower hypothesis without renouncing the
AND
witness to the "tradition of the oppressed" than their messianic counterparts. 

Aff doesn’t solve – Non-state activism doesn’t challenge institutional power

Chandler 2004 (David, Senior Lecturer in IR at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster,
"Building Global Civil Society ’From Below’?" Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33:2, p. 333-334)
As highlighted by George W. Bush’s relationship with U2 rock star Bono, governments
AND
themselves as a "global movement for social justice and solidarity"’.

No impact – Their Impacts rely on a flawed, totalizing amount of biopower

Dickinson 04 (Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, Central European History, v37, n1, p.34-36)
The need to theorize the place of the democratic welfare state in biopolitical, social
AND
, the only end point of the  logic of social engineering 34-36

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westwood | Judge: Misael Gonzalez

1

The Cuban Embargo has led to a self-sufficient agriculture industry free of pesticides and GMO’s

Aguilar, PhD., Agro-ecologist, 2009
~Fernando Funes, 5/24/09, Food First- institute for Food and Development Policy, "Transgenic Food Production in Cuba; The Need for a Participatory and Serious Debate", http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2451-http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2451, Accessed: 7/1/13, PR~
Evidence and recent history show that no other country has had the opportunity that Cuba
AND
future for the production of food and for the appreciation of Cuban agriculture.

Embargo triggered Cuba’s shift to sustainable agriculture, lifting the embargo will crush it

Gonzalez, Professor @ Seattle University, 2003
~Carmen G., SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, p. 729-33, PR~ 

Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.

Monocultures deplete the soil and lead to a loss of Bio-diversity

Roslin, associate producer for CBC-TV, 2008
~Alex: on three Canadian Association of Journalists awards for investigative reporting and eight nominations for CAJ and National Magazine Awards, founder the Canadian Centre for Investigative Reporting and was president of its board., 4/16/08, Straight, "Monocrops bring food crisis", http://www.straight.com/news/monocrops-bring-food-crisis-http://www.straight.com/news/monocrops-bring-food-crisis, Accessed: 7/10/13, PR~

Because the new monocrops were poorly adapted to local conditions, the plants didn’t do
AND
than natural processes can rebuild it on average in the U.S.

Loss of Biodiversity leads to Extinction

Leahy, Lead international science and environment correspondent at IPS, 2007
~Stephen, 5/3/07, Common Dreams, "Biodiversity: Farming Will Make or Break the Food Chain", http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/05/03/945-http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/05/03/945, Accessed: 7/10/13, PR~

Sixty percent of the Earth’s ecosystems are in trouble right now, warned the Millennium
AND
on pesticides and fertilisers and improved soil quality due to enhanced microbial biodiversity. 

2

A. Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement

Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as "granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace." Giving Iran international legitimacy andremoving sanctions would have maintained peace with a potential enemy without changing the undemocratic practices of the enemy. If this isn’t appeasement, I don’t know how better to define the word.

Engagement and appeasement are distinct

Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, "Defining Engagement," Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr1226vid=226hid=2426bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d~~23db=mth26AN=4437301-http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr1226vid=226hid=2426bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas
AND
or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

B. Violation – they remove restrictions – that’s appeasement

And – Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t "economic" because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life

Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, "The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms", November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf?
"Economic sanctions", a mode of coercion in international relations resuscitated in recent years
AND
effect is primarily to convey displeasure, rather than to affect the economy.

C. Voting issue

1. Limits – infinite amount of restrictions the aff can remove – explodes neg research burden

2. Ground – Lose spending links based off of increases in funding

3

Text: The United States federal government should remove food, potable water, and dual-use restrictions on Cuba if and only if the government of Cuba agrees to release all political dissidents, reform its laws criminalizing dissent and dismantle the institutions that enforce them.

Using the leverage of the plan best solves repression of political dissent in Cuba – they will respond to pressure

Steinberg, researcher in Human Rights Watch’s Americas Division, 09
~Steinberg, November 2009, Human Rights Watch, "New Castro, Same Cuba," http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf-http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf, 7/7/13, AR~

Worse still, Latin American governments across¶ the political spectrum have been reluctant to
AND
improve its human rights record¶ unless it is pressured to do so.

Cuba violates basic human rights of prisoners and dissidents

Steinberg, researcher in Human Rights Watch’s Americas Division, 09 ~Steinberg, November 2009, Human Rights Watch, "New Castro, Same Cuba," http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf-http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf, 7/7/13, AR~

Cuba fails to meet basic international standards regarding the treatment of prisoners.¶ Conditions are
AND
mechanism through which to seek redress, creating¶ anenvironment of total impunity.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun until it’s  resolved

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

4

The topic is a red herring – US imperialism creates the illusion of consensus – as long as Latin American diplomacy remains a tool used to defend the empire, any benevolent intent becomes whitewashed as colonial violence becomes more destructive

Petras 12 (James, is a retired Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University adjunct professor at Saint Mary’s University "The Empire’s Ideology: Imperialism and "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools"," http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-empire-s-ideology-imperialism-and-anti-imperialism-of-the-fools/28456)
The imperialist use of "anti-imperialist" moral rhetoric was designed to weaken
AND
their peace movements dwindled, and their "moral critiques" lost resonance.

Our alternative is to divorce Latin American diplomacy from the empire and rebuild our understanding from the perspective of the colonized

Radcliffe, 7 (Sarah, Professor of Latin American Geography and Fellow of Christ’s College Management Committee, Centre of Latin American Studies, "Forum: Latin American Indigenous Geographies of Fear: Living in the Shadow of Racism, Lack of Development, and Antiterror Measures", JStor, http://www.jstor.org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/stable/pdfplus/4620268.pdf?acceptTC=true26)**
Geographies of Fear and Hope in Neoliberalism and Postdevelopment By exploring one set of politics
AND
the contested- and often postcolonially violent-negotiations around its meanings and practices 

Case

Must weigh consequences – their moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize

Isaac, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University 2
(Jeffrey C, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), "Ends, Means, and Politics", Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

The impossibility to attain knowledge of every outcome or abuse leaves utilitarianism as the only option for most rational decision-making

Goodin 95 – Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University (Robert E., Cambridge University Press, "Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy" pg 63)
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
AND
, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that. 

Predictions are methodologically sound, reflexive, and increasingly accurate.

Ruud van der Helm is a Dutch policy officer on instrument development in the Aid Effectiveness and Policy Department. Futures – Volume 41, Issue 2, Pages 67-116 (March 2009) – obtained via Science Direct

Futurists build and discuss statements on future states of affairs. When their work is
AND
designed for the preparation of decision-making, or of collective action. 

Lifting the embargo both destroys Cuba’s healthcare system and labor services abroad – both causing disease spread and instability

Garrett ’10 –Senior Director of Foreign Policy
Laurie, "Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?" (August 1010)
thecubaneconomy.com/wp-content/uploads/.../Castrocare-in-Crisis.docx? ts
Cuba’s economic situation has been dire since 1989, when the country lost its Soviet
AND
well-funded areas of medicine, such as basic children’s health care.

Cuba is a key model for global health care – key to disease prevention

Monthly Review 7/12/2012 "Why Is Cuba’s Health Care System the Best Model for Poor Countries?" http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2012/fitz071212.html
Furious though it may be, the current debate over health care in the US
AND
such as outbreaks of dengue fever are quickly followed by national mobilizations.6

Extinction

Greger 08 – M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger, , Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111-http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111)
Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms
AND
"might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard."3154

Lifting the embargo wouldn’t help the Cuban people-internal blockades mean that no goods go to the people

Carter, Washington Times Writer, 2k
(Tom, Sept 21, 2000 Cubanet, "Doctors testify lifting Cuba sanctions would not help average citizens"http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/sep00/21e6.htm-http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/sep00/21e6.htm, accessed 7/9/13, KR)

Lifting the U.S. economic embargo to allow the sale of food and
AND
.S. embargo, the Cuban people will suffer," she said.

There are checks on humanitarian impacts, and that impact is miniscule anyway

Lopez, PhD from Syracuse University, 12
~George A., Spring, Ethics 26 International Affairs, Volume 26, Issue 1, "In Defense of Smart Sanctions: A Response to Joy Gordon", page PQ, Pro Quest, accessed 7/5/13, VJ~ 

Joy Gordon has been the foremost singular intellectual voice calling for close scrutiny of sanctions
AND
number of individuals, and only in the counterterrorism area, seems overstated.

Tournament: GBX | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westwood BC | Judge: Misael Gonzalez

1

====Obama has recently renewed his stance against Cuban human rights policies and failure to democratically reform====
BBC 2011 (13 September 2011 last updated at 04:58 ET, "Barack Obama says Cuba’s reforms not aggressive enough," http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14894145)

Recent changes in Cuba have not been "aggressive enough" to open its economy
AND
with people without scruples or respect for human life, Mr Obama said. 

Engagement with Cuba is seen as Appeasement

Rubin, 10/18/2011 (Jennifer, Obama’s Cuba appeasement, Washington Post, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/obamas-cuba-appeasement/2011/03/29/gIQAjuL2tL_blog.html)

The administration’s conduct is all the more galling given the behavior of the Castro regime
AND
to throw gifts to tyrants in the expectation they will reciprocate in kind.

Appeasement causes global aggression and multiple scenarios for nuclear conflict.

Chapin and Hanson, 12/7/2009 (Bernard - interviewer and Victor Davis - Martin and Illie Anderson senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, Change, weakness, disaster, p. http://pajamasmedia.com/blog-http://pajamasmedia.com/blog /change-weakness-disaster-obama-answers-from-victor-davis-hanson/)

BC: Are we currently sending a message of weakness to our foes and allies
AND
tiger and now no one quite knows whom it will bite or when.

2

A. Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement

Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as "granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace." Giving Iran international legitimacy andremoving sanctions would have maintained peace with a potential enemy without changing the undemocratic practices of the enemy. If this isn’t appeasement, I don’t know how better to define the word.

Engagement and appeasement are distinct

Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, "Defining Engagement," Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr1226vid=226hid=2426bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d~~23db=mth26AN=4437301-http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr1226vid=226hid=2426bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas
AND
or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

B. Violation – they remove restrictions – that’s appeasement

And – Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t "economic" because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life

Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, "The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms", November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf?
"Economic sanctions", a mode of coercion in international relations resuscitated in recent years
AND
effect is primarily to convey displeasure, rather than to affect the economy.

C. Voting issue

1. Limits – infinite amount of restrictions the aff can remove – explodes neg research burden

2. Ground – Lose spending links based off of increases in funding

3

Text: The United States federal government should remove food, potable water, and dual-use restrictions on Cuba if and only if the government of Cuba agrees to release all political dissidents, reform its laws criminalizing dissent and dismantle the institutions that enforce them.

Using the leverage of the plan best solves repression of political dissent in Cuba – they will respond to pressure

Steinberg, researcher in Human Rights Watch’s Americas Division, 09
~Steinberg, November 2009, Human Rights Watch, "New Castro, Same Cuba," http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf-http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf, 7/7/13, AR~

Worse still, Latin American governments across¶ the political spectrum have been reluctant to
AND
improve its human rights record¶ unless it is pressured to do so.

Cuba violates basic human rights of prisoners and dissidents

Steinberg, researcher in Human Rights Watch’s Americas Division, 09 ~Steinberg, November 2009, Human Rights Watch, "New Castro, Same Cuba," http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf-http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf, 7/7/13, AR~

Cuba fails to meet basic international standards regarding the treatment of prisoners.¶ Conditions are
AND
mechanism through which to seek redress, creating¶ anenvironment of total impunity.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun until it’s  resolved

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

4

Text: The United States federal government should remove potable water, and dual-use restrictions on Cuba.

Status quo Cuban ag sector is efficient and sustainable.

Salomon, 12(Robert Salomon, staff writer for the Havana Reporter,  "The Eco-Friendly Cuban Agriculture Model", November 10, 2012, http://havanareporternews.com/economy/eco-friendly-cuban-agriculture-model)
The Cuban agricultural model is eco-friendly,says the UN´s Food
AND
strategy to improve food and nutrition security in the region, Porto stressed.

Food ~aid/trade~ would destroy Cuba’s need to rely on organics

Barclay 03 ~Eliza Barclay, "Cuba’s security in fresh produce," Food First, September 12th, 2003, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/node/1208
Given the highly restrictive nature of the U.S. embargo on trade with
AND
and activate farmers and urban citizens to dedicate themselves to meeting food demands.

Cuban agriculture is modeled globally

Ergas 13 (Christina Ergas, department of sociology at the University of Oregan. 4/19/13. "Food Sovereignty: Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Cuba". Centre for Research on Globalization".  www.globalresearch.ca/food-sovereignty-sustainable-urban-agriculture-in-cuba/5332167)
The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
AND
as they have been developed in opposition to a corporate global food regime.

Try or die- sustainable agriculture checks multiple scenarios for extinction

Peters 10 (Kathryn A. Peters, J.D. from the University of Oregon ."Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution".University of Oregon Law School. law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)
An adequate food supply is essential for the survival of the human ¶race.
AND
areas with access to an adequate supply of fresh, nutritious ¶ food. 

5

Castro is implementing gradual economic reforms now - but – he must walk a fine line and avoid rocking the political boat
Sweig and Rockefeller, 2013 (Julia E. Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, and Michael Bustamante "Cuba After Communism The Economic Reforms That Are Transforming the Island"  http://www.cfr.org/cuba/cuba-after-communism/p30991-http://www.cfr.org/cuba/cuba-after-communism/p30991)

Small-time diaspora capital may prove easier to regulate and rely on than funds
AND
the black market or assistance from family abroad to acquire many daily necessities.

The Plan causes a political whirlwind in Cuba that decimates Castro’s ability to reform
Hernandez, 2012(Cuba’s Leading Social Sciences professor and researcher at the University of Havana and the High Institute of International Relations; Director of U.S. studies at the Centro de Estudiossobre America; and a Senior Research Fellow at the Institutocubano de Investigacion Cultural "Juan Marinello" in Havana. "Debating U.S-Cuban Relations") 

As far as costs are concerned, although many Cubans favor detente and appreciate its
AND
dealing effectively with "communist regimes" but its sense of superpower omnipotence.

This turns the Aff, makes armed conflict inevitable, and triggers a laundry list of impacts
Treto, 2012(Carlos, Professor and Senior researcher at the University of Havana’s
AND

"Cuba’s National Security vis-à-vis the United States")

In the historical period preceding the one analyzed here, two opposite visions took shape
AND
to terrorist actors that have damaged the United States or any other country.¶

Case

Must weigh consequences – their moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize

Isaac, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University 2
(Jeffrey C, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), "Ends, Means, and Politics", Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

The impossibility to attain knowledge of every outcome or abuse leaves utilitarianism as the only option for most rational decision-making

Goodin 95 – Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University (Robert E., Cambridge University Press, "Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy" pg 63)
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
AND
, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that. 

Predictions are methodologically sound, reflexive, and increasingly accurate.

Ruud van der Helm is a Dutch policy officer on instrument development in the Aid Effectiveness and Policy Department. Futures – Volume 41, Issue 2, Pages 67-116 (March 2009) – obtained via Science Direct

Futurists build and discuss statements on future states of affairs. When their work is
AND
designed for the preparation of decision-making, or of collective action. 

The embargo is a huge alt cause to every problem – the aff is a bandaid solution

There are checks on humanitarian impacts, and that impact is miniscule anyway

Lopez, PhD from Syracuse University, 12
~George A., Spring, Ethics 26 International Affairs, Volume 26, Issue 1, "In Defense of Smart Sanctions: A Response to Joy Gordon", page PQ, Pro Quest, accessed 7/5/13, VJ~ 

Joy Gordon has been the foremost singular intellectual voice calling for close scrutiny of sanctions
AND
number of individuals, and only in the counterterrorism area, seems overstated.

Alt causes to structural violence — the aff can’t solve architecture of homes, gendered violence, and work discrimination

Lifting the embargo wouldn’t help the Cuban people-internal blockades mean that no goods go to the people

Carter, Washington Times Writer, 2k
(Tom, Sept 21, 2000 Cubanet, "Doctors testify lifting Cuba sanctions would not help average citizens"http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/sep00/21e6.htm-http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/sep00/21e6.htm, accessed 7/9/13, KR)

Lifting the U.S. economic embargo to allow the sale of food and
AND
.S. embargo, the Cuban people will suffer," she said.

Aid to Cuba now – food now

AP 7 (Associated Press. "What embargo? Top U.S. brands sell in Cuba" May 15, 2007. www.nbcnews.com/id/18664571/~23.UpE1MdJwrng)

HAVANA — The golden arches are nowhere to be found. There’s not a single
AND
said the communist government itself still imports the vast majority of American goods.

