Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pinecrest FJ | Judge: Carrol

Politics

Will pass – but it’ll be extremely close, especially in the House

Xinhua 9-4 ("News Analysis: Obama’s Syria strike plan faces tough sell in U.S. Congress" http://english.cntv.cn/20130905/100794.shtml)
WASHINGTON, Sept. 4 (Xinhua) — U.S. President Barack
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never before has Congress not backed a president’s request to use military force.

Foreign policy changes drain PC

Helen V. Milner (B. C. Forbes Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and the director of the Niehaus Center for Globalization and Governance at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School) and Dustin H. Tingley (Assistant Professor of Government at Harvard University) "Who Supports Global Economic Engagement?" The Sources of Preferences in American Foreign Economic Policy International Organization 65, Winter 2011, pp. 37–68
In democracies, governments have to build domestic support for the use of foreign policy
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, then, results from some combination of these domestic and international pressures.

Obama must use his limited PC to get strikes passed

Lewis 8-31 (Paul Lewis is Washington correspondent for the Guardian. "Battle looms in Congress as Obama makes Syria a vast political gamble" http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/31/barack-obama-syria-congress-vote)
Barack Obama has taken a potentially huge political gamble by putting the decision over whether
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things are more important than partisan differences or the politics of the moment".

Strikes on Syria will kill Iran’s drive for nuclear weapons

Tabler 9-4 (Andrew J. Tabler is a senior fellow with the at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, is the author of "In the Lion’s Den: An Eyewitness Account of Washington’s Battle With Syria." "Attacking Syria Is the Best Way to Deal With Iran" http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/09/04/can-iran-help-the-us-in-syria/attacking-syria-is-the-best-way-to-deal-with-iran)
While Washington debates how the United States should respond to its intelligence reports of the
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would make the Iranian regime and its people reassess aspirations to go nuclear.

Iranian proliferation sparks a Middle East proliferation cascade that sparks a nuclear war

Allison, Harvard Government Professor, 2006
Graham, "The Will to Prevent", Fall, Harvard International Law Review, L/N, Accessed 7/16/10
Meanwhile, Iran is testing the line in the Middle East. On its current
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us to have control of weapons of destruction that can threaten our existence."

T: Trade

A. Interpretation - Economic engagement is long-term strategy for promoting structural linkage between two economies

Mastanduno, 1 – professor of Government at Dartmouth College (Michael, "Economic Engagement Strategies: Theory and Practice" http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf-http://web.archive.org/web/20120906033646/http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/bpollins/book/Mastanduno.pdf
The basic causal logic of economic engagement, and the emphasis on domestic politics,
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chain runs from economic interdependence through domestic political change to foreign policy accommodation.

B. Violation – the plan is an economic inducement – engagement requires trade promotion

Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policieshttp://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies-http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)
Literature of liberal school points out that economic engagement policies are significantly effective tools for
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believes in that economic linkages have political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)

T: Gov to Gov

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
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great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf-http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
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some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

’Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that’s mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Finals | Opponent: Notre Dame PD | Judge: Prince, Collins, Carlson

Cuba Tourism DA

Pollution is down in Havana Bay, and only a handful of cruise ships dock per year.

Jara, 13 
~Fransisco, writer for News Daily, 5/9/13, News Daily, "Havana Bay Slowly Reclaims Historic Splendor", http://www.newsdaily.com/environment/3dd3a5fa85865cd1d45db819a88df5aa/havana-bay-slowly-reclaims-historic-splendor-http://www.newsdaily.com/environment/3dd3a5fa85865cd1d45db819a88df5aa/havana-bay-slowly-reclaims-historic-splendor, NCM~
Pelicans and their prey are back in Havana Bay in a sign that efforts to
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, dumping of pollutants was scaled back by 30 percent compared to 2011.
"Today, crossing the bay by ferry to go from the old town to
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part by construction giant Odebrecht at an investment of about a billion dollars.
The goal is to clear Havana’s port of eyesore tankers and container ships to make
AND
to seek special US government permission to go to the Caribbean island nation.

Both the Cuban and American private sectors are making plans for major tourism in the status quo- they’re just waiting for the embargo to be lifted so they can capitalize on the opportunity

ETN 09 
~ETN: Global Travel Industry News, 9/18/09, "Is Cuba Ready for US Tourists?", http://www.eturbonews.com/11774/cuba-ready-us-tourists-http://www.eturbonews.com/11774/cuba-ready-us-tourists, NCM~
At first glance, Cuba’s business potential looks as pretty as its postcards: A
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government would want, i.e. too old to cause problems."

Tourism directly leads to Cuban ecosystem collapse

Barclay, 8 
~Eliza, writer for TreeHugger, 1/10/8, TreeHugger, "Cuba’s Environment Threatened As Embargo’s End Looms", http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/cubas-environment-threatened-as-embargos-end-looms.html-http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/cubas-environment-threatened-as-embargos-end-looms.html, NCM~
The New York Times had a piece recently on what the end of the United
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to stand up to what will likely be powerful interests in tourism development.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: HoFlo NH | Judge: Alex Duner

T- Must be Economic

A. Interpretation – "economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Octas | Opponent: Carrolton CC | Judge: Collins, Tang, Cekanor
Everything we read we've read before so check those for the cites and the round report for what the args were

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Lane Tech MP | Judge: Vinson, Dunner, Prince

Russia SOI DA

Text: The federal government of the Russian Federation should _.

Russia should engage Latin America – it’s politically preferred and the US is unpopular

Fillingham, 10 – (Zachary, BA in International Relations from York University, MA in Chinese Studies from the University of London, recipient of a Taiwan Ministry of Education Huayu Scholarship; "Russia Eyes Latin America," Geopolitical Monitor, 5 April 2010, http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/russia-eyes-latin-america-3652)//HO
Russia is poised to occupy the diplomatic space created in Latin America by American decline
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in history as prophetic, because that is exactly what’s going to happen.

Russia CP

Russia is massively increasing its influence in Venezuela in order to increase its influence globally – they view influence in the region to be zero sum, means the plan trades off

Bugajski, Director of East European Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 13
(Janusz, The Ukranian Week "Russia’s Soft Power Wars", http://ukrainianweek.com/World/71849-http://ukrainianweek.com/World/71849, 2/8/13)
Western "soft power" influences are therefore viewed as a form of geostrategic competition
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state influence and a valuable tactical tool employed to achieve specific geostrategic ambitions.

US infringement on influence specifically causes Russian nationalism – perception alone triggers resentment

Nodia, Georgian political analyst who served as the Minister of Education and Science in the Cabinet of Georgia, 9 (April 2009, Ghia, "THE WOUNDS OF LOST EMPIRE", Journal of Democracy, Vol. 20, Iss. 2; pg. 34, Proquest)
I believe that the crucial factor in explaining the peculiarity of the Russian case (
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the collective moral power to set norms in politics and much more besides. 

Extinction – causes START collapse and nuclear lash-out

Israelyan, Soviet Ambassador, 98
(Victor Israelyan was a Soviet ambassador, diplomat, arms control negotiator, and leading political scientist. The Washington Quarterly 1998 Winter )
The first and by far most dangerous possibility is what I call the power scenario
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be able to stumble on, until we all fall down together." n12

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pace HM | Judge: Shanna Carlson

Iran Sanctions Politics

Obama is winning on Iran – but the momentum is reversible

Lobe 11/16 (Jim, Washington bureau chief for Inter Press Service. "Obama Gets More Time for Iran Nuclear Deal" Inter Press Service, http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/11/obama-gets-more-time-for-iran-nuclear-deal/-http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/11/obama-gets-more-time-for-iran-nuclear-deal/)
The administration of President Barack Obama appears to have succeeded in preventing Congress from enacting
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a comprehensive accord on Iran’s nuclear programme within six months to a year. 

Cuba policy change faces formidable Congressional hurdles from both parties

José R. Cárdenas 12, Foreign Policy, 11-13-12, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/13/cuba_policy_in_a_second_obama_term
Yet however the numbers play out in Florida, frankly it is no more than
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U.S. administration would need to re-evaluate the relationship.

Obama’s PC is vital to secure relief from sanctions – keeps Iran at the table to secure a deal

Cockburn 11/11 (Patrick, Irish journalist who has been a Middle East correspondent since 1979 for the Financial Times, "Why Iran’s Concessions Won’t Lead to a Nuclear Agreement," http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-to-a-nuclear-agreement/-http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-to-a-nuclear-agreement/)
Political will for a deal is still there in Washington and Tehran, but its
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extinguished by those who believe that confrontation with Iran works better than diplomacy. 

Global nuclear war in a month if talks fail – US sanctions will wreck diplomacy

Press TV 11/13 "Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail", http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/-http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
taking away sanctions. We are not rolling them back," Psaki added.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Barstow DP | Judge: Anelia Butler

Farm Bill Politics DA

Farm bill will pass now – but it’ll be tough

Rogers 11/20 (David, writer for Politico. "Farm bill talks intensify" http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/food-stamp-costs-farm-bill-100158.html)
Farm bill talks intensified Wednesday night even as a new report showed that food stamp
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were possible this week, Peterson said, "I think it is."

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
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action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Obama’s political capital is key to a fair new bill — key to food security

Clayton 11/5 (Eva M., Former Congresswoman and former Assistant Director General of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Huffington Post, Congressional and Presidential Leadership Needed for a Fair and Equitable Farm Bill, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-m-clayton/congressional-and-presidential_b_4221884.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-m-clayton/congressional-and-presidential_b_4221884.html)
Will Congress and the president demonstrate the leadership necessary to enact a strong, but
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presidential leadership. The fate of our nation’s food security depends on it.

Extinction

Brown 9 (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute "Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries to cause
AND
If enough states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Eurocentrism Kritik

US policies towards Latin America reinforce a hierarchal form of relations – engagement uses paternal rhetoric to justify a top-down approach

Young, 4/20
(Kevin, NYT, 4/20/13, "The Good, the Bad, and the Benevolent Interventionist: U.S. Press and Intellectual Distortions of the Latin American Left" http://www.nytexaminer.com/2013/04/the-good-the-bad-and-the-benevolent-interventionist-u-s-press-and-intellectual-distortions-of-the-latin-american-left/, date accessed 7/5/13 IGM)

The good-left/bad-left thesis may seem more enlightened and progressive
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discourse toward Asian and African peoples, particularly Muslims (Mamdani, 2004).
Historically these distinctions have helped to justify outside intervention in the name of "protecting
AND
usually internal demons, too (Kenworthy, 1995: 18–37).
Press coverage of right-wing coups against Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez in 2002 and Honduras’s
AND
implied that Latin Americans both needed and wanted U.S. intervention.

Eurocentric ethics generate a permanent state of exception, which is the root cause of the death ethics of war and underwrites a hellish existence where death, murder, war, rape, and racism are ordinary

Maldonado-Torres, Associate Professor of Comparative Literature at Rutgers, 8
(Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21)

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
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such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested." 

Reject the Aff to Affirm a strategy of decolonizing education which focuses on removing the West from the center of geopolitics, and challenges Eurocentric knowledge as universal.

