Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame | Judge: Pablo Gannon

Advantage CP

Text: The United States department of agriculture should issue a conference report allocating appropriated funding for research and development for agriculture technologies including: global positioning systems, computerized transplanters, harvesters seeders and all other necessary computerized records technology and invite the countries in the Pacific Alliance to an economic and trade forum.

Research and Development increases agricultural technology development

USDA No Date
"Agricultural Technology Development" U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/77121256/New-Agricultural-Technology
Research and technology development have been the foundation for productivity gains in the agricultural sector
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such as pest- and disease-resistant crops that require fewer chemicals.

Solves relations—makes the environment less hostile and creates dialogue between nations to come to agreements on economic policies                                                                            Farnsworth 13 (Eric Farnsworth, Vice President of the Americas Society/Council of the Americas, "U.S. – Latin American Relations: Paternalism to Partnership ~Opinion~" 6/13/2013 http://fusion.net/abc_univision/opinion/story/us-latin-american-relations-paternalism-partnership-opinion-12340 LP)                                                                                                                                         The way to advance U.S. policy in this context is not to try to curry favor with countries such as Bolivia and Ecuador in an attempt to "bring them along."
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A near-term meeting among the leaders of North America and the nations of the Pacific Alliance could well be the spark to institute a better, more workable model for the America.

Castro DA

The Castro regime is in trouble- as long as we don’t throw them a life preserver, they will fall soon

Rooney, 2010
(Tom, Republican Representative from Florida who serves on the House Agriculture and Armed Services Committees, 7/29/2010, "Lifting the travel ban would prop up Castro regime," Online: http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/111739-lifting-the-travel-ban-would-prop-up-castro-regime, Accessed: 1/21/13 FG)
The Castro regime is in dire financial trouble. The state-run economy is in crisis, foreign trade declined by a third this past year, the tourism industry is declining and the government is several billion dollars in debt to foreign lenders. Meanwhile, Venezuela — where despot Hugo Chavez is usually happy to help out Fidel and Raul Castro — is unable to provide much assistance due to the failings of its own communist rule.
Emboldened by these developments, Cuba’s dissidents have grown increasingly active, sensing change is finally imminent.
The Castros, not ones to go down easily, have responded by desperately seeking new sources of revenue to keep their floundering regime alive. They are hoping to land the big prize — an easing of sanctions by the United States. This would provide the hard currency they need to continue their evil, authoritarian rule.

Lifting the embargo boosts the Castro regime- it increases the flow of cash into Cuba, and that money goes straight into the government’s hands

Sweeny, 1994
(John, Policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation, 11/10/1994, "Why the Cuban Trade Embargo Should be Maintained," Online: http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1994/11/bg1010nbsp-why-the-cuban-trade FG)
The 32-year-old trade embargo against Cuba may finally be producing its
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left in the world who still suffer the brutality of a communist dictatorship.

The Castro regime and Iran have a close alliance- leaders meet with each other frequently

Haven, 2012
(Paul, Associated Press bureau chief in Havana, 1/12/2012, "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Fidel Castro Discuss World Events," Online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/ahmadinejad-castro_n_1202471.html FG)
HAVANA — Two of Washington’s top irritants, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Fidel Castro, discussed
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less than 24 hours in Cuba, following visits to Venezuela and Nicaragua. 

Iranian influence in Latin America causes terrorism

Jaremblum, 2011
(Jamie, Senior Fellow and Director of Hudson’s Center for Latin American Studies, January 2011, "Iran and Latin America," Online: http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/Iran_Latin_America_Daremblum_Jan2011.pdf, Pg. 8-10, Accessed: 1/9/14 FG)
The danger here is that the ties to the Ayatollahs entail much more than what
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service of terrorists who want to enter the United States without   being detected.

A nuclear terror attack backed by Islamic extremists would cause extinction

Ayson, 2010
(Robert, Director of the Center for Strategic Studies at Victoria University Wellington, 6/21/2010, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, Accessed: 1/13/14 FG)
The combination of horror and outrage that will surge upon the nation will demand that the president retaliate for the incomprehensible damage done by the attack. The problem will be that the president will not immediately know how to respond or against whom.
The perpetrators will have been incinerated by the explosion that destroyed New York City. Unlike 9-11, there will have been no interval during the attack when those hijacked could make phone calls to loved ones telling them before they died that the hijackers were radical Islamic extremists.
There will be no such phone calls when the attack will not have been anticipated until the instant the terrorists detonate their improvised nuclear device inside the truck parked on a curb at the Empire State Building. Nor will there be any possibility of finding any clues, which either were vaporized instantly or are now lying physically inaccessible under tons of radioactive rubble.
Still, the president, members of Congress, the military, and the public
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between the United States and Islam. The apocalypse would be upon us.
Then, too, we would face an immediate threat from our long-term
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Moscow might argue that there was never a better opportunity to destroy America.
In China, our newer Communist enemies might not care if we could retaliate. With a population already over 1.3 billion people and with their population not concentrated in a few major cities, the Chinese might calculate to initiate a nuclear blow on the United States. What if the United States retaliated with a nuclear counterattack upon China? The Chinese might be able to absorb the blow and recover.
The North Koreans might calculate even more recklessly. Why not launch upon America the few missiles they have that could reach our soil? More confusion and chaos might only advance their position. If Russia, China, and the United States could be drawn into attacking one another, North Korea might emerge stronger just because it was overlooked while the great nations focus on attacking one another.
So, too, our supposed allies in Europe might relish the immediate reduction in
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fan the diplomatic fire beginning to burn under the Russians and the Chinese.
Or the president might decide simply to launch a limited nuclear strike on Tehran itself
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York City had been triggered by radical Islamic extremists with assistance from Iran.
But for the president not to retaliate might be unacceptable to the American people.
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had to be paid while the country was still capable of exacting revenge.
None of these scenarios bodes anything but more disaster. The point is simple:
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diplomatically is exactly the conclusion the mullahs are praying we will come to.

TPA Politics

TPA will pass but political capital is key - failure collapses global trade deals

Financial Times 1/20 ("US trade debate prompts fears of delay in talks"
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/60506de0-7f9c-11e3-b6a7-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2qtDiKryq)
A heated debate over trade in the US Congress risks stalling two trade negotiations that
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is stuck unless you get (fast-track authority) very soon."

Capital is key—vital to economy

Bryan Riley, senior analyst and Anthony B. Kim, senior policy analyst, "Advancing Trade Freedom: Key Objective of Trade Promotion Authority Renewal," ISSUE BRIEF n. 3912, Heritage Foundation, 4—16—13, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/advancing-trade-freedom-key-objective-of-trade-promotion-authority-renewal
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) has been a critical tool for advancing free trade
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international trade fosters open markets, democracy, and peace throughout the world.

Economic decline causes war and miscalculation

Royal 10 — Jedidiah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, M.Phil. Candidate at the University of New South Wales, 2010 ("Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises," Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Edited by Ben Goldsmith and Jurgen Brauer, Published by Emerald Group Publishing, ISBN 0857240048, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Neolib K- Cuba Specific

Components of neoliberalism include free trade and foreign direct investment- lifting the embargo would inevitably lead to this in Cuba

Fanelli, 2008
(Carlo, York University Sociologist, November, "’Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism," New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, Volume 2, pg 7-16 FG)
Central to neoliberalism is the belief that a laissez-faire approach to economics,
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which are inextricably linked to the implementation of neoliberalism on a global scale.

Neoliberalism fuels unsustainable consumption that causes

environmental destruction

Kutting, 2004
(Gabriela, Professor of Political Science at Rutgers with a PhD from University of Sussex who has published 6 books on global environmental politics, Spring/Summer 2004, "Globalization and the Environment: Moving Beyond Neoliberal Institutionalism," International Journal of Peace Studies, Volume 9, Number 1, pg. 38-39, Accessed: 1/27/13 FG)
The argument that excessive consumption leads to environmental degradation is not a new argument and
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at an unsustainable rate by only a small percentage of the world population.
The neoliberal economic order like its preceding economic orders treats the natural environment as if
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a human right. Again, this raises questions of equity and access.
No inhabitant of this planet has not been exposed to some form of environmental degradation
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to be highlighted more – leading back to consumption, agency and responsibility.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative and embrace Cubanalismo- the Cuban alternative to neoliberalism provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Fanelli, 2008
(Carlo, York University Sociologist, November, "’Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism," New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, Volume 2, pg 7-16 FG)
As this paper has attempted to integrate throughout this discussion, alternatives to neoliberalism do
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alternative modes of socioeconomic and environmental polices can and do continue to exist.

Relations

U.S. influence is resilient – they don’t assume all factors of U.S.-Latin America relations

Ben-Ami 13 (Shlomo Ben-Ami, former Israeli foreign minister who now serves as Vice President of the Toledo International Center for Peace", http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-new-nature-of-us-influence-in-latin-america-by-shlomo-ben-ami 6-5-13)
Yet it would be a mistake to regard Latin America’s broadening international relations as marking
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, particularly when it comes to applying these advantages in its immediate vicinity.

That means the adv is not zero sum – no risk of an impact

Mallen 13 (Patricia Rey Mallen, writer for the International Business Times, "Latin America Increases Relations With China: What Does That Mean For The US?" http://www.ibtimes.com/latin-america-increases-relations-china-what-does-mean-us-1317981 6-28-13)
Shlomo Ben-Ami, vice president of the Toledo International Center for Peace and
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could lose its unique status in the region to China," he said.

And the middle East as an Alt Cause outweighs

Mallen 13 (Patricia Rey Mallen, writer for the International Business Times, "Latin America Increases Relations With China: What Does That Mean For The US?" http://www.ibtimes.com/latin-america-increases-relations-china-what-does-mean-us-1317981 6-28-13)
The U.S., whose history of blocking outside political influence in Latin America going back to the Monroe Doctrine, has been directing its attention elsewhere, as Michael Cerna of the China Research Center observed. "~The U.S.’~ attention of late has been focused on Iraq and Afghanistan, and Latin America fell lower and lower on America’s list of priorities. China has been all too willing to fill any void," Cerna said.

Multilateral rules check

Prolif will be slow

Waltz, 2K
(Professor of Political Science at UC Berkeley, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, v1 n1, Winter/Spring, http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/gjia/gjia_winspr00f.html)

It is now estimated that about twenty–five countries are in a position to
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, in which one or two states per decade gradually develop nuclear weapons.

1. Icebergs are a negative feedback – none of their evidence takes this into account

Macfarlane, 09
(Jo, The Daily Mail Online. "Amazing discovery of green algae which could save the world from global warming" http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1104772/Amazing-discovery-green-algae-save-world-global-warming.html?ITO=1490~~23)

Melting icebergs, so long the iconic image of global warming, are triggering a
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calculates that a further 26million tons of CO2 is removed from the atmosphere.

2. Lifting the Embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms

Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, "Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo", NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)

Still, in a country where Cubans "resolve" their way around government restrictions
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the 1950s. "There is a lot of work to be done."

3. Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)  

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as opposed to an Eastern European-style
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policy paralysis or a smoke-screen for maintenance of the status quo.

Biotech

1) Squo solves this advantage – Cuba is fine without further investment. Plan is not necessary.

Altieri and Funes-Monzote 2012 (Miguel A. Altieri is Profesor of Agroecology at the University of California, Berkeley and President of the Latin American Scientific Society of Agroecology and Fernando R. Funes-Monzote is currently a researcher at the Experimental Station Indio Hatuey, University of Matanzas, Cuba. He is one of the founding members of the Cuban Association of Organic Agriculture.) ("The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture" http://monthlyreview.org/2012/01/01/the-paradox-of-cuban-agriculture)
When Cuba faced the shock of lost trade relations with the Soviet Bloc in the
AND
Cuba," Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (2011): 161-91.¶ 

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf 

Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular  
AND
chance the country could use to maintain a healthy  population and diversify exports.
However, innovative investments, especially in biotechnology, are very uncertain and require  long
AND
cover the  entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

2) The Cuban ag industry will survive with the embargo in place – it is extremely resilient

Altieri and Funes-Monzote 2012 (Miguel A. Altieri is Profesor of Agroecology at the University of California, Berkeley and President of the Latin American Scientific Society of Agroecology and Fernando R. Funes-Monzote is currently a researcher at the Experimental Station Indio Hatuey, University of Matanzas, Cuba. He is one of the founding members of the Cuban Association of Organic Agriculture.) ("The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture" http://monthlyreview.org/2012/01/01/the-paradox-of-cuban-agriculture)
The Paradox’s Outcome—What Does the Future Hold?¶ The instability in international markets
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country’s agriculture can help Cuba achieve food sovereignty while maintaining its political autonomy.

3) Alt Cause to food supplies- food prices are increasing such as energy prices, biofuel, grain stocks, population trends, commodity markets, weather, climate change, and trade policies- Aff can’t solve all of these reasons.

Johnson 2013
http://www.cfr.org/food-security/food-price-volatility-insecurity/p16662 Food Price Volatility and Insecurity¶ Author: Toni Johnson¶
Barrett of Cornell University and Marc Bellemare at Duke University argue in Foreign Affairs that
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the 2008 food-price crisis. Following a 2010 drought and wildfires,

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 4 | Opponent: StFrancis GuRa | Judge: Rufus Coates-Welsh

T- Must be Unconditional

A. Interpretation: Engagement must be unconditional—it’s distinct from conditional policies.

Smith 5 — Karen E. Smith, Professor of International Relations and Director of the European Foreign Policy Unit at the London School of Economics, 2005 ("Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?," Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, May, Available Online at http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/484.pdf, Accessed 07-25-2013, p. 23)
First, a few definitions. ’Engagement’ is a foreign policy strategy of building
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change in another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy.

B. Violation – QPQ’s condition federal action on the target country.

C. Vote negative

1. The plan doesn’t meet the best definition of "engagement" — key to precise limits and predictable ground. Broad definitions over-generalize, undermining conceptual clarity.

2. "Good" isn’t good enough — manageable limits require an enforceable brightline. A strict definition of the topic mechanism is a prerequisite for in-depth research and robust clash over core issues.

T- Gov to Gov

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
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great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
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some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

’Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that’s mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – the plan uses an intermediary by going through NAFTA.

C. Voting issue –

1.  Limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3^rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible

2. Ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ’engagement’

Sea Turtles CP

Counterplan: The United States federal government should condition an increase in economic engagement through NAFTA contingent upon a renegotiation which involves binding workers’ protections for Mexico in the agreement itself, including: mechanisms for improving basic labor standards based on International Labor Organization recommendations, assistance for local organizing education centers, and full public participation in all parts of the dispute settlement process.

Mexico must also adopt and enforces legislation for sea turtle conservation abiding by standards outlined in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.

CP’s conditional engagement solves case and prevents sea turtle population extinction

CBD 13 (Center for Biological Diversity, 7-15-2013, Center for Biological Diversity, a nonprofit membership organization known for its work protecting endangered species through legal action and scientific petitions, "Tell Mexico: Stop Killing Endangered Sea Turtles," http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/o/2167/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=13749)
Each year at least 2,000 endangered loggerhead sea turtles are caught by shark
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I urge Mexico to act now to save these ancient and vanishing animals.

Destruction of the sea turtle population causes extinction – the brink is now

Steiner 10 (Todd Steiner, 2010, Sea Turtle Restoration Project, Executive Director at Turtle Island Restoration Network, San Francisco Bay Area, "Are Sea Turtles Worth Saving?" http://www.bonaireturtles.org/explore/are-sea-turtles-worth-saving/)
Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology – that everything is connected. Sea
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important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.

USFG PIC

COUNTER-ADVOCACY TEXT: Faith Geraghty and James McLellan advocate conditioning an increase in economic engagement through NAFTA contingent upon a renegotiation which involves binding workers’ protections for Mexico in the agreement itself, including: mechanisms for improving basic labor standards based on International Labor Organization recommendations, assistance for local organizing education centers, and full public participation in all parts of the dispute settlement process.

State Action co-opts solvency of their movement

Fox 91 (Dennis Fox, Emeritus Associate Professor, Legal Studies University of Illinois at Springfield. 1991 "Law Against Social Change"http://www.dennisfox.net/papers/law-against.html)

Third, and most important, the very success of legal solutions makes things worse
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are not capable of being good unless we are forced to be good.

The Aff by pretending to be tools of the higher power of the state open themselves up to evil- accepting personal responsibility prevents violence

Zupancic 2000 (Alenka, Researcher, Institute of Philosophy, Ljubljana, Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan, March, pg.96-97)

Another problem still remains, however: the question of the possibility of (performing
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occur as something that is ’essentially a by-product of our actions. 

Mexican Politics DA

Mexico energy reform implementation will pass now but Nieto’s PC is key

Garza 12/19(Antonio Garza, writer for The Moniter. "COMMENTARY: Mexico’s oil reforms — a long road ahead". www.themonitor.com/opinion/columnists/article_ed02861a-6836-11e3-acf7-0019bb30f31a.html)
Mexico took a giant leap toward a new economic future last week with congressional passage
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continued political opposition from the left can’t be dismissed as a potential complication.¶

NAFTA is unpopular

The Economist, 2003
(12/30/2003, "Free trade on trial," Online: http://www.economist.com/node/2312920, Accessed: 8/31/13 FG)
Politically, the sceptics, ten years on, can fairly claim victory. NAFTA
AND
perceived results of NAFTA seem to have eroded support for further trade liberalisation.

Secondary laws are necessary for investment and growth of Mexican Energy – key to Mexico’s economy

Rowley 13 (Joe Rowley, LatinLawyer.com, the definitive information resource for business law in Latin America. "Secondary laws will prove crucial in Mexico’s energy reform" August 15 2013. www.bstl.com.mx/en/las-leyes-secundarias-seran-cruciales-en-la-reforma-energetica-de-mexico/)

"We see this initiative as a very positive endeavour.., as the proposed amendments
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infrastructure, such as pipelines, due to its different risk profile. ¶

Mexican Energy is key to global economic stability

Moran 9 Michael Moran, vice president and executive editor of Roubini Global Economics and RGE’s senior expert on geostrategic and political risk. From 2005-2009, Michael served as executive editor of CFR.org,. "Six Crises, 2009: A Half-Dozen Ways Geopolitics Could Upset Global Recovery". Roubini Global Economics Monitor. July 31, 2009. http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2009/08/07/six-crises-2009-a-half-dozen-ways-geopolitics-could-upset-global-recovery/

A story receiving more attention in the American media than Iraq these days is the
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to oil fields well-beyond their peak and restrictions on foreign investment.