Gradual Lift Coming Soon – Business Leaders pushing for Reform

Lobe ’08 (Jim Lobe, 12/7/2008, InterPress Service, http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/12/us-cuba-business-support-for-dismantling-embargo/-http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/12/us-cuba-business-support-for-dismantling-embargo/, accessed 6/29/13, WP)
If U.S. President-elect Barack Obama wants to begin dismantling Washington’s
AND
to their homeland and their ability to send remittances to their families there.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: South East | Judge: 

1

Obama’s pushing for TPA now – it’ll pass but it’ll be difficult and require all of Obama’s PC

Politi and Donnan 2/10 (James Politi and Shawn Donnan, The Financial Times. "Trade: Pacts of strife" http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c1254a20-8ff3-11e3-aee9-00144feab7de.html~~23axzz2t82AaYqx)
The Obama administration says it can forge a political consensus in favour of trade liberalisation
AND
would kick into gear and help carry the legislation over the finishing line.

Lifting embargo would be controversial and Obama would have to be pushing the plan

Leogrande 13
William M. LeoGrande is professor in the Department of Government, School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, D.C.¶ The Danger of Dependence: Cuba’s Foreign Policy After Chavez 4-2-13¶ http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12840/the-danger-of-dependence-cubas-foreign-policy-after-chavez¶ Are U.S.-Cuban Relations Poised for Change?
In his first public statement after assuming Cuba’s presidency in 2006, Raúl Castro held
AND
term, relations with Cuba were not much better than at the start.¶ 

Capital is key—vital to economy

Bryan Riley, senior analyst and Anthony B. Kim, senior policy analyst, "Advancing Trade Freedom: Key Objective of Trade Promotion Authority Renewal," ISSUE BRIEF n. 3912, Heritage Foundation, 4—16—13, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/advancing-trade-freedom-key-objective-of-trade-promotion-authority-renewal-http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/advancing-trade-freedom-key-objective-of-trade-promotion-authority-renewal
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) has been a critical tool for advancing free trade
AND
international trade fosters open markets, democracy, and peace throughout the world.

Economic decline causes war and miscalculation

Royal 10— Jedidiah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, M.Phil. Candidate at the University of New South Wales, 2010 ("Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises," Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Edited by Ben Goldsmith and JurgenBrauer, Published by Emerald Group Publishing, ISBN 0857240048, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

2

A. Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement

Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as "granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace." Giving Iran international legitimacy andremoving sanctions would have maintained peace with a potential enemy without changing the undemocratic practices of the enemy. If this isn’t appeasement, I don’t know how better to define the word.

Engagement and appeasement are distinct

Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, "Defining Engagement," Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr1226vid=226hid=2426bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d~~23db=mth26AN=4437301-http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr1226vid=226hid=2426bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas
AND
or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

B. Violation – they remove restrictions – that’s appeasement

C. Voting issue

1. Limits – infinite amount of restrictions the aff can remove – explodes neg research burden

2. Ground – Lose DAs and Ks based off of positive engagement

3

Text:  The United States federal government should establish an international food reserve to be managed by the World Food Program.

Establishing international grain reserves solves price spikes and incentivizes countries to not create their own grain reserves – builds resilience

von Braun, 09 - director general of the International Food Policy Research Institute (Joachim, "Eliminating Drastic Food Price Spikes – a three pronged approach for reserves," March, http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/reservenote20090302.asp-http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/reservenote20090302.asp)
The Proposed Global actions
The three global collective actions we propose—a small, independent physical emergency reserve
AND
-level technical commission only when needed for intervention in the spot market. 

Food Price Spikes and global food shortage will cause extinction through disease, famine, and resource conflict

Winnail 1996 - PhD, MPH   ~Douglas S., "On the Horizon: Famine," September/October, http://www.kurtsaxon.com/foods004.htm~~
As a result grain prices are the highest on record. Worldwatch Institute’s president,
AND
will be in deep trouble. This precarious situation is also without historical precedent

4

Cuba will gradually implement reforms that will liberalize its government and economy

Lopez Levy 13 
Arturo, Lecturer and Doctoral Candidate, University of Denver, "Cuba Under Raul Castro: Economic Reform as Priority?", Feb 25 2013, www.huffingtonpost.com/arturo-lopez-levy/cuba-under-raul-castro_b_2754397.html

Raul Castro’s first presidential term was marked by economic reform and political liberalization. Over
AND
the coordination of activities and the establishment of stable relationships between various cooperatives.

The plan reverses Cuban liberalization—lifting the embargo fosters instability

Radosh 13
(Ron, adjunct fellow at the Hudson Institute, "Ron Radosh: The Time to Help Cuba’s Brave Dissidents Is Now- Why the Embargo Must Not be Lifted," March 20^th, Online: http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/ron-radosh-the-time-to-help-cubas-brave-dissidents-is-now-why-the-embargo-must-not-be-lifted/-http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/ron-radosh-the-time-to-help-cubas-brave-dissidents-is-now-why-the-embargo-must-not-be-lifted/) 

What these liberals and leftists leave out is that this demand — lifting the embargo
AND
activists, the majority would be in favor of not lifting the embargo. 

Causes civil war ensuring multiple conflicts

Exiles return to try and claim authority
Dissidents try to claim power
US policy encourages anarchy
Also encourages criminal enterprises—floods the US with drugs
Extremist groups use cuba as a base—it’s close enough for an attack to succeed
Regional instability causes state failure throughout the region because it collapses economic growth—causes draw in
Draw in causes worse anti-americanism because it’s perceived as imperialism
Detracts focus—causes instability in the following regions: Iran, North Korea, China/Taiwan, Africa, the Caucuses,  
Gorrell, 5 - Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted for the USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT (Tim, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074  GWOT=Global War on Terrorism

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

5

Economic engagement is a mask for US neoliberal market dominance—-the plan guarantees privileging security interests over the needs of Latin American people——this necessitates exploitation and instability

Jacobs ’4 (Jamie Elizabeth, Assistant Prof of Polisci at West Virginia U, "Neoliberalism and Neopanamericanism: The View from Latin America,"  Latin American Politics 26 Society 46.4 (2004) 149-152, MUSE)
The advance of neoliberalism suffers no shortage of critics, both from its supporters who
AND
further weakening of state sovereignty in the South. ~End Page 150~ 

Neoliberalism’s end point is extinction

Darder 10 (Professor Antonia Darder, Distinguished Professor of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, "Preface" in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, 26 Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement by Richard V. Kahn, 2010, pp. x-xiii) GENDER MODIFIED
It is fitting to begin my words about Richard Kahn’s Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy,
AND
the well-being of all species with whom we walk the earth. 

The alternative is to use post-neoliberalism as a starting point—-a radically renewed focus on engagement with Latin America is the only way to ever solve

Kaltwasser 11 (Cristóbal Rovira, Foundation postdoctoral research fellow at the Social Science Research Center Berlin, "Toward Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America?,"  Latin American Research Review Volume 46, Number 2, 2011, MUSE)
Although not all six books reviewed here use the term post-neoliberalism, they
AND
develop and implement a new political agenda from the challenges it has faced. 

Case

Framing

Extinction is a qualitatively different impact-our nuclear war discourse is also good

Sandberg et al 8 - Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, PhD in computational neuroscience from Stockholm University and is a postdoctoral research assistant for the EU Enhance project Anders, James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, PhD in computational neuroscience from Stockholm University and is a postdoctoral research assistant for the EU Enhance project; Jason Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He is also a special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and co-founder of New Harvest; and Milan ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. He is also an assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro ,"How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction

In 1983, discussion of human extinction re-emerged when Carl Sagan and others
AND
neuroscience, and developing international policies to reduce the risk of catastrophic accidents.

Rescher goes neg

Rescher, 83 – Ph.D. in Philosophy and Professor at the Department of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh (Nicholas, 1983, Risk: A philosophical introduction to the theory of risk evaluation and management, Google Books, p. 67, KONTOPOULOS)
In such situations we are dealing with hazards that are just not in the same
AND
as involving risks that are, in the circumstances, "unacceptable.’

The magnitude of our impact causes underestimation—we don’t want to believe the worst outcomes so we give defense more credibility than it deserves

Yudkowsky, 6 (Eliezer, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, "Cognitive biases potentially Affecting judgment of global risks," forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, August 31)

Wason’s 2-4-6 task is a "cold" form of confirmation
AND
something about heuristics and biases in general, and disconfirmation bias in particular.

Healthcare

The embargo catalyzed a mini-health revolution

Cassimally, 13 – Honors Degree in Bachelor of Science degree in Monash University (Khalil, "The Only Positive Effect Of The Cuban Embargo? Weight Loss", Scitable, 4/19/13, http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/labcoat-life/the_only_positive_effect_of-http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/labcoat-life/the_only_positive_effect_of)//EX

Despite all the atrocity and machiavellianism that trail economic embargoes, science has somehow found
AND
policy changes to promote physical activity, taxes on unhealthy food, etcetera.

Lifting the embargo both destroys Cuba’s healthcare system and labor services abroad – both causing disease spread and instability

Garrett ’10 –Senior Director of Foreign Policy
Laurie, "Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo on Cuba Make Things Worse?" (August 1010)
thecubaneconomy.com/wp-content/uploads/.../Castrocare-in-Crisis.docx? ts
Cuba’s economic situation has been dire since 1989, when the country lost its Soviet
AND
well-funded areas of medicine, such as basic children’s health care.

Cuba is a key model for global health care – key to disease prevention

Monthly Review 7/12/2012 "Why Is Cuba’s Health Care System the Best Model for Poor Countries?" http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2012/fitz071212.html
Furious though it may be, the current debate over health care in the US
AND
such as outbreaks of dengue fever are quickly followed by national mobilizations.6

Extinction

Greger 08 – M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger, , Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111-http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111)
Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms
AND
"might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard."3154

Agriculture

Status quo Cuban ag sector is efficient and sustainable.

Salomon, 12(Robert Salomon, staff writer for the Havana Reporter,  "The Eco-Friendly Cuban Agriculture Model", November 10, 2012, http://havanareporternews.com/economy/eco-friendly-cuban-agriculture-model)
The Cuban agricultural model is eco-friendly,says the UN´s Food
AND
strategy to improve food and nutrition security in the region, Porto stressed.

Lifting the embargo undermines the current agriculture sector.

Gonzalez3.(Carmen G., Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, Summer Tulane Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 16, p. 685, p. 729-33)
Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
.S. rice imports in the first half of the twentieth century.

Cuban agriculture is modeled globally

Ergas 13 (Christina Ergas, department of sociology at the University of Oregan. 4/19/13. "Food Sovereignty: Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Cuba". Centre for Research on Globalization".  www.globalresearch.ca/food-sovereignty-sustainable-urban-agriculture-in-cuba/5332167)
The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
AND
as they have been developed in opposition to a corporate global food regime.

Try or die- sustainable agriculture checks multiple scenarios for extinction

Peters 10 (Kathryn A. Peters, J.D. from the University of Oregon ."Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution".University of Oregon Law School. law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)
An adequate food supply is essential for the survival of the human ¶race.
AND
areas with access to an adequate supply of fresh, nutritious ¶ food.

Tournament: GBX | Round: 5 | Opponent: College Prep AG | Judge: Arjun Vellayapan
1

Obama’s political capital is key to a fair new bill — key to food security

Clayton 11/5 (Eva M., Former Congresswoman and former Assistant Director General of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Huffington Post, Congressional and Presidential Leadership Needed for a Fair and Equitable Farm Bill, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-m-clayton/congressional-and-presidential_b_4221884.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-m-clayton/congressional-and-presidential_b_4221884.html)
Will Congress and the president demonstrate the leadership necessary to enact a strong, but
AND
presidential leadership. The fate of our nation’s food security depends on it.

Plan saps political capital—state sponsor list is determined by politics

Williams 5/3 International Affairs writer for the LA Times, Carol, "Political calculus keeps Cuba on U.S. list of terror sponsors", 5/3/13, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/03/world/la-fg-wn-cuba-us-terror-list-20130502
Political considerations also factor into excluding countries from the "state sponsor" list,
AND
out to Cuba, that he has more important foreign policy battles elsewhere."

Food insecurity causes Extinction

Brown 9 (Lester R,Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute "Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential forfood crises in poor countries to
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

2

Interpretation – "Engagement" requires increasing economic contacts in trade or financial transactions —- that’s distinct from appeasement

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in a third way by unnecessarily restricting the
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

AND "economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policywith
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

Violation - the plan is appeasement

Times-Dispatch Staff 12
(Jan 22, "Cuba: Patsies," http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/cuba-patsies/article_5755996d-246f-5ca4-ada5-14b567a56603.html-http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/cuba-patsies/article_5755996d-246f-5ca4-ada5-14b567a56603.html, jkim)

The Obama administration’s appeasement of the Castro regime in Cuba was meant to improve conditions
AND
back efforts at promoting democracy in the island gulag, among other things.

Voting Issue –

Limits – their definition of engagement opens the floodgates for all affs that unilaterally act – destroys indepth education and clash

Ground – they will spike out of our disads that have engagement links – destroys predictability and fairness

3

Text: The United States federal government should remove Sudan from the State Department list of state sponsors of terrorism.

Sudan has empirically been a victim of US state terrorism- not the other way around

Astill, reporter for the Guardian, ’01 
(James Still, 10/1, The Guardian, "Strike one" http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/02/afghanistan.terrorism3-http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/02/afghanistan.terrorism3, Accessed 7/7/13, -DG) 

The first thing Amin Mohamed knew about America’s last war on international terrorism was when
AND
have gone back to doing without," says Eltayeb, with a shrug.

Republican senators support removal.

Thai News Service 9
~July 31, "United States/Sudan: US Sudan Envoy Testifies to Congress", lexis, 7-8, CC~
Two senators, Republicans Bob Corker and Johnny Isakson, asserted that the assistance Sudan
AND
a political decision" that hampers humanitarian and development efforts throughout the country.
4

====Obama has recently renewed his stance against Cuban human rights policies and failure to democratically reform====
BBC 2011 (13 September 2011 last updated at 04:58 ET, "Barack Obama says Cuba’s reforms not aggressive enough," http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14894145)

Recent changes in Cuba have not been "aggressive enough" to open its economy
AND
with people without scruples or respect for human life, Mr Obama said. 

Cuba terror list removal is seen as appeasement

Poblete, 2011 (Jason, "US-Cuba law Cherry-picking makes for bad pie," February 25, 2011,
http://jasonpoblete.com/2011/02/25/u-s-cuba-law-cherry-picking-makes-for-bad-pie/-http://jasonpoblete.com/2011/02/25/u-s-cuba-law-cherry-picking-makes-for-bad-pie/) 

At Brookings last week, a panel of experts who support trade with the Cuban
AND
a copt out to making the tough decisions that need to be made.

Appeasement causes global aggression and multiple scenarios for nuclear conflict.

Chapin and Hanson, 12/7/2009 (Bernard - interviewer and Victor Davis - Martin and Illie Anderson senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, Change, weakness, disaster, p. http://pajamasmedia.com/blog-http://pajamasmedia.com/blog /change-weakness-disaster-obama-answers-from-victor-davis-hanson/)

BC: Are we currently sending a message of weakness to our foes and allies
AND
tiger and now no one quite knows whom it will bite or when.

5

Text: The United States federal government should exempt Cuba from section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act, section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act, and section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act by removing Cuba from the United States State Department’s list of state sponsors of terrorism if and only if the government of Cuba agrees to release all political dissidents, reform its laws criminalizing dissent and dismantle the institutions that enforce them.

Using the leverage of the plan best solves repression of political dissent in Cuba – they will respond to pressure

Steinberg, researcher in Human Rights Watch’s Americas Division, 09
~Steinberg, November 2009, Human Rights Watch, "New Castro, Same Cuba," http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf-http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf, 7/7/13, AR~

Worse still, Latin American governments across¶ the political spectrum have been reluctant to
AND
improve its human rights record¶ unless it is pressured to do so.

Cuba violates basic human rights of prisoners and dissidents

Steinberg, researcher in Human Rights Watch’s Americas Division, 09 ~Steinberg, November 2009, Human Rights Watch, "New Castro, Same Cuba," http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf-http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf, 7/7/13, AR~

Cuba fails to meet basic international standards regarding the treatment of prisoners.¶ Conditions are
AND
mechanism through which to seek redress, creating¶ anenvironment of total impunity.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun until it’s  resolved

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

Politics

Terrorism studies don’t exclude state terror from their analysis.