Baker, University of Rochester Professor of Education and Human Development, 12
(Michael, Professor at the Warner Graduate School of Education and Human Development, October 31 - November 4, 2012, American Educational Studies Association, Annual Conference Seattle, Washington, "Decolonial Education: Meanings, Contexts, and Possibilities," http://academia.edu/3266939/Decolonial_Education_Meanings_Contexts_and_Possiblities, Accessed: 7/7/13, LPS.)

¶ What do decoloniality and decolonial education mean?  Where does this movement come from
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that had no relation to the languages and histories of the native peoples.

Tournament: IDCA JV State | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBS LP | Judge: Katie Klante

Appeasement DA

Obama administration is continuing a hard-line approach against Cuba – too many issues blocks relations

Jones, Professor of History at Southwestern Adventist University, specializes in American foreign policy and military history, 12/21/13 (Steve, "Will The Obama-Castro Handshake Really Matter?", http://usforeignpolicy.about.com/od/backgroundhistory/fl/Will-The-Obama-Castro-Handshake-Really-Matter.htm, Jpape)
What if, after shaking hands at the memorial service for Nelson Mandela on December
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foreign policy on democratic regime change, that would seem to be that.

Lifting the embargo is a unique signal of appeasement – spurs a CVI alliance

(CVI: Cuba, Venezuela, Iran)
Brookes 9 (Peter is a Heritage Foundation senior fellow and a former deputy assistant secretary of defense. "KEEP THE EMBARGO, O" April 15, 2009, http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_Oul9gWKYCFsACA0D6IVpvL)
In the end, though, it’s still Fidel Castro and his brother Raul who’ll
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communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Alliance allows covert expansion of Iranian nukes – causes nuclear war

Fugitt, Prof. at School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, 12 (Kristina, "The Export of Iran’s Nuclear Program to Latin America: Implications for United States Security", http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Fugitt20Iran20LA.pdf, 2/20/12, Jpape)
The alliance between Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Hugo Chavez and Fidel Castro is increasing Iran’s capability
AND
in the first place-so it can blow Israel off the map. 

Advantage CP

Text: The United States federal government should offer to sign a science and technology agreement with Cuba.

Science cooperation solves Latin American relations, sustainable agriculture, diseases, biotechnology and biodiversity

Pastrana 26 Clegg, 08.
(Foreign Secretary of the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Foreign Secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the School of Biological Sciences, University of California (Sergio, Michael, "U.S.-Cuban Scientific Relations". 7/3/13. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/322/5900/345.full?ijkey=3aK7XuLHCJLJ.26keytype=ref26siteid=sci. KJ)
In a few years, the two oldest national academies of science in the world
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us celebrate our mutual anniversaries by starting a new era of scientific cooperation.

Neolib K

Components of neoliberalism include free trade and foreign direct investment- lifting the embargo would inevitably lead to this in Cuba

Fanelli, 2008
(Carlo, York University Sociologist, November, "’Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism," New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, Volume 2, pg 7-16 FG)
Central to neoliberalism is the belief that a laissez-faire approach to economics,
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which are inextricably linked to the implementation of neoliberalism on a global scale.

Neoliberalism fuels unsustainable consumption that causes environmental destruction

Kutting, 2004
(Gabriela, Professor of Political Science at Rutgers with a PhD from University of Sussex who has published 6 books on global environmental politics, Spring/Summer 2004, "Globalization and the Environment: Moving Beyond Neoliberal Institutionalism," International Journal of Peace Studies, Volume 9, Number 1, pg. 38-39, Accessed: 1/27/13 FG)
The argument that excessive consumption leads to environmental degradation is not a new argument and
AND
at an unsustainable rate by only a small percentage of the world population.
The neoliberal economic order like its preceding economic orders treats the natural environment as if
AND
a human right. Again, this raises questions of equity and access.
No inhabitant of this planet has not been exposed to some form of environmental degradation
AND
to be highlighted more – leading back to consumption, agency and responsibility.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative and embrace Cubanalismo- the Cuban alternative to neoliberalism provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Fanelli, 2008
(Carlo, York University Sociologist, November, "’Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism," New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, Volume 2, pg 7-16 FG)
As this paper has attempted to integrate throughout this discussion, alternatives to neoliberalism do
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alternative modes of socioeconomic and environmental polices can and do continue to exist.

T

A. Interpretation- In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.

Helweg, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, 2000 (Diana, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145)
Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
AND
of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other. 

B. Violation- their engagement is not conditional, they offer it without asking anything in return

C. Prefer our interpretation

1. Limits- they allow for an infinite number of possible ways to engage that would never happen in real life so it puts an unfair burden on the neg to prepare.

2. Education- most real world, we should learn about ways the USFG engages in the real world. This is the best internal link to education because it gives us portable skills.

Voting issue for fairness and education.

No War

War is possible, maybe even likely, and will cause extinction.

Prefer specific scenarios- we isolate specific scenarios where conflict could break out. Prefer that to their blanket claims about war all over the world.

2. Great power rivalry makes war likely

Miller 11 
(Paul Miller, asst. professor of international security studies at the National Defense University, 12/16/11, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/16/how_dangerous_is_the_world_part_ii)
Some scholars are unimpressed with the supposed threats from Russia and China. The end
AND
competition among big states remains a permanent and dangerous feature of world politics.

3. Even a limited nuclear war turns their impacts and causes extinction- most recent evidence flows neg

Starr 12
~Steven Starr - Director of the Clinical Laboratory Science Program at the University of Missouri-Columbia,  Associate member of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, has been published by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, his writings appear on the websites of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies, Scientists for Global Responsibility, and the International Network of Scientists Against Proliferation, "What is nuclear darkness?," http://www.nucleardarkness.org/web/whatisnucleardarkness/~~
In a nuclear war, burning cities would create millions of tons of thick,
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to collapse. The result would be a mass extinction event that would wipe 

4. Interdependence doesn’t check

Antov 11 (Michael Antov,  Department of Political Science at Duke University, "Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: The Implications of Membership in International Economic, Financial, and Monetary Organizations and Multilateral Preferential Trade Agreements", December 15th, 2011, http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/5095/2011-12-1520Milen20Antov20Senior20Thesis.pdf?sequence=1) 

In contrast to the liberal arguments, realists have argued that in an anarchic world
AND
liberals have considered a diversity of conflict types, primarily focusing on MIDs. 

5. Deterrence doesn’t take into account irrational decision-making, global alliances, and hazardous situations – history proves that war is still likely.

Hellman, Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, ’8
~Martin, "Soaring, Cryptography and Nuclear Weapons," 10/21/2008, http://nuclearrisk.org/soaring_article.php~~
A similar situation exists with nuclear weapons. Many people point to the absence of
AND
and alliance obligations similar to NATO’s Article 5 then produced a global conflict. 

6. Quick breakout means no intervening actors.

Sokolski, Executive Director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, ’9
~Henry, 6/1/2009, Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5534~~
Finally, several new nuclear weapons contenders are also likely to emerge in the next
AND
, would ever want. None of this, however, is inevitable.

Utilitarianism is the only moral framework and alternatives are contradictory

Nye, 86
(Joseph S. 1986; Phd Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; "Nuclear Ethics" pg. 18-19)

The significance and the limits of the two broad traditions can be captured by contemplating
AND
bear a heavier burden of proof in the nuclear age than ever before.

Transition

1. Most zoonotic diseases can’t kill fast enough to cause mass death. It is impossible for zoonotic diseases to cause extinction because they need hosts to survive

Sedon And Homes, 06
(Michael and Edward, Writer and PhD Professor of Biology at Penn State, "Emerging viruses: Past, present, and future," 11/6/06, http://www.rps.psu.edu/unplugged/fall06/holmes.html)

Without the costly protease inhibitor drugs that have given many with HIV a longer life
AND
not generated a transmittable path from person-to-person after infection."

2. Unlike other disease, zoonotics have been contained – if not eliminated – due to the restrictions placed on animal trade, vaccines, and quarantines

Torres, 99
(Alfonso, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D., Deputy Administrator, USDA, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, "International Economic Considerations Concerning Agricultural Diseases and Human Health Costs of Zoonotic Diseases," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894:80-82)

Animal diseases can negatively Affect the number and availability of animals, their productivity,
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the relatively few human diseases successfully eradicated from large areas of the world.

The Cuban transition will be gradual and stable – Diaz-Canel makes a political transition inevitable

López-Levy, 13 - PhD candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver (Arturo, "Getting Ready for Post-Castro Cuba," The National Interest, 4/10, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316)
In the last five years, the Cuban government has created an important institutional foundation
AND
incentives in ways it has not done since the Ford and Carter Administrations.

Lifting the embargo wouldn’t cause liberalization and political openness- it would increase the flow of cash into Cuba, and that money goes straight into the government’s hands, strengthening the regime.

Sweeny, 1994
(John, Policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation, 11/10/1994, "Why the Cuban Trade Embargo Should be Maintained," Online: http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1994/11/bg1010nbsp-why-the-cuban-trade FG)
The 32-year-old trade embargo against Cuba may finally be producing its
AND
left in the world who still suffer the brutality of a communist dictatorship.

Status quo solves the aff- Cuba increasing their medical ties all over the world and other countries are modeling after them now

Global Insider, 2013
("Global Insider: Cuba Sends Doctors to Brazil as Bilateral Ties Grow." 7/12/13. http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/12956/global-insider-cuba-sends-doctors-to-brazil-as-bilateral-ties-grow. KJ)
WPR: What is the extent of Cuba’s medical diplomacy in terms of numbers of
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continue to increase greatly, and remain the anchor of the Cuban economy.

Cuba says no- won’t cooperate in sharing biotech advances with the US

Feinberg, 2012
~Richard, Latin American Columnist, December 2012, Brookings, "The New Cuban Economy What Roles for Foreign Investment?", http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/12/cuba20economy20feinberg/cuba20economy20feinberg209.pdf, 7-12-13, JB 26 ML~
In the case of biotechnology, government officials voice fears that foreign partners will take advantage of Cuban firms and pirate their innovations . Rather than turn to the European and Japanese multinational pharmaceutical giants to assist in marketing Cuban innovations and pharmaceutical products, Cuba has preferred to seek state-to-state commercial deals with developing countries  (notably Venezuela), and to attempt JVs abroad (notably in China), where Cuban firms are the  foreign investors 

Turn- Cuban biotech model can be used to biological terrorism

Zilinskas 11 - Director, Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program at Middlebury College (Raymond, ABSTRACT OF: "Cuba, Terrorism, and Biotechnology", 7/15/2011, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0471686786.ebd0151.pub2/abstract, HW)
The Cuban government has in the past been known to directly support terrorist groups and
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capability is reviewed, as well as its potential for biological weapons acquisition.

Bioterrorism is the biggest existential risk

Matheny, 2007
(Jason G., Holds a PhD in applied economics and works at the Department of Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins, No specific date, "Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction," Online: http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~~wilson/pmpmta/Mahoney_extinction.pdf, Accessed: 3/5/14 FG)
Of current extinction risks, the most severe may be bioterrorism. The knowledge needed
AND
(Lam, Franco, 26 Shuler, 2(I)6).