Economic decline causes war and miscalculation

Royal 10— Jedidiah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, M.Phil. Candidate at the University of New South Wales, 2010 ("Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises," Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Edited by Ben Goldsmith and Jurgen Brauer, Published by Emerald Group Publishing, ISBN 0857240048, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Case

Companies are leaving Maquiladoras

Guidi 2005 (Maquiladoras: From Bad to Worse¶ Latino USA , radio journal of news and culture¶ By Ruxandra Guidi, March 2005, http://www.cfomaquiladoras.org/english20site/maquiladoras_demal_enpeor.en.html)
Introduction by Maria Hinojosa~: Remember maquiladoras, the low-cost textile factories situated
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in Mexico , so long as you search hard and make ends meet.¶.

Maquiladoras are improving in safety and productivity-Juarez proves

Megan Richford 5/1/13 Executive Marketing Assistant for NAPS- offers administrative support services for companies manufacturing in Mexico. "JUAREZ CRIME DECLINES, ECONOMY AND MANUFACTURING IN MEXICO IMPROVING" http://news.cision.com/north-american-production-sharing—inc-/r/juarez-crime-declines—economy-and-manufacturing-in-mexico-improving,c9409177
The economy is reviving, residents are feeling safe, and businesses and investors would
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businesses and investors to operate in Juarez and contribute to its flourishing economy.

Recent reforms to Mexico’s labor laws solves the plan in its entirety

De la Vega et al. 2012
(Oscar De la Vega is Office Managing Shareholder in Littler Mendelson’s Mexico City office and has been an active spokesperson on behalf of several business committees, advocating for a labor law reform for many years. Monica Schiaffino is a Shareholder, and Liliana Hernández is an Associate, in the Mexico City office. Eduardo Arrocha is Of Counsel in the Mexico City office and has over 40 years of employment and labor law experience in Mexico, having been the general counsel for a major international company for many years. "Mexico Enacts Important Reforms to the Federal Labor Law." November 30, 2012. Littler.com. http://www.littler.com/publication-press/publication/mexico-enacts-important-reforms-federal-labor-law.)

¶ Mexico’s Federal Official Gazette today published a Decree that reforms and repeals various provisions
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contractor, for purposes of undermining any right under the labor law. ¶ 

New labor laws increase workers’ rights

Starner 13
(Thomas Starner, freelance writer and editor. "New Labor Law in Mexico: Positive changes — and potential pitfalls for U.S. multinationals — are part of a new labor law in Mexico, which was 42 years in the making but, experts say, was much needed." Thursday, January 3, 2013. http://www.hreonline.com/HRE/view/story.jhtml?id=534354722).
They have been 42 years in the making, but American employers that either have
AND
are not very clear and could generate some potential liability," he says. 

Maquiladoras working to improve workers’ living conditions

Davidson 11
(Miriam Davidson. 16 year fellow at Alicia Patterson Foundation ~One-year and six month grants are awarded to working journalists to pursue independent projects of significant interest and to write articles based on their investigations for The APF Reporter, a web published magazine by the Foundation and available on the web. Winners are chosen by an annual competition. The competition opens in June and all entries must be postmarked by October 1. Applications are accepted from U.S. citizens who are print journalists with at least five years of professional experience.~ "Maquiladora Workers Get Homes of Their Own".  2011-05-03. http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/maquiladora-workers-get-homes-their-own)

From his office window, Tom Higgins looks across the city of Nogales, Sonora
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of the 25,000 maquiladora workers in town - received a house.

Framing

Predictions are methodologically sound, reflexive, and increasingly accurate.

Ruud van der Helm is a Dutch policy officer on instrument development in the Aid Effectiveness and Policy Department. Futures – Volume 41, Issue 2, Pages 67-116 (March 2009) – obtained via Science Direct

Futurists build and discuss statements on future states of affairs. When their work is
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designed for the preparation of decision-making, or of collective action. 

Scenario planning is possible in a catastrophe-ridden world—it’s vital to make predictions about the future.

Kurasawa, 04 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004).  SAS

Independently of this contractualist justification, global civil society actors are putting forth a number
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us, we come to be more concerned about the here and now. 

Policy analysis should be evaluated in terms of goals and impact assessment rather than values. The alternative is a world of conflict, confusion, and doubt.

Lynn 99 (Laurence, Sid Richardson Research Prof. in LBJ School of Public Affairs @ UT Austin, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, "A Place at the Table: Policy Analysis, Its Postpositive Critics, and the Future of Practice", 18:3) GZ
Policy analysis, says Torgerson,  is "haunted"  by its original "dream
AND
"  and will "make  their humanity  apparent"  (p. 51).  

The low probability of an impact shouldn’t prevent us from preparing for catastrophe—the risk of high magnitude impacts necessitates action

Posner, 5—Richard, The Probability of Catastrophe. Richard A. Posner. Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, N.Y.: Jan 4, 2005. pg. A.12. Proquest Databases. SAS

The fact that a catastrophe is very unlikely to occur is not a rational justification
AND
, the expected cost of disaster may be sufficient to warrant defensive measures.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Arcadia CW | Judge: Zach Harbauer

T-Gov to Gov

—Interpretation—

Economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)

Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government  engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

—Violation—

The affirmative violates the phrase "economic engagement" in the resolution because they are not a government to government interaction.

—Impact—

They unlimit the topic- results in millions of tiny affs

Hayden 13 (Dr. Craig Hayden is an assistant professor in the International Communication Program at American University’s School of International Service. "Engagement" is More Convenient than Helpful: Dissecting a Public Diplomacy Term.", http://intermap.org/2013/06/20/engagement-is-more-convenient-than-helpful-dissecting-a-public-diplomacy-term/
I think this tension is readily apparent in efforts to use social media for public
AND
the purpose and the operative theories that underscore efforts to reach foreign publics. 

Limited, topic specific education outweighs- key to clash

Shively 2000
(Ruth Lessl, Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A26M U., Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

They hijack education—predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen 2004  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

FW

The roll of the ballot is to decide between the hypothetical enactment of a topical plan and the status quo or a competitive policy option. Since they haven’t proposed a topical plan, vote neg on presumption—there’s no reason to vote aff.

Resolved denotes a proposal to be enacted by law

Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition  
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".  

United States federal government is the three branches

US Legal 9(definitions.uslegal.com/u/united-states-federal-government, September 23 2009, DA 6/21/11, OST)

The United States Federal Government is established by the US Constitution. The Federal Government
AND
to the Federal Government are reserved to the States or to the people. 

They don’t propose something to be enacted into law by the United States Federal Government.

A focus on the political is key – problem solving capacities determine efficacy and resolves actual issues

Jarvis, 2k ~Daryl, Lecturer in Government at the University of Sydney, "International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism", pages 128-130~
Perhaps more alarming though is the outright violence Ashley recom-mends in response to
AND
talcen care of these ontological dilemmas that otherwise seem to preoccupy Ashley.40 

Failure to engage in the political process will result in the takeover by the extreme right, leading to discrimination and war worldwide

Rorty 98 – professor emeritus of comparative literature and philosophy, by courtesy, at Stanford University (Richard, "ACHIEVING OUR COUNTRY: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America", 1998, pg. 89-94)
*WE DO NOT ENDORSE GENDERED LANGUAGE*
Many writers on socioeconomic policy have warned that the old industrialized democracies are heading into
AND
everywhere and nowhere, as evanescent and insistent as a resourceful spook."10

Gender IR

The aff’s attempts to  "free" Latin America without first considering the Latina mindset are doomed to fail and reproduce the same structural deficiencies they hope to solve

Schutte 11 (Ofelia, Ph.D. in philosophy and Professor Emerita at University of Southern Florida, "Engaging Latin American Feminisms Today: Methods, Theory, Practice." Hypatia 26.4 pgs. 798-799) TYBG
Concepts of freedom and liberation need to be grounded in a historical and cultural context
AND
balance issues of power with issues of fairness, reciprocity, and justice.

Maquiladoras rely on a disposable work force of women – high turnover rate reflects unrealistic expectations about workers’ bodies – this disposability generates a culture of femicide without escape

gilDa Rodríguez, Dec 2010 (gilda rodríguez is a doctoral student in the Political Science department. She specializes in political theory and race, ethnicity, and politics, and is  a Women’s Studies concentrator. Her dissertation  focuses on the practices of political membership  of indigenous Mexican migrants to the united  States. She received a CSW travel grant, which  that enabled her to present her paper "From Misogyny to Murder: everyday Sexism and Femicide  in Cross-Cultural Context" at the 2010 meeting of  the Western Political Science association., "From Misogyny to Murder", http://www.csw.ucla.edu/publications/newsletters/2010-2011/article-pdfs/DEC2010_Gilda.pdf  

The maquiladora model is  built on a conception of its workers as disposable. The
AND
and the femicides,  continue to be an important player in the  city’s economy 

Vote negative to inject gender issues into economic calculations - this is critical to solve specifically in the context of Mexico

Sweet and Escalante 10
(Elizabeth L., visiting assistant professor in the Department of Geography and Urban Studies at Temple University. Sara Ortiz, a gender equity consultant and a researcher on women’s safety based in Barcelona, Spain, "HOW PLANNING ENGAGES GENDER VIOLENCE: EVIDENCE FROM SPAIN, MEXICO AND THE U.S.," http://www.eslarp.uiuc.edu/courses/FAA20391_Spring10/Sweet_How20planning20engages20gender20violence.pdf)hhs-sh
In Mexico, multiple strategies were invoked to respond to gender violence. However,   
AND
violence in these cities has been reduced as a result of these actions.

Endorsing a method of gendered policy making places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.  

Case

Companies are leaving Maquiladoras

Guidi 2005 (Maquiladoras: From Bad to Worse¶ Latino USA , radio journal of news and culture¶ By Ruxandra Guidi, March 2005, http://www.cfomaquiladoras.org/english20site/maquiladoras_demal_enpeor.en.html)
Introduction by Maria Hinojosa~: Remember maquiladoras, the low-cost textile factories situated
AND
in Mexico , so long as you search hard and make ends meet.¶.

Maquiladoras are improving in safety and productivity-Juarez proves

Megan Richford 5/1/13 Executive Marketing Assistant for NAPS- offers administrative support services for companies manufacturing in Mexico. "JUAREZ CRIME DECLINES, ECONOMY AND MANUFACTURING IN MEXICO IMPROVING" http://news.cision.com/north-american-production-sharing—inc-/r/juarez-crime-declines—economy-and-manufacturing-in-mexico-improving,c9409177
The economy is reviving, residents are feeling safe, and businesses and investors would
AND
businesses and investors to operate in Juarez and contribute to its flourishing economy.

Bereft of values, our society demands images of suffering from others to replenish our moral sentiment.  We exchange our pity for their pain, in a process that guarantees the suffering must continue.

Baudrillard in 94 (Jean, September 28, "No Reprieve For Sarejevo")

The problem lies indeed in the nature of our reality. We have got only
AND
undermining the military-industrial complex of old 26 sinister days. ¶ ?

Their use of the suffering of others is nothing more than exploitation. They turn suffering into a perverse for of capital to be exchanged for your ballot, vampirically draining the life from those who suffer, and ensuring their suffering continues. We must reject their economy of trauma to prevent further suffering.

Baudrillard 96
(Jean Baudrillard The Perfect Crime, 1996, pg 133 – 137,)

Our reality: that is the problem. We have only one, and it
AND
aware of what we are doing — from evil, never from misfortune. 

====By participating in this tournament while knowingly rejecting the resolution, an agreed upon norm, our opponents are acting as civil disobedients.  Though they have the right to challenge rules they believe to be unjust, their request for the ballot is contradictory to the goals of their resistance.====
A.D. Woozley 76 (Professor of Moral Philosophy at University of Virginia, "Civil Disobedience and Punishment," Ethics, Vol. 86, No. 4. (Jul., 1976), pp. 323-331, accessed via JSTOR)
The civil disobedient stands to gain nothing for himself (as the ordinary criminal does
AND
those for whom it is rightly claimed, to demand it for themselves. 

====If you do believe their stance is sincere and/or you agree with it, you should reward their civil disobedience with a loss.  Punishment is key to enlisting the sympathy of the majority and ensuring the movement succeeds.====
Cohen 72 – Marshall, University Professor, Emeritus, Professor of Philosophy and Law, Emeritus, and Dean, Emeritus, College of Letters, Arts and Sciences at USC ~"Liberalism and Disobedience," Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 3. (Spring, 1972), pp. 283-314, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2265054.pdf~~
It is for this reason that the civil disobedient characteristically notifies government officials of the
AND
at stake, and this is the first objective of the civil disobedient.
?

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBN HK | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

T- Gov to Gov

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

’Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that’s mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – lifting the economic embargo on Cuba is a unilateral action done by Congress in the US.

C. Voting issue –

1.  Limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3^rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible

2. Ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ’engagement’

Gender IR

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. "Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil." Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.

Shepherd 2007 
~Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, "Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence," BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256~
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ’our sense of self-identity
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.  

Commissions CP- Embargo Specific

The President of the United States of America should issue an executive order mandating the creation of a National Bipartisan Commission on Cuba tasked with recommending Congressional solutions to economic engagement with Cuba.

The commission should recommend that the United States Federal Government substantially ease its economic restrictions with the Republic of Cuba.

Counterplan solves- the idea for a commission specific to the aff was brought up during the Clinton administration

Karon, 2010
(Tony, former senior editor of TIME, 4/21/2010, "Do We Really Need an Embargo Against Cuba?" Online: http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,48773,00.html, Accessed: 12/11/13 FG)
But the Elian Gonzalez saga, coming hard on the heels of Congress’s permanently normalizing
AND
a singular failure in its primary mission — to unseat the Cuban dictator.
And that has prompted a growing movement in the corridors of power to reconsider the
AND
Bush campaign, including former Secretaries of State Kissinger, Schultz and Eagleburger.
And that’s hardly surprising, since ending the embargo has long been advocated by groupings as diverse as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Vatican and, reportedly, the bulk of democracy activists still living in Cuba. While previous embargoes of countries such as Iran and Iraq have had the support of most of the industrialized world, the only country consistently backing Washington’s Cuba policy is Israel.

Politics- Iran Sanctions

Obama’s holding off sanctions now but the Senate will keep pushing

Slavin 12/11 (Barbara Slavin is a senior fellow at the Atlantic Council’s South Asia Center and a correspondent for Al-Monitor.com, a website specializing in the Middle East. She is the author of a 2007 book, Bitter Friends, Bosom Enemies: Iran, the US and the Twisted Path to Confrontation, and is a regular commentator on U.S. foreign policy and Iran on NPR, PBS, C-SPAN and the Voice of America. "Congress Avoids Clash on Iran Sanctions But Road Ahead Uncertain" http://www.voanews.com/content/clash-over-iran-sanctions-avoided-road-ahead-uncertain/1808440.html)
Congress appears poised to give the Barack Obama administration some early Christmas gifts as it
AND
comes to more sanctions~ they know you’re yearning to go do it."

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
AND
could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

PC is key to stop new sanctions or they’ll derail the deal with Iran

Dennis 11/24 (Steven, Roll Call, "Obama Faces Skeptical Congress as Iran Nuclear Deal Reached (Updated)," 11/24/2013, http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/)
President Barack Obama has a sales job to do with Congress after he announced an
AND
I have great confidence in my colleagues in the Congress," he said.

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

Case

Ag

1) Squo solves this advantage – Cuba is fine without further investment. Plan is not necessary.

Altieri and Funes-Monzote 2012 (Miguel A. Altieri is Profesor of Agroecology at the University of California, Berkeley and President of the Latin American Scientific Society of Agroecology and Fernando R. Funes-Monzote is currently a researcher at the Experimental Station Indio Hatuey, University of Matanzas, Cuba. He is one of the founding members of the Cuban Association of Organic Agriculture.) ("The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture" http://monthlyreview.org/2012/01/01/the-paradox-of-cuban-agriculture)
When Cuba faced the shock of lost trade relations with the Soviet Bloc in the
AND
Cuba," Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (2011): 161-91.¶ 

2) The Cuban ag industry will survive with the embargo in place – it is extremely resilient

Altieri and Funes-Monzote 2012 (Miguel A. Altieri is Profesor of Agroecology at the University of California, Berkeley and President of the Latin American Scientific Society of Agroecology and Fernando R. Funes-Monzote is currently a researcher at the Experimental Station Indio Hatuey, University of Matanzas, Cuba. He is one of the founding members of the Cuban Association of Organic Agriculture.) ("The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture" http://monthlyreview.org/2012/01/01/the-paradox-of-cuban-agriculture)
The Paradox’s Outcome—What Does the Future Hold?¶ The instability in international markets
AND
country’s agriculture can help Cuba achieve food sovereignty while maintaining its political autonomy.

Cuba agriculture sustainable now because of the Embargo—-plan collapses the industry

Fairweather and Asquith ’10 (Jack Fairweather- former Middle East correspondent who spent four years as the Daily Telegraph’s Baghdad and Gulf correspondent. He was an embedded reporter during the Iraq invasion, and won the British equivalent of the Pulitzer prize for his reporting on Iraq’s civil war. Most recently Jack has been the Washington Post Global’s Islamic world correspondent, where he has created Islam’s Advance, a multi-media Post webpage that’s viewed by 80,000 viewers a month. Jack is also a contributor to Harper’s Magazine, Mother Jones and the Atlantic Monthly and Christina Asquith- Christina Asquith has 12 years experience as a local beat reporter, national correspondent and foreign correspondent for The Philadelphia Inquirer, The New York Times and The Economist. She spent three years in the Middle East covering the Iraq war, and won "Educator of the Year" award by Education News for her coverage of the effects of war on the lives of school system. She also is author of two non-fiction books: "The Emergency Teacher: A Year Inside Philadelphia’s Toughest School" (Skyhorse Press, 2007) and "The Spinsters’ War: A Story of Women, Life and Death in Iraq" (Random House, 2009). Prior to joining Solutions Magazine, she was senior editor at Diverse Magazine in Washington DC; "How Can Cuba’s Sustainable Agriculture Survive the Peace?"; http://thesolutionsjournal.com/node/554)

For a country that responded to severe energy crisis by switching to organic, localized
AND
a leading agronomist at the Indio Hatuey Experimental Station, University of Matanzas.