Lutz, Professor at Indiana University, 10
(James M., December 2010, "A Critical View of Critical Terrorism Studies," Perspectives on Terrorism, volume: 4, p. 31-40, CPO) 

State reliance on terrorist techniques that is directed against its own citizens, moreover,
AND
activities have been under-represented in key terrorism journals. ~14~
Ethics

Must weigh consequences – their moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize

Isaac, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University 2
(Jeffrey C, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), "Ends, Means, and Politics", Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Due to separate sanctions, Cuba would not get access to more goods when removed from the SST

Carone, Executive Director of Cuba Democracy Advocates, 13
~Mauricio Claver, 4-2-13, The American, "Cuba Sees an Opening," http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism, accessed 6-26-13, PR~

Kerry supported unilaterally easing sanctions on Cuba during his Senate career, and speculation that
AND
Congress and lead to an unconditional lifting of sanctions in the near future.

Not every form of state violence is terrorism. Alleging this drains the term ’terrorism’ of any real meaning.

Lutz, Professor at Indiana University, 10
(James M., December 2010, "A Critical View of Critical Terrorism Studies," Perspectives on Terrorism, volume: 4, p. 31-40, CPO) 

It needs to be recognized thatnot every form of violence that is evil or reprehensible
AND
negative and pejorative label to a government or states that an observer dislikes.

Accurate definitions of terrorism are necessary to stopping terrorism

Ganor, 01  (Boaz, Director of the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism "Defining Terrorism," http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.htm, May 16)

We face an essential need to reach a definition of terrorism that will enjoy wide
AND
sooner the nations of the world come to this realization, the better.

Terrorism is a real threat – ignoring that reality risks annihilation.
Peters, 6 (Ralph, retired Army Officer, The Weekly Standard, "The Counterrevolution in Military Affairs; Fashionable thinking about defense ignores the great threats of our time," 2-6-2006, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/649qrsob.asp, AFM) 

Living in unprecedented safety within our borders and lacking firsthand knowledge of the decay beyond
AND
secular intellectuals who anxiously dismiss all possibilities that lie outside their theoretical constructs.

Alt cause to economic terrorism—the embargo

Lesser, Financial Director at the George Washington Pre-Law Student Association, 10
(Max, November 9th 2010, Penn Political Review, "The End of the Embargo Era," http://pennpoliticalreview.org/2010/11/the-end-of-the-embargo-era/, accessed 7/12/13, AS)

It has now been five long decades since the American embargo on Cuba was first
AND
has taken place. Clearly, the for­mula must be recalculated.

====There is evidence that Cuba is sponsoring multiple terrorist groups ====
Hudson, national security reporter, 13
~John, reporter on national security and foreign policy from the Pentagon to Foggy Bottom, the White House to Embassy Row, and for The Cable, 6-3-13, Foreign Policy, "Rubio: Cuba belongs on the ’state sponsors of terrorism’ list," http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/03/rubio_cuba_belongs_on_the_state_sponsor_of_terror_list, accessed 6-24-13, PR~ YGS

In the face of mounting calls to remove Cuba from the State Department’s list of
AND
. "This totalitarian state continues to have close ties to terrorist organizations."

Their impacts are much worse in a world of a successful terror strike.

Ignatieff 4 ~Michael, former director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy
AND
, to step outside the confines of our cozy conservative and liberal boxes.

CTS precludes effective policy action

Jones, Professor at University of Glasgow, and Smith, Professor at University of London, 09
~David Martin, M.L.R., Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, "We’re All Terrorists Now: Critical—or
Hypocritical—Studies "on" Terrorism?",Volume 34, Issue 4, Page 295-296, accessed 6/29/13, VJ~
Firstly, to challenge dominant knowledge and understanding and retain sensitivity to labels leads inevitably
AND
critical theory more generally. From this confused seed no coherent method grows.

CTS is wrong—violence is purely instrumental

Jones, Professor at University of Glasgow, and Smith, Professor at University of London, 09
~David Martin, M.L.R., Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, "We’re All Terrorists Now: Critical—or
Hypocritical—Studies "on" Terrorism?",Volume 34, Issue 4, Page 295-296, accessed 6/29/13, VJ~
Interestingly, the specter haunting both conventional and critical terrorism studies is that both assume
AND
. These reviewers agree: they are two sides of the same coin.

This CTS’ deconstructivist strategy only serves to reify status quo discourse—it rebuilds rather than dissipates the narrative

Edelmann, PhD candidate in Political Science and International Relations, 11
~Florian, December, Forum Regensburger Politikwissenschaftler, "The Dialectic of Construction-Deconstruction II:
A Critical Assessment of the Research Agenda of Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS) Approaches", http://www.regensburger-politikwissenschaftler.de/frp_working_paper_12_2011.pdf-http://www.regensburger-politikwissenschaftler.de/frp_working_paper_12_2011.pdf, accessed 6/29/13, VJ~
This notion of a "minimal foundationlism" closely resembles Spivaks concept of "strate
AND
, these approaches may result in a ›new orthodoxy‹ or reify conventional

Tournament: GBX | Round: Octas | Opponent: College Prep FP | Judge: Abelkop, Bricker, Gonzalez

1

Interpretation: The aff should only defend the hypothetical enactment of a topical plan

Resolved denotes a proposal to be enacted by law

Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition  
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".  

The resolution as a starting point is key to debate – Debate can only be effective with a predictable stasis point – Unpredictability kills the neg’s ability to debate and effective testing of aff advocacy

It also makes them extra topical by moving beyond the legal implications – that justifies infinite added and unpredictable planks which the negative can never be prepared to debate

These are both voters for fairness and education

2

Unilateral concessions to Cuba embolden the regime, cause violent repression, and undermine Cuban democracy movements

Gutierrez-Boronat-http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/187, Professor at Florida International University, 10 (Orlando, 9/15/13, Quarterly Americas, "Concessions to the Cubans would Embolden the Regime" http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/1816-http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/1816, accessed 6/29/13, KR)

We shouldn’t make unilateral concessions to the Castro regime because it will cost lives.
AND
because they will directly decrease the political cost of repression for the regime. 

3

Interpretation – "Engagement" requires increasing economic contacts in trade or financial transactions —- that’s distinct from appeasement

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in a third way by unnecessarily restricting the
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Violation—removing Cuba from the terror list isn’t economic—the embargo prevents trade relations

Voting Issue –

Limits – their definition of engagement opens the floodgates for all affs that unilaterally act – destroys indepth education and clash

Ground – they will spike out of our disads that have engagement links – destroys predictability and fairness

4

Text: The United States federal government should remove Sudan from the State Department list of state sponsors of terrorism.

Sudan has empirically been a victim of US state terrorism- not the other way around

Astill, reporter for the Guardian, ’01 
(James Still, 10/1, The Guardian, "Strike one" http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/02/afghanistan.terrorism3-http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/02/afghanistan.terrorism3, Accessed 7/7/13, -DG) 

The first thing Amin Mohamed knew about America’s last war on international terrorism was when
AND
have gone back to doing without," says Eltayeb, with a shrug.

5

====There is evidence that Cuba is sponsoring multiple terrorist groups ====
Hudson, national security reporter, 13
~John, reporter on national security and foreign policy from the Pentagon to Foggy Bottom, the White House to Embassy Row, and for The Cable, 6-3-13, Foreign Policy, "Rubio: Cuba belongs on the ’state sponsors of terrorism’ list," http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/03/rubio_cuba_belongs_on_the_state_sponsor_of_terror_list, accessed 6-24-13, PR~ YGS

In the face of mounting calls to remove Cuba from the State Department’s list of
AND
. "This totalitarian state continues to have close ties to terrorist organizations."

Not every form of state violence is terrorism. Alleging this drains the term ’terrorism’ of any real meaning.

Lutz, Professor at Indiana University, 10
(James M., December 2010, "A Critical View of Critical Terrorism Studies," Perspectives on Terrorism, volume: 4, p. 31-40, CPO) 

It needs to be recognized thatnot every form of violence that is evil or reprehensible
AND
negative and pejorative label to a government or states that an observer dislikes.

Accurate definitions of terrorism are necessary to stopping terrorism

Ganor, 01  (Boaz, Director of the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism "Defining Terrorism," http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.htm, May 16)

We face an essential need to reach a definition of terrorism that will enjoy wide
AND
sooner the nations of the world come to this realization, the better.

Terrorism is a real threat – ignoring that reality risks annihilation.

Peters, 6 (Ralph, retired Army Officer, The Weekly Standard, "The Counterrevolution in Military Affairs; Fashionable thinking about defense ignores the great threats of our time," 2-6-2006, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/649qrsob.asp, AFM) 

Living in unprecedented safety within our borders and lacking firsthand knowledge of the decay beyond
AND
secular intellectuals who anxiously dismiss all possibilities that lie outside their theoretical constructs.

6

The first standard in the definition of terrorism is something that violates law. Meaning by definition a state cannot engage in terrorism. This also means if there is a sovereign there is always a terrorist.

FBI no date. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/terrorism/terrorism-definition
Definitions of Terrorism in the U.S. Code¶ 18 U.S
AND
S. 50 U.S.C. § 1801(c).¶ 

The state is not going anywhere – neither the status quo nor the aff can challenge it

Thorup, 06 – Ph.D. dissertation @ the Institute of Philosophy and the History of Ideas (Mikkel, January, 2006, "In Defence of Enmity – Critiques of Liberal Globalism," p. 235-7, TH)

The globalization discourse in general and the liberal discourse in particular is riddled with an
AND
share a post-nation state perspective and a dismissal of the political.

This makes the friend/enemy distinction a political reality – trying to blur the distinction eliminates political selfhood

Moreiras, 04 – Director of European Studies at Duke, (Alberto, 2004, "A God without Sovereignty. Political Jouissance. The Passive Decision", CR: The New Centennial Review 4.3, p. 75-76, Project MUSE, TH)
The promise or hope for the universal State—there is no promise without hope
AND
and is absorbed into another political system" (Schmitt 1996, 49).

====Trying to create a uniformly peaceful world justifies violence against deviants who "create conflict"- means war is inevitable====

Rasch 4 (William, Prof. of German Studies, Indiana U, Sovereignty and its Discontents, Birkbeck Law Press, pg. 15) my
What could be wrong with such a vision? Certainly it is neither verifiable nor
AND
solved, once and for all, the nihilistic problem of the political? 

The alternative is to reject the affirmative. Adopting a clear picture of who is a ’friend’ and who is an ’enemy’ ensures wars do not reach the point of genocide.

Rasch 5 (William Rasch, Prof. of German Studies, Indiana, 2005, Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle, p.260-61)NAR
What is to be done? If you are one who says there is a
AND
it may also always produce recurring, asphyxiating political nightmares of absolute exclusion.

Politics Adv

Must weigh consequences – their moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize

Isaac, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University 2
(Jeffrey C, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), "Ends, Means, and Politics", Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Terrorism studies don’t exclude state terror from their analysis.

Lutz, Professor at Indiana University, 10
(James M., December 2010, "A Critical View of Critical Terrorism Studies," Perspectives on Terrorism, volume: 4, p. 31-40, CPO) 

State reliance on terrorist techniques that is directed against its own citizens, moreover,
AND
activities have been under-represented in key terrorism journals. ~14~

Ethics

Must weigh consequences – their moral tunnel vision is complicit with the evil they criticize

Isaac, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University 2
(Jeffrey C, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), "Ends, Means, and Politics", Spring, Proquest)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Can’t solve economic terrorism—plan doesn’t lift the embargo

Carone, Executive Director of Cuba Democracy Advocates, 13
~Mauricio Claver, 4-2-13, The American, "Cuba Sees an Opening," http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism, accessed 6-26-13, PR~

Kerry supported unilaterally easing sanctions on Cuba during his Senate career, and speculation that
AND
Congress and lead to an unconditional lifting of sanctions in the near future.

Infinite obligation to the other produces political deadlock and philosophical irrelevance

Rorty ’98  (Richard, Professor of Philosophy, Achieving Our Country, p. 94-7)
These futile attempts to philosophize one’s way into political relevance are a symptom of what
AND
state, and from leftist attempts to fulfill the promise of that nation.

Epistemology

CTS Kritik of policy relevance is backwards – epistemologically flawed and results in worse policies

Horgan and Boyle 8   John – dept of psych at penn state, intntl center for study of terrorism. Michael – school of international relations, univ. of St. Andrews. "Critical Studies on Terrorism"

The issue of policy relevance¶ One of the tensions within CTS concerns the issue
AND
portrayal of¶ those engaged in policy relevant search than this assessment allows.

You create the "us"-"them" dualism that you kritik

Horgan and Boyle 8   John – dept of psych at penn state, intntl center for study of terrorism. Michael – school of international relations, univ. of St. Andrews. "Critical Studies on Terrorism"

Creating a mirror image¶ Jackson and his colleagues argue ’the case for critical
AND
critical reading of the current¶ CTS work is taken in that light.

Tournament: Umich RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayzata HL | Judge: Stephen Weil

FW

Interpretation—the roll of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela.

They are non-topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy to be enacted by the United States federal government—reading a plan-text with the words "USFG" SHOULD NOT MEET the necessary threshold for a policy proposal

Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as judge you are only allowed to affirm those policies within your jurisdiction dictated by the resolution.

That means conditionality is justified—a "run and gun" 1NC strategy is the only way to get back to competitive equity, otherwise the aff would have an unfair advantage.

Here’s evidence that the resolution is the key stasis point—their interpretation is arbitrary
O’Donnell 2004

PhD, director of debate at Mary Washington (Tim, WFU Debaters Research Guide, "Blue helmet blues", ed. Bauschard 26 Lacy, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm-http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm)
The answer, I believe, resides deep in the rhetorical tradition in the often
AND
debate from other forms of communication and gives the exchange a directed focus. 

And, this form of argumentation outweighs

Shively ’2K
(Ruth Lessl, Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A26M U., Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Hijacks education—predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
Gorgias in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles

K

The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics
Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Evaluate impact solvency based on who solves the root cause—proximate causes are useless and only replicate their harms
Shaw and Wong, 89 - *Ph.D., Health Economist and Program at Adviser of the Human Development Group at the World Bank AND HSBC Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Business at the University of British Columbia (*R. Paul AND Yuwa, 1989, Genetic Seeds of Warfare: evolution, nationalism and patriotism, Google Books, p. 11-12)
So far, we have synthesized many studies indicating that intergroup warfare is a frequent
AND
proximate causes which emerged in humanity’s early history to reinforce propensities for warfare.

Alternative Text: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF
Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

DA

Recent Cuban reforms stabilize their economy. A quick transition would break Cuba.

Ted Piccone, 12 (Ted Piccone is a senior fellow and deputy director for Foreign Policy at Brookings. Piccone specializes in U.S.-Latin American relations; global democracy and human rights; and multilateral affairs. Piccone serves as an advisor to the Club of Madrid and has served on the National Security Council, at the State Department and Pentagon), Brookings, "Cuba Is Changing, Slowly but Surely," January 19, 2012, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/19-cuba-piccone
A closer look, however, reveals something more profound—a wholesale mental shift
AND
, with time, make long overdue reconciliation with the United States inevitable.

U.S. engagement leads to investment in Cuba—that creates an unsustainable transition

Robert David Cruz 03 (current qualifications: PhD., Chief economist for Miami-Dade County) "Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Castro Cuba: Problems, Opportunities and Recommendations," University of Miami, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, Pg. 20, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/RDCruz.pdf
The appropriate U.S. role during an economic transition is not to promote
AND
infrastructure in ways that promote economic development that is spread across the island.

Cuban instability causes biological warfare

Mastrapa 99 – Armando F. Mastrapa, Department of Government and Politics, St. John’s University, 1999, "Evolution, Transition And The Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces,"www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume9/pdfs/mastrapa.pdf
However, the FAR may utilize biological warfare as an offensive capability and deterrent.
AND
a serious risk if faced with an external challenge to its governing elites.

Extinction

Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

Case

1. War causes patriarchy, not the other way around

Goldstein ’01
(Joshua S. Goldstein (professor of International Relations at American University, Washington D.C. He is the author of a broad range of research works on international conflict, cooperation, and political economy, with a central focus on great-power relations and world order.) 2001 War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 412)

First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.10

2. Patriarchy is inevitable-the biology and socialization of power

Fukuyama ’98
(Francis Fukuyama, Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of International Political Economy and Director of the International Development Program at The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, September/October 1998, "Women and the Evolution of World Politics," Foreign Affairs, http://www.evoyage.com/Evolutionary20Feminism/ForaffairWomen26Evolution.htm)

It is clear that this violence was largely perpetrated by men. While small minorities
AND
in the bone cannot be altered easily by changes in culture and ideology.