Ag

Cuba agriculture sustainable now because of the Embargo—-plan collapses the industry

Fairweather and Asquith ’10 (Jack Fairweather- former Middle East correspondent who spent four years as the Daily Telegraph’s Baghdad and Gulf correspondent. He was an embedded reporter during the Iraq invasion, and won the British equivalent of the Pulitzer prize for his reporting on Iraq’s civil war. Most recently Jack has been the Washington Post Global’s Islamic world correspondent, where he has created Islam’s Advance, a multi-media Post webpage that’s viewed by 80,000 viewers a month. Jack is also a contributor to Harper’s Magazine, Mother Jones and the Atlantic Monthly and Christina Asquith- Christina Asquith has 12 years experience as a local beat reporter, national correspondent and foreign correspondent for The Philadelphia Inquirer, The New York Times and The Economist. She spent three years in the Middle East covering the Iraq war, and won "Educator of the Year" award by Education News for her coverage of the effects of war on the lives of school system. She also is author of two non-fiction books: "The Emergency Teacher: A Year Inside Philadelphia’s Toughest School" (Skyhorse Press, 2007) and "The Spinsters’ War: A Story of Women, Life and Death in Iraq" (Random House, 2009). Prior to joining Solutions Magazine, she was senior editor at Diverse Magazine in Washington DC; "How Can Cuba’s Sustainable Agriculture Survive the Peace?"; http://thesolutionsjournal.com/node/554)

For a country that responded to severe energy crisis by switching to organic, localized
AND
a leading agronomist at the Indio Hatuey Experimental Station, University of Matanzas.

2. Species extinction won’t cause human extinction – humans and the environment are adaptable

Doremus, 2K
(Holly,  Professor of Law at UC Davis Washington 26 Lee Law Review, Winter 57 Wash 26 Lee L. Rev. 11, lexis)  

In recent years, this discourse frequently has taken the form of the ecological horror
AND
that a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse.

3. Collapse is common – won’t spillover

4. New species fill the void

Kerr, 94
(Richard, Science 28)

In the immediate aftermath of an extinction, some taxa – groups of animals such as species or genera – flourish, then gradually fade. Others that had apparently vanished can reappear, Lazarus-like. In the turmoil, new groups may gain ascendancy, filling ecological niches left empty by the extinction and displacing other survivors to create a new ecological order (See box on p.29).

1. Icebergs are a negative feedback – none of their evidence takes this into account

Macfarlane, 09
(Jo, The Daily Mail Online. "Amazing discovery of green algae which could save the world from global warming" http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1104772/Amazing-discovery-green-algae-save-world-global-warming.html?ITO=1490~~23)

Melting icebergs, so long the iconic image of global warming, are triggering a
AND
calculates that a further 26million tons of CO2 is removed from the atmosphere.

2. Newest studies prove that CO2 is not anthropogenic – emissions from fossil fuels only stay in the atmosphere for five years and natural forcings are more important

Marohasy, 09
(Jennifer, senior fellow at the Australian think tank the Institute of Public Affairs, PhD in biology from the University of Queensland. Cites research from  Robert H. Essenhigh,  Department of Mechanical Engineering at Ohio State University, "Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere 5-15 Years Only" 4-17-09.  http://jennifermarohasy.com/blog/2009/04/carbon-dioxide-in-atmosphere-5-15-years-only/)

If carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels only stayed in the atmosphere a few years
AND
-accepted, rider that CO2 emissions from combustion should therefore be curbed.  
However, the actual data in the text of the IPCC Report separately states a
AND
The economic and political significance of that conclusion will be self-evident.

3. Growing emissions in developing countries make CO2 reduction impossible – modeling is irrelevant

Koetzle, 08
Ph.D. and Senior Vice President of Public Policy at the Institute for Energy Research (William, "IER Rebuttal to Boucher White Paper", 4/13/2008, http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2008/04/13/ier-rebuttal-to-boucher-white-paper/)

For example, if the United States were to unilaterally reduced emissions by 30
AND
these reductions are to a large extent mirrored by all significant emitting nations.

4. Observational data proves warming has stopped – the multi-decadal oscillation overwhelms CO2 forcing

Akasofu, 08
Former director of the Geophysical Institute and the International Arctic Research Center @ U of Alaska-Fairbanks (Syun-Ichi, "Global warming has paused", 9/27/2008, http://newsminer.com/news/2008/sep/27/global-warming-has-paused/?opinion)

Recent studies by the Hadley Climate Research Center (UK), the Japan Meteorological Agency
AND
the CO2 effect, as I have stated during the last several years.

Tournament: IDCA JV State | Round: 3 | Opponent: GBS OS | Judge: Greg Friend

Ukraine Politics DA

The Senate’s Ukraine aid bill with IMF provisions will pass

Baker and Gordon, 3/12
(Peter and Michael, White House correspondent for the NYT and Chief Military correspondent for the NYT, 3/12/14, "Obama Makes Push for Political Solution to Crisis in Ukraine," Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/world/europe/ukraine-washington.html?ref=europe, Accessed: 3/14/14 FG)
The Republican-led House has passed legislation authorizing 241 billion in loan guarantees
AND
. foreign policy. We would be shortsighted not to embrace these reforms."

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
AND
could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

PC is key to IMF reforms- failure emboldens Russia and causes Crimean war

Delamaide, 3/5
(Darrel, Political columnist for MarketWatch- a branch of the WSJ, 3/5/14, "Capitol dysfunction threatens U.S. national security," Online: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/capitol-dysfunction-threatens-us-national-security-2014-03-05, Accessed: 3/14/14 FG)
The crisis in Ukraine, with all its echoes of the cold war, shows
AND
needs to protect U.S. security interests in the Ukraine crisis. 

Crimean war means the use nukes and extinction

ENCA, 3/5
(ENews Channel Africa, South Africa’s most watched TV station, 3/5/14, "Russia in the Crimea: The Thin Red Line of Sanity," Online: http://www.enca.com/opinion/russia-crimea-thin-red-line-sanity, Accessed: 3/14/4 FG)
It’s March, so it seems to be time for madness, again. The
AND
madness of the nuclear-weapons toting few. The alternative is extinction.

T QPQ

A. Interpretation- In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.

Helweg, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, 2000 (Diana, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145)
Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
AND
of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other. 

Fiscal Reforms CP

The United States federal government should normalize its trade relations with the Republic of Cuba if and only if the Cuban government implements, through a bilateral framework, economic liberalization reforms, including engaging international financial institutions and reducing restrictions on foreign direct investment.

The United States federal government should then make all conditions reversible, as per our 2^nd Perez evidence.

Conditionality and reversibility are key – Plan fails without the threat of returned sanctions – government repression, instability and chaos would be the result

Perez, 2010
David A. Perez, Yale Law School, JD, 2010, Harvard Latino Law Review, Spring,13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, America’s Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department, p. 216-7ts
After conducting some initial discussions, both countries can then move on to the embargo
AND
to Cuba, by no means are any overtures on Washington’s end irreversible.

Only the counterplan creates a stable transition- an unstable transition causes Caribbean terrorism, regional instability, and turns the case

Gorrell 2005
~Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074~~
Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Castro DA

The Castro regime is in trouble- as long as we don’t throw them a life preserver, they will fall soon

Rooney, 2010
(Tom, Republican Representative from Florida who serves on the House Agriculture and Armed Services Committees, 7/29/2010, "Lifting the travel ban would prop up Castro regime," Online: http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/111739-lifting-the-travel-ban-would-prop-up-castro-regime, Accessed: 1/21/13 FG)
The Castro regime is in dire financial trouble. The state-run economy is in crisis, foreign trade AND
their evil, authoritarian rule.

Easing sanction boosts the Castro regime- it increases the flow of cash into Cuba, and that money goes straight into the government’s hands

Sweeny, 1994
(John, Policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation, 11/10/1994, "Why the Cuban Trade Embargo Should be Maintained," Online: http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1994/11/bg1010nbsp-why-the-cuban-trade FG)
The 32-year-old trade embargo against Cuba may finally be producing its
AND
left in the world who still suffer the brutality of a communist dictatorship.

The Castro regime and Iran have a close alliance- leaders meet with each other frequently

Haven, 2012
(Paul, Associated Press bureau chief in Havana, 1/12/2012, "Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Fidel Castro Discuss World Events," Online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/ahmadinejad-castro_n_1202471.html FG)
HAVANA — Two of Washington’s top irritants, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Fidel Castro, discussed
AND
less than 24 hours in Cuba, following visits to Venezuela and Nicaragua. 

Iranian influence in Latin America causes terrorism

Jaremblum, 2011
(Jamie, Senior Fellow and Director of Hudson’s Center for Latin American Studies, January 2011, "Iran and Latin America," Online: http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/Iran_Latin_America_Daremblum_Jan2011.pdf, Pg. 8-10, Accessed: 1/9/14 FG)
The danger here is that the ties to the Ayatollahs entail much more than what
AND
service of terrorists who want to enter the United States without   being detected.

A nuclear terror attack backed by Islamic extremists would cause extinction

Ayson, 2010
(Robert, Director of the Center for Strategic Studies at Victoria University Wellington, 6/21/2010, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, Accessed: 1/13/14 FG)
The combination of horror and outrage that will surge upon the nation will demand that
AND
diplomatically is exactly the conclusion the mullahs are praying we will come to.

Multilat

Multilateralism can’t solve in the status quo— US military dominance makes other countries suspicious

Layne 6, Christopher Layne, associate professor at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University, 2006, "The Peace of Illusions", 141.
Prophylactic multilateralism cannot inoculate the United States from counter hegemonic balancing, because no fig
AND
), they know it after the U.S. invasion of Iraq.

====Status quo solves multilateralism – US is reinvesting in multilateral institutions====
Forman ’09 (Johanna, is a senior associate with Americas Program at CSIS, "Investing in a New Multilateralism", CSIS, January 2009, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090128_mendelsonforman_un_smartpower_web.pdf, SD)
Today power is as much a function of economic capacity as it is of military
AND
Task Force on UN Reform, which offered many excellent ideas for change.

Alt cause – Human rights violations

Burgsdorff, 9– (Sven Kuhn von,  has a Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami, "Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration", March 2009 http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf) 

In addition, the US needs to improve its international human rights reputation which was
AND
Cuban authorities and Cuba’s emerging civil society,¶ including the human rights defenders.

Multilateralism is dead

Miller and Markheim, 09
Ambassador to the UN Economics and Social Council, Director of the Center for International Trade and Economics at Heritage (9/28, Terry and Daniella, Heritage Foundation, "Global Trade Liberalization Continues, But Risks Abound", http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2009/09/Global-Trade-Liberalization-Continues-But-Risks-Abound, WEA)

After more than half a century of trade liberalization, multilateral efforts at the World
AND
since the G-20 pledge against protectionism in November 2008.(4) 

Extinction first

Bostrum 12 (Nick, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, directs Oxford’s Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, "We’re Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction", http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/)
Bostrom, who directs Oxford’s Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course
AND
eliminating poverty or curing malaria, which would be tremendous under ordinary standards.

Transition

1. Most zoonotic diseases can’t kill fast enough to cause mass death. It is impossible for zoonotic diseases to cause extinction because they need hosts to survive

Sedon And Homes, 06
(Michael and Edward, Writer and PhD Professor of Biology at Penn State, "Emerging viruses: Past, present, and future," 11/6/06, http://www.rps.psu.edu/unplugged/fall06/holmes.html)

Without the costly protease inhibitor drugs that have given many with HIV a longer life
AND
not generated a transmittable path from person-to-person after infection."