Cuban agriculture is key to genetic diversity and adaptability

Vernooy and Song 04 (Ronnie Vernoy, International Development Research Centre. Yiching Song, Center for Chinese Agriculture Policy. "New Approaches to Supporting the Agricultural Biodiversity Important for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods". International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. www.betuco.be/voorlichting/New20Approaches20to20Supporting20the20Agricultural20Biodiversity.pdf)
In China and Cuba, the collaboration between¶ the farmer and formal seed systems
AND
Thus the Cuban experience will¶ likely have relevance elsewhere in the future.¶ 

Extinction

Fowler and Mooney, 90 (Cary and Pat, "Rural Advancement Fund International, Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity", 1990, pg. ix)
While many may ponder the consequences of global warming, perhaps the biggest single environmental
AND
exports may have spread the blight to Africa, Latin America and Asia.

1. New tech means farmers will always produce more food

Zubrin 11
(Dr. Robert Zubrin, president of Pioneer Astronautics, Senior Fellow with the Center for Security Policy "WHY IT’S WRONG TO AGREE WITH THE MALTHUSIANS ABOUT ETHANOL" May 13, 2011http:www.ilcorn.org/daily-update/182-why-it-rsquo-s-wrong-to-agree-with-the-malthusians-about-ethanol/) CG

In an op-ed article printed in the Denver Post May 8, editorial
AND
average farms, and then go global, thereby raising crop yields everywhere. 

No environmental extinction

Easterbrook, 03
senior fellow at the New Republic, 03 ("We’re All Gonna Die21", http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=126topic=26topic_set=) 

If we’re talking about doomsday - the end of human civilization - many scenarios simply
AND
as he was, wrote Remembrance of Things Past while lying in bed.

1. There is no bioterrorist threat. The most sophisticated terrorist group ever tried attacking with a biological agent 9 times and the attacks were so bad no one even noticed they were happening.

Mueller, 05
(John, Professor of Political Science at OhioState. May 2005. International Studies Perspectives, Volume 6 Issue 2 Page 208-234, Simplicity and Spook: Terrorism and the Dynamics of Threat Exaggeration)

Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could indeed, if thus far only in
AND
—in fact, nobody even noticed that the attacks had taken place. 

Relat

1. The Cuban transition will be gradual and stable – Diaz-Canel makes a political transition inevitable

López-Levy, 13 - PhD candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver (Arturo, "Getting Ready for Post-Castro Cuba," The National Interest, 4/10, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316)

In the last five years, the Cuban government has created an important institutional foundation
AND
incentives in ways it has not done since the Ford and Carter Administrations.

2. Lifting the Embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms

Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, "Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo", NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)

Still, in a country where Cubans "resolve" their way around government restrictions
AND
the 1950s. "There is a lot of work to be done."

3. Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)  

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as opposed to an Eastern European-style
AND
policy paralysis or a smoke-screen for maintenance of the status quo.

4. Rapid change risks Cuban civil war

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf
Some in the United States have long supported severe sanctions  intended to starve the Cuban
AND
to quell a bloody civil  war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.

1. Terrorists won’t pursue or use nuclear weapons

Waltz, 03
(Kenneth, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, 2003, p. 130)

For terrorists who abandon tactics of disruption and harassment in favor of dealing in wholesale
AND
to wreak great destruction, threats they would not want to execute anyway.

5. Turns any effectiveness of the plan – exacerbates the drug trade, humanitarian crisis, government oppression and relations

NAÍM, 1 – editor of Foreign Policy (MOISÉS, "When Countries go Crazy", MARCH 1, 2001, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2001/03/01/when_countries_go_crazy

Some countries can drive other countries crazy. When people have this effect on one
AND
, the powerful interest groups that blinded him to the lessons of experience.

1. Their authors use selective definitions of democracy to justify democratic peace theory – they’re empirically wrong

Schwartz and Skinner, 99
(Thomas Schwartz, professor of political science at the University of California, Los Angeles. Kiron K. Skinner , W. Glenn Campbell Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. "The Myth of Democratic Pacifism" http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3512216.html)

What do the facts show? Assuming lax enough tests of democracy, exceptions to
AND
use), democracies (descriptive use) cannot be aggressors, can they?

2. No timeframe – it would take decades before democracy promotion programs would even begin to be effective

Diamond, 2K
(Larry Diamond, professor, lecturer, adviser, and author on foreign policy, foreign aid, and democracy. "Democracy Promotion for the Long Haul." 11-30-00. http://www.stanford.edu/~~ldiamond/papers/AIDpartners.pdf)

It will not do to promote free and fair elections if we do not effectively
AND
legitimate, and sustainable democracy, in other words, for democratic consolidation.

The U.S. won’t retaliate –

1. Obama knows the costs

Crowley, 10
Senior Editor the New Republic, 10 (Michael, January, "Obama and Nuclear Deterrence", http://www.tnr.com/node/72263) 

The Los Angeles Times ran an important story yesterday about the Obama administration’s Nuclear Posture
AND
or any president, for that matter—would go through with it.

2. Makes no sense

Spring, 01
(Baker, Research Fellow at Heritage Foundation, Heritage Backgrounder 1477, Sept 20, http://www.heritage.org/Research/MissileDefense/BG1477.cfm)

Nuclear retaliation is not appropriate for every kind of attack against America. Some opponents
AND
. The United States needs to be able to resort to defensive options.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 3 | Opponent: Niles North TB | Judge: Brad Meloche

T Gov to Gov

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf-http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

’Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that’s mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

National Bipartisan Commission on Cuba CP

TEXT: The President of the United States of America should issue an executive order mandating the creation of a National Bipartisan Commission on Cuba tasked with recommending Congressional solutions to economic engagement with Cuba. The commission should recommend the establishment of normal trade relations with the Republic of Cuba.

Counterplan solves- the idea for a commission specific to the aff was brought up during the Clinton administration

Karon, 2010
(Tony, former senior editor of TIME, 4/21/2010, "Do We Really Need an Embargo Against Cuba?" Online: http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,48773,00.html-http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,48773,00.html, Accessed: 12/11/13 FG)
But the Elian Gonzalez saga, coming hard on the heels of Congress’s permanently normalizing
AND
a singular failure in its primary mission — to unseat the Cuban dictator.
And that has prompted a growing movement in the corridors of power to reconsider the
AND
Bush campaign, including former Secretaries of State Kissinger, Schultz and Eagleburger.
And that’s hardly surprising, since ending the embargo has long been advocated by groupings as diverse as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Vatican and, reportedly, the bulk of democracy activists still living in Cuba. While previous embargoes of countries such as Iran and Iraq have had the support of most of the industrialized world, the only country consistently backing Washington’s Cuba policy is Israel.

Financial Reforms Embargo Conditions CP

The United States federal government should establish normal trade relations with the Republic of Cuba if and only if the Cuban government implements, through a bilateral framework, economic liberalization reforms, including engaging international financial institutions, reducing restrictions on foreign direct investment, and admittance into the Organization of American States.

The United States federal government should then make all conditions reversible, as per our 2^nd Perez evidence.

Only the counterplan solves Cuban growth and democracy – US engagement in economic liberalization ensures stable transition post-Castro and avoids a civil war. And they’d say yes.

David A. Perez, Yale Law School, JD, 2010, Harvard Latino Law Review, Spring,13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, America’s Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department, p. 216-7ts
The United States should recognize that economic change is a precursor to political change.
AND
, may also prevent a costly civil war during the inevitably painful transition.

Conditionality and reversibility are key – Plan fails without the threat of returned sanctions – government repression, instability and chaos would be the result

David A. Perez, Yale Law School, JD, 2010, Harvard Latino Law Review, Spring,13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, America’s Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department, p. 216-7ts
After conducting some initial discussions, both countries can then move on to the embargo
AND
to Cuba, by no means are any overtures on Washington’s end irreversible.

Politics DA

Obama’s holding off sanctions now but the Senate will keep pushing

Slavin 12/11 (Barbara Slavin is a senior fellow at the Atlantic Council’s South Asia Center and a correspondent for Al-Monitor.com, a website specializing in the Middle East. She is the author of a 2007 book, Bitter Friends, Bosom Enemies: Iran, the US and the Twisted Path to Confrontation, and is a regular commentator on U.S. foreign policy and Iran on NPR, PBS, C-SPAN and the Voice of America. "Congress Avoids Clash on Iran Sanctions But Road Ahead Uncertain" http://www.voanews.com/content/clash-over-iran-sanctions-avoided-road-ahead-uncertain/1808440.html)
Congress appears poised to give the Barack Obama administration some early Christmas gifts as it
AND
comes to more sanctions~ they know you’re yearning to go do it."

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914-http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
AND
could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

PC is key to stop new sanctions or they’ll derail the deal with Iran

Dennis 11/24 (Steven, Roll Call, "Obama Faces Skeptical Congress as Iran Nuclear Deal Reached (Updated)," 11/24/2013, http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/-http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/)
President Barack Obama has a sales job to do with Congress after he announced an
AND
I have great confidence in my colleagues in the Congress," he said.

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

Ag

Cuba agriculture sustainable now because of the Embargo—-plan collapses the industry

Fairweather and Asquith ’10 (Jack Fairweather- former Middle East correspondent who spent four years as the Daily Telegraph’s Baghdad and Gulf correspondent. He was an embedded reporter during the Iraq invasion, and won the British equivalent of the Pulitzer prize for his reporting on Iraq’s civil war. Most recently Jack has been the Washington Post Global’s Islamic world correspondent, where he has created Islam’s Advance, a multi-media Post webpage that’s viewed by 80,000 viewers a month. Jack is also a contributor to Harper’s Magazine, Mother Jones and the Atlantic Monthly and Christina Asquith- Christina Asquith has 12 years experience as a local beat reporter, national correspondent and foreign correspondent for The Philadelphia Inquirer, The New York Times and The Economist. She spent three years in the Middle East covering the Iraq war, and won "Educator of the Year" award by Education News for her coverage of the effects of war on the lives of school system. She also is author of two non-fiction books: "The Emergency Teacher: A Year Inside Philadelphia’s Toughest School" (Skyhorse Press, 2007) and "The Spinsters’ War: A Story of Women, Life and Death in Iraq" (Random House, 2009). Prior to joining Solutions Magazine, she was senior editor at Diverse Magazine in Washington DC; "How Can Cuba’s Sustainable Agriculture Survive the Peace?"; http://thesolutionsjournal.com/node/554-http://thesolutionsjournal.com/node/554)

For a country that responded to severe energy crisis by switching to organic, localized
AND
a leading agronomist at the Indio Hatuey Experimental Station, University of Matanzas.

Heg

1. The Cuban transition will be gradual and stable – Diaz-Canel makes a political transition inevitable

López-Levy, 13 - PhD candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver (Arturo, "Getting Ready for Post-Castro Cuba," The National Interest, 4/10, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316-http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316)

In the last five years, the Cuban government has created an important institutional foundation
AND
incentives in ways it has not done since the Ford and Carter Administrations.

2. Lifting the Embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms

Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, "Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo", NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)

Still, in a country where Cubans "resolve" their way around government restrictions
AND
the 1950s. "There is a lot of work to be done."

3. Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/18 cuba feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)ID  

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as opposed to an Eastern European-style
AND
policy paralysis or a smoke-screen for maintenance of the status quo.

5. Rapid change risks Cuban civil war

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/18 cuba feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf
Some in the United States have long supported severe sanctions  intended to starve the Cuban
AND
to quell a bloody civil  war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 6 | Opponent: Minneapolis South GE | Judge: Brian Murray

Fem

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. "Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil." Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.

Shepherd 2007 
~Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, "Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence," BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256~
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ’our sense of self-identity
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.  

Heidegger

Engaging one facet oppression through a universal morality only replicates the harms. This mindset cedes the political to elites and masks alternative modes of being.

Spanos ’2K ~Professor of English at SUNY–Binghamton) 2k (The Question of Philosophy and Poiesis in the Posthistorical Age: Thinking/ Imagining the Shadow of Metaphysics, William V. Spanos, boundary 2, 27.1 (2000) 169)JRC~
And in thus focusing this indissoluble relay, which could be collectively subsumed under the
AND
peace that justify the physical and spiritual slaughter and maiming of human life. 

In order to find a different relationship to technology the alternative is to do nothing because only doing nothing allows for a new destining of being.

Harman in 09 (Graham, Professor of Philosophy @ American University in Cairo, "Cambridge Journal of Economics", 2009, Vol. 34(1), Technology, objects and things in Heidegger p.17-25) 

Another word in Heidegger’s constellation of technology terms is danger, which turns out to
AND
wish to know’ (Heidegger, 1994, pp. 71–2).

FW

Interpretation—the roll of the ballot is that the judge is a policy maker and the affirmative should defend a mandated increase of federal economic engagement with Latin America.

Here’s evidence that the resolution is the key stasis point—their interpretation is arbitrary
O’Donnell 2004

PhD, director of debate at Mary Washington (Tim, WFU Debaters Research Guide, "Blue helmet blues", ed. Bauschard 26 Lacy, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm-http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/DRGArtiarticlesIndex.htm)
The answer, I believe, resides deep in the rhetorical tradition in the often
AND
debate from other forms of communication and gives the exchange a directed focus. 

And, this form of argumentation outweighs

Shively ’2K
(Ruth Lessl, Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A26M U., Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Hijacks education—predictability is the basis of negative strategy which is key to clash and depth of discussion. The impact is rigorous testing of policies which is the only way to truly understand the world.

Zappen ’4  
James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)
Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

And, their appeal to social location just flips the error and polarizes people that can’t identify with their experiences – they replicate expertism

Scott, 92
professor of sociology at Princeton (Joan, "Multiculturalism and the Politics of Identity," The Identity in Question (Summer, 1992), pp. 12-19, JSTOR)
There is nothing wrong, on the face of it, with teaching individuals about
AND
and deeming as discernably objective facts the prerequisites for inclusion in any group.

No ground makes the aff presumptively false

Lasch 95
Christopher, Social Critic and Author, "The Revolt of the Elites and the
AND
activity we may well decide that there is something wrong with our own.

Common ground builds bridges to consensus—their critique of debate demonizes a target and then forces us to defend that target, reversing the potential for progress

Levasseur and Carlin 01
David G. Levasseur is Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at West Chester University in
AND
evaluate policy positions using an egocentric standard than a common-good standard.

Malcom X proves the value of switch-side debate—it produces more effective advocacy.

Branham 95
Branham, Professor of Rhetoric at Bates College 1995 (Robert,
AND
his own, which shone most brightly in the light generated by confrontation.

Switch side is the only effective training for activism

Coverstone 05

masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach
(Alan H., "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact," Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference, 11/17/05)
Purely Preparatory Pedagogy?
Many have argued the value of an academic oasis in which to learn the skills of public participation (Coverstone, 1995; Farrand, 2000; Mitchell 26 Suzuki, 2004). Involvement in contest debates, especially those whose winners rely heavily on up to the minute research and daily involvement in the political and academic discourse of the day, without question offers a level of preparation for pro-social activism seldom surpassed in any educational institution today. Mitchell agrees that the skills developed in contest debates are incredibly useful as skills applied in public discourse (Mitchell, 2004, p. 10), and political news, advocacy groups, legal proceedings, academic institutions, and corporate boardrooms are littered with key figures who honed their skills in the crucible of high-level contest debating.

Lack of policy engagement cedes the political and turns alt solvency

Walt 12 (Stephen M., Robert and Renee Belfer Professor of International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School, co-editor of the Cornell Studies in Security Affairs and a contributing editor at Foreign Policy, "Theory and Policy in International Relations: Some Personal Reflections by Stephen M. Walt", http://yalejournal.org/2012/09/theory-and-policy-in-international-relations-some-personal-reflections-by-stephen-m-walt/-http://yalejournal.org/2012/09/theory-and-policy-in-international-relations-some-personal-reflections-by-stephen-m-walt/, 9/28/12)
Moreover, like most political science, contemporary IR scholarship is written to appeal to
AND
. Persistence, not perspicacity, is the real taproot of policy influence.

Critical theory fails—-research and policy focus in Latin America are vital—-key to prevent poverty and other issues

Pribble et al 09 
Jennifer Pribble- Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Richmond; Evelyne Huber- Morehead Alumni Professor of Political Science and Chair of the Department of Political Science at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; John D. Stephens- Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Sociology; Director, Center for European Studies, received his B.A. (1970) from Harvard University and his Ph.D. (1976) from Yale University; "Politics, Policies, and Poverty in Latin America"; July 2009; Comparative Politics, Vol. 41, No. 4 (July 2009), pp. 387-407; available on Jstor @ http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/40599215.pdf
This focus on the role of politics- political regime type, parties, and
AND
ideology have an important effect on cross-national variation in Latin American poverty

Case

1. The effects of neoliberalism are already leading to stable collapse-3 examples

Bello, 3
(Walden Bello, professor of sociology and public administration at the University of the Philippines Diliman and executive director of Focus on the Global South, 7-10-03, "The Crisis of the Globalist Project," http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/162/27872.html)

There have been three moments in the deepening crisis of the globalist project. The
AND
March 2001, leading to the prolonged stagnation and the onset of deflation.