3. Patriarchy is now used to describe any structure opposed by feminists preventing any attempt to stop the oppression of women

Young ’07
(R.V. Young, professor of English at North Carolina State and editor of Modern Age, Fall 2007, "A Dawsonian View of Patriarchy," Modern Age vol. 49 No. 4, http://media.web.britannica.com/ebsco/pdf/31/31788294.pdf)

"Patriarchy" is a word that has almost ceased to communicate a  definable meaning
AND
of family and society and the crisis now con-  fronting Western civilization.

4. Isolating gender as the root cause of war essentializes women and reinscribes patriarchy by putting men into a protector role

Tickner ’92
(J. Ann Tickner, Professor of International Relations at University of Southern California, 1992, "Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security," p. 58-9, Google Books)

Building on the notion of hegemonic masculinity, the notion of the citizen-warrior
AND
less militarized notion of citizenship cannot be built on such a weak foundation.

The aff’s call to help women is self-defeating. It reifies the category of women with static representation that serves a juridicial function of control under the guise of protection. Their emancipation is only for those who fit under the heteronormative paradigm.

Judith Butler (PhD, Yale, Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature) 1999 "Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" p. 3-5

i. "Women" as the Subject of FeminismFor the most part, feminist
AND
for the  emancipation of "women" will be clearly self-defeating.

Heteronormativity results in omnicide. The combination of the universal suspicion of Queerness and the genocidal impulse to eradicate it motivates a larger apocalyptic movement to rescue hetero-culture with extinction.

Sedgwick 8 (Eve, Professor of English at Duke University, Epistemology of the Closet, second revised edition, California at Berkeley Press, p. 127-130)

From at least the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah, scenarios of same-
AND
thought between minority potentials and universalizing ones be opened and opened and opened?

Reject the Affirmative’s identity construct to allow for a radical rethinking of identity construction. This is a prerequisite to any form of change.

Butler ’99 (Judith, Ph.D @ Yale, Maxine Elliott professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at UC Berkeley, ’Gender Trouble’, p. 8-9)

Perhaps there is an opportunity at this juncture of cultural politics, a period that
AND
as both a methodological and normative prerequisite, if not a political goal.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: Groves CP | Judge: Christine Horst
FW

Interpretation—the roll of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela

They are not topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy by the USFG.  Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as judge you are only allowed to affirm those policies within jurisdiction dictated by the resolution.

Decision-making DA—debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that avoids a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law,
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Switch side is the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
AND
honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

Baud

The affirmative is only interested in the technical artificiality that the images of catastrophe and suffering provide them in the 1ac – this destroys the distance and ambiguity necessary for reflection and understanding of catastrophe – this mentality extends itself from this debate round and into everyday life where we then become complicit to suffering we see everyday

Taylor 06 ~Paul, Professor of Communication Studies, "The Pornographic barbarism of the Self-reflecting sign", IJBS, Volume 4 Number 1, published 2006~
Jean Baudrillard has compared the West’s relationship to images in terms of obscenity. In
AND
conceal, you now clamour to get on a television show to reveal. 

The affirmative uses their disaster pornography to entertain themselves- to them its entertaining. This is what desensitizes the world to all suffering

Moeller 99(Susan, assistant professor in the philipmerrill college of journalism at the university of Maryland, "Compassion Fatigue : How the Media Sell Disease, Famine, War and Death" 1999; page 35-37)
What does it mean when we become blasé about the pictures we see? Images
AND
lives—until some other crisis image seizes our attention for a second. 

Overabundance of tragedy desensitizes people into indifference.  Representations have to become more and more horrific until it means nothing to people – this guts long term solvency.

Rozario 03~Kevin Rozario, assistant professor in the American studies program at Smith College, Delicious Horrors, American Quarterly 55.3, 417-455~
The last years of the Great War saw the emergence of a coherent, if
AND
the point is reached at which it is impossible to excite any response."

We need to critically examine the justifications for policies or we risk reproducing the very harms that well-meaning political decisions are meant to alleviate. Reject the aff’s discursive constructions

Doty 96(Assistant Professor Of Political Science at ASU, 1996 ~Roxanne Lynn, Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representation in North-South Relations, p. 170-171~
North-South relations have been constituted as a structure of deferral. The center
AND
outside of the discourses that historically have constructed the North and the South. 

Occ

Counter-advocacy: We advocate all of the 1AC except for their use of images.

Both the visual aspects of the 1AC and the rhetoric used within the 1AC perpetuate the visual metaphors that penetrate our language

Hibbits 94 Professor Bernard J. Hibbitts, professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, 1994 Making Sense of Metaphors Visuality, Aurality, And The Reconfiguration of American Legal Discourse http://faculty.law.pitt.edu/hibbitts/meta_p2.htm-http://faculty.law.pitt.edu/hibbitts/meta_p2.htm

Visuality penetrates our very language. We routinely rely on visual metaphors to communicate understanding
AND
libel has been taken far more seriously than oral slander.67 In civil
rights law, "visible minorities" have received more attention and protection⁶⁸ than have other subjugated groups (such as the deaf)⁶⁹ whose identities have been less visually defined. 

Visual observations have perpetuated the patriarchal power of the male through the exclusion of women and the devaluation of aural forms of thought.

Hibbits 94 Professor Bernard J. Hibbitts, professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, 1994 Making Sense of Metaphors Visuality, Aurality, And The Reconfiguration of American Legal Discourse http://faculty.law.pitt.edu/hibbitts/meta_p2.htm-http://faculty.law.pitt.edu/hibbitts/meta_p2.htm

It may be argued that the extent of their involvement with written material has led
AND
of the nineteenth century230-has been a prime guarantor of patriarchal power.

Patriarchy is the root cause of every impact and will lead to extinction

Warren and Cady 94 Warren is the Chair of the Philosophy Department at Macalester College and Cady is Professor of Philosophy at Hamline University (Karen and Duane, "Feminism and Peace: Seeing Connections", p. 16, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3810167.pdf, JB) 

Operationalized, the evidence of patriarchy as a dysfunctional system is found in the behaviors
AND
-nature-peace connections in regional, national, and global contexts.

Anthro

The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics

Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Alternative Text: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF

Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

Case

Butler’s vulnerability and grievability thesis cannot ultimately emancipate – it’s insufficient to overcome macro-systems of power

Angela McRobbie, professor of communications at Goldsmiths, University of London – Times Higher Education: Book of the week: Frames of War – 25 June 2009 – http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=2626storycode=40709826c=2
Human vulnerability and the fragility of the lives of those condemned to such profound marginalisationcompel
AND
primacy of patriotism and military might against the threat of various "enemies".

Butler’s politics are dangerous – they create a space for the far-right to freely oppress

Martha Nussbaum is professor of law and philosophy at the University of Chicago – NewRepublic – FEBRUARY 22 1999 – available on lexis
Suppose we grant Butler her most interesting claims up to this point: that the
AND
areparodic and subversive. Why, then, aren’t they daring and good?

This straight-turns their entire argument

Martha Nussbaum is professor of law and philosophy at the University of Chicago – NewRepublic – FEBRUARY 22 1999 – available on lexis
There is a void, then, at the heart of Butler’s notion of politics
AND
we have to articulate those norms—and this Butler refuses to do.

There’s always a value to life

Phyllis D. Coontz, PhD Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh, et al, JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING, 2001, 18(4), 235-246 – J-Stor
In the 1950s, psychiatrist and theorist Viktor Frankl (1963) described an existential
AND
and fu- ture to strengthen one’s present life (Reed, 1991b).

Butler criticisms of vulnerability and grievability offer no workable politics and are net counter-productive

Paul Smith teaches in the Cultural Studies doctoral program at George Mason University – symploke 12.1-2 (2004) 254-260 – Project Muse
In that light, the opening words of Precarious Life—where Butler points to
AND
representation are from the start structured by very specific historical features of capitalism. 

Narratives can not predict the outcome of the situation which kills all solvency

Thomas J Kaplan 1993 "The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning" Duke University Press Page 181
The second objection to the use of narrativity suggests that narrative statements can never apply
AND
time she gave birth to Abraham what the author of this sentence knew.
Narrative fails to subvert the dominant paradigm – They recreate absolutisms
Clawson 98 (Mark, J.D. – Stanford, 22 Legal Stud. Forum 353)

These subjective identities give certain individuals solid ground upon which they can build a progressive
AND
but those who gain new identities now live in temporary worlds of absolutes.

Tournament: Umich RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Groves CP | Judge: Garrett Abelkop

FW

Interpretation—the role of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela.

They are non-topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy to be enacted by the United States federal government—reading a plan-text with the words "USFG" SHOULD NOT MEET the necessary threshold for a policy proposal

Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as judge you are only allowed to affirm those policies within your jurisdiction dictated by the resolution.

That means conditionality is justified—a "run and gun" 1NC strategy is the only way to get back to competitive equity, otherwise the aff would have an unfair advantage.

Here’s evidence that the resolution is the key stasis point—their interpretation is arbitrary
O’Donnell 2004

PhD, director of debate at Mary Washington (Tim, WFU Debaters Research Guide, "Blue helmet blues", ed. Bauschard 26 Lacy, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm-http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm)
The answer, I believe, resides deep in the rhetorical tradition in the often
AND
debate from other forms of communication and gives the exchange a directed focus. 

And, this form of argumentation outweighs

Shively ’2K
(Ruth Lessl, Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A26M U., Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Decision-making DA—debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that avoids a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law,
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Switch side is the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
AND
honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

Hijacks education—predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
Gorgias in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles

Social progress—their project fails without concrete policy guiding it
Feaver 2001

Assistant professor of political science at Duke (Peter, "Twenty-first century weapons proliferation", p. 178)
At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed
AND
. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 

The impact is war

Hanson 07
Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, "Why Study War?" City Journal, Summer)
It’s no surprise that civilian Americans tend to lack a basic understanding of military matters
AND
, if we did, we would withdraw as we had from Mogadishu.

K

Bereft of values, our society demands images of suffering from others to replenish our moral sentiment.  We exchange our pity for their pain, in a process that guarantees the suffering must continue.

Baudrillard in 94 (Jean, September 28, "No Reprieve For Sarejevo")

The problem lies indeed in the nature of our reality. We have got only
AND
undermining the military-industrial complex of old 26 sinister days. ¶ ?

Their use of the suffering of others is nothing more than exploitation. They turn suffering into a perverse for of capital to be exchanged for your ballot, vampirically draining the life from those who suffer, and ensuring their suffering continues. We must reject their economy of trauma to prevent further suffering.

Baudrillard 96
(Jean Baudrillard The Perfect Crime, 1996, pg 133 – 137,)

Our reality: that is the problem. We have only one, and it
AND
aware of what we are doing — from evil, never from misfortune. 

K

Violence is inevitable but escalation isn’t. Knowing our friends and enemies allows wars to be controlled – attempting to erase dichotomies homogenizes the Other

Rasch 3 (Cultural Critique 54 (2003) 137-41, William Rasch is the Henry H. H. Remak Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University,  Human Rights as Geopolitics ?Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy).NAR
In the past, we/they, neighbor/foreigner, friend/enemy
AND
signs of their outlaw status is their insistence on autonomy, on sovereignty. 

Trying to create a uniformly peaceful world justifies violence against deviants who "create conflict"- means war is inevitable

Rasch 4 (William, Prof. of German Studies, Indiana U, Sovereignty and its Discontents, Birkbeck Law Press, pg. 15) my
What could be wrong with such a vision? Certainly it is neither verifiable nor
AND
solved, once and for all, the nihilistic problem of the political? 

The total wars inherent to liberalism pose the greatest threat of extinction
Celermajer 07 (Danielle Celermajer, Professor of Human Rights at University of Sydney, "If Islam is our other, who are ’we’?", http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3359/is_1_42/ai_n29344394/?tag=content;col1, Autumn, 2007) 

The moral tenor of the moment recalls Carl Schmitt’s warning that war conducted in the
AND
—"~H~e who invokes the word ’humanity’, wants to cheat."

The alternative is to reject the affirmative. Adopting a clear picture of who is a ’friend’ and who is an ’enemy’ ensures wars do not reach the point of genocide.

Rasch 5 (William Rasch, Prof. of German Studies, Indiana, 2005, Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle, p.260-61)NAR
What is to be done? If you are one who says there is a
AND
it may also always produce recurring, asphyxiating political nightmares of absolute exclusion. 

Case

Academic rethinking of terrorism fails – its nonunique, and governments wont pay attention – can’t affect real world change

Badey 7
(Thomas J., "Defining international terrorism:  A pragmatic approach" Terrorism and Political Violence)

That is not to say, however, that the United States government has been
AND
these incidents. This dual function leads to over-specification and complication.

Violence is necessary to combat terrorism–only preemptive force can win the struggle against terrorism–all other approaches condemn us to a never ending cycle of war

CARR 2002 (Caleb, Author and Military Historian, The Lessons of Terror, p 13-14)
The successful answer to the terrorist threat, then, lies not in repeated analyses
AND
have been made in the past to address and curtail that savage tradition.

====There is evidence that Cuba is sponsoring multiple terrorist groups ====
Hudson, national security reporter, 13
~John, reporter on national security and foreign policy from the Pentagon to Foggy Bottom, the White House to Embassy Row, and for The Cable, 6-3-13, Foreign Policy, "Rubio: Cuba belongs on the ’state sponsors of terrorism’ list," http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/03/rubio_cuba_belongs_on_the_state_sponsor_of_terror_list, accessed 6-24-13, PR~ YGS

In the face of mounting calls to remove Cuba from the State Department’s list of
AND
. "This totalitarian state continues to have close ties to terrorist organizations."

The link between metaphysics and violence does not exist and historically disproven

Wolin 4
(Richard, distinguished professor of intellectual history at Graduate Center, City University of New York, The Seduction of Unreason: the intellectual romance with fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism, pg. 225-226)

Throughout his career, Derrida has been keen on exposing the integral relationship between "
AND
seems to have been grossly exaggerated-if it ever existed at all. 

Butler’s vulnerability and grievability thesis cannot ultimately emancipate – it’s insufficient to overcome macro-systems of power

Angela McRobbie, professor of communications at Goldsmiths, University of London – Times Higher Education: Book of the week: Frames of War – 25 June 2009 – http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=2626storycode=40709826c=2
Human vulnerability and the fragility of the lives of those condemned to such profound marginalisation
AND
primacy of patriotism and military might against the threat of various "enemies".

Butler’s politics are dangerous – they create a space for the far-right to freely oppress

Martha Nussbaum is professor of law and philosophy at the University of Chicago – New Republic – FEBRUARY 22 1999 – available on lexis
Suppose we grant Butler her most interesting claims up to this point: that the
AND
parodic and subversive. Why, then, aren’t they daring and good?

This straight-turns their entire argument

Martha Nussbaum is professor of law and philosophy at the University of Chicago – New Republic – FEBRUARY 22 1999 – available on lexis
There is a void, then, at the heart of Butler’s notion of politics
AND
we have to articulate those norms—and this Butler refuses to do.

Without denying the value of poetry, our argument is that their method makes for bad DEBATES—poetry cannot be JUDGED OR EVALUATED, each of which are necessary in the context of a competitive debate activity

Bleiker 2k (Roland, Senior lecturer - U of Queensland, POPULAR DISSENT, HUMAN AGENCY AND GLOBAL POLITICS, p. 271)
But how can something as inaudible us transversal poetic dissent possibly be evaluated? How
AND
to other people, and thus  influenced the transversal constitution of societal values.

Butler criticisms of vulnerability and grievability offer no workable politics and are net counter-productive

Paul Smith teaches in the Cultural Studies doctoral program at George Mason University – symploke 12.1-2 (2004) 254-260 – Project Muse
In that light, the opening words of Precarious Life—where Butler points to
AND
representation are from the start structured by very specific historical features of capitalism. 

Narrative fails to subvert the dominant paradigm – They recreate absolutisms
Clawson 98 (Mark, J.D. – Stanford, 22 Legal Stud. Forum 353)

These subjective identities give certain individuals solid ground upon which they can build a progressive
AND
but those who gain new identities now live in temporary worlds of absolutes.

Tournament: Umich RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: David Heidt

k

The aff’s call to help women is self-defeating. It reifies the category of women with static representation that serves a juridicial function of control under the guise of protection. Their emancipation is only for those who fit under the heteronormative paradigm.