2. Unlike other disease, zoonotics have been contained – if not eliminated – due to the restrictions placed on animal trade, vaccines, and quarantines

Torres, 99
(Alfonso, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D., Deputy Administrator, USDA, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, "International Economic Considerations Concerning Agricultural Diseases and Human Health Costs of Zoonotic Diseases," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894:80-82)

Animal diseases can negatively Affect the number and availability of animals, their productivity,
AND
the relatively few human diseases successfully eradicated from large areas of the world.

Status quo solves the aff- Cuba increasing their medical ties all over the world and other countries are modeling after them now

Global Insider, 2013
("Global Insider: Cuba Sends Doctors to Brazil as Bilateral Ties Grow." 7/12/13. http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/12956/global-insider-cuba-sends-doctors-to-brazil-as-bilateral-ties-grow. KJ)
WPR: What is the extent of Cuba’s medical diplomacy in terms of numbers of
AND
continue to increase greatly, and remain the anchor of the Cuban economy.

Cuba says no- won’t cooperate in sharing biotech advances with the US

Feinberg, 2012
~Richard, Latin American Columnist, December 2012, Brookings, "The New Cuban Economy What Roles for Foreign Investment?", http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/12/cuba20economy20feinberg/cuba20economy20feinberg209.pdf, 7-12-13, JB 26 ML~
In the case of biotechnology, government officials voice fears that foreign partners will take
AND
Cuban firms are the  foreign investors

Tournament: IDCA JV State | Round: 5 | Opponent: HoFlo LS | Judge: Weston

Cap K

The affirmative sustains capitalism by denying the fluid nature of borders in claiming they can be separated from capitalism—only orthodox Marxism can solve the harms of the aff by recognizing structural inequality as the source of division

DeFazio, professor @ the English Department at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 02
~Kimberly, May/June, Red Critique, "Whither Borders?", http://www.redcritique.org/MayJune02/whitherborders.htm, accessed 7-19-13, GSK~
Until recently the leaders of big business couldn’t boast enough about the new "borderless
AND
of postmodern "hybridity" and the more popular discourse of the Internet.

Racism was born out of capitalism to justify the suppression, exploitation of the working class and oppression of slaves

Taylor, doctoral candidate in the department of African American Studies at Northwestern University, 2011 (Keeanga-Yamahtta. January 4^th 2011. The Socialist Worker "Race, Class and Marxism" http://socialistworker.org/2011/01/04/race-class-and-marxism NMS)
Marxists argue that capitalism is a system that is based on the exploitation of the
AND
In the United States, racism is the most important of those ideologies.

====The alternative is to ignore the tunnel vision of the 1ac; rather than narrowing our analysis on the biopolitics of the border we must focus on the harms of capital — only a horizontal movement by the multitude will overcome capitalism. ====
Tampio 5 (Nicolas Tampio, 2005, Visiting Assistant Professor of Government at Hamilton College. In 2003-2004 he served as the assistant editor of Political Theory. In 2005 he was awarded his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University "Can the Multitude Save the Left?" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v008/8.2tampio. html~23authbio)MB
The multitude, the hero of Hardt and Negri’s 2000 book Empire, remained cloaked
AND
to demonstrate the new power that is being born in the multitude."6

T Gov to Gov

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

’Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that’s mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – the plan merely extends benefits to Americans living in Mexico. It does nothing with the Mexican government.

C. Voting issue –

1.  Limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3^rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible

2. Ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ’engagement’

Heidegger

Engaging one facet oppression through a universal morality only replicates the harms. This mindset cedes the political to elites and masks alternative modes of being.

Spanos ’2K ~Professor of English at SUNY–Binghamton) 2k (The Question of Philosophy and Poiesis in the Posthistorical Age: Thinking/ Imagining the Shadow of Metaphysics, William V. Spanos, boundary 2, 27.1 (2000) 169)JRC~
And in thus focusing this indissoluble relay, which could be collectively subsumed under the
AND
peace that justify the physical and spiritual slaughter and maiming of human life. 

In order to find a different relationship to technology the alternative is to do nothing because only doing nothing allows for a new destining of being.

Harman in 09 (Graham, Professor of Philosophy @ American University in Cairo, "Cambridge Journal of Economics", 2009, Vol. 34(1), Technology, objects and things in Heidegger p.17-25) 

Another word in Heidegger’s constellation of technology terms is danger, which turns out to
AND
wish to know’ (Heidegger, 1994, pp. 71–2).

Case

Bereft of values, our society demands images of suffering from others to replenish our moral sentiment.  We exchange our pity for their pain, in a process that guarantees the suffering must continue.

Baudrillard in 94 (Jean, September 28, "No Reprieve For Sarejevo")
The problem lies indeed in the nature of our reality. We have got only
AND
undermining the military-industrial complex of old 26 sinister days. ¶ ?
?

Their use of the suffering of others is nothing more than exploitation. They turn suffering into a perverse for of capital to be exchanged for your ballot, vampirically draining the life from those who suffer, and ensuring their suffering continues. We must reject their economy of trauma to prevent further suffering.

Baudrillard 96 (Jean Baudrillard The Perfect Crime, 1996, pg 133 – 137,)
Our reality: that is the problem. We have only one, and it
AND
aware of what we are doing — from evil, never from misfortune. 

Borders are key to developing common knowledge for decision-making

Parker and Addler-Nissen 12, Department of Political Science at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 2012 ~Noel and Rebecca, "Picking and Choosing the ’Sovereign’ Border: A Theory of Changing State Bordering Practices", http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2012.660582~~

We can ?rst observe that borders help ful?l epistemological conditions. Borders produce particular conditions
AND
tests’.19 A fortiori threats which it may be necessary to protect again

Borders in Latin America may contribute to rivalry, but do not cause conflict – Studies prove

Trinkunas 12
~Harold, Naval Postgraduate School, Maiah Jaskoski- Naval Postgraduate School, Borders and Borderlands in the Americas- PASCC Report Number 2012 009~
Border policies are rooted in a deep history of partial, problematic state building in
AND
existential import, but at most as subjects that may be negotiated.11

Biopower is strategically reversible—it can become a tool of resistance and empowerment

Campbell, 98 (David, professor of international politics at the University of Newcastle, "Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity," pg. 204-205) TYBG

The political possibilities enabled by this permanent provocation of power and freedom can be specified
AND
, it establishes as political the very terms through which identity is articulated."

====Turn – rejection of fences-as-borders is unethical – separation of communities is a necessary precondition for human identity ====
Williams, professor of IR at the University of Durham, 3 
~John, 7-1-3, Geopolitics, "Territorial Borders, International Ethics and Geography: Do Good Fences Still Make Good Neighbours?," p. 37-40, Academic Search Complete, MM~ 

Defending the Ethics of Territorial Borders- The foregoing discussion leads us to two issues
AND
territorial borders. This, of course, is easier said than done.

Tournament: Midwest JV Nats | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayzata DJ | Judge: Josh Tashma
Opensourced

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: Barstow SR | Judge: Melanie Campbell

Politics DA

I'm not putting up cites because I'm lazy so I didn't do it before and it's November now. 

XO CP

The President is the sole channel of foreign intercourse

Prakash and Ramsey, 2001
(Saikrishna B and Michael D, The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf-http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf, Accessed 7-9-13, RRR)
As many of the incidents recounted above indicate, Washington spoke for the United States
AND
, the House requested the President to convey its sentiments to France.378

Exectutive action avoids the politics DA – doesn’t spend political capital.

Howell, Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, 5 (William G., Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, "Unilateral Powers: A Brief Overview," Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35, no. 3, September, p. 421)
The actions that Bush and his modern predecessors have taken by fiat do not fit
AND
Congress lacks the votes (usually two thirds of both chambers)¶ to overturn
him, the president can be confident that his policy will stand.

T-QPQ

Interpretation- In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.

Helweg, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, 2000 (Diana, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145)
Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
AND
of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other. 

Fem IR

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. "Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil." Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.

Shepherd 2007 
~Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, "Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence," BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256~
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ’our sense of self-identity
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 3 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley HP | Judge: Claire McKinney

Counterplan

TEXT: The United States federal government should establish a sealed-bid, single-price auction system for the distribution of tradable agricultural visa permits to employers wishing to sponsor guest workers from Mexico.

Auctions should take place quarterly, with an initial yearly allocation of 280,000 visas. The non-disclosed target price for visa permits should be 242,000. Subsequent allocations of visas should rise proportionally when the average price of permits was above 242,000, and fall proportionally when the average price was below 242,000, in the prior auction. If the allocation of permits disproportionately favors large companies, the United States federal government should set aside an adequate number of permits on which small companies may exclusively bid.

Auctioning visas solves – matches visas to demand, generates 246 billion in government revenues and disincentives illegal immigration

Furchtgott-Roth 10 – MA in Economics and chief of staff of Bush’s Council of Economic Advisers (Diana, "Auctioning Visas: Do I Hear Billions?", 30 September 2010, RealClearMarket, http://www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2010/09/30/auctioning_visas_do_i_hear_billions_98695.html)
WASHINGTON-We’ve heard of auctioning wireless spectrum, oil leases, and Treasury securities
AND
take, to cover local costs, such as schooling and health care.

Politics DA

The scenario was the debt ceiling, so does it really matter now? 

Fem IR

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. "Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil." Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.

Shepherd 2007 
~Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, "Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence," BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256~
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ’our sense of self-identity
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.  

Case Turns

Ozone

Current launch rates wont affect the ozone – the plan pushes emissions over the brink and kills the ozone

Ross et. al. 9 (Martin – environmental Systems Directorate @ Aerospace, Ph.D. @ UCLA in Earth and planetary sciences, Darin Toohey, Manfred Peinemann and Patrick Ross, Volume 7, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 50 – 82, informaworld) JPG
Combustion emissions from rocket launches change the composition of the atmosphere. The changes can
AND
loss; no rocket engine is perfectly "green" in this sense.

That means extinction

Greenpeace, 1995. "Full of Homes: The Montreal Protocol and the Continuing Destruction of the Ozone Layer" http://archive.greenpeace.org/ozone/holes/holebg.html-http://archive.greenpeace.org/ozone/holes/holebg.html.
When chemists Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina first postulated a link between chlorofluorocarbons and ozone
AND
so quickly - the stakes are literally the continuation of life on earth.

Space Colonization Bad

1. Colonization is Impossible—

A. Infertility

Taylor, 11 (Jerome, 2/14/11, "Why infertility will stop humans colonising space", http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/why-infertility-will-stop-humans-colonising-space-2213861.html)
 The prospect of long-term space travel has led scientists to consider,
AND
tight-lipped over whether they joined the 62-mile high club.

B. No sustainable life support systems

AIAA, 02 – American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (2002, "Space Colonization—Benefits for the World",  http://www.aiaa.org/participate/uploads/acf628b.pdf)
Space colonization must have low-water, low-pesticide plant growth and waste and water purity control Two of the items listed here represent major concerns of most developed nations and are emerging concerns in developing nations. A technological revolution is needed to address food shortages to allow adequate nutrition for our exploding world population in concert with ever-growing water shortages, and a growing realization that our current pesticide methods are polluting our planet. While previous short-duration human space programs have depended on open-loop life support systems, Space Colonization cannot. Development of a closed-cycle bio-regenerative controlled ecological life support system (CELSS) would lead to world benefits. Areas of CELSS development are listed in Table 2. Many long-term (and pressing short-term) world problem solutions can be approached by reaching for the stars. For example, Shimizu Corporation is most interested in bio-regenerative systems as a path toward solution of Tokyo’s waste management problems.