Rejection of Eurocentric ideology fails

Wasserstrom, University of California History Professor, 1
(Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, January 2001, American Historical Foundation "Eurocentrism and Its Discontents," http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2001/0101/0101vie1.cfm-http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2001/0101/0101vie1.cfm, accessed July 6, 2013, EK)

First, so many factors are in play in the debate that all blanket statements about how far the critique of Eurocentrism has gone or should go are bound to be reductionist.
Second, knee-jerk anti-Eurocentrism can lead to the writing of bad history. Sometimes, in rushing to combat any possible overemphasis on Europe, the baby is indeed thrown out with the bathwater, as Landes claims. And it has become too easy, as Judt argues, to replace Eurocentric narratives with tales so ungrounded that they come across as disembodied and passionless.
Third, terms such as "Eurocentrism," "Western-centric," and "
AND
sometimes justifiably, sometimes not—by scholars based outside of the West.
Fourth, in spite of all this, the enduring legacy of many Eurocentric tendencies
AND
-fertilizations between area specialists (and world historians) of various sorts.

Alt Fails – too connected to everything

Dirlik, Former Duke University History Professor, 99
(Arif Dirlik, Spring 1999, "Is There History after Eurocentrism?: Globalism, Postcolonialism, and the Disavowal of History," pg. 18-19, JSTOR, accessed July 7, 2013, EK)

Recognition of Eurocentrism as a historical phenomenon that differs from other centrisms in terms of
AND
nevertheless limited to those regions. Eurocentrism as compared to earlier "centrisms"

Eurocentric Framing is inevitable – human nature

Zahrai, Ethics Journalist, 8
(Koorosh Zahrai, March 18, 2008, Control Structures Review, "Eurocentrism: The basis of our society, culture, and source of our problem coexisting with nature," http://controlstructures.spheerix.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=19:eurocentrism-the-basis-of-our-society-culture-and-source-of-our-problem-coexisting-with-nature26catid=5:digital-culture26Itemid=6-http://controlstructures.spheerix.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=19:eurocentrism-the-basis-of-our-society-culture-and-source-of-our-problem-coexisting-with-nature26catid=5:digital-culture26Itemid=6, accessed July 6, 2013, EK)

The Eurocentric worldview permeates every aspect of our lives, as we are all products
AND
join together to work on attaining a more meaningful relationship with our surroundings.
Unthinking Eurocentrism focusses on Eurocentrism and multiculturalism in popular culture. It is written in
AND
fictitious sense of the innate superiority of European-derived cultures and peoples.

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBN CL | Judge: Sydney Doe

T- Economic Engagement

A. Interpretation – "economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it must encompass broader forms of engagement

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

B. Violation –

Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t "economic" because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life

Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, "The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms", November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf?
"Economic sanctions", a mode of coercion in international relations resuscitated in recent years
AND
effect is primarily to convey displeasure, rather than to affect the economy.

C. Voting issue –

1. Limits – they explode the topic – blurring the lines between economic and other forms of engagement makes any positive interaction with another country topical.  It’s impossible to predict or prepare

2. Ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans

3. Certainty- the aff only proposes the offer, it doesn’t mandate that any action is being done, no solvency.

Iran Sanctions Politics

PC is holding off a vote on Iran sanctions – failure destroys U.S. global credibility

Leverett 1/20 (Flynt, professor at Pennsylvania State University’s School of International Affairs and is a Visiting Scholar at Peking University’s School of International Studies, and Hillary Mann Leverett, Senior Professorial Lecturer at the American University in Washington, DC and a Visiting Scholar at Peking University in Beijing, "Iran, Syria and the Tragicomedy of U.S. Foreign Policy," http://goingtotehran.com/iran-syria-and-the-tragicomedy-of-u-s-foreign-policy)
Regarding President Obama’s ongoing struggle with the Senate over Iran policy, Hillary cautions against
AND
and prestige in the Middle East, but we will see it globally."

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
AND
could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

PC is key to stop new sanctions or they’ll derail the deal with Iran

Dennis 11/24 (Steven, Roll Call, "Obama Faces Skeptical Congress as Iran Nuclear Deal Reached (Updated)," 11/24/2013, http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/)
President Barack Obama has a sales job to do with Congress after he announced an
AND
I have great confidence in my colleagues in the Congress," he said.

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

XO CP

CP Text: The president of the United States should issue an executive order to offer Cuba the option to trade Cuban nickel to the United States.

The President is the sole channel of foreign intercourse

Prakash and Ramsey, 2001
(Saikrishna B and Michael D, The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf, Accessed 7-9-13, RRR)
As many of the incidents recounted above indicate, Washington spoke for the United States
AND
, the House requested the President to convey its sentiments to France.378

Exectutive action avoids the politics DA – doesn’t spend political capital.

Howell, 5 (William G., Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, "Unilateral Powers: A Brief Overview," Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35, no. 3, September, p. 421)
The actions that Bush and his modern predecessors have taken by fiat do not fit
AND
Congress lacks the votes (usually two thirds of both chambers)¶ to overturn
him, the president can be confident that his policy will stand.

Fem IR

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. "Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil." Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.

Shepherd 2007 
~Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, "Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence," BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256~
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ’our sense of self-identity
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.  

China DA

US-Sino relations high now

Forbes, 9/20/13
(9/20/13, "Biden Hails Importance Of U.S.-China Relationship," Online: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2013/09/20/biden-hails-importance-of-u-s-china-relationship/, Accessed: 9/26/13 FG)
Washington might love to hate China, but the U.S. relationship with
AND
avoid falling into a trap, of seeing one another as strategic rivals."

US engagement in Latin America crushes relations – causes crowd out

Ellis, 12
~R. Evan, professor of national security studies at the Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, May 2012, Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, "The United States, Latin America and China: A ’Triangular Relationship’?", http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD8661_China_Triangular0424v2e-may.pdf, Accessed 7/2/13, ML~
At the political level, US engagement with Latin American  countries has impacted the ability
AND
United States blocked it from acquiring a comparable  aircraft from the Czech Republic.

Relations are key to solve a US-China war

Lawrence, 6/14/13 
~Susan V. Specialist in Asian Affairs, June 14, Congressional Research Service U.S.-China Relations: Policy Issues http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41108.pdf RC~
Hanging over the relationship is the larger question of whether, as China grows in
AND
networks "appear to  be attributable directly to the Chinese government and military."

That escalates and causes nuclear winter– improving relations is the only solution

Wittner 12
~Dr. Lawrence Wittner, Professor of History emeritus at SUNY/Albany,11/10/12, Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lawrence-wittner/nuclear-war-china_b_1116556.html)~~
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
AND
that of the world, they should be working to encourage these policies.

Steel Adv.

China Steel weak now- slowed growth, profit decline, and export slump prove

China Daily, 12
(China Daily, 6-23-12, "China crude steel sector grows slower", ¶ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-06/23/content_15519267.htm)// CG

BEIJING - Growth of China’s crude steel output slowed in the first five months,
AND
a major steel user, and exports slumped amid a lingering eurozone crisis.

Chinese steel economy failing now—demand and prices plummeting.

Chovanec 12  
("How China Could Easily Have A Hard Landing With Any Slowdown In Construction Growth" Patrick Chovanec (Associate Professor of Practice at Tsinghua University’s School of Economics and Management in Beijing, China.) January 16, 2012 http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-01-16/markets/30631008_1_real-estate-hard-landing-gdp/3)// CG

There are two ways that the drop in the property market translates into slower economic
AND
of RMB 920 million (US24 146 million) excluding investment gains.

No China-Taiwan war

Steketee 8
8/19, *MIKE STEKETEE: NATIONAL AFFAIRS EDITOR, "China unlikely to go to war over Taiwan, says defence expert," http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/china-wont-fight-over-taiwan-expert/story-e6frg6t6-1111117233275, AJ

CHINA is unlikely to be a military threat and the chances of a conflict over
AND
that is more than the foreign service officers in the entire State Department." 

No war- relations high

Roberge and Lee, 09 
(Michal and Youkyung- writers for the Council on Foreign Relations.  "China-Taiwan Relations." 8/11. http://www.cfr.org/china/china-taiwan-relations/p9223)

Despite intermittent diplomatic friction, the cross-strait economic relationship has blossomed. China
AND
proceed into the poltical realm toward unification with China or independence for Taiwan.

1. Empirically denied and alternate causality – hundreds of thousands of species die annually

Paltrowitz, 01
(JD Brooklyn Journal of I-Law, 2001 (A Greening of the World Trade Organisation")

However, the panel did not take into account the practical reality that negotiations are
AND
impose few constraints on a contracting party’s implementation of domestic environmental policies." n108

2. Species extinction won’t cause human extinction – humans and the environment are adaptable

Doremus, 2K
(Holly,  Professor of Law at UC Davis Washington 26 Lee Law Review, Winter 57 Wash 26 Lee L. Rev. 11, lexis)  

In recent years, this discourse frequently has taken the form of the ecological horror
AND
that a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse.

3. Collapse is common – won’t spillover

4. New species fill the void

Kerr, 94
(Richard, Science 28)

In the immediate aftermath of an extinction, some taxa – groups of animals such as species or genera – flourish, then gradually fade. Others that had apparently vanished can reappear, Lazarus-like. In the turmoil, new groups may gain ascendancy, filling ecological niches left empty by the extinction and displacing other survivors to create a new ecological order (See box on p.29).

1. No impact because other actors check, the economy won’t decline enough, past recessions prove we’ll recover, and world war two wasn’t caused by the depression

2. The economy is fine now. Further investment would hurt rather than help

Detroit News, 13
("U.S. economy accelerates at 2.5 rate in Q1" From The Detroit News: http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130426/BIZ/304260409~~23ixzz2RbEUMQAw)

Washington — U.S. economic growth accelerated from January through March, buoyed
AND
3.2 percent. That’s the best since the end of 2010.

3. No historical connection between economic collapse and conflict

Ferguson, 06 
M.A., Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University, Resident faculty member of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford University, and a Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University (Niall, "The Next War of the World", Foreign Affairs, September-October 2006, May 21st 2010, KONTOPOULOS)

Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal
AND
economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.

4. US not key to world economy – the housing crisis disproves

Alloys

1. New weapon systems level the playing field

Goon and Kopp, 10
Graduate of the US Naval Test Pilot School and First Class Honours from the University of Western Australia, Ph.D., M.A. from Monash University, Senior Member of the  American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Member of the Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (*Peter and Carlo, "A Perspective on the Quadrennial Defense Review", Air Power Australia, February 10th 2010, June 1st 2010, http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-100210-1.html, KONTOPOULOS)

In the air combat domain, anti-access and area-denial weapons technologies
AND
of the existing and currently planned US force structure will simply be unusable. 

2. US airpower will be used against civilian targets because it’s not effective militarily – this will increase the risk of protracted conflicts

Crane, 01
(Conrad, Director of the U. S. Army Military History Institute at Carlisle Barracks, and fellow at the Strategic Studies Institute, The National Interest, Fall, lexis)

The 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review season is hard upon us, but this year’s energies
AND
, the results were not at all those envisioned when the campaign started.

3. Airpower doesn’t deter – only ground forces are perceived

Allan, 94
(Charles, Air Force National Defense Fellow at the CSIS,"Extended Conventional Deterrence: In from the Cold and Out of the Nuclear Fire?" Washington Quarterly, Summer, 1994)

Information. As we have seen, imperfect information about a defender’s commitment may be
AND
Without clear recognition of U.S. power, deterrence cannot hold.

1. No risk of militarization

Rosen, 13
(Armin Rosen, an Atlantic Media fellow, The Atlantic, January 16, 2013, "Give Peace a Chance—in Space", http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/give-peace-a-chance-in-space/267223/)

"The wars of the future will not be fought on the battlefield or at
AND
weaponize space. Even after the Cold War, the norm has endured.

1. Biological war is literally impossible

Mueller, 05
(John, Professor of Political Science at OhioState. May 2005. International Studies Perspectives, Volume 6 Issue 2 Page 208-234, Simplicity and Spook: Terrorism and the Dynamics of Threat Exaggeration)

Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could indeed, if thus far only in
AND
—in fact, nobody even noticed that the attacks had taken place. 

Cuba wouldn’t sell their nickel to the US at a price lower than market value – all of their evidence for why global alloy or nickel prices are high are just a reason the U.S. would still have to pay that price when buying from Cuba

Nickel prices will stay low – even Indonesia’s export ban won’t cause a major increase

PR Newswire 12/16 ("Nickel Market may be Missing the Bigger Picture" http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickel-market-may-be-missing-the-bigger-picture-236043871.html)
With 2014 quickly approaching, all eyes in the market appear to be turned east
AND
be gradual, although speculative activity could result in short-term spikes.

Alt cause to particle accelerators – Helium shortage

Daily Press 12 ("Helium shortage doesn’t just hit balloons" October 01, 2012. http://articles.dailypress.com/2012-10-01/news/dp-nws-helium-shortage-20121001_1_helium-shortage-federal-helium-reserve-liquid-helium)
For a variety of reasons, helium is getting harder to come by, and
AND
," Oren said, "but you pay through the nose for it."

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 4 | Opponent: New Trier BG | Judge: Sean Farris

Russia SOI DA

Russia is massively increasingly its influence in Cuba in order to counter-balance the United States

Maloof, Security Policy Analyst at Office of Secretary of Defense, 8/10/13 (Michael, "RUSSIA RAISES PROFILE IN WEST", http://www.wnd.com/2013/08/russia-raises-profile-in-west/)
WASHINGTON – The Russians are showing an increasingly strong presence with an impending naval task
AND
U-2 reconnaissance during the height of the 1962 Cuban missile crisis.

Cuba is sacred ground to Russia – US involvement escalates tensions in the region and with Russia

Stratfor, Geopolitical Analysis Firm, 8 (Stratfor, "Geopolitical Diary: Cuba and a Return to the Russian-U.S. Tug-of-War", http://www.stratfor.com/sample/geopolitical-diary/geopolitical-diary-cuba-and-return-russian-us-tug-war, 7/26/08)
The Russians are reminding the Americans of their prior miscalculations on how Russians respond to
AND
S. escalation would go far beyond what Russia currently feels threatened over.

US infringement on influence specifically causes Russian nationalism – perception alone triggers resentment

Nodia, Georgian political analyst who served as the Minister of Education and Science in the Cabinet of Georgia, 9 (April 2009, Ghia, "THE WOUNDS OF LOST EMPIRE", Journal of Democracy, Vol. 20, Iss. 2; pg. 34, Proquest)
I believe that the crucial factor in explaining the peculiarity of the Russian case (
AND
the collective moral power to set norms in politics and much more besides. 

Extinction – causes START collapse and nuclear lash-out

Israelyan, Soviet Ambassador, 98
(Victor Israelyan was a Soviet ambassador, diplomat, arms control negotiator, and leading political scientist. The Washington Quarterly 1998 Winter )
The first and by far most dangerous possibility is what I call the power scenario
AND
be able to stumble on, until we all fall down together." n12

Iran Sanctions Politics

PC is holding off a vote on Iran sanctions – failure destroys U.S. global credibility

Leverett 1/20 (Flynt, professor at Pennsylvania State University’s School of International Affairs and is a Visiting Scholar at Peking University’s School of International Studies, and Hillary Mann Leverett, Senior Professorial Lecturer at the American University in Washington, DC and a Visiting Scholar at Peking University in Beijing, "Iran, Syria and the Tragicomedy of U.S. Foreign Policy," http://goingtotehran.com/iran-syria-and-the-tragicomedy-of-u-s-foreign-policy)
Regarding President Obama’s ongoing struggle with the Senate over Iran policy, Hillary cautions against
AND
and prestige in the Middle East, but we will see it globally."

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
AND
could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

PC’s real, observable, and quantifiable—-interconvertibility theory and a bunch of other scholarly work proves

Kimberly L. Casey 8, Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at William Jewel College, 2008, "Defining Political Capital: A Reconsideration of Bourdieu’s Interconvertibility Theory," http://lilt.ilstu.edu/critique/spring202008/casey.pdf
Abstract: This article examines the concept "political capital" (PC) and
AND
Becker 1993); Fitz-Enz 2000; Davenport 1999; Marr 2005). 

PC is key to stop new sanctions or they’ll derail the deal with Iran

Dennis 11/24 (Steven, Roll Call, "Obama Faces Skeptical Congress as Iran Nuclear Deal Reached (Updated)," 11/24/2013, http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/)
President Barack Obama has a sales job to do with Congress after he announced an
AND
I have great confidence in my colleagues in the Congress," he said.

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

Gender IR K

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. "Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil." Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.

Shepherd 2007 
~Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, "Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence," BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256~
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ’our sense of self-identity
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.  

Russia CP

Text: The federal government of the Russian Federation should increase its engagement in its hydrocarbon cooperation with Cuba.

Russia should engage Latin America – it’s politically preferred and the US is unpopular

Fillingham, 10 – (Zachary, BA in International Relations from York University, MA in Chinese Studies from the University of London, recipient of a Taiwan Ministry of Education Huayu Scholarship; "Russia Eyes Latin America," Geopolitical Monitor, 5 April 2010, http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/russia-eyes-latin-america-3652)//HO
Russia is poised to occupy the diplomatic space created in Latin America by American decline
AND
in history as prophetic, because that is exactly what’s going to happen.

Environment

No risk of a spill – safety coop now, emergency authority and there is so little recoverable oil there won’t be much drilling

Cardenas, 12 – former senior official at the U.S. State Department (Jose, "The phony Cuba embargo debate", Foreign Policy, March 21, 2012, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/21/the_phony_cuba_embargo_debate)//eek

In recent weeks, an unholy alliance of political activists and economic opportunists have been
AND
any superfluous changes to U.S. policy towards the Castro dictatorship.

Theres no impact to oil spills

Craig, 5 – Associate Professor of Law and dean’s Fellow, Indiana University School of Law (Robert, Spring, 20 J. Land Use 26 Envtl. Law 333, Lexis) SP
Despite the obviousness of oil spills, however, they are a relatively small ocean
AND
, which died after becoming infected with a distemper virus of dolphins." 89

1. Climate change proves Oceans and marine bioD are resilient – alarmist predictions empirically denied

Taylor 10
(James M. Taylor is a senior fellow of The Heartland Institute and managing editor of Environment 26 Climate News., "Ocean Acidification Scare Pushed at Copenhagen," Feb 10 http://www.heartland.org/publications/environment20climate/article/26815/Ocean_Acidification_Scare_Pushed_at_Copenhagen.html)

With global temperatures continuing their decade-long decline and United Nations-sponsored global
AND
The phenomenon of CO2-induced ocean acidification appears to be no different.