Judith Butler (PhD, Yale, Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature) 1999 "Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" p. 3-5

i. "Women" as the Subject of FeminismFor the most part, feminist
AND
for the  emancipation of "women" will be clearly self-defeating.

The combination of the universal suspicion of Queerness and the genocidal impulse to eradicate it motivates a larger apocalyptic movement to rescue hetero-culture with extinction—they justify omnicide

Sedgwick 8 (Eve, Professor of English at Duke University, Epistemology of the Closet, second revised edition, California at Berkeley Press, p. 127-130)

From at least the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah, scenarios of same-
AND
thought between minority potentials and universalizing ones be opened and opened and opened?

Reject the Affirmative’s identity construct to allow for a radical rethinking of identity construction. This is a prerequisite to any form of change.

Butler ’99 (Judith, Ph.D @ Yale, Maxine Elliott professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at UC Berkeley, ’Gender Trouble’, p. 8-9)

Perhaps there is an opportunity at this juncture of cultural politics, a period that
AND
as both a methodological and normative prerequisite, if not a political goal.

FW

Interpretation—the role of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela.

They are non-topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy to be enacted by the United States federal government—reading a plan-text with the words "USFG" SHOULD NOT MEET the necessary threshold for a policy proposal

Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as judge you are only allowed to affirm those policies within your jurisdiction dictated by the resolution.

That means conditionality is justified—a "run and gun" 1NC strategy is the only way to get back to competitive equity, otherwise the aff would have an unfair advantage.

Here’s evidence that the resolution is the key stasis point—their interpretation is arbitrary
O’Donnell 2004

PhD, director of debate at Mary Washington (Tim, WFU Debaters Research Guide, "Blue helmet blues", ed. Bauschard 26 Lacy, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm-http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm)
The answer, I believe, resides deep in the rhetorical tradition in the often
AND
debate from other forms of communication and gives the exchange a directed focus. 

And, this form of argumentation outweighs

Shively ’2K
(Ruth Lessl, Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A26M U., Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Decision-making DA—debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that avoids a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law,
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Switch side is the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
AND
honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

Hijacks education—predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
Gorgias in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles

Social Progress DA

Social progress—their project fails without concrete policy guiding it
Feaver 2001

Assistant professor of political science at Duke (Peter, "Twenty-first century weapons proliferation", p. 178)
At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed
AND
. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 

Specifically true of Latin America

Margheritis and Pereira ’07 (Ana- assistant professor of international relations and Latin American politics at the University of Florida and Anthony- associate professor of political science at Tulane University; "The Neoliberal Turn in Latin America: The Cycle of Ideas and the Search for an Alternative"; Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 3, Contested Transformation (May, 2007),pp. 25-48)
This analysis is offered from a critical point of view in the hope that it
AND
also important—but that the mechanisms for their promulgation have been understudied.

The impact is war

Hanson 07
Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, "Why Study War?" City Journal, Summer)
It’s no surprise that civilian Americans tend to lack a basic understanding of military matters
AND
, if we did, we would withdraw as we had from Mogadishu.

K

Politicizing those in poverty is wrong—the affirmative acts under the guise of political empowerment but inherently ends up utilizing descriptions of poverty to accomplish their own development goals—this is an act of commodification and oppression.

Linda Martín Alcoff, Department of Philosophy at SyracuseUniversity.1992, Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, "The Problem of Speaking For Others," pp. 5-32
Feminist discourse is not the only site in which the problem of speaking for others
AND
restricting the practice to speaking for groups of which one is a member.

The affirmative is a perfect erasure of the other; they craft an image of the other in terms of their own systems of knowledge. This image inevitably overwhelms the other and denies them any sort of individual subjectivity.

Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women’s Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, "The Problem of Speaking for Others," http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html.
This is partly the case because of what has been called the "crisis of
AND
individual doubt, we are denying a reality of our experiential lives.9

The erasure of the other constitutes a form of spiritual genocide which represents the destruction of human dignity – it outweighs the aff.

Patricia Williams, Associate Professor of Law, The City University of New York Law School at Queens College, September 1987  University of Miami Law Review, 42 U. Miami L. Rev. 127
 There are certain societies that define the limits of life and death very differently
AND
numbing pathology before it wipes out what precious little humanity we have left.

Discourses of top-down reform that speak for others are trapped in an oppressive hierarchy of power.  Don’t cast your ballot for the affirmative project of speaking for others.  Instead use it to sap the power from their discourse to allow the others to speak for themselves.

Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, 1972 Libcom.org, "Intellectuals and Power: A Conversation Between Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze," http://libcom.org/library/intellectuals-power-a-conversation-between-michel-foucault-and-gilles-deleuze
FOUCAULT: It seems to me that the political involvement of the intellectual was traditionally
AND
system is the form in which power is most obviously seen as power?...

K

The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics

Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Alternative Text: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF

Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

1NC Case

Narrative fails to subvert the dominant paradigm – They recreate absolutisms
Clawson 98 (Mark, J.D. – Stanford, 22 Legal Stud. Forum 353)

These subjective identities give certain individuals solid ground upon which they can build a progressive
AND
but those who gain new identities now live in temporary worlds of absolutes.

Poetry cannot escape the power-knowledge relationships intrinsic to all academic discourses

Keith ’92 (M, Queen Mary and Westfield College, U of London, ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING D: SOCIETY AND SPACE, v10, p. 559-560)
In emphasising the poetic, fabricated nature of texts the problem of representation is not
AND
through Terry Eagleton’s impressive critique of The Ideology of the Aesthetic (1990). 

Their root cause argument ignores the domination of vast amounts of people – leads to passivity and divisiveness

Smith, leading member of the US International Socialist Organization, 1994
Sharon, International Socialism 62 Spring, http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=311-http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=311
Within a few years of its founding, the radical wing of the women’s movement
AND
and demoralised, and whole organisations became internalised and splintered along these lines.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: 

Framework

*ask about music induced epilepsy/health concerns

The role of the ballot should be to determine whether the United States federal government should increase its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela.

Centering our activity around debating a policy resolution is the best method of knowledge production—demanding that the United States federal government help challenge gender structures in Latin America through humanitarian efforts and foreign aid is a way to pragmatically challenge the gendered neo-conservative strategies plaguing the status quo—we’ll let the Global Block Collective explain—

"Occupation Freedom"

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StO4AJmMB20-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StO4AJmMB20

WE BRING HEAT TONIGHT
YOU WILL HEAR THE CALL
AND MY SUGGESTIONS IS THAT YOU HEED THE CALL
OCCUPY GOVERNMENT
AIN’T NO EITHER OR
WE ARE
THE ONES WE BEEN WAITING FOR…

CHORUS:
I’M FREE
NOT DEFINED BY WHAT I HAVE, BUT WHAT I GIVE TO MY COMMUNITY AND HUMANITY,
I’M FREE
I KNOW MY IDENTITY AND REALLY DON’T CARE WHAT YOU THINK OF ME
I’M FREE
LIVING MY DREAMS ROLL WITH NO FEAR, IMPOSSIBILITIES CAUSE I KNOW THEY AIN’T THERE,
I’M FREE
AND ALREADY OCCUPYING THE STREETS, THIS WAY NOTHING EVER COULD BE TAKEN FROM ME.

1. Resolution DA—de-centering policy debate away from defending a controversial action prevents students from weighing the costs and benefits of a decision—their inability to facilitate a competitive clash of arguments will devolve into competing truth claims that makes a productive discussion impossible

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law,
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Debating the pros and cons of a resolution requires students to exercise the critical thinking skills necessary to solve their impacts of social exclusion

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 9-10)
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

2. Rigorous Testing DA – Predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

3. Switchside – it’s the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
AND
honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

4. Social progress DA—their project fails without concrete policy guiding it
Feaver 2001

Assistant professor of political science at Duke (Peter, "Twenty-first century weapons proliferation", p. 178)
At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed
AND
. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 

Specifically true of Latin America

Margheritis and Pereira ’07 (Ana- assistant professor of international relations and Latin American politics at the University of Florida and Anthony- associate professor of political science at Tulane University; "The Neoliberal Turn in Latin America: The Cycle of Ideas and the Search for an Alternative"; Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 3, Contested Transformation (May, 2007),pp. 25-48)
This analysis is offered from a critical point of view in the hope that it
AND
also important—but that the mechanisms for their promulgation have been understudied.

The impact is war

Hanson 07
Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, "Why Study War?" City Journal, Summer)
It’s no surprise that civilian Americans tend to lack a basic understanding of military matters
AND
, if we did, we would withdraw as we had from Mogadishu.

2

Attempting to end problems through competition trades off with focusing on the root causes – causes endless factionization – our alternative is to embraces the Aff’s resistance without fighting that resistance via a tie to the ballot

Karlberg 3 (Michael, Assistant Professor of Communication at Western Washington University, PEACE 26 CHANGE, v28, n3, July, p. 339-41)
Granted, social activists do "win" occasional "battles" in these adversarial
AND
"east" and its "west" are locked in adversarial relationships.

This is specifically true in the context of Debate Space – labelling the ballot as a tool for resistance trades off with broader community focusing on resolving the problem

Bankey 13 (BRENDON BANKEY – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of   WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES   in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements   for the Degree of   MASTER OF ARTS   Communication   August 2013 – Bankey holds an BA from Trinity and now holds an MA from Wake Forest. This thesis was approved by: Michael J. Hyde, Ph.D., Advisor; Mary M. Dalton, Ph.D., Chair; R. Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D.   THE "FACT OF BLACKNESS" DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM   OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS   (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS – From Chapter Two – footnoting Atchison and Panetta and consistent with Bankey’s defense of an aspect of their position – http://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/39020/Bankey_wfu_0248M_10473.pdf)
Atchison and Panetta ’s concern with the "debate as activism" approach highlights the
AND
within the community. Creating change through wins generates backlash through losses. 25

Case

The hegemonic discourses you kritik cause your poetry to become trapped in power-knowledge relationships intrinsic to all academic discourses

Keith ’92 (M, Queen Mary and Westfield College, U of London, ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING D: SOCIETY AND SPACE, v10, p. 559-560)
In emphasising the poetic, fabricated nature of texts the problem of representation is not
AND
through Terry Eagleton’s impressive critique of The Ideology of the Aesthetic (1990).

The reality is their poetry suffers from having no discursive benefit for marginalized groups. The impact of poetry is inevitably limited - it’s elitist and irrelevant to much the world

Bleiker2k (Roland, Sen. Lec. And Coord. Peace Studies @ Queensland, "Popular Dissent, Human Agency, and Global Politics")
What, then, can a case study of poetic dissent in East Germany exactly
AND
dynamics cannot be understood outside of the discursive context within which they unfold.

You misunderstand history – no correlation between the uses of poetry and movements towards revolution

Bleiker2k (Roland, Sen. Lec. And Coord. Peace Studies @ Queensland, "Popular Dissent, Human Agency, and Global Politics")
Some authors advance rather bold claims’ on behalf of the Prenzlauer Berg poets. David
AND
task cannot possibly be laid to rest in a chapter-length inquiry.

The aff’s call to help women is self-defeating. It reifies the category of women with static representation that serves a juridicial function of control under the guise of protection. Their emancipation is only for those who fit under the heteronormative paradigm.

Judith Butler (PhD, Yale, Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature) 1999 "Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" p. 3-5

i. "Women" as the Subject of FeminismFor the most part, feminist
AND
for the  emancipation of "women" will be clearly self-defeating.

Heteronormativity results in omnicide. The combination of the universal suspicion of Queerness and the genocidal impulse to eradicate it motivates a larger apocalyptic movement to rescue hetero-culture with extinction.

Sedgwick 8 (Eve, Professor of English at Duke University, Epistemology of the Closet, second revised edition, California at Berkeley Press, p. 127-130)

From at least the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah, scenarios of same-
AND
thought between minority potentials and universalizing ones be opened and opened and opened?

Focus on lived experience and personal narrative and the assumption of generalized raced and gendered identities in international feminist politics enacts a totalized woman subject; critique of structural domination is key.

Race and Pedagogy Project,November 14, 2005, "Suleri, Sara. "Women Skin Deep: Feminism and the Postcolonial Condition." Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Ed. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson.Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 116-125,"http://rpp.english.ucsb.edu/research/race-and-the-academic-institution/suleri-sara-e2809cwomen-skin-deep-feminism-and-the-postcolonial-conditione2809d-women-autobiography-theory-a-reader-ed-sidonie-smith-and-julia-watson-madison-u-of-wisconsin-p-1998-116-125~~23more-122-http://rpp.english.ucsb.edu/research/race-and-the-academic-institution/suleri-sara-e2809cwomen-skin-deep-feminism-and-the-postcolonial-conditione2809d-women-autobiography-theory-a-reader-ed-sidonie-smith-and-julia-watson-madison-u-of-wisconsin-p-1998
In the context of the culture wars of the mid-1990s, Suleri calls
AND
of laws and how they formulate and oppress specific groups of racialized women.

The aff relies on binary body difference to justify its claims – creating a body focus

OyeronkeOyewumi, Associate Professor of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook, The Invention of Women Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses, University of Minnesota Press, 1997
In the span of Western history, the justifications for the making of the categories
AND
or exceptional; he was just more explicit than many of his predecessors.

That creates a gaze of differentiation that justifies extermination

OyeronkeOyewumi, Associate Professor of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook, The Invention of Women Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses, University of Minnesota Press, 1997
The notion of society that emerges from this conception is that society is constituted by
AND
in Nazi Germany, certain kinds of bodies had to be eliminated.6

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Minneapolis South | Judge: Travis Henderson

FW

Interpretation—the role of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela

They are not topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy by the USFG.  Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as judge you are only allowed to affirm those policies within jurisdiction dictated by the resolution.

Here’s evidence that the resolution is the key stasis point—their interpretation is arbitrary
O’Donnell 2004

PhD, director of debate at Mary Washington (Tim, WFU Debaters Research Guide, "Blue helmet blues", ed. Bauschard 26 Lacy, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm-http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm)
The answer, I believe, resides deep in the rhetorical tradition in the often
AND
debate from other forms of communication and gives the exchange a directed focus. 

Decision-making DA—debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that avoids a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law,
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Hijacks education—predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

Switch side is the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
AND
honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

Social progress—their project fails without concrete policy guiding it
Feaver 2001

Assistant professor of political science at Duke (Peter, "Twenty-first century weapons proliferation", p. 178)
At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed
AND
. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 

Specifically true of Latin America

Margheritis and Pereira ’07 (Ana- assistant professor of international relations and Latin American politics at the University of Florida and Anthony- associate professor of political science at Tulane University; "The Neoliberal Turn in Latin America: The Cycle of Ideas and the Search for an Alternative"; Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 3, Contested Transformation (May, 2007),pp. 25-48)
This analysis is offered from a critical point of view in the hope that it
AND
also important—but that the mechanisms for their promulgation have been understudied.

The impact is war

Hanson 07
Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, "Why Study War?" City Journal, Summer)
It’s no surprise that civilian Americans tend to lack a basic understanding of military matters
AND
, if we did, we would withdraw as we had from Mogadishu.

Fem

The aff’s call to help women is self-defeating. It reifies the category of women with static representation that serves a juridicial function of control under the guise of protection. Their emancipation is only for those who fit under the heteronormative paradigm.

Judith Butler (PhD, Yale, Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature) 1999 "Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" p. 3-5

i. "Women" as the Subject of FeminismFor the most part, feminist
AND
for the  emancipation of "women" will be clearly self-defeating.

Heteronormativity results in omnicide. The combination of the universal suspicion of Queerness and the genocidal impulse to eradicate it motivates a larger apocalyptic movement to rescue hetero-culture with extinction.

Sedgwick 8 (Eve, Professor of English at Duke University, Epistemology of the Closet, second revised edition, California at Berkeley Press, p. 127-130)

From at least the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah, scenarios of same-
AND
thought between minority potentials and universalizing ones be opened and opened and opened?

Reject the Affirmative’s identity construct to allow for a radical rethinking of identity construction. This is a prerequisite to any form of change.

Butler ’99 (Judith, Ph.D @ Yale, Maxine Elliott professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at UC Berkeley, ’Gender Trouble’, p. 8-9)

Perhaps there is an opportunity at this juncture of cultural politics, a period that
AND
as both a methodological and normative prerequisite, if not a political goal.