C. Time and energy requirements

Stross, 07 (Charles, June 2007, "The High Frontier, Redux", http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2007/06/the_high_frontier_redux.html)
Historically, crossing oceans and setting up farmsteads on new lands conveniently stripped of indigenous
AND
roughly 5 days — to supply the necessary va-va-voom.

D. Health hazards

Stross, 07 (Charles, June 2007, "The High Frontier, Redux", http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2007/06/the_high_frontier_redux.html)
We’re human beings. We evolved to flourish in a very specific environment that covers perhaps 10 of our home planet’s surface area. (Earth is 70 ocean, and while we can survive, with assistance, in extremely inhospitable terrain, be it arctic or desert or mountain, we aren’t well-adapted to thriving there.) Space itself is a very poor environment for humans to live in. A simple pressure failure can kill a spaceship crew in minutes. And that’s not the only threat. Cosmic radiation poses a serious risk to long duration interplanetary missions, and unlike solar radiation and radiation from coronal mass ejections the energies of the particles responsible make shielding astronauts extremely difficult. And finally, there’s the travel time. Two and a half years to Jupiter system; six months to Mars. Now, these problems are subject to a variety of approaches — including medical ones: does it matter if cosmic radiation causes long-term cumulative radiation exposure leading to cancers if we have advanced side-effect-free cancer treatments? Better still, if hydrogen sulphide-induced hibernation turns out to be a practical technique in human beings, we may be able to sleep through the trip. But even so, when you get down to it, there’s not really any economically viable activity on the horizon for people to engage in that would require them to settle on a planet or asteroid and live there for the rest of their lives. In general, when we need to extract resources from a hostile environment we tend to build infrastructure to exploit them (such as oil platforms) but we don’t exactly scurry to move our families there. Rather, crews go out to work a long shift, then return home to take their leave. After all, there’s no there there — just a howling wilderness of north Atlantic gales and frigid water that will kill you within five minutes of exposure. And that, I submit, is the closest metaphor we’ll find for interplanetary colonization. Most of the heavy lifting more than a million kilometres from Earth will be done by robots, overseen by human supervisors who will be itching to get home and spend their hardship pay. And closer to home, the commercialization of space will be incremental and slow, driven by our increasing dependence on near-earth space for communications, positioning, weather forecasting, and (still in its embryonic stages) tourism. But the domed city on Mars is going to have to wait for a magic wand or two to do something about the climate, or reinvent a kind of human being who can thrive in an airless, inhospitable environment.

2. Turn—Space Unsustainable—

Only earth can sustain life—there’s zero alternative

Trevors, 09 – Adjunct Professor at the University of Guelph in Microbiology (J., 2009, "The Earth Is the Best Place to Live", http://www.springerlink.com/content/p68867688844p083/fulltext.pdf)
The Earth is still the best planet to live despite our current problems/challenges of human population growth, total global pollution, global climate change, pandemics, wars, hunger and intolerance, to name a few examples. The universe has to be billions of years old to have sufficient time to produce the elements required for living organisms and their evolution. One would think that all humans would therefore take better care of the only known outpost of life in the universe. The Earth is the correct distance from our sun to maintain water in its liquid state (and gaseous and solid states) necessary for living organisms. Water has a low viscosity, high melting point, high boiling point and can act as a hydrogen donor and acceptor. Water can buffer against shifts in temperature. Water floats when it freezes and becomes ice, and reaches its maximum density at 4°C not at 0°C. These characteristics have immense importance for aquatic life. The size and mass of the Earth are correct for life. A small planet does not have sufficient gravity to hold an atmosphere such as ours. If the Earth was larger, the atmosphere would be denser and restrict light necessary for photosynthesis. No photosynthesis means no life as we know it on the Earth. The Earth is as good as it gets for the continued survival of all species, if humans simply reduce human population growth and the total pollution of the planet. This will require international cooperation and the efforts of all people, especially in the affluent developed countries that over pollute and over consume. The affluent countries must also provide the resources to assist less affluent countries with their basic human needs and rights. This is all doable if humans simply redirect efforts from conflicts and wars to international cooperation.

3. Turn—Disease

A. Space exploration causes new pandemics

Britt, 00 (Robert Roy, 1/21/00, "Influenza From Space", http://www.disclose.tv/forum/influenza-from-space-t35015.html)
So say Sir Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe of the University of Wales at Cardiff. And while there is much doubt by many other scientists that the flu comes from space, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe are generating a lot of interest with their idea. In a new paper, to be published in an upcoming issue of the Indian journal Current Science, the researchers present data that show how previous periods of high sunspot activity coincided with flu pandemics (large-scale epidemics). A roughly 11-year cycle of solar activity is increasing now and is expected to peak soon, other scientists agree. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe say we can expect another flu pandemic to accompany the solar peak "within weeks." By that claim, perhaps debate over their research will soon be settled. Injecting the flu into our atmosphere The researchers say that the virus, or a trigger that causes it, is deposited throughout space by dust in the debris stream of comets, which are thought by many researchers to harbor organic material. As Earth passes through the stream, dust (and perhaps the virus) enters our atmosphere, where it can lodge for two decades or more, until gravity pulls it down.

B. Extinction

Yu, 09 (Victoria, 5/22/09, "Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate", http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)
In the past, humans have indeed fallen victim to viruses. Perhaps the best
AND
could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

5. Evaluate our impacts first—extinction is only inevitable in the extremely long term—absent short term threats we can expect another 5000 years

Matheny, 07 - Ph.D. Student in Department of Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins University (Jason G., 2007, "Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction", Risk Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 5, http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~~wilson/pmpmta/Mahoney_extinction.pdf)
We have some influence over how long we can delay human extinction. Cosmology dictates
AND
additional 5,000 to 8 million years, with 95 confidence.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt MC | Judge: Elyse Conklin

Politics DA

The debt ceiling will get raised – but it’ll be a fight
Business Insider 9/26 (“The GOP's Debt Ceiling Demands Are A Total Fantasy” http://www.businessinsider.com/gop-debt-ceiling-demands-deadline-default-obama-boehner-2013-9)
House Republicans are prepared to move a bill to raise the debt ceiling that contains
AND
this group of politicians can get out of the box they have created."

Massive opposition from GOP house and senate
Brown 2013(Hayes, Brown  is a National Security Reporter/Blogger with ThinkProgress.org. Prior to joining ThinkProgress, Hayes worked as a contractor at the Department of Homeland Security. Republicans Are Resisting Obama’s Renewed Attempt To Close Gitmo, Thinkprogress, May 7th, 2013 http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/05/07/1974601/republicans-vow-to-block-obamas-renewed-attempt-to-close-gitmo/?mobile=nc)
President Obama’s renewed calls to close the military prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba are
AND
plan for these prisoners that puts them on U.S. soil.”
PC is key to get the job done
Blake 9/18  (Aaron, Covers National Politics for the Washington Post, The Washington Post, Post Politics, Carney Assures That Obama 'Has Twisted Arms')
White House press secretary Jay Carney on Wednesday fought back against criticism that President Obama
AND
, and he'll be in the fray until Congress does the right thing.”

Failure to raise debt ceiling collapses military effectiveness and heg
Masters 1/2 (Jonathan, Deputy Editor for the Council on Foreign Relations, “US Debt Ceiling Costs Consequences,” http://www.cfr.org/international-finance/us-debt-ceiling-costs-consequences/p24751)
The government must be able to issue new debt as long as it continues to
AND
congressional approval for any increase (or decrease) from this statutory level.

US Hegemony is necessary to prevent global nuclear warfare
Brooks et al ’13
(Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents theemergence of a far more
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

XO CP

The President is the sole channel of foreign intercourse
Prakash and Ramsey, 2001
(Saikrishna B and Michael D, The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf, Accessed 7-9-13, RRR)
As many of the incidents recounted above indicate, Washington spoke for the United States
AND
, the House requested the President to convey its sentiments to France.378
Executive action avoids the politics DA – doesn’t spend political capital.
Howell _{5 (William G., Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, “Unilateral Powers: A Brief Overview,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35, no. 3, September, p. 421)
The actions that Bush and his modern predecessors have taken by fiat do not fit
AND
Congress lacks the votes (usually two thirds of both chambers)¶ to overturn
him, the president can be confident that his policy will stand.}

T- Appeasement

Interpretation – "economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

Heidegger K

because I know you LOVE this - The 1AC 's problem-solution rhetoric addresses danger from a managerial perspective. This way of being educates us in to believing that the earth and humans are disposable tools. 

McWhorter 92 (Ladelle, Heidegger and the Earth Essays in Environmental Philosophy, Thomas Jefferson University Press, pg.6)

The danger of a managerial approach to the world lies not, then, in
AND
human resources. personnel to be managed. or populations to be controlled.

In order to find a different relationship to technology the alternative is to do nothing because only doing nothing allows for a new destining of being.

Harman in 09 (Graham, Professor of Philosophy @ American University in Cairo, “Cambridge Journal of Economics”, 2009, Vol. 34(1), Technology, objects and things in Heidegger p.17-25) 

Another word in Heidegger's constellation of technology terms is danger, which turns out to
AND
wish to know’ (Heidegger, 1994, pp. 71–2).

Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt MC | Judge: Elyse Conklin

Politics DA

The debt ceiling will get raised – but it’ll be a fight
Business Insider 9/26 (“The GOP's Debt Ceiling Demands Are A Total Fantasy” http://www.businessinsider.com/gop-debt-ceiling-demands-deadline-default-obama-boehner-2013-9)
House Republicans are prepared to move a bill to raise the debt ceiling that contains
AND
this group of politicians can get out of the box they have created."

Massive opposition from GOP house and senate
Brown 2013(Hayes, Brown  is a National Security Reporter/Blogger with ThinkProgress.org. Prior to joining ThinkProgress, Hayes worked as a contractor at the Department of Homeland Security. Republicans Are Resisting Obama’s Renewed Attempt To Close Gitmo, Thinkprogress, May 7th, 2013 http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/05/07/1974601/republicans-vow-to-block-obamas-renewed-attempt-to-close-gitmo/?mobile=nc)
President Obama’s renewed calls to close the military prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba are
AND
plan for these prisoners that puts them on U.S. soil.”
PC is key to get the job done
Blake 9/18  (Aaron, Covers National Politics for the Washington Post, The Washington Post, Post Politics, Carney Assures That Obama 'Has Twisted Arms')
White House press secretary Jay Carney on Wednesday fought back against criticism that President Obama
AND
, and he'll be in the fray until Congress does the right thing.”

Failure to raise debt ceiling collapses military effectiveness and heg
Masters 1/2 (Jonathan, Deputy Editor for the Council on Foreign Relations, “US Debt Ceiling Costs Consequences,” http://www.cfr.org/international-finance/us-debt-ceiling-costs-consequences/p24751)
The government must be able to issue new debt as long as it continues to
AND
congressional approval for any increase (or decrease) from this statutory level.