2. Alt causes –

A) Bottom trawling

Reynolds et al., 03
(Nicholas K. Dulvy, Canadian Research Chair in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation @ Simon Frasier U, Yvonne Sadovy, Prof. of Ecology and Biodiversity @ U of Hong Kong, and John D. Reynolds, Prof. and BC Leadership Chair @ Simon Frasier U, "Extinction Vulnerability in Marine Populations", Fish and Fisheries, Vol. 4, Iss. 1, p. 25-64)

Habitat loss and degradation may also be caused by fishing, particularly by bottom trawling
AND
it is difficult to know whether this has resulted in larger scale extinctions.

B) Overfishing

Un, 04
("Overfishing: A Threat to Marine Biodiversity", http://www.un.org/events/tenstories/06/story.asp?storyID=800)

The magnitude of the problem of overfishing is often overlooked, given the competing claims
AND
Land based Activities, oceans are cleared at twice the rate of forests.

C) Aquaculture

Cq Researcher, 02 
("Threatened Fisheries", Vol. 12, No. 27)

 "There’s no question but that aquaculture is going to increase as an industry
AND
charge Asian exporters with false advertising by labeling an unrelated species as catfish.

Influence

U.S. influence is resilient – they don’t assume all factors of U.S.-Latin America relations

Ben-Ami 13 (Shlomo Ben-Ami, former Israeli foreign minister who now serves as Vice President of the Toledo International Center for Peace", http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-new-nature-of-us-influence-in-latin-america-by-shlomo-ben-ami 6-5-13)
Yet it would be a mistake to regard Latin America’s broadening international relations as marking
AND
, particularly when it comes to applying these advantages in its immediate vicinity.

That means the adv is not zero sum – no risk of an impact

Mallen 13 (Patricia Rey Mallen, writer for the International Business Times, "Latin America Increases Relations With China: What Does That Mean For The US?" http://www.ibtimes.com/latin-america-increases-relations-china-what-does-mean-us-1317981 6-28-13)
Shlomo Ben-Ami, vice president of the Toledo International Center for Peace and
AND
could lose its unique status in the region to China," he said.

And the middle East as an Alt Cause outweighs

Mallen 13 (Patricia Rey Mallen, writer for the International Business Times, "Latin America Increases Relations With China: What Does That Mean For The US?" http://www.ibtimes.com/latin-america-increases-relations-china-what-does-mean-us-1317981 6-28-13)
The U.S., whose history of blocking outside political influence in Latin America going back to the Monroe Doctrine, has been directing its attention elsewhere, as Michael Cerna of the China Research Center observed. "~The U.S.’~ attention of late has been focused on Iraq and Afghanistan, and Latin America fell lower and lower on America’s list of priorities. China has been all too willing to fill any void," Cerna said.

a.) Infrastructure collapse means you cant solve

Suchlicki, 12- Professor History and Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, at the University of Miami (Jaime, "Getting Ready for Life after Castro", 5/11/12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/11/getting_ready_for_life_after_castro?page=full)// 

The challenges are many. First, there will be the tremendous task of economic
AND
. (Environmental Concerns for a Cuba in Transition, Eudel Eduardo Cepero.)

b.) Chinese investment in infrastructure is key

BBC 12 (BBC, "China proposes 2410bn loan for Latin America countries" http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18605450 6-26-12)
China has offered to set up a 2410bn (£6.4bn) credit
AND
.¶ "They have proven their ability with success in their own country."

China is no threat in Latin America—They won’t divide relations with the U.S.

Robbie Fergusson ’12, Researcher at Royal Society for the Arts, Featured Contributor at International Business Times, Former Conference 26 Research Assistant at Security Watch, Former Researcher at University College London, Master of Science, China in the International Arena, The University of Glasgow, "The Chinese Challenge to the Monroe Doctrine," http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/23/does-chinese-growth-in-latin-america-threaten-american-interests/, ACC. 6-7-2013,
The United States must realise that it is partly responsible for any military tension with
AND
intention of drawing America’s ire in the same way Caracas and Havana have.

1. There is no risk of another major terrorist attack – there have been no domestic attacks since 9/11 and terrorists have learned that such efforts are counterproductive

Mueller, 06
(John, Foreign Affairs, September October 2006, p.2)

A fully credible explanation for the fact that the United States has suffered no terrorist
AND
taxing all to defend the United States against an enemy that scarcely exists.

2. Terrorists are not pursuing WMD – it is impractical and against their moral code

Parachini, 03
(RAND Policy Analyst, The Washington Quarterly, Putting WMD Terrorism into Perspective, Volume 26 Issue 4, 2003, http://www.twq.com/03autumn/docs/03autumn_parachini.pdf)

An apparent lack of interest on the part of terrorist groups in acquiring unconventional weapons
AND
on Israeli territory and to eliminate Israel as a state is decidedly political.

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles North TB | Judge: Nate Bennett

T-Gov to Gov

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

’Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that’s mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – lifting the economic embargo on Cuba is a unilateral action done by Congress in the US.

C. Voting issue –

1.  Limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3^rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible

2. Ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ’engagement’

Gender IR

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. "Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil." Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.

Shepherd 2007 
~Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, "Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence," BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256~
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ’our sense of self-identity
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.  

Cuba Conditions CP

The United States federal government should establish normal trade relations with the Republic of Cuba if and only if the Cuban government implements, through a bilateral framework, economic liberalization reforms, including engaging international financial institutions, reducing restrictions on foreign direct investment, and admittance into the Organization of American States.

The United States federal government should then make all conditions reversible, as per our 2^nd Perez evidence.

Only the counterplan solves Cuban growth and democracy – US engagement in economic liberalization ensures stable transition post-Castro and avoids a civil war. And they’d say yes.

David A. Perez, Yale Law School, JD, 2010, Harvard Latino Law Review, Spring,13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, America’s Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department, p. 216-7ts
The United States should recognize that economic change is a precursor to political change.
AND
, may also prevent a costly civil war during the inevitably painful transition.

Conditionality and reversibility are key – Plan fails without the threat of returned sanctions – government repression, instability and chaos would be the result

David A. Perez, Yale Law School, JD, 2010, Harvard Latino Law Review, Spring,13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, America’s Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department, p. 216-7ts
After conducting some initial discussions, both countries can then move on to the embargo
AND
to Cuba, by no means are any overtures on Washington’s end irreversible.

Iran Sanctions Poltics

PC is holding off a vote on Iran sanctions – failure destroys U.S. global credibility

Leverett 1/20 (Flynt, professor at Pennsylvania State University’s School of International Affairs and is a Visiting Scholar at Peking University’s School of International Studies, and Hillary Mann Leverett, Senior Professorial Lecturer at the American University in Washington, DC and a Visiting Scholar at Peking University in Beijing, "Iran, Syria and the Tragicomedy of U.S. Foreign Policy," http://goingtotehran.com/iran-syria-and-the-tragicomedy-of-u-s-foreign-policy)
Regarding President Obama’s ongoing struggle with the Senate over Iran policy, Hillary cautions against
AND
and prestige in the Middle East, but we will see it globally."

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
AND
could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

AT: Ag

1) Squo solves this advantage – Cuba is fine without further investment. Plan not necessary.

Altieri and Funes-Monzote 2012 (Miguel A. Altieri is Profesor of Agroecology at the University of California, Berkeley and President of the Latin American Scientific Society of Agroecology and Fernando R. Funes-Monzote is currently a researcher at the Experimental Station Indio Hatuey, University of Matanzas, Cuba. He is one of the founding members of the Cuban Association of Organic Agriculture.) ("The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture" http://monthlyreview.org/2012/01/01/the-paradox-of-cuban-agriculture)
When Cuba faced the shock of lost trade relations with the Soviet Bloc in the
AND
Cuba," Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (2011): 161-91.¶ 

2) The Cuban ag industry will survive with the embargo in place – it is extremely resilient

Altieri and Funes-Monzote 2012 (Miguel A. Altieri is Profesor of Agroecology at the University of California, Berkeley and President of the Latin American Scientific Society of Agroecology and Fernando R. Funes-Monzote is currently a researcher at the Experimental Station Indio Hatuey, University of Matanzas, Cuba. He is one of the founding members of the Cuban Association of Organic Agriculture.) ("The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture" http://monthlyreview.org/2012/01/01/the-paradox-of-cuban-agriculture)
The Paradox’s Outcome—What Does the Future Hold?¶ The instability in international markets
AND
country’s agriculture can help Cuba achieve food sovereignty while maintaining its political autonomy.

Cuba agriculture sustainable now because of the Embargo—-plan collapses the industry

Fairweather and Asquith ’10 (Jack Fairweather- former Middle East correspondent who spent four years as the Daily Telegraph’s Baghdad and Gulf correspondent. He was an embedded reporter during the Iraq invasion, and won the British equivalent of the Pulitzer prize for his reporting on Iraq’s civil war. Most recently Jack has been the Washington Post Global’s Islamic world correspondent, where he has created Islam’s Advance, a multi-media Post webpage that’s viewed by 80,000 viewers a month. Jack is also a contributor to Harper’s Magazine, Mother Jones and the Atlantic Monthly and Christina Asquith- Christina Asquith has 12 years experience as a local beat reporter, national correspondent and foreign correspondent for The Philadelphia Inquirer, The New York Times and The Economist. She spent three years in the Middle East covering the Iraq war, and won "Educator of the Year" award by Education News for her coverage of the effects of war on the lives of school system. She also is author of two non-fiction books: "The Emergency Teacher: A Year Inside Philadelphia’s Toughest School" (Skyhorse Press, 2007) and "The Spinsters’ War: A Story of Women, Life and Death in Iraq" (Random House, 2009). Prior to joining Solutions Magazine, she was senior editor at Diverse Magazine in Washington DC; "How Can Cuba’s Sustainable Agriculture Survive the Peace?"; http://thesolutionsjournal.com/node/554)

For a country that responded to severe energy crisis by switching to organic, localized
AND
a leading agronomist at the Indio Hatuey Experimental Station, University of Matanzas.

1. New tech means farmers will always produce more food

Zubrin 11
(Dr. Robert Zubrin, president of Pioneer Astronautics, Senior Fellow with the Center for Security Policy "WHY IT’S WRONG TO AGREE WITH THE MALTHUSIANS ABOUT ETHANOL" May 13, 2011http:www.ilcorn.org/daily-update/182-why-it-rsquo-s-wrong-to-agree-with-the-malthusians-about-ethanol/) CG

In an op-ed article printed in the Denver Post May 8, editorial
AND
average farms, and then go global, thereby raising crop yields everywhere. 

AT: Heg

1. The Cuban transition will be gradual and stable – Diaz-Canel makes a political transition inevitable

López-Levy, 13 - PhD candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver (Arturo, "Getting Ready for Post-Castro Cuba," The National Interest, 4/10, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316)

In the last five years, the Cuban government has created an important institutional foundation
AND
incentives in ways it has not done since the Ford and Carter Administrations.

2. Lifting the Embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms

Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, "Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo", NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)

Still, in a country where Cubans "resolve" their way around government restrictions
AND
the 1950s. "There is a lot of work to be done."

3. Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)  

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as opposed to an Eastern European-style
AND
policy paralysis or a smoke-screen for maintenance of the status quo.

4. Turns any effectiveness of the plan – exacerbates the drug trade, humanitarian crisis, government oppression and relations

5. Rapid change risks Cuban civil war

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf
Some in the United States have long supported severe sanctions  intended to starve the Cuban
AND
to quell a bloody civil  war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.

====6. Status quo solves multilateralism – US is reinvesting in multilateral institutions—====
Forman ’09 (Johanna, is a senior associate with Americas Program at CSIS, "Investing in a New Multilateralism", CSIS, January 2009, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090128_mendelsonforman_un_smartpower_web.pdf, SD)
Today power is as much a function of economic capacity as it is of military
AND
Task Force on UN Reform, which offered many excellent ideas for change.

7. Hegemony is resilient – the US is way ahead of everyone else

Brooks and Wohlforth, 08
(Stephen G Brooks 26 William C. Wohlforth Associate Professors in the Department of Government @ Dartmouth College. World Out of Balance, p. 27-31)

"Nothing has ever existed like this disparity of power; nothing," historian Paul
AND
one thing; being the world’s single superpower on the cheap is astonishing."

8. US withdrawal won’t cause power wars – forward deployment only encourages NATO growth and Russian expansionism

Gholz, Press, and Sapolsky, 97
(Eugene Gholz and Daryl Press, doctoral candidates in political science at MIT. Harvey Sapolsky, professor of public policy at MIT. International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4. Spring 1997)

Several prominent analysts favor a policy of selective engagement. These analysts fear that American
AND
would be German rather than American troops standing guard on the new borders.

9. Their authors have it backwards – countries will take advantage of U.S. security guarantees to provoke war

Eland, 02
(Director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute (Ivan, "The Empire Strikes Out The "New Imperialism" and Its Fatal Flaws", Cato policy analysis no 459, nov 26)

Of course, one way to try to enhance American credibility would be to deploy
AND
can show progress in its efforts to mediate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Tournament: HoFlo | Round: 2 | Opponent: Maine East KJ | Judge: Mawuli Agbefe

China CP

Text: The People’s Republic of China substantially increase its economic engagement towards the government of Mexico in the area of renewable energy.

Solvency – Chinese investment solves 100 of the case – efficient and reliable.

Gallagher 2013.
(Associate Professor of International Relations BA, Northeastern University; MA, PhD, Tufts University) Specialization: Economic Development, Trade and Investment Policy, International Environmental Policy, Latin America. 30 May 2013 ~Kevin, http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/may/30/latin-america-risky-chinese-dragon~~
The Chinese president, Xi Jinping, travels to the US and Latin America this
AND
and environmental protection, this new source of finance could bring great risk.

Politics

TPA will pass but political capital is key - failure collapses global trade deals

• It gives the White House power to negotiate trade deals and limits Congress’s ability to intervene in nitty-gritty details once talks are concluded
  Financial Times 1/20 ("US trade debate prompts fears of delay in talks"
  http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/60506de0-7f9c-11e3-b6a7-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2qtDiKryq)
  A heated debate over trade in the US Congress risks stalling two trade negotiations that
  AND
  is stuck unless you get (fast-track authority) very soon."

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Capital is key—vital to economy

Bryan Riley, senior analyst and Anthony B. Kim, senior policy analyst, "Advancing Trade Freedom: Key Objective of Trade Promotion Authority Renewal," ISSUE BRIEF n. 3912, Heritage Foundation, 4—16—13, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/advancing-trade-freedom-key-objective-of-trade-promotion-authority-renewal
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) has been a critical tool for advancing free trade
AND
international trade fosters open markets, democracy, and peace throughout the world.

Economic decline causes war and miscalculation

Royal 10 — Jedidiah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, M.Phil. Candidate at the University of New South Wales, 2010 ("Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises," Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Edited by Ben Goldsmith and Jurgen Brauer, Published by Emerald Group Publishing, ISBN 0857240048, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

K

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. "Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil." Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

Patriarchal mindset lead to war, prolif, environmental destruction, and eventually extinction

Warren and Cady 94
Warren is the Chair of the Philosophy Department at Macalester College and Cady is Professor of Philosophy at Hamline University (Karen and Duane, "Feminism and Peace: Seeing Connections", p. 16, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3810167.pdf)
Operationalized, the evidence of patriarchy as a dysfunctional system is found in the behaviors
AND
-nature-peace connections in regional, national, and global contexts. 

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.  

China DA

US-Sino relations high now

Forbes, 9/20/13
(9/20/13, "Biden Hails Importance Of U.S.-China Relationship," Online: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2013/09/20/biden-hails-importance-of-u-s-china-relationship/, Accessed: 9/26/13 FG)
Washington might love to hate China, but the U.S. relationship with
AND
avoid falling into a trap, of seeing one another as strategic rivals."

US engagement in Latin America crushes relations – causes crowd out

Ellis, 12
~R. Evan, professor of national security studies at the Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, May 2012, Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, "The United States, Latin America and China: A ’Triangular Relationship’?", http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD8661_China_Triangular0424v2e-may.pdf, Accessed 7/2/13, ML~
At the political level, US engagement with Latin American  countries has impacted the ability
AND
United States blocked it from acquiring a comparable  aircraft from the Czech Republic.

Relations are key to solve a US-China war

Lawrence, 6/14/13 
~Susan V. Specialist in Asian Affairs, June 14, Congressional Research Service U.S.-China Relations: Policy Issues http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41108.pdf RC~
Hanging over the relationship is the larger question of whether, as China grows in
AND
networks "appear to  be attributable directly to the Chinese government and military."

That escalates and causes nuclear winter– improving relations is the only solution

Wittner 12
~Dr. Lawrence Wittner, Professor of History emeritus at SUNY/Albany,11/10/12, Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lawrence-wittner/nuclear-war-china_b_1116556.html)~~
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
AND
that of the world, they should be working to encourage these policies.

CASE

Heg

Oil is expected to stay above 24100 per barrel – benefits oil exporter’s economies

IMF 11/11/12 (The International Monetary Fund, "Divergent Economic Performance Continues Across the Middle East", Nov 11 12, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/CAR110912A.htm) AC
Oil exporters’ economies are buoyant The region’s oil-exporting countries are expected to post
AND
and salaries, which rose dramatically in most oil exporters in recent years.

Oil prices are high now and critical to the economy – specifically driving modernization and stability now

Jones 11/10/12 (Harvey – Investment Journalist for The National, "How to reap the spoils of oil", The National, Nov 10 2012, Lexis) AC  
They find oil in all sorts of places these days, not just the Middle
AND
, Neptune Greater Russia and Baring Russia, may be worth a look.