Anthro

The 1AC’s call for change revolves around an anthropocentric framing of the world which seeks to tackle a symptom instead of the underlying disease – this ensures the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives hierarchies and exclusion

Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

The alternative is to adopt an animal standpoint epistemology. Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF

Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

Case

Poetry cannot escape the power-knowledge relationships intrinsic to all academic discourses

Keith ’92 (M, Queen Mary and Westfield College, U of London, ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING D: SOCIETY AND SPACE, v10, p. 559-560)
In emphasising the poetic, fabricated nature of texts the problem of representation is not
AND
through Terry Eagleton’s impressive critique of The Ideology of the Aesthetic (1990).
Narrative fails to subvert the dominant paradigm – They recreate absolutisms
Clawson 98 (Mark, J.D. – Stanford, 22 Legal Stud. Forum 353)

These subjective identities give certain individuals solid ground upon which they can build a progressive
AND
but those who gain new identities now live in temporary worlds of absolutes.

Their root cause argument ignores the domination of vast amounts of people – leads to passivity and divisiveness

Smith, leading member of the US International Socialist Organization, 1994
Sharon, International Socialism 62 Spring, http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=311-http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=311
Within a few years of its founding, the radical wing of the women’s movement
AND
and demoralised, and whole organisations became internalised and splintered along these lines.

Tournament: Pace RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Hays Watson, Ed Lee

1

Interpretation—the role of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela

They are not topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy by the USFG.  Topicality is an a-priori voting issue – as judge you are only allowed to affirm those policies within jurisdiction dictated by the resolution.

Here’s evidence that the resolution is the key stasis point—their interpretation is arbitrary
O’Donnell 2004

PhD, director of debate at Mary Washington (Tim, WFU Debaters Research Guide, "Blue helmet blues", ed. Bauschard 26 Lacy, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm-http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm)
The answer, I believe, resides deep in the rhetorical tradition in the often
AND
debate from other forms of communication and gives the exchange a directed focus. 

Decision-making DA—debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that avoids a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg 08
lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law,
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Hijacks education—predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

Switch side is the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05
masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H.,
AND
honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

Social progress—their project fails without concrete policy guiding it
Feaver 2001

Assistant professor of political science at Duke (Peter, "Twenty-first century weapons proliferation", p. 178)
At the same time, virtually all good theory has implications for policy. Indeed
AND
. Happily, the best work in the proliferation field already does so. 

Specifically true of Latin America

Margheritis and Pereira ’07 (Ana- assistant professor of international relations and Latin American politics at the University of Florida and Anthony- associate professor of political science at Tulane University; "The Neoliberal Turn in Latin America: The Cycle of Ideas and the Search for an Alternative"; Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 3, Contested Transformation (May, 2007),pp. 25-48)
This analysis is offered from a critical point of view in the hope that it
AND
also important—but that the mechanisms for their promulgation have been understudied.

The impact is war

Hanson 07
Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, "Why Study War?" City Journal, Summer)
It’s no surprise that civilian Americans tend to lack a basic understanding of military matters
AND
, if we did, we would withdraw as we had from Mogadishu.

2

The 1AC’s call for change revolves around an anthropocentric framing of the world which seeks to tackle a symptom instead of the underlying disease – this ensures the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations that justify violence

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

The alternative is to adopt an animal standpoint epistemology – key to solve and mutually exclusive

Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

Case

The aff’s call to help women is self-defeating. It reifies the category of women with static representation that serves a juridicial function of control under the guise of protection. Their emancipation is only for those who fit under the heteronormative paradigm.

Judith Butler (PhD, Yale, Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature) 1999 "Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" p. 3-5

i. "Women" as the Subject of FeminismFor the most part, feminist
AND
for the  emancipation of "women" will be clearly self-defeating.

Heteronormativity results in omnicide. The combination of the universal suspicion of Queerness and the genocidal impulse to eradicate it motivates a larger apocalyptic movement to rescue hetero-culture with extinction.

Sedgwick 8 (Eve, Professor of English at Duke University, Epistemology of the Closet, second revised edition, California at Berkeley Press, p. 127-130)

From at least the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah, scenarios of same-
AND
thought between minority potentials and universalizing ones be opened and opened and opened?

Poetry cannot escape the power-knowledge relationships intrinsic to all academic discourses

Keith ’92 (M, Queen Mary and Westfield College, U of London, ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING D: SOCIETY AND SPACE, v10, p. 559-560)
In emphasising the poetic, fabricated nature of texts the problem of representation is not
AND
through Terry Eagleton’s impressive critique of The Ideology of the Aesthetic (1990).
Narrative fails to subvert the dominant paradigm – They recreate absolutisms
Clawson 98 (Mark, J.D. – Stanford, 22 Legal Stud. Forum 353)

These subjective identities give certain individuals solid ground upon which they can build a progressive
AND
but those who gain new identities now live in temporary worlds of absolutes.

The aff relies on binary body difference to justify its claims – creating a body focus

OyeronkeOyewumi, Associate Professor of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook, The Invention of Women Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses, University of Minnesota Press, 1997
In the span of Western history, the justifications for the making of the categories
AND
or exceptional; he was just more explicit than many of his predecessors.

That creates a gaze of differentiation that justifies extermination

OyeronkeOyewumi, Associate Professor of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook, The Invention of Women Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses, University of Minnesota Press, 1997
The notion of society that emerges from this conception is that society is constituted by
AND
in Nazi Germany, certain kinds of bodies had to be eliminated.6

Focus on lived experience and personal narrative and the assumption of generalized raced and gendered identities in international feminist politics enacts a totalized woman subject; critique of structural domination is key.

Race and Pedagogy Project,November 14, 2005, "Suleri, Sara. "Women Skin Deep: Feminism and the Postcolonial Condition." Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Ed. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson.Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 116-125,"http://rpp.english.ucsb.edu/research/race-and-the-academic-institution/suleri-sara-e2809cwomen-skin-deep-feminism-and-the-postcolonial-conditione2809d-women-autobiography-theory-a-reader-ed-sidonie-smith-and-julia-watson-madison-u-of-wisconsin-p-1998-116-125~~23more-122-http://rpp.english.ucsb.edu/research/race-and-the-academic-institution/suleri-sara-e2809cwomen-skin-deep-feminism-and-the-postcolonial-conditione2809d-women-autobiography-theory-a-reader-ed-sidonie-smith-and-julia-watson-madison-u-of-wisconsin-p-1998
In the context of the culture wars of the mid-1990s, Suleri calls
AND
of laws and how they formulate and oppress specific groups of racialized women.

Tournament: GHill | Round: 3 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley | Judge: Garrett Abelkop
1

Interpretation: The aff should only defend the hypothetical enactment of a topical plan

Resolved denotes a proposal to be enacted by law

Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition  
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".  

The resolution as a starting point is key to debate

Shively ’2K
(Ruth Lessl, Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A26M U., Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
2

Interpretation—increase means a net increase

Words and Phrases, 5 (Cummulative Supplementary Pamphlet, v. 20a, p.295, KONTOPOULOS)
Cal.App.2 Dist. 1991.  Term "increase," as used
AND
.  West’s Ann.Cal.Pub.Res.Code § 25123.

Violation—Reforming the current visa program doesn’t increase our visa engagement with Mexico, only causes tradeoffs.

Vote neg—

1. Limits—they explode the topic—if they could shuffle visas the neg could never predict the advantage of the week.

2. Ground—all negative arguments are centered on net increases in engagement— politics, perception disads, kritiks

3

TEXT: The United States federal government should establish a sealed-bid, single-price auction system for the distribution of tradable agricultural visa permits to employers wishing to sponsor guest workers from Mexico.

Auctions should take place quarterly, with an initial yearly allocation of 280,000 visas. The non-disclosed target price for visa permits should be 242,000. Subsequent allocations of visas should rise proportionally when the average price of permits was above 242,000, and fall proportionally when the average price was below 242,000, in the prior auction. If the allocation of permits disproportionately favors large companies, the United States federal government should set aside an adequate number of permits on which small companies may exclusively bid.

Auctioning visas solves – matches visas to demand, generates 246 billion in government revenues and disincentives illegal immigration

Furchtgott-Roth 10 – MA in Economics and chief of staff of Bush’s Council of Economic Advisers (Diana, "Auctioning Visas: Do I Hear Billions?", 30 September 2010, RealClearMarket, http://www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2010/09/30/auctioning_visas_do_i_hear_billions_98695.html)
WASHINGTON-We’ve heard of auctioning wireless spectrum, oil leases, and Treasury securities
AND
take, to cover local costs, such as schooling and health care.

The plan expands the labor supply, increasing competition and deflating wages

Beck 4 ~’Occupation Collapse’ and Poverty Wages: Consequences of Large Guestworker Programs’, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives by Roy Beck, executive director, NumbersUSA Education 26 Research Foundation, March 24, 2004~
Expanded foreign guestworkers programs would just add to the already long list of "Occupation
AND
-half and even one-third their incomes a few years ago.  

Wage decline triggers protectionism

Bloomberg, 09 (Patrick Rial, U.S. Debt Crisis May Cause ’Fall of Rome’ Scenario, Duncan Says, Richard Duncan, author of "The Dollar Crisis-http://www.amazon.com/Dollar-Crisis-Consequences-Revised-Updated/dp/0470821701/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF826s=books26qid=125358847326sr=8-1." http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive26sid=aJ6jnKWHrQgI-http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive26sid=aJ6jnKWHrQgI)
U.S. workers are now likely to face declining wages and that may
AND
protectionism will mean world trade will diminish and will overall reduce global prosperity."

Trade protectionism causes nuclear war

Panzner 8
Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase, "Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse," p. 136-138)
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

4

The topic is a red herring – US imperialism creates the illusion of consensus – as long as Latin American diplomacy remains a tool used to defend the empire, any benevolent intent becomes whitewashed as colonial violence becomes more destructive

Petras 12 (James, is a retired Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University adjunct professor at Saint Mary’s University "The Empire’s Ideology: Imperialism and "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools"," http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-empire-s-ideology-imperialism-and-anti-imperialism-of-the-fools/28456)
The imperialist use of "anti-imperialist" moral rhetoric was designed to weaken
AND
their peace movements dwindled, and their "moral critiques" lost resonance.

Our alternative is to divorce Latin American diplomacy from the empire and rebuild our understanding from the perspective of the colonized

Radcliffe, 7 (Sarah, Professor of Latin American Geography and Fellow of Christ’s College Management Committee, Centre of Latin American Studies, "Forum: Latin American Indigenous Geographies of Fear: Living in the Shadow of Racism, Lack of Development, and Antiterror Measures", JStor, http://www.jstor.org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/stable/pdfplus/4620268.pdf?acceptTC=true26)**
Geographies of Fear and Hope in Neoliberalism and Postdevelopment By exploring one set of politics
AND
the contested- and often postcolonially violent-negotiations around its meanings and practices
5

Obama will win the debt ceiling fight now- his political strength is the key factor

Kapur 9-12(Sahil, Talking Points Memo’s senior congressional reporter and Supreme Court correspondent. His articles covering politics and public policy have been published in The Huffington Post, The Guardian and The New Republic, Cantor: If We Can’t Defund Obamacare, Let’s Delay It, http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2013/09/eric-cantor-obamacare-debt-ceiling-shutdown-default.php)
In order to persuade conservatives lawmakers to vote to keep the federal government funded past
AND
make permanent the lower spending levels after the automatic cuts known as sequestration.

Ag reform is a political obstacle- compromise shows

Przybyla 13 (Heidi, reporter at Bloomberg, Low-Skilled Visas: Cap Key to Deal, http://go.bloomberg.com/political-capital/2013-04-02/low-skilled-visas-cap-key-to-deal/-http://go.bloomberg.com/political-capital/2013-04-02/low-skilled-visas-cap-key-to-deal/, 4/2/13)
The agreement marked the last major obstacle for a bipartisan group of eight senators seeking
AND
labor stood to be accused of the crime of killing comprehensive immigration reform."

This will destroy the U.S. and global economy and collapse trade

Davidson, 9/10 (Adam - co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money" 9/10/2013, "Our Debt to Society," http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0))

This is the definition of a deficit, and it illustrates why the government needs
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

The impact is global nuclear war

Freidberg26Schonfeld, 8 —- *Professor of Politics and IR at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School, AND senior editor of Commentary and a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton (10/21/2008, Aaron and Gabriel, "The Dangers of a Diminished America", Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html?mod=googlenews_wsj-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)

With the global financial system in serious trouble, is America’s geostrategic dominance likely to
AND
disastrous effects of disengagement and the stiff price tag of continued American leadership.

Tournament: Umich | Round: 1 | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoor LR | Judge: Brad Meloche

1

Interpretation: The aff should only defend the hypothetical enactment of a topical plan

Resolved denotes a proposal to be enacted by law

Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition  
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".  

The resolution as a starting point is key to debate

Shively ’2K
(Ruth Lessl, Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A26M U., Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

2

Text – The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology should direct the Department of Energy to include a Quadrennial Energy Review as an addendum to the Quadrennial Technology Review. The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology should direct the Department of Energy to include a recommendation to provide decentralized renewable energy assistance to Mexico modeled on "TuEnergía" as a part of the Quadrennial Energy Review.

Competes—-the CP’s policy statement is not legally binding—-it doesn’t enact the plan, it simply recommends its mandates

Charles H. Koch 5, the Dudley W. Woodbridge Professor of Law, William and Mary School of Law, Spring 2005, "Policymaking by the Administrative Judiciary," Alabama Law Review, 56 Ala. L. Rev. 693, p. lexis n110 E.g., Consol Edison Co of New York v. FERC, 315 F.3d 316, 323 (D.C. Cir 2003)
"Policy statements"differfrom substantive rules that carry the "force of law,"
AND
Administrative Open Mind, 41 DUKE L J 1497, 1503 (1992).

The counterplan solves the entirely of the aff, and avoids the links to politics.

Jones -11 (Richard M. Jones, Government Relations Division, American Institute of Physics, March 24, 2011, FYI: The AIP Bulletin of Science Policy News, http://www.aip.org/fyi/2011/039.html)
Individuals have until April 15 to file comments with the Department of Energy (DOE
AND
reading of the framing document and your responses to the questions it poses."

3

CIR will pass – growing bipartisan support

Sargent 10/29 (Greg, columnist for the Washington Post. "Immigration reform is sort of undead" http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/10/29/immigration-reform-is-sort-of-undead/)
We now have two House Republicans on record supporting the immigration reform bill introduced by
AND
they expect to see a vote on this issue by the year’s end."

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be.

Obama’s PC is key to passing immigration – needs to keep the pressure on the GOP

Balz 10/17 (Dan, journalist at The Washington Post, where he has been a political correspondent since 1978. "Can Obama seize the moment and make Washington work?" http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/can-obama-seize-the-moment-to-make-washington-work/2013/10/17/d84c1934-3753-11e3-80c6-7e6dd8d22d8f_story.html?tid=pm_politics_pop)
The two other legislative priorities the president cited were immigration reform and passage of the
AND
prepared to do to produce the kind of bipartisanship he long has promised.

CIR is key to reducing structural violence against immigrants

Banuelas 10(Arturo, "The lies are killing us: The need for immigration reform," US Catholic, October,www.uscatholic.org/culture/social-justice/2010/10/lies-are-killing-us-need-immigration-reform)
Immigrants like Marisol show us that immigration reform is more than simply a matter of
AND
love will conquer racism, and that common compassion will overcome the lies.

This impact outweighs and internal link turns all of their aff and their criticisms of the politics disadvantage

Jacome 12(Felipe, "Trans-Mexican Migration: a Case of Structural Violence," London School of Economics, March 7, clas.georgetown.edu/files/Trans-Mexican20Migration20-20Felipe20Jacome.pdf)
This paper has argued that the afflictions experienced by trans-Mexican migrants ¶ needs
AND
migrants links up as escape valve for other parallel ¶ structures of violence.

4

The topic is a red herring – US imperialism creates the illusion of consensus – as long as Latin American diplomacy remains a tool used to defend the empire, any benevolent intent becomes whitewashed as colonial violence becomes more destructive

Petras 12 (James, is a retired Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University adjunct professor at Saint Mary’s University "The Empire’s Ideology: Imperialism and "Anti-Imperialism of the Fools"," http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-empire-s-ideology-imperialism-and-anti-imperialism-of-the-fools/28456)
The imperialist use of "anti-imperialist" moral rhetoric was designed to weaken
AND
their peace movements dwindled, and their "moral critiques" lost resonance.