US Hegemony is necessary to prevent global nuclear warfare
Brooks et al ’13
(Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents theemergence of a far more
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

XO CP

The President is the sole channel of foreign intercourse
Prakash and Ramsey, 2001
(Saikrishna B and Michael D, The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf, Accessed 7-9-13, RRR)
As many of the incidents recounted above indicate, Washington spoke for the United States
AND
, the House requested the President to convey its sentiments to France.378
Executive action avoids the politics DA – doesn’t spend political capital.
Howell _{5 (William G., Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, “Unilateral Powers: A Brief Overview,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35, no. 3, September, p. 421)
The actions that Bush and his modern predecessors have taken by fiat do not fit
AND
Congress lacks the votes (usually two thirds of both chambers)¶ to overturn
him, the president can be confident that his policy will stand.}

T- Appeasement

Interpretation – "economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

Heidegger K

because I know you LOVE this - The 1AC 's problem-solution rhetoric addresses danger from a managerial perspective. This way of being educates us in to believing that the earth and humans are disposable tools. 

McWhorter 92 (Ladelle, Heidegger and the Earth Essays in Environmental Philosophy, Thomas Jefferson University Press, pg.6)

The danger of a managerial approach to the world lies not, then, in
AND
human resources. personnel to be managed. or populations to be controlled.

In order to find a different relationship to technology the alternative is to do nothing because only doing nothing allows for a new destining of being.

Harman in 09 (Graham, Professor of Philosophy @ American University in Cairo, “Cambridge Journal of Economics”, 2009, Vol. 34(1), Technology, objects and things in Heidegger p.17-25) 

Another word in Heidegger's constellation of technology terms is danger, which turns out to
AND
wish to know’ (Heidegger, 1994, pp. 71–2).

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: Finals | Opponent: Johns Creek TL | Judge: Moczulski, Wash, Struth

T QPQ

Interpretation- In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.

Helweg, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, 2000 (Diana, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145)
Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
AND
of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other. 

Syria Strikes Politics

Will pass – but it’ll be extremely close, especially in the House

Xinhua 9-4 (and#34;News Analysis: Obama’s Syria strike plan faces tough sell in U.S. Congressand#34; http://english.cntv.cn/20130905/100794.shtml)
WASHINGTON, Sept. 4 (Xinhua) — U.S. President Barack
AND
never before has Congress not backed a president’s request to use military force.

Foreign policy changes drain PC

Helen V. Milner (B. C. Forbes Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and the director of the Niehaus Center for Globalization and Governance at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School) and Dustin H. Tingley (Assistant Professor of Government at Harvard University) and#34;Who Supports Global Economic Engagement?and#34; The Sources of Preferences in American Foreign Economic Policy International Organization 65, Winter 2011, pp. 37–68
In democracies, governments have to build domestic support for the use of foreign policy
AND
, then, results from some combination of these domestic and international pressures.

Obama must use his limited PC to get strikes passed

Lewis 8-31 (Paul Lewis is Washington correspondent for the Guardian. and#34;Battle looms in Congress as Obama makes Syria a vast political gambleand#34; http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/31/barack-obama-syria-congress-vote)
Barack Obama has taken a potentially huge political gamble by putting the decision over whether
AND
things are more important than partisan differences or the politics of the momentand#34;.

Strikes on Syria will kill Iran’s drive for nuclear weapons

Tabler 9-4 (Andrew J. Tabler is a senior fellow with the at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, is the author of and#34;In the Lion’s Den: An Eyewitness Account of Washington’s Battle With Syria.and#34; and#34;Attacking Syria Is the Best Way to Deal With Iranand#34; http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/09/04/can-iran-help-the-us-in-syria/attacking-syria-is-the-best-way-to-deal-with-iran)
While Washington debates how the United States should respond to its intelligence reports of the
AND
would make the Iranian regime and its people reassess aspirations to go nuclear.

Iranian proliferation sparks a Middle East proliferation cascade that sparks a nuclear war

Allison, Harvard Government Professor, 2006
Graham, and#34;The Will to Preventand#34;, Fall, Harvard International Law Review, L/N, Accessed 7/16/10
Meanwhile, Iran is testing the line in the Middle East. On its current
AND
us to have control of weapons of destruction that can threaten our existence.and#34;

XO CP

The President is the sole channel of foreign intercourse

Prakash and Ramsey, 2001
(Saikrishna B and Michael D, The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf-http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf, Accessed 7-9-13, RRR)
As many of the incidents recounted above indicate, Washington spoke for the United States
AND
, the House requested the President to convey its sentiments to France.378

Exectutive action avoids the politics DA – doesn’t spend political capital.

Howell, Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, 5 (William G., Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, and#34;Unilateral Powers: A Brief Overview,and#34; Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35, no. 3, September, p. 421)
The actions that Bush and his modern predecessors have taken by fiat do not fit
AND
Congress lacks the votes (usually two thirds of both chambers)¶ to overturn
him, the president can be confident that his policy will stand.

FEM IR

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. and#34;Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil.and#34; Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.

Shepherd 2007 
~Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, and#34;Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence,and#34; BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256~
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ’our sense of self-identity
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.

The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.

Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. and#34;Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policyand#34; Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Pace FQ | Judge: Behrent
A. Interpretation- In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.
Helweg, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, 2000 (Diana, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145)
Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
AND
of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other. 

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails
De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. “Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil.” Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
AND
and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

And the AFF’s gendered security discourse causes inevitable violence. Regardless of PLAN’s purpose – their masculine epistemology relies on a logic of conflict that ignores structural violence. The feminization of the Other through security causes all future policy making to fail.  
Shepherd 2007
Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, “Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence,” BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256
As Spike Peterson and Jacqui True comment, ‘our sense of self-identity
AND
more than happy to be unreasonable, and I am in excellent company.
The ALT is to reject the AFF and endorse a method of gendered policy making. This act places epistemology first and foremost in order to challenge hegemonic masculinity in our international policies.
Beland 2009
(Daniel Beland. “Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009)
As far as the policy stream is concerned (Kingdon 1995), one of  the
AND
ideational scholars to pay closer  attention to categorical inequalities, including gendered ones.  
Authorization for military strikes on Syria will pass – but it’ll be extremely close, especially in the House
Xinhua 9-4 (“News Analysis: Obamaand#39;s Syria strike plan faces tough sell in U.S. Congress” http://english.cntv.cn/20130905/100794.shtml)
WASHINGTON, Sept. 4 (Xinhua) -- U.S. President Barack
AND
never before has Congress not backed a presidentand#39;s request to use military force.
Foreign policy changes drain PC
Helen V. Milner (B. C. Forbes Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and the director of the Niehaus Center for Globalization and Governance at Princetonand#39;s Woodrow Wilson School) and Dustin H. Tingley (Assistant Professor of Government at Harvard University) “Who Supports Global Economic Engagement?” The Sources of Preferences in American Foreign Economic Policy International Organization 65, Winter 2011, pp. 37–68
In democracies, governments have to build domestic support for the use of foreign policy
AND
, then, results from some combination of these domestic and international pressures.
Obama must use his limited PC to get strikes passed
Lewis 8-31 (Paul Lewis is Washington correspondent for the Guardian. “Battle looms in Congress as Obama makes Syria a vast political gamble” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/31/barack-obama-syria-congress-vote)
Barack Obama has taken a potentially huge political gamble by putting the decision over whether
AND
things are more important than partisan differences or the politics of the momentand#34;.
Strikes on Syria will kill Iran’s drive for nuclear weapons
Tabler 9-4 (Andrew J. Tabler is a senior fellow with the at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, is the author of “In the Lionand#39;s Den: An Eyewitness Account of Washingtonand#39;s Battle With Syria.” “Attacking Syria Is the Best Way to Deal With Iran” http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/09/04/can-iran-help-the-us-in-syria/attacking-syria-is-the-best-way-to-deal-with-iran)
While Washington debates how the United States should respond to its intelligence reports of the
AND
would make the Iranian regime and its people reassess aspirations to go nuclear.
Iranian proliferation sparks a Middle East proliferation cascade that sparks a nuclear war
Allison, Harvard Government Professor, 2006
Graham, “The Will to Prevent”, Fall, Harvard International Law Review, L/N, Accessed 7/16/10
Meanwhile, Iran is testing the line in the Middle East. On its current
AND
us to have control of weapons of destruction that can threaten our existence.”
CP TEXT: The president of the United States should issue an executive order to establish the Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement with Mexico.
The President is the sole channel of foreign intercourse
(Saikrishna B and Michael D, The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf, Accessed 7-9-13, RRR)
As many of the incidents recounted above indicate, Washington spoke for the United States
AND
, the House requested the President to convey its sentiments to France.378
Exectutive action avoids the politics DA – doesn’t spend political capital.
Howell, Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, 5 (William G., Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, “Unilateral Powers: A Brief Overview,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35, no. 3, September, p. 421)
The actions that Bush and his modern predecessors have taken by fiat do not fit
AND
Congress lacks the votes (usually two thirds of both chambers)¶ to overturn
him, the president can be confident that his policy will stand.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: Octas | Opponent: Westminster DH | Judge: Daryl Burch, Lisa Willoughby, Scott Phillips

Politics DA

Momentum for IMF reform now – failure will decimate U.S. credibility and prevent a Ukrainian default

Hill 3/12 (Patrice, The Washington Times. "Administration sees crisis in Ukraine as opportunity to pass IMF reforms" http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/mar/12/administration-sees-crisis-in-ukraine-as-opportuni/?page=all~~23pagebreak)
The crisis in Ukraine has unexpectedly breathed new life in the Obama administration’s stalled efforts
AND
—vis Russia, without additional costs to U.S. taxpayers.

Plan costs capital

Aho 13 (Matthew Aho, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor, What Does Obama’s Second Term Hold for U.S.-Cuba Relations?, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/newsroom?ContentRecord_id=2c202b27-1916-4509-b1b7-00d7ed8f4914, 1/23/13)

Aside from easing some travel restrictions, there have been only two emergent themes on
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could prove vital and create new opportunities for U.S. business.

Obama’s PC is key to IMF reform passage

Scott 3/18 (Heather, MNI News. "Analysis: IMF Reform Stymied by Ignorance in US Congress" https://mninews.marketnews.com/index.php/analysis-imf-reform-stymied-ignorance-us-congress?q=content/analysis-imf-reform-stymied-ignorance-us-congress)
The United States is the only major country that has failed to approve the IMF
AND
may have more work cut out for it to ensure approval next week.

Failure to pass IMF reforms emboldens Russia and causes Crimean war

Delamaide, 3/5
(Darrel, Political columnist for MarketWatch- a branch of the WSJ, 3/5/14, "Capitol dysfunction threatens U.S. national security," Online: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/capitol-dysfunction-threatens-us-national-security-2014-03-05, Accessed: 3/14/14 FG)
The crisis in Ukraine, with all its echoes of the cold war, shows
AND
needs to protect U.S. security interests in the Ukraine crisis. 

Crimean war means the use nukes and extinction

ENCA, 3/5
(ENews Channel Africa, South Africa’s most watched TV station, 3/5/14, "Russia in the Crimea: The Thin Red Line of Sanity," Online: http://www.enca.com/opinion/russia-crimea-thin-red-line-sanity, Accessed: 3/14/4 FG)
It’s March, so it seems to be time for madness, again. The
AND
madness of the nuclear-weapons toting few. The alternative is extinction.