Sustaining High Oil Prices is a better internal link to bridging cooperation between China and the US

Wolverson 11- Master’s degree in public policy from Harvard Kennedy School and was a Fulbright scholar on economic development in Mali and a Fulbright journalism fellow in Germany. (Roya, "Are High Oil Prices Good for U.S.-China Trade?" May 12, http://business.time.com/2011/05/12/are-high-oil-prices-good-for-u-s-china-trade/)//CN
The U.S. trade deficit climbed 6 in March, according to
AND
sides. A weak dollar and high oil prices alone won’t cut it.

1. Hegemony is resilient – the US is way ahead of everyone else

Brooks and Wohlforth, 08
(Stephen G Brooks 26 William C. Wohlforth Associate Professors in the Department of Government @ Dartmouth College. World Out of Balance, p. 27-31)

"Nothing has ever existed like this disparity of power; nothing," historian Paul
AND
one thing; being the world’s single superpower on the cheap is astonishing."

2. US withdrawal won’t cause power wars – forward deployment only encourages NATO growth and Russian expansionism

Gholz, Press, and Sapolsky, 97
(Eugene Gholz and Daryl Press, doctoral candidates in political science at MIT. Harvey Sapolsky, professor of public policy at MIT. International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4. Spring 1997)

Several prominent analysts favor a policy of selective engagement. These analysts fear that American
AND
would be German rather than American troops standing guard on the new borders.

3. Their authors have it backwards – countries will take advantage of U.S. security guarantees to provoke war

Eland, 02
(Director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute (Ivan, "The Empire Strikes Out The "New Imperialism" and Its Fatal Flaws", Cato policy analysis no 459, nov 26)

Of course, one way to try to enhance American credibility would be to deploy
AND
can show progress in its efforts to mediate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

4. Multipolarity solves – U.S. withdrawal makes other powers work together to stabilize hotspots

Layne et. al, 02
(Christopher 26 Ben Schwarz, "A New Grand Strategy", Atlantic Monthly, Jan 2002, vol. 289, no. 1, p. asp wyo-tjc)

With respect to Europe, the United States would endorse the EU’s efforts—which
AND
in the region, shifting to others the hard job of stabilizing it.

5. No risk of offense – current military strategy means we don’t have enough forward deployed forces to act as a credible deterrent

Eland, 02
(Director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute. Ivan, "The Empire Strikes Out The "New Imperialism" and Its Fatal Flaws", Cato policy analysis no 459, nov 26)

Of course, one way to try to enhance American credibility would be to deploy
AND
-down or a conflict over a strategically irrelevant piece of real estate.

6. And we never will

Mearshimer, 06
(John Mearsheimer, Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago. "Conversations in International Relations - Interview with John J. Mearsheimer (Part I)," International Relations, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2006), pp. 105-124. http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0039.pdf)

I think that many commentators and security experts overestimate the power of the United States
AND
western hemisphere. The unipolar moment never was and probably never will be. 

7. Their authors are stuck in the 20th century – globalization, democracy, and the peaceful rise of great powers prove that major war is obsolete. And, there’s no risk of offense because nobody wants the American security guarantee anymore

Wei, 08
(Chen Xiankui and Tang Wei, School of International Studies of Renmin, University of China. "Coming collapse of the hegemonic world" http://www.china.org.cn/international/opinion/2008-09/12/content_16440328.htm)

The decease of the US and Western hegemony will not be caused by the
AND
to build a conflict-free and harmonious world in the new century.

8. Rejecting military interventionism doesn’t mean renouncing heg or embracing isolationism. There is a middle ground which their generic heg good evidence doesn’t assume

Carpenter, 02 (Ted Galen, vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute. Peace 26 Freedom: Foreign Policy for a Constitutional Republic. Pg. 8-9, KONTOPOULOS)

A second component of a new foreign policy would be to recognize that U.
AND
military intervention that the United States needs to reduce its level of engagement.

Renewables

1. Empirically denied – diseases have been around forever and haven’t caused extinction. Plus, genetic diversity ensures that some humans will always survive.

2. No disease can kill us all – it would have to be everything at once

Gladwell, 95
(Malcolm, The New Republic, 7/17/95 and 7/24/95, "The Plague Year", Lexis)

What would a real Andromeda Strain look like? It would be highly infectious like
AND
, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.

3. Multiple alternate causalities to disease

Brower, 03
(Jennifer, science/technology policy analyst, and Peter Chalk, political scientist, Summer 2003, Rand Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, "Vectors Without Borders,"  http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html)

This year’s outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Beijing, Hong
AND
increase the likelihood that people will come into contact with potentially fatal diseases.

4. Intervention checks – if 50 of the population started dying, people would take precautions to prevent future outbreaks.

5. Medicine solves — old diseases would never rise again to kill us all — penicillin is awesome — it solves the botanic plague, hydration solves Ebola, and small pox has pretty much been eradicated.

6. Most diseases are dumb — they can’t kill us all the only disease close to this is HIV but if people started releasing this or it actually became a pandemic people would probably start figuring out how to treat it.

7. Natural immunities check — portions of populations are immune to HIV

Henahan, NO DATE
correspondent for various medical trade publications including the Medical Tribune, Modern Medicine, Diagnostic Imaging, Physician’s Radio Network, Drug Topics and the Newspaper of Cardiology, contributing editor for Ophthalmology Times and Primary Psychiatry (Sean, "WEAK FORM OF HIV MAY PROVIDE IMMUNITY", Access Excellence, No Date, July 30th 2010, http://www.accessexcellence.org/WN/SUA05/hiv2.php, KONTOPOULOS)

A less virulent strain of HIV (HIV-2) appears to offer natural
AND
1 vaccine development," said Dr. Phyllis Kanki, Harvard AIDS Institute.

1. No deaths from nuclear meltdowns

Drum, 11 
Kevin, political blogger for Mother Jones, "Nukes and the Free Market", March 14, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2011/03/nukes-and-free-market

We’re currently told that the death toll in Japan will be at least 10,
AND
the worst case the containment vessels will almost certainly restrict the worst damage.

2. Chernobyl proves meltdowns don’t cause lasting damage

Bosselman, 7 
(Professor of Law Emeritus, Chicago-Kent College of Law. Fred, "THE NEW POWER GENERATION: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND ELECTRICITY INNOVATION: COLLOQUIUM ARTICLE: THE ECOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER," 15 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 1, 2007)

C. "But What About Chernobyl?" In 1986, an explosion at the
AND
of the exclusion zone is similar to comparable places that are less radioactive.

3. Net effects of meltdowns are ecologically positive

Lynas, 11
Visiting Research Associate at Oxford University’s School of Geography and the Environment. (Mark, How a nuclear disaster can be good for ecology, www.marklynas.org/2011/06/how-a-nuclear-disaster-can-be-good-for-ecology/)

It is an article of faith for most greens that nuclear power is an ’
AND
for which Japan is notorious in terms of its impact on marine ecology.

Tournament: HoFlo | Round: 4 | Opponent: GBS OS | Judge: Tim Brzny

Conditions CP

The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba if and only if the Cuban government implements, through a bilateral framework, economic liberalization reforms, including engaging international financial institutions and reducing restrictions on foreign direct investment.

The United States federal government should then make all conditions reversible, as per our 2^nd Perez evidence.

Only the counterplan solves Cuban growth and democracy – US engagement in economic liberalization ensures stable transition post-Castro and avoids a civil war. And they’d say yes.

Perez, 2010
David A. Perez, Yale Law School, JD, 2010, Harvard Latino Law Review, Spring,13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, America’s Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department, p. 216-7ts
The United States should recognize that economic change is a precursor to political change.
AND
, may also prevent a costly civil war during the inevitably painful transition.

Conditionality and reversibility are key – Plan fails without the threat of returned sanctions – government repression, instability and chaos would be the result

Perez, 2010
David A. Perez, Yale Law School, JD, 2010, Harvard Latino Law Review, Spring,13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, America’s Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department, p. 216-7ts
After conducting some initial discussions, both countries can then move on to the embargo
AND
to Cuba, by no means are any overtures on Washington’s end irreversible.

Castro DA

The Castro regime is in trouble- as long as we don’t throw them a life preserver, they will fall soon

Rooney, 2010
(Tom, Republican Representative from Florida who serves on the House Agriculture and Armed Services Committees, 7/29/2010, "Lifting the travel ban would prop up Castro regime," Online: http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/111739-lifting-the-travel-ban-would-prop-up-castro-regime, Accessed: 1/21/13 FG)
The Castro regime is in dire financial trouble. The state-run economy is in crisis, foreign trade AND
their evil, authoritarian rule.

Lifting the embargo boosts the Castro regime- it increases the flow of cash into Cuba, and that money goes straight into the government’s hands

Sweeny, 1994
(John, Policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation, 11/10/1994, "Why the Cuban Trade Embargo Should be Maintained," Online: http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1994/11/bg1010nbsp-why-the-cuban-trade FG)
The 32-year-old trade embargo against Cuba may finally be producing its
AND
left in the world who still suffer the brutality of a communist dictatorship.

The Castro regime and Iran have a close alliance- leaders meet with each other frequently

Haven, 2012
(Paul, Associated Press bureau chief in Havana, 1/12/2012, "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Fidel Castro Discuss World Events," Online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/ahmadinejad-castro_n_1202471.html FG)
HAVANA — Two of Washington’s top irritants, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Fidel Castro, discussed
AND
less than 24 hours in Cuba, following visits to Venezuela and Nicaragua. 

Iranian influence in Latin America causes terrorism

Jaremblum, 2011
(Jamie, Senior Fellow and Director of Hudson’s Center for Latin American Studies, January 2011, "Iran and Latin America," Online: http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/Iran_Latin_America_Daremblum_Jan2011.pdf, Pg. 8-10, Accessed: 1/9/14 FG)
The danger here is that the ties to the Ayatollahs entail much more than what
AND
service of terrorists who want to enter the United States without   being detected.

A nuclear terror attack backed by Islamic extremists would cause extinction

Ayson, 2010
(Robert, Director of the Center for Strategic Studies at Victoria University Wellington, 6/21/2010, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, Accessed: 1/13/14 FG)
The combination of horror and outrage that will surge upon the nation will demand that the AND
diplomatically is exactly the conclusion the mullahs are praying we will come to.

Advantage CP

The United States federal government should fully fund the Administration Materials Protection, Control, and Accounting programs and the Global Threat Reduction Initiative of the National Nuclear Security Administration and facilitate national dialogue on global agreements and implement a senate session to ratify multilateral agreements the US previously failed to ratify.

Fully funding the MPCA and the GTRI prevents secures fissile material and solves terrorism

Newman and Bunn, 9. *Research Associate, Project on Managing the Atom. AND Associate Professor of Public Policy, Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom (Andrew and Matthew. June 2009. "Funding for U.S. Efforts to Improve Controls Over Nuclear Weapons, Materials, and Expertise Overseas: A 2009 Update" http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/1803/andrew_newman.html?back_url=2Fpublication2F186732Fpreventing_nuclear_terrorism.html26back_text=Back20to20publication)
SECURING NUCLEAR WARHEADS AND MATERIALS ¶ As noted earlier, if President Obama’s objective of
AND
managing such a large single-year increase would pose a challenge.10 

Solves multilateralism

Kraus 12– (Don President and CEO of GlobalSolutions.org, a groundbreaking movement of Americans who support a cooperative and responsible U.S. role in the world. 12/12/12
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/don-kraus/un-disability-rights-treaty_b_2284744.html) 

Fortunately, there’s a simple way to defeat big lies. It’s called the truth
AND
secure world. It’s high time that the Senate did something about it.

TPA Politics

Will pass – Obama and House pushing

LFN 2/20 – Law Firm Newswire is a legal news and attorney press releases from U.S. legal community ("Both Parties Edging Closer to Immigration Reform, Observes Prominent Houston Immigration Attorney", Law Firm Newswire, February 20 2014, http://www.lawfirmnewswire.com/2014/02/both-parties-edging-closer-to-immigration-reform-observes-prominent-houston-immigration-attorney/)//CB**

Houston, TX (Law Firm Newswire) February 20, 2014 – President Obama
AND
may permit the Republican caucus to offer a nuanced, politically acceptable position.

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
AND
could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

PC key to immigration reform- pressure works

Bob Ray Sanders is a columnist for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram 10-22-2013 http://www.bnd.com/2013/10/22/2862687/bob-ray-sanders-theres-no-better.html

 Now that the Republican hijacking of the federal government has been brought to an
AND
to file for office and gear up their campaigns for the 2014 contests.

Increasing green cards generates effective IT experts to combat cyber war

McLarty, 2009 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair) ("U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force") (http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) (RICHARD M)

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

That deters and solves the impact to cyberattacks

Saydjari, 2008 (O. Sami, Cyber Defense Agency, LLC) ("Structuring for Strategic Cyber Defense: A Cyber Manhattan Project Blueprint") (http://www.acsac.org/2008/program /keynotes/saydjari.pdf) (RICHARD M)

As a step toward a security research plan that includes such capabilities, we should
AND
infrastructures. Currently, adversaries can attack critical systems without investing substantial resources. 

A successful cyber attack ensures accidental nuclear war – multiple warrants

Fritz ’9 (Jason - former Captain of the U.S. Army, July, Hacking Nuclear Command and Control)

Some reports have noted a Pentagon review, which showed a potential "electronic back
AND
to escalate a volatile situation in the hopes of starting a nuclear war. 

Case

Transition

Lifting the Embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms

Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, "Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo", NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)

Still, in a country where Cubans "resolve" their way around government restrictions
AND
the 1950s. "There is a lot of work to be done."

3. Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)  

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as opposed to an Eastern European-style
AND
policy paralysis or a smoke-screen for maintenance of the status quo.

Lifting the embargo and subsequent engagement would fail – empirics prove

Ribas 10 Joseph Bosch Jr. ~Rollins College~ (2010) "The Cuban Embargo: Why US Sanctions Fail and What to do About it," Rollins Undergraduate Research Journal (Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 2)
Europe has been practicing a policy of engagement and has taken opposition to the US
AND
¶ to lambaste the US while the prime minister stood at his side.

1. Terrorists won’t pursue or use nuclear weapons

Waltz, 03
(Kenneth, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, 2003, p. 130)

For terrorists who abandon tactics of disruption and harassment in favor of dealing in wholesale
AND
to wreak great destruction, threats they would not want to execute anyway.

2. There are multiple logical barriers that preclude any state from ever supplying terrorists with WMDs

Walt, 7/25/13
(Stephen M. Walt is the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, where he served as academic dean from 2002-2006, 7/25/13, "Why We Don’t Need to Worry About a ’Nuclear Handoff’", Foreign Policy, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/25/why_we_dont_need_to_worry_about_a_nuclear_handoff, Accessed 9/3/13, NC)

After the 9/11 attacks, the U.S. national security establishment
AND
time before somebody did something really nasty to you or your loved ones.

Imagination is one thing, but disciplined risk assessment is another. It’s easy to dream up bad things that could conceivably happen, but intelligent public policy should rest on a more careful and sustained appraisal of how likely those various scary things are. And that’s why I suggest you read Keir Lieber and Daryl Press’s recent article in the journal International Security on "Why States Won’t Give Nuclear Weapons to Terrorists."

The fear that nuclear-armed states would hand weapons to terrorists has been a
AND
weapons would not be traced back to it and thereby invite devastating retaliation.

Lieber and Press examine the historical record and show that it is almost impossible to conduct a major terrorist operation and not be blamed for it. Here’s the abstract for their article:

"Many experts consider nuclear terrorism the single greatest threat to U.S.
AND
how likely is it that the perpetrators of nuclear terrorism could remain anonymous?

Data culled from a decade of terrorist incidents reveal that attribution is very likely after
AND
they are to use them directly; both actions would invite devastating retaliation."

I might add that this is the kind of important, nonpartisan, policy-
AND
the need to keep whatever weapons they might have under very reliable control.

3. No way for terrorists to produce a nuke on their own – Iraq proves

Kamp, 96
(Karl-Heinz, heads the foreign and security policy section of the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung in Sankt Agustin, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July)

Reports of nuclear smuggling appear to lend added weight to the idea that terrorists can
AND
who would certainly have far fewer resources—would find bomb building easier. 

4. There’s no nuclear leak from Russia

Kamp, 96
(Karl-Heinz, heads the foreign and security policy section of the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung in Sankt Agustin, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July)

Well, maybe. But it must be noted that the military organizations responsible for
AND
current stability in the military nuclear sector will continue in the indefinite future.

5. No state would give a nuke to terrorist – it would be a major security risk

Kamp, 96
(Karl-Heinz, heads the foreign and security policy section of the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung in Sankt Agustin, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July)

Given the record so far, it seems unlikely that any sponsoring state would willingly
AND
nuclear weapons to an organization of criminals or religious zealots is nearly inconceivable.

6. Terrorists cannot get the materials for dirty bombs – hard to steal, transport, and theft would be quickly discovered

Multilat

Extinction comes first—CX proves

LA countries want nothing to do with the US and their institutions– NSA surveillance

Stea ’13 (Carla, is a staff writer at Mathaba News Network, "Latin America Condemns US Espionage at United Nations Security Council", August 22 2013, Mathaba, http://www.mathaba.net/news/?x=633405, SD)
When the Security Council resumed for the afternoon session, in a courageous and brilliant
AND
perilous subversive activity, the lethal consequences of which are predictable and terrifying.

====Multilateralism is not sustainable – too many failures and global dependence on unilateralism====
Gvosdev ’09(Nikolas, a senior editor at The National Interest, is a professor of national-security studies at the U.S. Naval War College, The End of Multilateralism, http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=21600, 6/12/09,)

The Obama administration entered office pledging a renewed commitment to multilateralism—approaching global issues
AND
host of other issues.  No speech is going to change that reality. 

Multilat fails – incentive structures.