Our alternative is to divorce Latin American diplomacy from the empire and rebuild our understanding from the perspective of the colonized

Radcliffe, 7 (Sarah, Professor of Latin American Geography and Fellow of Christ’s College Management Committee, Centre of Latin American Studies, "Forum: Latin American Indigenous Geographies of Fear: Living in the Shadow of Racism, Lack of Development, and Antiterror Measures", JStor, http://www.jstor.org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/stable/pdfplus/4620268.pdf?acceptTC=true26)**
Geographies of Fear and Hope in Neoliberalism and Postdevelopment By exploring one set of politics
AND
the contested- and often postcolonially violent-negotiations around its meanings and practices 

5

Politicizing those in poverty is wrong—the affirmative acts under the guise of political empowerment but inherently ends up utilizing descriptions of poverty to accomplish their own development goals—this is an act of commodification and oppression.

Linda Martín Alcoff, Department of Philosophy at SyracuseUniversity.1992, Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, "The Problem of Speaking For Others," pp. 5-32
Feminist discourse is not the only site in which the problem of speaking for others
AND
restricting the practice to speaking for groups of which one is a member.

The affirmative is a perfect erasure of the other; they craft an image of the other in terms of their own systems of knowledge. This image inevitably overwhelms the other and denies them any sort of individual subjectivity.

Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women’s Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, "The Problem of Speaking for Others," http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html.
This is partly the case because of what has been called the "crisis of
AND
individual doubt, we are denying a reality of our experiential lives.9

The erasure of the other constitutes a form of spiritual genocide which represents the destruction of human dignity – it outweighs the aff.

Patricia Williams, Associate Professor of Law, The City University of New York Law School at Queens College, September 1987  University of Miami Law Review, 42 U. Miami L. Rev. 127
 There are certain societies that define the limits of life and death very differently
AND
numbing pathology before it wipes out what precious little humanity we have left.

Discourses of top-down reform that speak for others are trapped in an oppressive hierarchy of power.  Don’t cast your ballot for the affirmative project of speaking for others.  Instead use it to sap the power from their discourse to allow the others to speak for themselves.

Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, 1972 Libcom.org, "Intellectuals and Power: A Conversation Between Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze," http://libcom.org/library/intellectuals-power-a-conversation-between-michel-foucault-and-gilles-deleuze
FOUCAULT: It seems to me that the political involvement of the intellectual was traditionally
AND
system is the form in which power is most obviously seen as power?...

6

A. Interpretation – "economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

B. Violation – Tech and energy are non-economic engagement

Australian Government, 11 ("The White Paper and Australia’s Strategic Relationship with China", 9/28
http://asiancentury.dpmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/public-submissions/nd.doc-http://asiancentury.dpmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/public-submissions/nd.doc
Australia risks losing a healthy relationship with Asia due to overdependence on trade relations and
AND
in the near future • Cultivating soft power through aid funding and development projects

C. Voting issue –

1. Limits – they explode the topic – blurring the lines between economic and other forms of engagement makes any positive interaction with another country topical.  It’s impossible to predict or prepare

2. Ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans

Case

Oil revenues from TBHA passage will lessen poverty and energy access

OECD, 09 (2009, OECD, "OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico," http://www.oecd.org/centrodemexico/medios/43705569.pdf-http://www.oecd.org/centrodemexico/medios/43705569.pdf, accessed 6-30-13, MSG)

The current fiscal framework has led to limited smoothing of the impact of revenue¶
AND
risks. Reforming the fiscal rules to reducevolatility is thus an important challenge.

The aff’s call to help women is self-defeating. It reifies the category of women with static representation that serves a juridicial function of control under the guise of protection. Their emancipation is only for those who fit under the heteronormative paradigm.

Judith Butler (PhD, Yale, Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature) 1999 "Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" p. 3-5

i. "Women" as the Subject of FeminismFor the most part, feminist
AND
for the  emancipation of "women" will be clearly self-defeating.

The combination of the universal suspicion of Queerness and the genocidal impulse to eradicate it motivates a larger apocalyptic movement to rescue hetero-culture with extinction—they justify omnicide

Sedgwick 8 (Eve, Professor of English at Duke University, Epistemology of the Closet, second revised edition, California at Berkeley Press, p. 127-130)

From at least the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah, scenarios of same-
AND
thought between minority potentials and universalizing ones be opened and opened and opened?

Weigh consequences—moral absolutism reproduces evil.

Isaac 2 — Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University-Bloomington, 2002 ("Ends, Means, and Politics," Dissent, Volume 49, Issue 2, Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via EBSCOhost, p. 35-36)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

====Prefer our evidence—the majority of experts think major power war is still likely. ====
Mearsheimer, 99 (John J., Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, "Transcript:  Is Major War Obsolete?  Great Debate Series between Professor Michael Mandelbaum and Professor John J. Mearsheimer, Presider: Mr. FareedZakaria", http://http:www.ciaonet.org/conf/cfr10/conf/cfr10) 

My third and final point here is, the fact of the matter is,
AND
Asia, and number two, if he does not, why not?

There is a broad consensus that nuclear war would cause extinction- don’t live in denial

Sagan ’84 ~Carl, David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University Foreign Affairs, 1983/1984~

And yet, while it is widely accepted that a full nuclear war might mean
AND
the past or in the present, for the global nuclear arms race.

Tournament: NU RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Walter Payton MY | Judge: Quigley, Hammond

DA

Iran nuclear deal negotiated last night, but Congress will still try to push sanctions – political capital is key to overcome their efforts

Dennis 11/24 ~Steven, Roll Call, "Obama Faces Skeptical Congress as Iran Nuclear Deal Reached (Updated)," 11/24/2013, http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/-http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/~~

President Barack Obama has a sales job to do with Congress after he announced an
AND
I have great confidence in my colleagues in the Congress," he said.

Large opposition to further easing of restrictions

Sullivan 12 (Mark, Specialist in Latin American Affairs at Congressional Research Service, Cuba: Issues for the 112th Congress, 11/6/12, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41617.pdf)

Opponents of further easing restrictions on agricultural exports to Cuba maintain that U.S
AND
for agricultural exports to Cuba because it ensures that they will be paid.

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

T

Interpretation – "Engagement" requires increasing economic contacts in trade or financial transactions —- that’s distinct from appeasement

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in a third way by unnecessarily restricting the
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Violation—Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t "economic" because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life

Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, "The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms", November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf?
"Economic sanctions", a mode of coercion in international relations resuscitated in recent years
AND
effect is primarily to convey displeasure, rather than to affect the economy.

Voting Issue –

Limits – their definition of engagement opens the floodgates for all affs that unilaterally act – destroys indepth education and clash

Ground – they will spike out of our disads that have engagement links – destroys predictability and fairness

CP

Text: The Department of Defense should substantially increase international humanitarian assistance and disaster relief through international military medical operations.

The CP is key to effective multilateral leadership

Peter Buxbaum. 1.16.09. "Soft power with guns." International Relations and Security Network. Peter Buxbaum, a Washington-based independent journalist, has been writing about defense, security, business and technology for 15 years. His work has appeared in publications such as Fortune, Forbes, Chief Executive, Information Week, Defense Technology International, Homeland Security and Computerworld. http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?lng=en26id=95415
It hardly could have been a coincidence.    On Wednesday last week, the Pentagon’s
AND
the hearts and minds of local populations are important counterinsurgency measures, he noted

K

Increasing economic engagement is an expansion of the global proletarianization of the consumer. This increase can only lead to destruction of the economy and the destruction of value to life

Bernard Stiegler 2004 The Decadence of Industrial Democracies Disbelief and Discredit, Volume 1 Translated by Daniel Ross and Suzanne Arnold pg 63
In the twentieth century, however, mnemo-technologies supporting the culture and programme
AND
a spirit defined as trust, and where trust is understood as calculation.

The alt is to reject the affirmative for the call to expand the economic toxicity of hyperindustrial capitalism to all corners of Latin America

Bernard Stiegler 2010"For a new Critique of Political Economy" trans.Daniel Ross pg 4-7
Those-who advocate stimulating consumption as the path to economic recovery want neither to
AND
, through which alone it can avoid total destruction, constitutes a revolution.

Agriculture Advantage

Status quo solves – Cuba is the key model for global organic polyculture agriculture

By Raj Patel|Posted Friday, July 19, 2013, at 12:14 AM

~Patel is a fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, Slate, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change", http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.html~~
The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and
AND
one another and with scientists, which has helped agro-ecological systems spread

Their Shkolnick evidence is more hopeful than predictive – it says that organoponics could be applied in other situations but makes ZERO modeling claim.

Embargo restricts access to food aid.  Cuba is forced to rely on organics – plan reverses that

Barclay 03 ~Eliza Barclay, "Cuba’s security in fresh produce," Food First, September 12th, 2003, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/node/1208
Given the highly restrictive nature of the U.S. embargo on trade with
AND
and activate farmers and urban citizens to dedicate themselves to meeting food demands.

Cuba’s environment is protected now, but removal of the embargo destroys it

Dean 07 (Cornelia Dean, writer for New York Times, "Conserving Cuba, After the Embargo" http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/science/25cuba.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0 12-25-07)
Through accidents of geography and history, Cuba is a priceless ecological resource. That
AND
heads environmental efforts at the Cuban ministry of science, technology and environment.

Cuba is a keystone environment – the center of all biodiversity in the Caribbean

EDF 00 (Environmental Defense Fund, "Cuba, "Crown Jewel Of Caribbean Biodiversity," Threatened," November 30, 2000, http://www.edf.org/news/cuba-crown-jewel-caribbean-biodiversity-threatened)

Our work in Cuba: A new era for ocean conservation
Cuba has one of the Caribbean’s most diverse marine environments, with massive reefs that
AND
for years to come," said Environmental Defense scientist Dr. Doug Rader.

Multilat Adv

Can’t solve China war—the incentive to be the economic leader of the world would outweigh any multilateral commitments created from lifting the embargo

Double bind – either the US will always attempt to maintain influence or multilateralism is inevitable

Reuters 13 (Lesley Wroughton, "Kerry warns that another budget gridlock will damage US leadership," 10/24/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/24/us-usa-fiscal-kerry-idUSBRE99N1JJ20131024-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/24/us-usa-fiscal-kerry-idUSBRE99N1JJ20131024)

(Reuters) - America’s top diplomat warned on Thursday that the United States could
AND
stops us from providing the leadership that the world needs," he added.

The rest of the Embargo is an alt cause – their Dickerson ev says that the UN voted overwhelmingly to remove all economic sanctions

Any chance of multilateral leadership disappeared after Syria—the plan isn’t enough

Palmer 9-2   Richard - international analyst and reporter at the trumpet "Syria: Could Britain and America Be Any Weaker?" www.thetrumpet.com/article/10922.19.0.0/us/syria-could-britain-and-america-be-any-weaker
Meanwhile, America is not doing much better. Going by U.S.
AND
. British and American credibility is now at an all-time low. 

====International cooperation high now – UN cooperating with regional organizations globally====
UN News Centre 8-06 ("Regional organizations must expand cooperation to tackle global challenges",Source:,August13^h2013,http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=4557026Cr=regional+cooperation26Cr1=~~23.UiIojdJwqSo-http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=4557026Cr=regional+cooperation26Cr1=, SD)
In Latin America and the Caribbean, he pointed to the joint missions the UN
AND
through the deployment of the UN-Arab League joint envoy, LakhdarBrahimi.

No need to do the plan. TBHA proves that the US is committed to restoring Latin American Relations.

Turn – plan’s soft power attempts increases resentment

Gray 11—Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, England ~Colin S., April, "HARD POWER AND SOFT POWER: THE UTILITY OF MILITARY FORCE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLICY IN THE 21ST CENTURY," Published by Strategic Studies Institute~
An inherent and unavoidable problem with a country’s soft power is that it is near
AND
disciplinary value of (American) military force is also to be deplored.

Theoretical solvency doesn’t count - Cuba won’t pursue an alliance with the U.S. – anti-Americanism outweighs

Suchlicki 13 (Jaime Suchlicki, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami, "Why Cuba Will Still Be Anti-American After Castro" http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/why-cuba-will-still-be-anti-american-after-castro/273680
Similarly, any serious overtures to the U.S. do not seem likely
AND
terrorism and drug interdiction - for the United States to change it policies.

No US-China war

Rosecrance et al 10 (Richard, Political Science Professor @ Cal and Senior Fellow @ Harvard’s Belfer Center and Former Director @ Burkle Center of IR @ UCLA, and Jia Qingguo, PhD Cornell, Professor and Associate Dean of School of International Studies @ Peking University, "Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?" Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251-http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251)

Will China and the US Go to War?If one accepts the previous analysis
AND
to territorial expansion and war with the US? The answer is no.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: St Andrews Episcopal | Judge: Rahul Patel

1

TPA will pass but political capital is key-failure collapses global trade deals

Financial Times 1/20 ("US trade debate prompts fears of delay in talks"
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/60506de0-7f9c-11e3-b6a7-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2qtDiKryq)
A heated debate over trade in the US Congress risks stalling two trade negotiations that
AND
is stuck unless you get (fast-track authority) very soon."

Large opposition to further easing of restrictions

Sullivan 12 (Mark, Specialist in Latin American Affairs at Congressional Research Service, Cuba: Issues for the 112th Congress, 11/6/12, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41617.pdf)

Opponents of further easing restrictions on agricultural exports to Cuba maintain that U.S
AND
for agricultural exports to Cuba because it ensures that they will be paid.

Global trade collapsing now – TPA is key to prevent protectionism

Joshua Kurlantzick, "Farewell to the Age of Free Trade," BLOOMBERG BUSINESSWEEK, 12—12—13, www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-12-12/global-trade-in-retreat-world-economys-future-depends-on-revival-http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-12-12/global-trade-in-retreat-world-economys-future-depends-on-revival

Since the end of World War II and the birth of the modern global economy
AND
negotiations have resumed, but the prospects for a deal remain highly uncertain.

Protectionism turns all 1AC impacts and independently causes extinction—trade interdependence is a vital conflict dampener

Panzner 8 Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase "Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse," pg. 136-138

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
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between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

2

A. Interpretation – Removing sanctions is a form of appeasement

Stern 6 (Martin, University of Maryland Graduate, Debunking detente, 11/27/06, http://www.diamondbackonline.com/article_56223e79-7009-56a3-8afe-5d08bfff6e08.html)

Appeasement is defined as "granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace." Giving Iran international legitimacy andremoving sanctions would have maintained peace with a potential enemy without changing the undemocratic practices of the enemy. If this isn’t appeasement, I don’t know how better to define the word.

Engagement and appeasement are distinct

Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, "Defining Engagement," Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr1226vid=226hid=2426bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d~~23db=mth26AN=4437301-http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr1226vid=226hid=2426bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas
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or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

B. Violation – they remove restrictions – that’s appeasement

And – Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t "economic" because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life

Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, "The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms", November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf?
"Economic sanctions", a mode of coercion in international relations resuscitated in recent years
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effect is primarily to convey displeasure, rather than to affect the economy.

C. Voting issue

1. Limits – infinite amount of restrictions and combinations the aff can remove – explodes neg research burden

2. Ground – engagement as a strategy is key to all DAs and Ks

3

The United States federal government should

—adopt a policy that declares that the United States solely maintains nuclear weapons to deter and, if necessary, respond to nuclear attacks against ourselves, our forces, or our friends and allies

—establish a nitrogen fertilizer tax of 16 cents per pound of nitrogen, and use the revenue from that tax to provide loan guarantees for farmers to procure biocharcoal technology

====—acknowledge that current reforms in Cuba are real and effective, loosen restrictions on US citizens to travel to Cuba, clarify remittance expansion rules and indefinitely retain U.S. sanctions against agricultural sales to Cuba====

NFU Solves proliferation and leadership.