T-QPQ

A. Interpretation- In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.

Helweg, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, 2000 (Diana, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145)
Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
AND
of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other. 

B. Violation- their engagement is not conditional, they offer it without asking anything in return

C. Prefer our interpretation

1. Limits- they allow for an infinite number of possible ways to engage that would never happen in real life so it puts an unfair burden on the neg to prepare.

2. Education- most real world, we should learn about ways the USFG engages in the real world. This is the best internal link to education because it gives us portable skills.

Voting issue for fairness and education.

Appeasement

Obama administration is continuing a hard-line approach against Cuba – too many issues blocks relations

Jones, Professor of History at Southwestern Adventist University, specializes in American foreign policy and military history, 12/21/13 (Steve, "Will The Obama-Castro Handshake Really Matter?", http://usforeignpolicy.about.com/od/backgroundhistory/fl/Will-The-Obama-Castro-Handshake-Really-Matter.htm, Jpape)
What if, after shaking hands at the memorial service for Nelson Mandela on December
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foreign policy on democratic regime change, that would seem to be that.

Lifting the embargo is a unique signal of appeasement – spurs a CVI alliance

(CVI: Cuba, Venezuela, Iran)
Brookes 9 (Peter is a Heritage Foundation senior fellow and a former deputy assistant secretary of defense. "KEEP THE EMBARGO, O" April 15, 2009, http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_Oul9gWKYCFsACA0D6IVpvL)
In the end, though, it’s still Fidel Castro and his brother Raul who’ll
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communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Alliance allows covert expansion of Iranian nukes – causes nuclear war

Fugitt, Prof. at School of Graduate and Continuing Studies in Diplomacy, Norwich University, 12 (Kristina, "The Export of Iran’s Nuclear Program to Latin America: Implications for United States Security", http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Fugitt20Iran20LA.pdf, 2/20/12, Jpape)
The alliance between Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Hugo Chavez and Fidel Castro is increasing Iran’s capability
AND
in the first place-so it can blow Israel off the map. 

Neolib K

Components of neoliberalism include free trade and foreign direct investment- lifting the embargo would inevitably lead to this in Cuba

Fanelli, 2008
(Carlo, York University Sociologist, November, "’Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism," New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, Volume 2, pg 7-16 FG)
Central to neoliberalism is the belief that a laissez-faire approach to economics,
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which are inextricably linked to the implementation of neoliberalism on a global scale.

Neoliberalism fuels unsustainable consumption that causes environmental destruction

Kutting, 2004
(Gabriela, Professor of Political Science at Rutgers with a PhD from University of Sussex who has published 6 books on global environmental politics, Spring/Summer 2004, "Globalization and the Environment: Moving Beyond Neoliberal Institutionalism," International Journal of Peace Studies, Volume 9, Number 1, pg. 38-39, Accessed: 1/27/13 FG)
The argument that excessive consumption leads to environmental degradation is not a new argument and
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at an unsustainable rate by only a small percentage of the world population.
The neoliberal economic order like its preceding economic orders treats the natural environment as if
AND
a human right. Again, this raises questions of equity and access.
No inhabitant of this planet has not been exposed to some form of environmental degradation
AND
to be highlighted more – leading back to consumption, agency and responsibility.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative and embrace Cubanalismo- the Cuban alternative to neoliberalism provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Fanelli, 2008
(Carlo, York University Sociologist, November, "’Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism," New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, Volume 2, pg 7-16 FG)
As this paper has attempted to integrate throughout this discussion, alternatives to neoliberalism do
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alternative modes of socioeconomic and environmental polices can and do continue to exist.

Multilat Adv.

Coordinated response structurally impossible

Naim, 13 (Senior Fellow International Economics at Carnegie, 2-15-’13 (Moises, "The G20 is a Sad Sign of Our Uncooperative World" http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2013/02/15/g20-is-sad-sign-of-our-uncooperative-world/fgvs)

The reality is that, despite many commitments by national leaders, the capacity of
AND
examples on the long list of problems that need international co-operation.

Multilat fails – international coop impossible on key issues

Spoerri, 13 (Host of Ethics Matter at Carnegie Council, 2-25-’13 (Marlene, "Global Ethics Corner: Is Multilateralism Dead?" http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/multimedia/20130225/index.html~~23section-26501)

Global problems need global solutions. Just ask members of the G-20 or
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Is multilateralism in peril? Does mini-lateralism offer an ethical alternative?

Multilat fails – incentive structures.

Calkins 10 – associate at Susman Godfrey LLP, magna cum laude BA in political science at Wake Forest University, minor in international studies (Audrey M., "Multilateralism in International Conflict: Recipe for Success or Failure?", 1/15/10; http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Calkins/Calkins.pdf)//Beddow
The modern debate between multilateralism and unilateralism has raged prominently in international politics since the
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a multilateral system without somehow harming other m embers of the system. 8

.

Shared Interests means they will always cooperate on security issues – SQ solves

Brookings Institution, 8
("Re-Thinking U.S.-Latin American Relations: A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World" http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/1124_latin_america_partnership.aspx)

Today, several changes in the region have made a hemispheric partnership both possible and
AND
countries of the region manage key transnational challenges and realize the region’s potential.

Asia war Doesn’t escalate

Washburn, 3/10/13
Taylor, a lawyer studying Northeast Asia at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, "a lawyer studying Northeast Asia at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.,"  http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/03/10/averting-asias-great-war-by-taylor-washburn/

In a recent Financial Times essay, "The Shadow of 1914 Falls Over the
AND
a remote perimeter, but rather with a major attack or colonial collapse.

Terrorists won’t pursue or use nuclear weapons

Waltz, 03
(Kenneth, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, 2003, p. 130)

For terrorists who abandon tactics of disruption and harassment in favor of dealing in wholesale
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to wreak great destruction, threats they would not want to execute anyway.

No chance of terror attack—-too tough to execute

John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart 12, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute AND Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, "The Terrorism Delusion," Summer, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1, politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/jmuellerabsisfin.pdf
In 2009, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
AND
took a tram going the wrong way and dynamited a mosque instead.15

Transition Adv.

Lifting the embargo would lead to instability – turns aff

Sweeny, 1994
(John, Policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation, 11/10/1994, "Why the Cuban Trade Embargo Should be Maintained," Online: http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1994/11/bg1010nbsp-why-the-cuban-trade FG)
The 32-year-old trade embargo against Cuba may finally be producing its
AND
left in the world who still suffer the brutality of a communist dictatorship.

No impact to bioterror

Dove 12 ~Alan Dove, PhD in Microbiology, science journalist and former Adjunct Professor at New York University, "Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?" Jan 24 2012, http://alandove.com/content/2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/~~
The second problem is much more serious. Eliminating the toxins, we’re left with
AND
biodefense industry is a far greater threat to us than any actual bioterrorists.

No impact to the instability

Patrick, 11
(Stewart M, senior fellow, director – program on international institutions and global governance @ CFR, 4/15/’ "Why Failed States Shouldn’t Be Our Biggest National Security Fear," http://www.cfr.org/international-peace-and-security/why-failed-states-shouldnt-our-biggest-national-security-fear/p24689) 

In truth, while failed states may be worthy of America’s attention on humanitarian and development grounds, most of them are irrelevant to U.S. national security. The risks they pose are mainly to their own inhabitants. Sweeping claims to the contrary are not only inaccurate but distracting and unhelpful, providing little guidance to policymakers seeking to prioritize scarce attention and resources.
In 2008, I collaborated with Brookings Institution senior fellow Susan E. Rice,
AND
, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, international crime and infectious disease.
The findings are startlingly clear. Only a handful of the world’s failed states pose security concerns to the United States. Far greater dangers emerge from stronger developing countries that may suffer from corruption and lack of government accountability but come nowhere near qualifying as failed states.
The link between failed states and transnational terrorism, for instance, is tenuous.
AND
, such as Kenya, where sovereignty provides some protection from outside interdiction.
Pakistan and Yemen became sanctuaries for terrorism not only because they are weak but because
AND
found sympathetic tribal hosts who have long welcomed mujaheddin back from jihadist struggles.
Al-Qaeda has met less success in northern Africa’s Sahel region, where a moderate, Sufi version of Islam dominates. But as the organization evolves from a centrally directed network to a diffuse movement with autonomous cells in dozens of countries, it is as likely to find haven in the banlieues of Paris or high-rises of Minneapolis as in remote Pakistani valleys.
What about failed states and weapons of mass destruction? Many U.S. analysts worry that poorly governed countries will pursue nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological weapons; be unable to control existing weapons; or decide to share WMD materials.
These fears are misplaced. With two notable exceptions — North Korea and Pakistan —
AND
(try Georgia) through which proliferators can smuggle illicit materials or weapons.
When it comes to crime, the story is more complex. Failed states do
AND
, intellectual property theft, cyber-crime or counterfeiting of manufactured goods.
Criminal networks typically prefer operating in functional countries that provide baseline political order as well
AND
Weak and failing African states, such as Niger, simply cannot compete.
Nor do failed states pose the greatest threats of pandemic disease. Over the past decade, outbreaks of SARS, avian influenza and swine flu have raised the specter that fast-moving pandemics could kill tens of millions worldwide. Failed states, in this regard, might seem easy incubators of deadly viruses. In fact, recent fast-onset pandemics have bypassed most failed states, which are relatively isolated from the global trade and transportation links needed to spread disease rapidly.
Certainly, the world’s weakest states — particularly in sub-Saharan Africa — suffer disproportionately from disease, with infection rates higher than in the rest of the world. But their principal health challenges are endemic diseases with local effects, such as malaria, measles and tuberculosis. While U.S. national security officials and Hollywood screenwriters obsess over the gruesome Ebola and Marburg viruses, outbreaks of these hemorrhagic fevers are rare and self-contained.
I do not counsel complacency. The world’s richest nations have a moral obligation to
AND
South Africa’s denial for many years about the causes of HIV/AIDS.
Unfortunately, misperceptions about the dangers of failed states have transformed budgets and bureaucracies. U.S. intelligence agencies are mapping the world’s "ungoverned spaces." The Pentagon has turned its regional Combatant Commands into platforms to head off state failure and address its spillover effects. The new Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review completed by the State Department and the U.S. Agency for International Development depicts fragile and conflict-riddled states as epicenters of terrorism, proliferation, crime and disease.
Yet such preoccupations reflect more hype than analysis. U.S. national security officials would be better served — and would serve all of us better — if they turned their strategic lens toward stronger developing countries, from which transnational threats are more likely to emanate.

There is no bio attack threat.

Mueller, 05
(John, Professor of Political Science at OhioState. May 2005. International Studies Perspectives, Volume 6 Issue 2 Page 208-234, Simplicity and Spook: Terrorism and the Dynamics of Threat Exaggeration)

Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could indeed, if thus far only in
AND
—in fact, nobody even noticed that the attacks had taken place.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek PW | Judge: Andrew Lockwood

NADB CP

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase economic engagement with Mexico by investing in the North American Development Bank and expanding its mandate.