Calkins 10 – associate at Susman Godfrey LLP, magna cum laude BA in political science at Wake Forest University, minor in international studies (Audrey M., "Multilateralism in International Conflict: Recipe for Success or Failure?", 1/15/10; http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Calkins/Calkins.pdf)
The modern debate between multilateralism and unilateralism has raged prominently in international politics since the
AND
a multilateral system without somehow harming other m embers of the system. 8

Plan won’t cause multilateralism without a commitment to hard institutional constraints

VEZIRGIANNIDOU, 13 - Lecturer in International Organisations, University of Birmingham (SEVASTI-ELENI, "The United States and rising powers in a post-hegemonic global order," International Affairs, May, Wiley Online)

The current US approach to rising powers, which engages them as equals in informal
AND
settings is likely to have transformative implications on global order if it continues.
Specifically, the resulting order will become more plurilateral than multilateral, with the exclusion
AND
minor powers and should show more leadership in the reform of formal institutions.

Tournament: HoFlo | Round: 5 | Opponent: New Trier BK | Judge: Wes Fowler

T

A. Interpretation – "economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

B. Violation – the affirmative isn’t economic engagement, it’s a form of diplomatic engagement.

C. Voting issue –

1. Limits – they explode the topic – blurring the lines between economic and other forms of engagement makes any positive interaction with another country topical.  It’s impossible to predict or prepare

2. Ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans

D. Effects T-

The plan doesn’t on face mandate economic engagement, rather economic engagement MAY happen as a result of the plan.

1. F-X topicality is a voting issue – it’s impossible for the neg to predict the different chains of internal links that could lead to the aff, which skews the debate in the aff’s favor

2. Extra Topicality is an independent reason to reject the affirmative.  The plan directly influences something outside of the topic.  Extra topical allow the affirmative to access unpredictable advantages and skews negative ground.

Politics

TPA will pass but political capital is key - failure collapses global trade deals

• It gives the White House power to negotiate trade deals and limits Congress’s ability to intervene in nitty-gritty details once talks are concluded
  Financial Times 1/20 ("US trade debate prompts fears of delay in talks"
  http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/60506de0-7f9c-11e3-b6a7-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2qtDiKryq)
  A heated debate over trade in the US Congress risks stalling two trade negotiations that
  AND
  is stuck unless you get (fast-track authority) very soon."

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
AND
could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

Capital is key—vital to economy

Bryan Riley, senior analyst and Anthony B. Kim, senior policy analyst, "Advancing Trade Freedom: Key Objective of Trade Promotion Authority Renewal," ISSUE BRIEF n. 3912, Heritage Foundation, 4—16—13, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/advancing-trade-freedom-key-objective-of-trade-promotion-authority-renewal
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) has been a critical tool for advancing free trade
AND
international trade fosters open markets, democracy, and peace throughout the world.

Economic decline causes war and miscalculation

Royal 10 — Jedidiah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, M.Phil. Candidate at the University of New South Wales, 2010 ("Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises," Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Edited by Ben Goldsmith and Jurgen Brauer, Published by Emerald Group Publishing, ISBN 0857240048, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

CP

====CP – The Executive Branch of the United States should:====

====- acknowledge that current reforms in Cuba are real and effective====

====- loosen restrictions on US citizens to travel to Cuba====

====- clarify remittance expansion rules====

and should change their foreign policy in the Middle East by:

-increasing support for the freedom aspirations of the Iranian people

-increasing diplomatic pressure to get Iran to compromise over their nuclear program

-promoting religious freedom throughout the Middle East

====CP leads to investment in Cuba that solves their economy and relations====
Laverty ’11 ~2011, Collin Laverty is a Cuba consultant at the Center for Democracy in the Americas. "Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and its Implications for US Policy"http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf~~
U.S. sanctions are premised on the belief that strangling Cuba’s economy will
AND
2450 million fund for rotating micro-loans and other measures.131

That solves credibility—plan can’t solve without fixing Middle Eastern foreign policy

Young 13 
(Michael, opinion editor of The Daily Star, quoting Anne-Marie Slaughter, Princeton University, former director of policy planning at the US State department, and Vali Nasr, former adviser to Richard Holbrooke, the late US special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, and is currently dean of John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies in DC, one of America’s most authoritative commentators on international relations, "Ex-Obama officials lament US president’s lack of Middle East policy", www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/ex-obama-officials-lament-us-presidents-lack-of-middle-east-policy)
It is revealing that two former Obama administration officials have become critics of current US
AND
world - his perennial caution suffocating his ability to exploit valuable political openings.¶ 

Case

Banking

Plan would be ineffective – doesn’t solve labor and commercial issues

Perales et al., 10-  senior program associate of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow  Wilson International Center for Scholars. (Jose Raul, "The United States and Cuba:  Implications of an Economic  Relationship," Woodrow Wilson Center Latin American Program, August 2010, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/LAP_Cuba_Implications.pdf) 

Regardless of the U.S. government’s actions, a post-embargo,
AND
conditions would be to manufacture finished goods elsewhere and export them to Cuba.

Turn - Unconditional repeal strengthens the Castro regime – results in economic reform rollback. Takes out any positive benefits of the plan

Sanguinetty 13(Jorge A. Sanguinetty, expert on human capital strategies and the political economy of policy reform in developing and transitional economies, Jorge A. Sanguinetty is a former economic planner in Cuba with first-hand knowledge of centrally planned economies and how they can transition to more open, market-based systems. Born in Cuba in 1937, Sanguinetty worked as an economist in the tourist and sugar industries before emigrating to the United States in 1967 and obtaining a Ph.D. in economics at the City University of New York. One of the founding members of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (ASCE), Sanguinetty is the author of Cuba: Realidad y Destino (Ediciones Universal 2005; English translation forthcoming). Many of Sanguinetty’s works on Cuba are available on www.cubafuturo.net. Sanguinetty is the president, CEO, and founder of DevTech Systems, Inc., a consulting firm which offers government agencies, multilateral institutions, and private-sector entities technical assistance in dealing with development issues such as institutional reform in market economies, the economics of justice administration and legal systems, and transition economics. Sanguinetty has published extensively on education reform in developing countries, especially in Latin America, and has worked on projects in more than twenty countries, including the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Jordan, Russia, and South Africa, "Who benefits and loses if the US-Cuba embargo is lifted?", April 2013, http://devresearchcenter.org/2013/04/08/who-benefits-and-loses-if-the-us-cuba-embargo-is-lifted-by-jorge-a-sanguinetty/
The answer depends on the conditions under which the embargo is lifted. I focus
AND
lifting of the US embargo is likely to bring about democracy in Cuba.

The plan wouldn’t stop the government from taking everything

Mitchell Bustillo,  13, "Time to Strengthen the Cuban Embargo," International Policy Digest, ACC. 6-15-2013,http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013 /05/09/time-to-strengthen-the-cuban-embargo/
These remittances are sent by Americans to help their Cuban families, not support the
AND
the Cuban people cannot be blamed on the United States or the embargo.

Turn – plan strengthens the regime, kills the economy, and undermines US influence in the region

Suchlicki ’13 (Jaime, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo? 2/26/13, http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)
Lifting the ban for U.S. tourists to travel to Cuba would be a major concession totally out of proportion to recent changes in the island. If the U.S. were to lift the travel ban without major reforms in Cuba, there would be significant implications:
Money from American tourists would flow into businesses owned by the Castro government thus strengthening
AND
, and investments in Cuba would develop. Yet there are significant implications.
 

1. Terrorists won’t pursue or use nuclear weapons

Waltz, 03
(Kenneth, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, 2003, p. 130)

For terrorists who abandon tactics of disruption and harassment in favor of dealing in wholesale
AND
to wreak great destruction, threats they would not want to execute anyway.

2. There are multiple logical barriers that preclude any state from ever supplying terrorists with WMDs

Walt, 7/25/13
(Stephen M. Walt is the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, where he served as academic dean from 2002-2006, 7/25/13, "Why We Don’t Need to Worry About a ’Nuclear Handoff’", Foreign Policy, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/25/why_we_dont_need_to_worry_about_a_nuclear_handoff, Accessed 9/3/13, NC)
After the 9/11 attacks, the U.S. national security establishment
AND
the need to keep whatever weapons they might have under very reliable control.

3. No way for terrorists to produce a nuke on their own – Iraq proves

Kamp, 96
(Karl-Heinz, heads the foreign and security policy section of the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung in Sankt Agustin, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July)

Reports of nuclear smuggling appear to lend added weight to the idea that terrorists can
AND
who would certainly have far fewer resources—would find bomb building easier. 

No impact to failed states

Patrick, 11
(Stewart M, senior fellow, director – program on international institutions and global governance @ CFR, 4/15/’ "Why Failed States Shouldn’t Be Our Biggest National Security Fear," http://www.cfr.org/international-peace-and-security/why-failed-states-shouldnt-our-biggest-national-security-fear/p24689) 

In truth, while failed states may be worthy of America’s attention on humanitarian and
AND
stronger developing countries, from which transnational threats are more likely to emanate.

Relations improving – Cuban domestic reforms

Padgett 7-3 (Tim Padgett, WLRN-Miami Herald News’ Americas correspondent covering Latin America and the Caribbean, "Why This Summer Offers Hope For Better U.S.-Cuba Relations" http://wlrn.org/post/why-summer-offers-hope-better-us-cuba-relations 7-3-13)
And yet, despite all that recent cold-war commotion, could this finally
AND
, they need to become more normal in their relations with other nations."

Multiple hurdles the Aff can’t overcome

Santiago 8/17 Fabiola Santiago writer and editor for The Miami Herald, shared in a Pulitzer Prize for coverage of the federal government "The endless U.S.-Cuba chess game" http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/17/3569162_p2/fabiola-santiago.html
Some Cuban Americans think it’s time to shake things up in Cuba with such bold
AND
— remains a chess game, and checkmate seems a long way off.

The plan is a drop in the bucket – only multiple constructive initiatives will repair relations

Pascual et al., Brookings Foreign Policy Director, 2009,
(Carlos, "Cuba: A New Policy of Critical and Constructive Engagement", Brookings, April, Pg. 5, PAS) www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdf 4-16-13

It should be understood that engagement—while ¶ having as a goal evolution to
AND
advance one or more of the objectives ¶ listed in the box below.
North Korean Missiles ruin any chance of repairing relations
FoxNews 7/18 "North Korean Ship Puts U.S.-Cuban Relations On Ice, Experts Say"  Andrew O’Reilly July 18, 2013, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/07/18/north-korean-ship-puts-us-cuban-relations-on-ice-experts-say/

Panama’s discovery of the missiles on the North Korean-flagged Chong Chon Gang,
AND
dangers that every U.S. president faces when dealing with Cuba."

NSA tanks Obama’s credibility

Bloomberg 8/22 Mike Dorning 26 Chris Strohm - Aug 22, 2013 "Court Finding of Domestic Spying Risks Obama Credibility"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-23/court-finding-of-domestic-spying-risks-obama-credibility.html

A classified court opinion released Aug. 21 showed that the National Security Agency intercepted AND
 "has now lost all credibility on this issue.”

Status quo solves Obama credibility

Charles A. Kupchan 12, professor of international affairs at Georgetown University and the Whitney Shepardson senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Bruce W. Jentleson, professor of public policy and political science at Duke University, October/November 2012, "Obama’s strong suit," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/The20World20Today/2012/october/WT1012Kupchan.pdf
When it comes to handling matters of America’s national security, Republicans have for decades
AND
off; diplomatic and commercial contacts have deepened in step with political liberalization.

Credibility not key—their ev’s stuck in the Cold War

Stephen M. Walt 12, Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, "Why are U.S. leaders so obsessed with credibility?" September 11, Foreign Policy, walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/09/11/the_credibility_fetish
What’s the biggest mistake the United States has made since the end of the Cold
AND
American diplomacy has achieved relatively little since the end of the Cold War.

Tournament: HoFlo | Round: 5 | Opponent: New Trier BK | Judge: Wes Fowler

T

A. Interpretation – "economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

B. Violation – the affirmative isn’t economic engagement, it’s a form of diplomatic engagement.

C. Voting issue –

1. Limits – they explode the topic – blurring the lines between economic and other forms of engagement makes any positive interaction with another country topical.  It’s impossible to predict or prepare

2. Ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans

D. Effects T-

The plan doesn’t on face mandate economic engagement, rather economic engagement MAY happen as a result of the plan.

1. F-X topicality is a voting issue – it’s impossible for the neg to predict the different chains of internal links that could lead to the aff, which skews the debate in the aff’s favor

2. Extra Topicality is an independent reason to reject the affirmative.  The plan directly influences something outside of the topic.  Extra topical allow the affirmative to access unpredictable advantages and skews negative ground.

Politics

TPA will pass but political capital is key - failure collapses global trade deals

• It gives the White House power to negotiate trade deals and limits Congress’s ability to intervene in nitty-gritty details once talks are concluded
  Financial Times 1/20 ("US trade debate prompts fears of delay in talks"
  http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/60506de0-7f9c-11e3-b6a7-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2qtDiKryq)
  A heated debate over trade in the US Congress risks stalling two trade negotiations that
  AND
  is stuck unless you get (fast-track authority) very soon."

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
AND
could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

Capital is key—vital to economy

Bryan Riley, senior analyst and Anthony B. Kim, senior policy analyst, "Advancing Trade Freedom: Key Objective of Trade Promotion Authority Renewal," ISSUE BRIEF n. 3912, Heritage Foundation, 4—16—13, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/advancing-trade-freedom-key-objective-of-trade-promotion-authority-renewal
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) has been a critical tool for advancing free trade
AND
international trade fosters open markets, democracy, and peace throughout the world.

Economic decline causes war and miscalculation

Royal 10 — Jedidiah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, M.Phil. Candidate at the University of New South Wales, 2010 ("Economic Integration, Economic Signalling and the Problem of Economic Crises," Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Edited by Ben Goldsmith and Jurgen Brauer, Published by Emerald Group Publishing, ISBN 0857240048, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

CP

====CP – The Executive Branch of the United States should:====

====- acknowledge that current reforms in Cuba are real and effective====

====- loosen restrictions on US citizens to travel to Cuba====

====- clarify remittance expansion rules====

and should change their foreign policy in the Middle East by:

-increasing support for the freedom aspirations of the Iranian people

-increasing diplomatic pressure to get Iran to compromise over their nuclear program

-promoting religious freedom throughout the Middle East

====CP leads to investment in Cuba that solves their economy and relations====
Laverty ’11 ~2011, Collin Laverty is a Cuba consultant at the Center for Democracy in the Americas. "Cuba’s New Resolve Economic Reform and its Implications for US Policy"http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf~~
U.S. sanctions are premised on the belief that strangling Cuba’s economy will
AND
2450 million fund for rotating micro-loans and other measures.131

That solves credibility—plan can’t solve without fixing Middle Eastern foreign policy

Young 13 
(Michael, opinion editor of The Daily Star, quoting Anne-Marie Slaughter, Princeton University, former director of policy planning at the US State department, and Vali Nasr, former adviser to Richard Holbrooke, the late US special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, and is currently dean of John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies in DC, one of America’s most authoritative commentators on international relations, "Ex-Obama officials lament US president’s lack of Middle East policy", www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/ex-obama-officials-lament-us-presidents-lack-of-middle-east-policy)
It is revealing that two former Obama administration officials have become critics of current US
AND
world - his perennial caution suffocating his ability to exploit valuable political openings.¶ 

Case

Banking

Plan would be ineffective – doesn’t solve labor and commercial issues

Perales et al., 10-  senior program associate of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow  Wilson International Center for Scholars. (Jose Raul, "The United States and Cuba:  Implications of an Economic  Relationship," Woodrow Wilson Center Latin American Program, August 2010, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/LAP_Cuba_Implications.pdf) 

Regardless of the U.S. government’s actions, a post-embargo,
AND
conditions would be to manufacture finished goods elsewhere and export them to Cuba.

Turn - Unconditional repeal strengthens the Castro regime – results in economic reform rollback. Takes out any positive benefits of the plan

Sanguinetty 13(Jorge A. Sanguinetty, expert on human capital strategies and the political economy of policy reform in developing and transitional economies, Jorge A. Sanguinetty is a former economic planner in Cuba with first-hand knowledge of centrally planned economies and how they can transition to more open, market-based systems. Born in Cuba in 1937, Sanguinetty worked as an economist in the tourist and sugar industries before emigrating to the United States in 1967 and obtaining a Ph.D. in economics at the City University of New York. One of the founding members of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (ASCE), Sanguinetty is the author of Cuba: Realidad y Destino (Ediciones Universal 2005; English translation forthcoming). Many of Sanguinetty’s works on Cuba are available on www.cubafuturo.net. Sanguinetty is the president, CEO, and founder of DevTech Systems, Inc., a consulting firm which offers government agencies, multilateral institutions, and private-sector entities technical assistance in dealing with development issues such as institutional reform in market economies, the economics of justice administration and legal systems, and transition economics. Sanguinetty has published extensively on education reform in developing countries, especially in Latin America, and has worked on projects in more than twenty countries, including the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Jordan, Russia, and South Africa, "Who benefits and loses if the US-Cuba embargo is lifted?", April 2013, http://devresearchcenter.org/2013/04/08/who-benefits-and-loses-if-the-us-cuba-embargo-is-lifted-by-jorge-a-sanguinetty/
The answer depends on the conditions under which the embargo is lifted. I focus
AND
lifting of the US embargo is likely to bring about democracy in Cuba.

The plan wouldn’t stop the government from taking everything

Mitchell Bustillo,  13, "Time to Strengthen the Cuban Embargo," International Policy Digest, ACC. 6-15-2013,http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013 /05/09/time-to-strengthen-the-cuban-embargo/
These remittances are sent by Americans to help their Cuban families, not support the
AND
the Cuban people cannot be blamed on the United States or the embargo.