Blair et al. 8—Former professor of security studies @ Yale and Princeton
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Take to Transform U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy, February 2008~

1. The United States should declare that the sole purpose of U.S. nuclear weapons is to deter and, if necessary, respond to the use of nuclear weapons by another country.
   Current U.S. policy is to retain the option of using nuclear weapons for military purposes other than deterring nuclear attack, including:
   • Deterring, responding to, and even preempting conventional, chemical, or biological attacks
   • Destroying chemical or biological agents
   • Deterring or responding to other unspecified threats to U.S. vital interests
   However, giving nuclear weapons roles beyond deterring nuclear attack is both unnecessary and counterproductive
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   will not use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear signatories  of the NPT.
   Some believe that the consequences of attack from chemical and especially biological weapons could be so great that it is unwise to forgo the "sharp deterrence" provided by explicit threats to use nuclear weapons in response. Rather than promising never to use nuclear weapons first, these proponents advocate that the United States pledge not to initiate the use of "weapons of mass destruction," by which they mean chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons.
   However, chemical weapons do not belong in this category—their destructive capacity pales
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   the incentive such a policy would provide hostile nations to acquire nuclear weapons.
   Advocates of an explicit U.S. nuclear threat often claim that such a threat deterred Iraq’s use of chemical and biological weapons during the first Gulf War. However, President George H.W. Bush’s threat of "the strongest possible response" if Iraq used its chemical or biological weapons applied equally to the destruction of Kuwait’s oil fields, which Iraq did with impunity.34
   U.S. officials threatened privately to escalate the war in ways that did
   AND
   U.S. threats to use nuclear weapons were the determining factor.
   Nuclear threats are also unnecessary to deter non-nuclear attacks because U.S
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   it has not done so, in part because of just such considerations.
   Threatening to use nuclear weapons in response to non-nuclear attacks could also increase
   AND
   , even if they believed that doing so would be unnecessary or imprudent.
   The bottom line is that the marginal value of explicit threats to use nuclear weapons to respond to non-nuclear attacks is small, the wisdom of carrying out such threats is dubious, and the potential long-term security costs of making such threats is   great. The United States should make clear that the sole purpose of its nuclear weapons is to deter and, if necessary, respond to nuclear attacks.

Nitrogen tax solves through sequestration without reducing emissions.

Technology Review, 4/26/2007. "The Case for Burying Charcoal," published by MIT, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/407754/the-case-for-burying-charcoal/.
Several states in this country and a number of Scandinavian countries are trying to supplant
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observed to reduce nitrous-oxide emissions from cultivated soil by 40 percent."

====CP leads to investment in Cuba that solves their economy====
Laverty ’11 ~2011, Collin Laverty is a Cuba consultant at the Center for Democracy in the Americas. "Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and its Implications for US Policy"http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf~~
U.S. sanctions are premised on the belief that strangling Cuba’s economy willlead
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2450 million fund for rotating micro-loans and other measures.131

4

Status quo solves – Cuba is the key model for global organic polyculture agriculture

By Raj Patel|Posted Friday, July 19, 2013, at 12:14 AM

~Patel is a fellow at the Institute for Food and Development Policy, Slate, "What Cuba Can Teach Us About Food and Climate Change", http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/04/agro_ecology_lessons_from_cuba_on_agriculture_food_and_climate_change_.html~~
The Studebakers plying up and down Havana’s boardwalk aren’t the best advertisement for dynamism and
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one another and with scientists, which has helped agro-ecological systems spread

Embargo restricts access to food aid.  Cuba is forced to rely on organics – plan reverses that

Barclay 03 ~Eliza Barclay, "Cuba’s security in fresh produce," Food First, September 12th, 2003, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/node/1208
Given the highly restrictive nature of the U.S. embargo on trade with
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and activate farmers and urban citizens to dedicate themselves to meeting food demands.

Try or die- sustainable agriculture checks multiple scenarios for extinction

Peters 10 (Kathryn A. Peters, J.D. from the University of Oregon ."Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution".University of Oregon Law School. law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)
An adequate food supply is essential for the survival of the human ¶race.
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areas with access to an adequate supply of fresh, nutritious ¶ food. 

5

Economic engagement is a mask for US neoliberal market dominance—-the plan guarantees privileging security interests over the needs of Latin American people——this necessitates exploitation and instability

Jacobs ’4 (Jamie Elizabeth, Assistant Prof of Polisci at West Virginia U, "Neoliberalism and Neopanamericanism: The View from Latin America,"  Latin American Politics 26 Society 46.4 (2004) 149-152, MUSE)
The advance of neoliberalism suffers no shortage of critics, both from its supporters who
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further weakening of state sovereignty in the South. ~End Page 150~ 

(Neoliberalism’s end point is extinction

Darder 10 (Professor Antonia Darder, Distinguished Professor of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, "Preface" in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, 26 Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement by Richard V. Kahn, 2010, pp. x-xiii) GENDER MODIFIED
It is fitting to begin my words about Richard Kahn’s Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy,
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the well-being of all species with whom we walk the earth. 

The alternative is to use post-neoliberalism as a starting point—-a radically renewed focus on engagement with Latin America is the only way to ever solve

Kaltwasser 11 (Cristóbal Rovira, Foundation postdoctoral research fellow at the Social Science Research Center Berlin, "Toward Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America?,"  Latin American Research Review Volume 46, Number 2, 2011, MUSE)
Although not all six books reviewed here use the term post-neoliberalism, they
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develop and implement a new political agenda from the challenges it has faced. 

Cuba Econ

Plan would be ineffective – doesn’t solve labor and commercial issues

Perales et al., 10-  senior program associate of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow  Wilson International Center for Scholars. (Jose Raul, "The United States and Cuba:  Implications of an Economic  Relationship," Woodrow Wilson Center Latin American Program, August 2010, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/LAP_Cuba_Implications.pdf)-http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/LAP_Cuba_Implications.pdf)//TL 

Regardless of the U.S. government’s actions, a post-embargo,
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conditions would be to manufacture finished goods elsewhere and export them to Cuba.

No threshold for economic freedom – agg is insufficient – that was in CX

Instability doesn’t spillover – empirics

Mesa-Lago and Vidal-Alejandro 10 (Carmelo Mesa-Lago, distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh; and Pavel Vidal-Alejandro, Centro de Estudios sobre la Economia Cubana, "The Impact of the Global Crisis on¶ Cuba’s Economy and Social Welfare" http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=126fid=795700626jid=LAS26volumeId=4226issueId=0426aid=7957004 November 2010)
The global ?nancial–economic crisis that began in 2008 generated transmission mechanisms from developed
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international lender of last¶ resort by providing assistance to emerging markets.3

No historical connection between economic collapse and conflict

Ferguson 6 – M.A., Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University, Resident faculty member of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford University, and a Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University (Niall, "The Next War of the World", Foreign Affairs, September-October 2006, May 21^st 2010)
Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal
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periods of growth, others were the causes rather than the consequences of economic

Several alt causes

Suchlicki, 12-Professor History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, at the University of Miami (Jaime, "Getting Ready for Life after Castro", 5/11/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)//-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)//TL

The challenges are many. First, there will be the tremendous task of economic
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. (Environmental Concerns for a Cuba in Transition, Eudel Eduardo Cepero.)

Relations

Reducing emissions would trigger rapid warming due to reduced aerosol cooling.

N. Chalmers et al,1,2 E. J. Highwood,1 E. Hawkins,1,2 R. Sutton,1,2 L. J. Wilcox1, 8/21/2012. 1Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, U.K.; 2NCAS-Climate, University of Reading, Reading, U.K. "Aerosol contribution to the rapid warming of 2near-term climate under RCP 2.6," Manuscript, accepted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters, www.met.reading.ac.uk/~ed/home/chalmers_etal_2012_accepted.pdf.
*RCP="Representative Concentration Pathways." These are IPCC scenarios designed for use in climate models, that essentially project different scenarios for changes (or lack thereof) in global emissions. RCP2.6 is a scenario of significant emissions reductions. RCP4.5 is the baseline "business as usual" scenario.
*CDNC=cloud droplet number concentration

The period during which global mean surface temperature in RCP2.6 is higher than
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simulations by Wigley ~1991~ and Johns et al. ~2011~.

That would double warming and quickly take us above the "2-degree threshold."

Dr Andrew Glikson, 6/6/2011. Earth and paleoclimate science, Australian National University. "Global warming above 2° so far mitigated by accidental geo-engineering," Crikey, http://www.crikey.com.au/2011/06/06/global-warming-above-2C2B0-so-far-mitigated-by-accidental-geo-engineering/.
According to NASA’s Goddard Institute of Space Science climate reports, global warming is already
AND
level, resulting in near-doubling of global warming (Figure 1-http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2011/20110415_EnergyImbalancePaper.pdf). 

Icebergs are a negative feedback – none of their evidence takes this into account

Macfarlane, 09
(Jo, The Daily Mail Online. "Amazing discovery of green algae which could save the world from global warming" http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1104772/Amazing-discovery-green-algae-save-world-global-warming.html?ITO=1490~~23)

Melting icebergs, so long the iconic image of global warming, are triggering a
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calculates that a further 26million tons of CO2 is removed from the atmosphere.

Theoretical solvency doesn’t count - Cuba won’t pursue an alliance with the U.S. – anti-Americanism outweighs

Suchlicki 13 (Jaime Suchlicki, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami, "Why Cuba Will Still Be Anti-American After Castro" http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/why-cuba-will-still-be-anti-american-after-castro/273680
Similarly, any serious overtures to the U.S. do not seem likely
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terrorism and drug interdiction - for the United States to change it policies.

The rest of the embargo is an alt cause

Prolif will be slow

Waltz, 2K
(Professor of Political Science at UC Berkeley, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, v1 n1, Winter/Spring, http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/gjia/gjia_winspr00f.html)

It is now estimated that about twenty–five countries are in a position to
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, in which one or two states per decade gradually develop nuclear weapons.

Plan only increases resentment

Gray 11—Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, England ~Colin S., April, "HARD POWER AND SOFT POWER: THE UTILITY OF MILITARY FORCE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLICY IN THE 21ST CENTURY," Published by Strategic Studies Institute~
An inherent and unavoidable problem with a country’s soft power is that it is near
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disciplinary value of (American) military force is also to be deplored.

New Proliferants will have small arsenals and will conceal them – this assures stable control

Seng 97
(Ph.D. candidate in Political Science @ the University of Chicago 97 (Security Studies) Summer pg. 63)

Minor proliferators are likely to enjoy two main sorts of command and control advantages that
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to help alleviate dangers of minor proliferators losing possession of their nuclear weapons.

Cant solve relations – flawed U.S foreign policy blocks

Cárdenas 11 – former assistant administrator for Latin America at the U.S. Agency for International Development(José R., "The U.S. is MIA in Latin America" , Foreign Policy, December 29 2011, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/29/the_us_is_mia_in_latin_america-http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/29/the_us_is_mia_in_latin_america) WNM

An end-of-the-year assessment of U.S. policy
AND
States stands idly on the sidelines, the chances they will succeed improve.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: New Trier PW | Judge: 

1

Momentum for sanctions on Iran is stalled because of Obama’s perceived strength

Rosenblatt 2/5(Gary, columnist, The Jewish Week, 2/5/14, "Israel Lobby And The White House: Who’ll Blink First?," http://www.thejewishweek.com/editorial-opinion/gary-rosenblatt/israel-lobby-and-white-house-wholl-blink-first)
A month from now more than 14,000 people will gather in Washington for
AND
," one insider said. "But they don’t want to do it."

Hardliners hate the plan

Laverty, 11 – former Senior Program Associate at The Center for Democracy in the Americas (Collin, "Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and its Implications for U.S. Policy", 2011, http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf)

In the interim, these recommendations could make an important difference. They would put
AND
certainly fight actions that loosen restrictions to help push along  Cuba’s economic reforms.

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

2

A. Interpretation - "economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

B. Violation – Engagement" requires increasing economic contacts in trade or financial transactions —- that’s distinct from diplomacy or appeasement

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in a third way by unnecessarily restricting the
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Violation - the plan is appeasement and diplomatic

Times-Dispatch Staff 12
(Jan 22, "Cuba: Patsies," http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/cuba-patsies/article_5755996d-246f-5ca4-ada5-14b567a56603.html-http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/cuba-patsies/article_5755996d-246f-5ca4-ada5-14b567a56603.html, jkim)

The Obama administration’s appeasement of the Castro regime in Cuba was meant to improve conditions there. Last January the White House eased travel restrictions. Near the end of the year it opened the door to a prisoner swap to exchange Bill Gross, an American falsely accused of spying, for Rene Gonzalez — who helped Cuba shoot down two civilian planes on a humanitarian mission in 1996.
Along the way the administration also offered to remove Cuba from the list of state sponsors of terrorism, and to cut back efforts at promoting democracy in the island gulag, among other things.

Voting Issue –

Limits – their definition of engagement opens the floodgates for all affs that unilaterally act – destroys indepth education and clash

Ground – they will spike out of our disads that have engagement links – destroys predictability and fairness

Extra and FX T is a Voting issue – Lifting the terror list is extra and the plan’s immediate action is untopical to allow later trade. That justifies infinite extra planks and anything that has later economic impacts which undermines predictable limits and neg strategy.

3

Economic engagement is a mask for US neoliberal market dominance—-the plan guarantees privileging security interests over the needs of Latin American people——this necessitates exploitation and instability

Jacobs ’4 (Jamie Elizabeth, Assistant Prof of Polisci at West Virginia U, "Neoliberalism and Neopanamericanism: The View from Latin America,"  Latin American Politics 26 Society 46.4 (2004) 149-152, MUSE)
The advance of neoliberalism suffers no shortage of critics, both from its supporters who
AND
further weakening of state sovereignty in the South. ~End Page 150~ 

Neoliberalism’s end point is extinction

Darder 10 (Professor Antonia Darder, Distinguished Professor of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, "Preface" in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, 26 Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement by Richard V. Kahn, 2010, pp. x-xiii) GENDER MODIFIED
It is fitting to begin my words about Richard Kahn’s Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy,
AND
the well-being of all species with whom we walk the earth. 

The alternative is to use post-neoliberalism as a starting point—-a radically renewed focus on engagement with Latin America is the only way to ever solve

Kaltwasser 11 (Cristóbal Rovira, Foundation postdoctoral research fellow at the Social Science Research Center Berlin, "Toward Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America?,"  Latin American Research Review Volume 46, Number 2, 2011, MUSE)
Although not all six books reviewed here use the term post-neoliberalism, they
AND
develop and implement a new political agenda from the challenges it has faced. 

4

Text: the United States federal government should normalize consular financial transactions toward Cuba if and only if the government of Cuba agrees to release all political dissidents, reform its laws criminalizing dissent and dismantle the institutions that enforce them.

Using the leverage of the plan best solves repression of political dissent in Cuba – they will respond to pressure

Steinberg, researcher in Human Rights Watch’s Americas Division, 09
~Steinberg, November 2009, Human Rights Watch, "New Castro, Same Cuba," http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf-http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf, 7/7/13, AR~

Worse still, Latin American governments across¶ the political spectrum have been reluctant to
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improve its human rights record¶ unless it is pressured to do so.

Cuba violates basic human rights of prisoners and dissidents

Steinberg, researcher in Human Rights Watch’s Americas Division, 09 ~Steinberg, November 2009, Human Rights Watch, "New Castro, Same Cuba," http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf-http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cuba1109web_0.pdf, 7/7/13, AR~

Cuba fails to meet basic international standards regarding the treatment of prisoners.¶ Conditions are
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mechanism through which to seek redress, creating¶ anenvironment of total impunity.

Reject engagement with human rights abusers — moral duty to shun until it’s  resolved

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

5

Status quo Cuban ag sector is efficient and sustainable.

Salomon, 12(Robert Salomon, staff writer for the Havana Reporter,  "The Eco-Friendly Cuban Agriculture Model", November 10, 2012, http://havanareporternews.com/economy/eco-friendly-cuban-agriculture-model)
The Cuban agricultural model is eco-friendly,says the UN´s Food
AND
strategy to improve food and nutrition security in the region, Porto stressed.

Lifting the embargo undermines the current agriculture sector.

Gonzalez3.(Carmen G., Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, Summer Tulane Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 16, p. 685, p. 729-33)
Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
.S. rice imports in the first half of the twentieth century.

Cuban agriculture is modeled globally

Ergas 13 (Christina Ergas, department of sociology at the University of Oregan. 4/19/13. "Food Sovereignty: Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Cuba". Centre for Research on Globalization".  www.globalresearch.ca/food-sovereignty-sustainable-urban-agriculture-in-cuba/5332167)
The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
AND
as they have been developed in opposition to a corporate global food regime.

Try or die- sustainable agriculture checks multiple scenarios for extinction

Peters 10 (Kathryn A. Peters, J.D. from the University of Oregon ."Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution".University of Oregon Law School. law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)
An adequate food supply is essential for the survival of the human ¶race.
AND
areas with access to an adequate supply of fresh, nutritious ¶ food. 

Banking

Econ

Cuba will gradually implement reforms that will liberalize its government and economy

Lopez Levy 13 
Arturo, Lecturer and Doctoral Candidate, University of Denver, "Cuba Under Raul Castro: Economic Reform as Priority?", Feb 25 2013, www.huffingtonpost.com/arturo-lopez-levy/cuba-under-raul-castro_b_2754397.html

Raul Castro’s first presidential term was marked by economic reform and political liberalization. Over
AND
the coordination of activities and the establishment of stable relationships between various cooperatives.