Turn – plan strengthens the regime, kills the economy, and undermines US influence in the region

Suchlicki ’13 (Jaime, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, What If…the U.S. Ended the Cuba Travel Ban and the Embargo? 2/26/13, http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/what-if-the-u-s-ended-the-cuba-travel-ban-and-the-embargo/)
Lifting the ban for U.S. tourists to travel to Cuba would be a major concession totally out of proportion to recent changes in the island. If the U.S. were to lift the travel ban without major reforms in Cuba, there would be significant implications:
Money from American tourists would flow into businesses owned by the Castro government thus strengthening
AND
, and investments in Cuba would develop. Yet there are significant implications.
 

1. Terrorists won’t pursue or use nuclear weapons

Waltz, 03
(Kenneth, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, 2003, p. 130)

For terrorists who abandon tactics of disruption and harassment in favor of dealing in wholesale
AND
to wreak great destruction, threats they would not want to execute anyway.

2. There are multiple logical barriers that preclude any state from ever supplying terrorists with WMDs

Walt, 7/25/13
(Stephen M. Walt is the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, where he served as academic dean from 2002-2006, 7/25/13, "Why We Don’t Need to Worry About a ’Nuclear Handoff’", Foreign Policy, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/25/why_we_dont_need_to_worry_about_a_nuclear_handoff, Accessed 9/3/13, NC)
After the 9/11 attacks, the U.S. national security establishment
AND
the need to keep whatever weapons they might have under very reliable control.

3. No way for terrorists to produce a nuke on their own – Iraq proves

Kamp, 96
(Karl-Heinz, heads the foreign and security policy section of the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung in Sankt Agustin, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July)

Reports of nuclear smuggling appear to lend added weight to the idea that terrorists can
AND
who would certainly have far fewer resources—would find bomb building easier. 

No impact to failed states

Patrick, 11
(Stewart M, senior fellow, director – program on international institutions and global governance @ CFR, 4/15/’ "Why Failed States Shouldn’t Be Our Biggest National Security Fear," http://www.cfr.org/international-peace-and-security/why-failed-states-shouldnt-our-biggest-national-security-fear/p24689) 

In truth, while failed states may be worthy of America’s attention on humanitarian and
AND
stronger developing countries, from which transnational threats are more likely to emanate.

Relations improving – Cuban domestic reforms

Padgett 7-3 (Tim Padgett, WLRN-Miami Herald News’ Americas correspondent covering Latin America and the Caribbean, "Why This Summer Offers Hope For Better U.S.-Cuba Relations" http://wlrn.org/post/why-summer-offers-hope-better-us-cuba-relations 7-3-13)
And yet, despite all that recent cold-war commotion, could this finally
AND
, they need to become more normal in their relations with other nations."

Multiple hurdles the Aff can’t overcome

Santiago 8/17 Fabiola Santiago writer and editor for The Miami Herald, shared in a Pulitzer Prize for coverage of the federal government "The endless U.S.-Cuba chess game" http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/17/3569162_p2/fabiola-santiago.html
Some Cuban Americans think it’s time to shake things up in Cuba with such bold
AND
— remains a chess game, and checkmate seems a long way off.

The plan is a drop in the bucket – only multiple constructive initiatives will repair relations

Pascual et al., Brookings Foreign Policy Director, 2009,
(Carlos, "Cuba: A New Policy of Critical and Constructive Engagement", Brookings, April, Pg. 5, PAS) www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdf 4-16-13

It should be understood that engagement—while ¶ having as a goal evolution to
AND
advance one or more of the objectives ¶ listed in the box below.
North Korean Missiles ruin any chance of repairing relations
FoxNews 7/18 "North Korean Ship Puts U.S.-Cuban Relations On Ice, Experts Say"  Andrew O’Reilly July 18, 2013, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/07/18/north-korean-ship-puts-us-cuban-relations-on-ice-experts-say/

Panama’s discovery of the missiles on the North Korean-flagged Chong Chon Gang,
AND
dangers that every U.S. president faces when dealing with Cuba."

NSA tanks Obama’s credibility

Bloomberg 8/22 Mike Dorning 26 Chris Strohm - Aug 22, 2013 "Court Finding of Domestic Spying Risks Obama Credibility"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-23/court-finding-of-domestic-spying-risks-obama-credibility.html

A classified court opinion released Aug. 21 showed that the National Security Agency intercepted AND
 "has now lost all credibility on this issue.”

Status quo solves Obama credibility

Charles A. Kupchan 12, professor of international affairs at Georgetown University and the Whitney Shepardson senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Bruce W. Jentleson, professor of public policy and political science at Duke University, October/November 2012, "Obama’s strong suit," http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/The20World20Today/2012/october/WT1012Kupchan.pdf
When it comes to handling matters of America’s national security, Republicans have for decades
AND
off; diplomatic and commercial contacts have deepened in step with political liberalization.

Credibility not key—their ev’s stuck in the Cold War

Stephen M. Walt 12, Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, "Why are U.S. leaders so obsessed with credibility?" September 11, Foreign Policy, walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/09/11/the_credibility_fetish
What’s the biggest mistake the United States has made since the end of the Cold
AND
American diplomacy has achieved relatively little since the end of the Cold War.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: HoFlo CR | Judge: John Martin

T Gov to Gov

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf-http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

’Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that’s mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – the plan merely implements an already existing energy agreement meaning there is no engagement with Mexico

C. Voting issue –

1.  Limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3^rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible

2. Ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ’engagement’

Politics

Obama will hold off sanctions now

Politico 12/5 ("W.H. to publicly make Iran case on Hill" http://www.politico.com/story/2013/12/white-house-iran-nuclear-deal-100745.html)
The Obama administration’s closed-door push to hold off new congressional sanctions on Iran
AND
next week before proceeding with new legislation, a Banking Committee aide said.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

PC is key to stop new sanctions or they’ll derail the deal with Iran

Dennis 11/24 (Steven, Roll Call, "Obama Faces Skeptical Congress as Iran Nuclear Deal Reached (Updated)," 11/24/2013, http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/-http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/)
President Barack Obama has a sales job to do with Congress after he announced an
AND
I have great confidence in my colleagues in the Congress," he said.

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

Cap K

====Economic engagement with Latin America fuels capitalist exploitation – the plan is used to make imperialist violence more efficient and invisible ====
Tumino Assistant Professor of English @ City University of New York, 02,
(Stephen, author of Cultural Theory After the Contemporary, May/June 02, The Red Critique, "Contesting the Empire-al Imaginary: The Truth of Democracy as Class," http://redcritique.org/MayJune02/contestingtheempirealimaginary.htm-http://redcritique.org/MayJune02/contestingtheempirealimaginary.htm, ~Accessed 7/8/13~, JB).
But freedom and democracy under capitalism is only for the few who can afford it
AND
imperialist brutality—it is appeasement of the violent democracy of the owners.

The impact is extinction

Brown, 05 (Charles, Professor of Economics and Research Scientist at the University of Michigan, 05/13/2005, http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2005w15/msg00062.htm-http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2005w15/msg00062.htm)
The capitalist class owns the factories, the banks, and transportation-the means
AND
at large remains a shameful fact of life in the U.S.

The alternative is to reject the aff

Rejection of the aff is key to a historical materialist criticism – voting negative endorses an anti-capitalist methodology that denaturalizes the functions of capital

San Juan 6 (Epifanio, Jr., Fulbright Lecturer in American Studies at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, "Crisis and Contradiction in Globalization Discourse" http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/crisisandcontradictioninglobalizationdiscourse.htm) APB
In order to probe and analyze the multilayered contradictions of any phenomenon, we need
AND
Imperial Terror"~), and all the excluded and marginalized peoples of the planet. 

USFG PIC

COUNTER-ADVOCACY TEXT: Faith Geraghty and James McLellan advocate that the United States federal government should substantially increase economic engagement toward Mexico by…. (I honestly don’t remember what their plan text was and I didn’t save it but they had some weird ass solvency mechanism).

State Action co-opts solvency of their movement

Fox 91 (Dennis Fox, Emeritus Associate Professor, Legal Studies University of Illinois at Springfield. 1991 "Law Against Social Change"http://www.dennisfox.net/papers/law-against.html-http://www.dennisfox.net/papers/law-against.html)

Third, and most important, the very success of legal solutions makes things worse
AND
are not capable of being good unless we are forced to be good.

The Aff by pretending to be tools of the higher power of the state open themselves up to evil- accepting personal responsibility prevents violence

Zupancic 2000 (Alenka, Researcher, Institute of Philosophy, Ljubljana, Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan, March, pg.96-97)

Another problem still remains, however: the question of the possibility of (performing
AND
occur as something that is ’essentially a by-product of our actions.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Alpharetta LW | Judge: Noah Cramer

Gradualism Turns

1. The Cuban transition will be gradual and stable – Diaz-Canel makes a political transition inevitable

López-Levy, 13 - PhD candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver (Arturo, "Getting Ready for Post-Castro Cuba," The National Interest, 4/10, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316-http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316)

In the last five years, the Cuban government has created an important institutional foundation
AND
incentives in ways it has not done since the Ford and Carter Administrations.

2. Lifting the Embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms

Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, "Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo", NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)

Still, in a country where Cubans "resolve" their way around government restrictions
AND
the 1950s. "There is a lot of work to be done."

3. Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/18 cuba feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)ID  

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as opposed to an Eastern European-style
AND
policy paralysis or a smoke-screen for maintenance of the status quo.

4. Rapid change risks Cuban civil war

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/18 cuba feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf
Some in the United States have long supported severe sanctions  intended to starve the Cuban
AND
to quell a bloody civil  war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.

5. Turns any effectiveness of the plan – exacerbates the drug trade, humanitarian crisis, government oppression and relations

NAÍM, 1 – editor of Foreign Policy (MOISÉS, "When Countries go Crazy", MARCH 1, 2001, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2001/03/01/when_countries_go_crazy

Some countries can drive other countries crazy. When people have this effect on one
AND
, the powerful interest groups that blinded him to the lessons of experience.

Cuban Ag. Turns

Due to current sanctions Cuba is not engaging in chemical agriculture

Warwick, Environmental Writer for BBC Wildlife, 2000
~Hugh, 3/18/00, Third World Network, "Cuba’s organic revolution", http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/twr118h.htm-http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/twr118h.htm**, Accessed: 6/30/13, PR~

Cuba goes organic. The crash in agricultural imports has also led to a general
AND
to work on farms for periods of two weeks to two years.16

Removing the embargo means the Cuban oil industry is revived, that reduces the need for sustainable agriculture

Fairweather and Asquith ’10 (Jack Fairweather- former Middle East correspondent who spent four years as the Daily Telegraph’s Baghdad and Gulf correspondent. He was an embedded reporter during the Iraq invasion, and won the British equivalent of the Pulitzer prize for his reporting on Iraq’s civil war. Most recently Jack has been the Washington Post Global’s Islamic world correspondent, where he has created Islam’s Advance, a multi-media Post webpage that’s viewed by 80,000 viewers a month. Jack is also a contributor to Harper’s Magazine, Mother Jones and the Atlantic Monthly and Christina Asquith- Christina Asquith has 12 years experience as a local beat reporter, national correspondent and foreign correspondent for The Philadelphia Inquirer, The New York Times and The Economist. She spent three years in the Middle East covering the Iraq war, and won "Educator of the Year" award by Education News for her coverage of the effects of war on the lives of school system. She also is author of two non-fiction books: "The Emergency Teacher: A Year Inside Philadelphia’s Toughest School" (Skyhorse Press, 2007) and "The Spinsters’ War: A Story of Women, Life and Death in Iraq" (Random House, 2009). Prior to joining Solutions Magazine, she was senior editor at Diverse Magazine in Washington DC; "How Can Cuba’s Sustainable Agriculture Survive the Peace?"; http://thesolutionsjournal.com/node/554-http://thesolutionsjournal.com/node/554)
The change in attitude was evident early last year at a Havana conference held by the Cuban Association of Agriculture and Forestry Technicians – the body in charge of sustainable agriculture – to introduce government officials to some of the key advocates of sustainability.¶ Professor José Fernando Martierena Hernández of the Universidad Central de las Villas, who runs Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Estructuras y Materiales (CIDEM), an organization that teaches communities to build houses from local materials, said the government is beginning to see itself as a market leader in sustainability.¶ Hernandez’s work in the aftermath of Hurricane Ike, when CIDEM moved rapidly to construct emergency shelters from reconstituted wood, won plaudits from the Castro regime as well as a World Habitat Award (http://www.worldhabitatawards.org/winners-and-finalists/project-details....).¶ "In the last few years the government has begun to respond to the idea of sustainability. Fidel himself has said this is the direction the country should be moving forward in," said Hernandez.¶ But from Fernando’s point of view, though he welcomes government platitudes, he has yet to see the government adopt a consistent strategy for sustainability.¶ He is worried that unless the ideas that he and others like Hernandez are propounding are developed into an over-arching strategy, the advances made toward sustainable living may be quickly lost.¶ "Have the ideas of sustainability successfully permeated the regime’s thinking?" asked Monzote. "If sanctions lift and we have lots of oil again, will the government continue to support our agriculture?"¶ As Monzote cedes, the temptation may prove too strong for a regime built on the power of a centrally-controlled economy.¶ But Monzote believes he has an answer: "Cuba has commanded the world stage in its opposition to American capitalism. If we can convince our leaders that sustainability gives us a new platform for leadership and for renewing the revolution, I think we can succeed."

Lifting the embargo will destroy Cuba’s model of sustainable polyculture agriculture

Carmen G. Gonzalez, ’3, Assistant Professor, Seattle University School of Law, Summer 2003, SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA, p. 729-33
Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
and economic pressure from the United States and from the global trading system.

Conditions CP

The United States federal government should substantially increase economic engagement with Cuba if and only if the Cuban government implements, through a bilateral framework, economic liberalization reforms, including engaging international financial institutions, reducing restrictions on foreign direct investment, and admittance into the Organization of American States.

The United States federal government should then make all conditions reversible, as per our 2^nd Perez evidence.

Only the counterplan solves Cuban growth and democracy – US engagement in economic liberalization ensures stable transition post-Castro and avoids a civil war. And they’d say yes.

David A. Perez, Yale Law School, JD, 2010, Harvard Latino Law Review, Spring,13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, America’s Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department, p. 216-7ts
The United States should recognize that economic change is a precursor to political change.
AND
, may also prevent a costly civil war during the inevitably painful transition.

Conditionality and reversibility are key – Plan fails without the threat of returned sanctions – government repression, instability and chaos would be the result

David A. Perez, Yale Law School, JD, 2010, Harvard Latino Law Review, Spring,13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, America’s Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department, p. 216-7ts
After conducting some initial discussions, both countries can then move on to the embargo
AND
to Cuba, by no means are any overtures on Washington’s end irreversible.

Fem IR

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. "Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil." Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.

Shepherd 2007 
~Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, "Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence," BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256~
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ’our sense of self-identity
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.  

Politics DA

Obama will hold off sanctions now

Politico 12/5 ("W.H. to publicly make Iran case on Hill" http://www.politico.com/story/2013/12/white-house-iran-nuclear-deal-100745.html)
The Obama administration’s closed-door push to hold off new congressional sanctions on Iran
AND
next week before proceeding with new legislation, a Banking Committee aide said.

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914-http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
AND
could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

PC is key to stop new sanctions or they’ll derail the deal with Iran

Dennis 11/24 (Steven, Roll Call, "Obama Faces Skeptical Congress as Iran Nuclear Deal Reached (Updated)," 11/24/2013, http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/-http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/)
President Barack Obama has a sales job to do with Congress after he announced an
AND
I have great confidence in my colleagues in the Congress," he said.

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Johns Creek FD | Judge: Peter Susko

T Gov to Gov

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf-http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

’Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that’s mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – the plan merely implements an already existing energy agreement meaning there is no engagement with Mexico

C. Voting issue –

1.  Limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3^rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible

2. Ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ’engagement’

Politics

Obama will hold off sanctions now

Politico 12/5 ("W.H. to publicly make Iran case on Hill" http://www.politico.com/story/2013/12/white-house-iran-nuclear-deal-100745.html)
The Obama administration’s closed-door push to hold off new congressional sanctions on Iran
AND
next week before proceeding with new legislation, a Banking Committee aide said.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

PC is key to stop new sanctions or they’ll derail the deal with Iran

Dennis 11/24 (Steven, Roll Call, "Obama Faces Skeptical Congress as Iran Nuclear Deal Reached (Updated)," 11/24/2013, http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/-http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/obama-announces-iran-nuclear-deal/)
President Barack Obama has a sales job to do with Congress after he announced an
AND
I have great confidence in my colleagues in the Congress," he said.

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

Neolib

Movements against neoliberalism are growing in Latin America – but the plan increases neoliberal control in the region. That crushes indigenous cultures and the environment which means that the only way to solve is a de-linking.

Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). "Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization," http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

Extinction—-tech and reforms fail

Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research 26 Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, "The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith," Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43
In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003
AND
"endless technical adjustments;" thus no further theoretical thought is required."27

Vote negative to valorize our criticism of Westernized neoliberal logic—-the alternatives knowledge production is capable of re-politicizing capitalism creating the space for transformation away from the 1AC’s EuroAmerican centrism

Sheppard and Leitner 9 (Eric Sheppard, PhD, geographer and Regents Professor of Economic geography at the University of Minnesota,  Helga Leitner " Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus," http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/downloads/7235/496.pdf)
We have argued that the shifting global governance discourses directed toward the third world since
AND
economic and cultural subordination" (Fraser, 1997, p. 28).

XO

Text: The president of the United States should issue an executive order to implement the Outer Continental Shelf Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement Authorization Act.

The President is the sole channel of foreign intercourse

Prakash and Ramsey, 2001
(Saikrishna B and Michael D, The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf-http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf, Accessed 7-9-13, RRR)
As many of the incidents recounted above indicate, Washington spoke for the United States
AND
, the House requested the President to convey its sentiments to France.378

Exectutive action avoids the politics DA – doesn’t spend political capital.

Howell, Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, 5 (William G., Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, "Unilateral Powers: A Brief Overview," Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35, no. 3, September, p. 421)
The actions that Bush and his modern predecessors have taken by fiat do not fit
AND
Congress lacks the votes (usually two thirds of both chambers)¶ to overturn
him, the president can be confident that his policy will stand.