====The NADB solves trade, competitiveness, the economy, and manufacturing====
Beam, 11 
~Patrick, Lieutenant Commander in the US Navy, 10-28-11, Joint Military Operations Department at the Naval War College, "Economics and Migration: NAFTA’s Impact on Mexico," http://w.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA555126ww, accessed 6-25-13, JB~
A strong Mexican economy equates to a more competitive trading partner and a better destination
AND
securing the over 2,000-mile border between the two countries.

NADBank invests in solar energy which reduces CO2 and solves warming

EPA 2012 
(US Environmental Proection Agency, "The BECC and NADBank," 7-26-12, http://www.epa.gov/international/regions/na/Mexico/beccnadb.html)
Following the 1993 signature of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),two
AND
development of new, green jobs that pay well and cannot be outsourced.

Warming is the most likely scenario for extinction

Deibel 7 ~Terry L. Professor of IR @ National War College, 2007. "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft", Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today~
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
, "it is virtually impossible to find evidence of disagreement over the fun
damentals of global warming." Evidence from a vast international scientific monitoring effort accumulates almost
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Politics

Momentum for IMF reform now – failure will decimate U.S. credibility and prevent a Ukrainian default

Hill 3/12 (Patrice, The Washington Times. "Administration sees crisis in Ukraine as opportunity to pass IMF reforms" http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/mar/12/administration-sees-crisis-in-ukraine-as-opportuni/?page=all~~23pagebreak)
The crisis in Ukraine has unexpectedly breathed new life in the Obama administration’s stalled efforts
AND
—vis Russia, without additional costs to U.S. taxpayers.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Obama’s PC is key to IMF reform passage

Scott 3/18 (Heather, MNI News. "Analysis: IMF Reform Stymied by Ignorance in US Congress" https://mninews.marketnews.com/index.php/analysis-imf-reform-stymied-ignorance-us-congress?q=content/analysis-imf-reform-stymied-ignorance-us-congress)
The United States is the only major country that has failed to approve the IMF
AND
may have more work cut out for it to ensure approval next week.

Failure to pass IMF reforms emboldens Russia and causes Crimean war

Delamaide, 3/5
(Darrel, Political columnist for MarketWatch- a branch of the WSJ, 3/5/14, "Capitol dysfunction threatens U.S. national security," Online: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/capitol-dysfunction-threatens-us-national-security-2014-03-05, Accessed: 3/14/14 FG)
The crisis in Ukraine, with all its echoes of the cold war, shows
AND
needs to protect U.S. security interests in the Ukraine crisis. 

Crimean war means the use nukes and extinction

ENCA, 3/5
(ENews Channel Africa, South Africa’s most watched TV station, 3/5/14, "Russia in the Crimea: The Thin Red Line of Sanity," Online: http://www.enca.com/opinion/russia-crimea-thin-red-line-sanity, Accessed: 3/14/4 FG)
It’s March, so it seems to be time for madness, again. The
AND
madness of the nuclear-weapons toting few. The alternative is extinction.

T

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
AND
great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
AND
some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

’Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that’s mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – SSS is not with the government of Mexico.

C. Voting issue –

1.  Limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3^rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible

2. Ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ’engagement’

Shipbuilding Adv.

No impact to Senkaku dispute
Mulgan 10
(Aurelia George Mulgan, Professor of Politics at the University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, East Asia Forum, 10/26/10, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/10/26/us-japan-alliance-the-big-winner-from-the-senkaku-islands-dispute/ /mr)

Japan’s new DPJ government initially set out to rebalance Japan’s relations between the United States
AND
the Senkaku ’shock’ has turned out to be a ’Senkaku tailwind’.

Long timeframe – buffers outweigh

Daily Press, 12
(Virginia Daily Press News, http://www.dailypress.com/business/peninsula-businesses/dp-nws-shipyard-sequestration-20120625,0,7092747.story) 

Newport News Shipbuilding has several years worth of work under contract, a buffer against
AND
pretty steady work until the impacts of sequestration manifest themselves," he said. 

Transition to multipolarity now

Brzezinski and Feist, 2012
(Zbigniew, Former White House National Security Adviser, Sam, CNN’s Washington Bureau Chief and Senior Vice President, March 29, 2012, Council of Foreign Relations, "A Conversation With Zbigniew Brzezinski," http://www.cfr.org/us-strategy-and-politics/conversation-zbigniew-brzezinski/p27829, accessed 7/4/12, YGS)
QUESTIONER: Thank you very much. Dr. Brzezinski, I want to ask
AND
terms of whether we will or will not be able to do it.

Prolonging transition risks global instability

Farley, 2012
(Dr. Robert, University of Kentucky assistant professor of Diplomacy and International Commerce, World Politics Review, "Over the Horizon: The Future of American Hegemony," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11696/over-the-horizon-the-future-of-american-hegemony, accessed 7-6-12, CNM)
What are the dangers? Hegemony has never meant the ability to achieve any outcome
AND
demonstrate not only American power, but also reinforce confidence in American leadership.
For better or worse, the U.S. has imparted the character of
AND
acceptable "American Century," while foolish policies can cut it short.z

Turns the case – Hegemony causes economic collapse, backlash, and foreign overstretch – only retreat is sustainable

Posen, 13
~Barry R., MIT Political Science Professor, Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, "Pull Back," Vol. 92, Issue 1, Academic Search Complete, accessed 7/2/13, WD~
Despite a decade of costly and indecisive warfare and mounting fiscal pressures, the long
AND
it would help preserve the country’s prosperity and security over the long run.

Auto Adv.

The U.S. Auto industry is expanding, adding jobs and factories, due to a rising demand.
Associated Press, 7-20-2012, "Survey: Auto industry will keep adding people," "http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-07-20/survey-auto-industry-will-keep-adding-people"
DETROIT (AP) — Auto industry executives in the U.S. expect
AND
enough people or factory capacity to keep up as sales continue to rise.

Automobile industry not key to the economy
Marsha Freeman, Science and Technology writer, 2005, ""The U.S. Auto Industry Never Just Produced Cars," Executive Intelligence Review, http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2005/2005_40-49/2005_40-49/2005-49/pdf/21-22_47_eco.pdf
There is widespread misconception that the automobile industry in the United States is now in
AND
than automobiles, which, despite the skeptics, the industry magnificently accomplished.

Auto use causes pollution
Mark Van Vugt, Department of Health Education University of Limburg Maastricht, 1995, "Car Versus Public Transportation? The Role of Social Value Orientations in a Real-Life Social Dilemma," Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Pg. 259-260
http://www.kent.ac.uk/psychology/department/people/van-vugtm/personal/publications/JASP1995Pdf.pdf
The decision to commute by car or by public transportation has consequences not only for
AND
a social dilemma (Dawes, 1980; Messick 26 Brewer, 1983). 

No chance of terror attack—-too tough to execute

John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart 12, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute AND Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, "The Terrorism Delusion," Summer, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1, politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/jmuellerabsisfin.pdf
In 2009, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
AND
took a tram going the wrong way and dynamited a mosque instead.15

1. No impact because other actors check, the economy won’t decline enough, past recessions prove we’ll recover, and world war two wasn’t caused by the depression

2. The economy is fine now. Further investment would hurt rather than help

Detroit News, 13
("U.S. economy accelerates at 2.5 rate in Q1" From The Detroit News: http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130426/BIZ/304260409~~23ixzz2RbEUMQAw)

Washington — U.S. economic growth accelerated from January through March, buoyed
AND
3.2 percent. That’s the best since the end of 2010.

3. No historical connection between economic collapse and conflict

Ferguson, 06 
M.A., Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University, Resident faculty member of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford University, and a Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University (Niall, "The Next War of the World", Foreign Affairs, September-October 2006, May 21st 2010, KONTOPOULOS)

Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal
AND
economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.

4. US not key to world economy – the housing crisis ended American financial hegemony

Espinoza, 08
(Javier, Forbes.com. "Steinbrueck: U.S. Losing Its Financial Superpowers"  http://www.forbes.com/facesinthenews/2008/09/26/steinbrueck-german-minister-face-markets-cx_je_0925autofacescan01.html)

In the light of the financial turmoil on Wall Street, the United States will
AND
, the federal reserve is lacking capacity to resolve any kind of problem."

No chance of war from economic decline—-best and most recent data

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42

Global economic governance institutions guarantee resiliency

Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
Prior to 2008, numerous foreign policy analysts had predicted a looming crisis in global
AND
of international regimes, and the resilience of economic ideas might have played.

Auto-industry is at its highest since point before the recession
ST Morning, 6-30-2012, "US new car sales in June seen highest in 5 years," "http://www.straitstimes.com/Motoring/Story/STIStory_816991.html"
DETROIT (REUTERS) - The deteriorating European markets have led auto industry executives to
AND
Ford Motor and Toyota will report June US new car sales on Tuesday.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 4 | Opponent: Grady RC | Judge: Alex Duner

Politics

Momentum for IMF reform now – failure will decimate U.S. credibility and prevent a Ukrainian default

Hill 3/12 (Patrice, The Washington Times. "Administration sees crisis in Ukraine as opportunity to pass IMF reforms" http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/mar/12/administration-sees-crisis-in-ukraine-as-opportuni/?page=all~~23pagebreak)
The crisis in Ukraine has unexpectedly breathed new life in the Obama administration’s stalled efforts
AND
—vis Russia, without additional costs to U.S. taxpayers.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Obama’s PC is key to IMF reform passage

Scott 3/18 (Heather, MNI News. "Analysis: IMF Reform Stymied by Ignorance in US Congress" https://mninews.marketnews.com/index.php/analysis-imf-reform-stymied-ignorance-us-congress?q=content/analysis-imf-reform-stymied-ignorance-us-congress)
The United States is the only major country that has failed to approve the IMF
AND
may have more work cut out for it to ensure approval next week.

Failure to pass IMF reforms emboldens Russia and causes Crimean war

Delamaide, 3/5
(Darrel, Political columnist for MarketWatch- a branch of the WSJ, 3/5/14, "Capitol dysfunction threatens U.S. national security," Online: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/capitol-dysfunction-threatens-us-national-security-2014-03-05, Accessed: 3/14/14 FG)
The crisis in Ukraine, with all its echoes of the cold war, shows
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needs to protect U.S. security interests in the Ukraine crisis. 

Crimean war means the use nukes and extinction

ENCA, 3/5
(ENews Channel Africa, South Africa’s most watched TV station, 3/5/14, "Russia in the Crimea: The Thin Red Line of Sanity," Online: http://www.enca.com/opinion/russia-crimea-thin-red-line-sanity, Accessed: 3/14/4 FG)
It’s March, so it seems to be time for madness, again. The
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madness of the nuclear-weapons toting few. The alternative is extinction.

China CP

Text: The People’s Republic of China should substantially increase technical cooperation and investment in Small Modular Reactors with Mexico.

Solvency – Chinese investment solves 100 of the case – efficient and reliable.

Gallagher 2013.
(Associate Professor of International Relations BA, Northeastern University; MA, PhD, Tufts University) Specialization: Economic Development, Trade and Investment Policy, International Environmental Policy, Latin America. 30 May 2013 ~Kevin, http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/may/30/latin-america-risky-chinese-dragon~~
The Chinese president, Xi Jinping, travels to the US and Latin America this
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and environmental protection, this new source of finance could bring great risk.

T

A. Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations

Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., "Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait" in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order
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great power politics and that it may be more widespread than previously recognized.

This means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement

Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, "Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela", National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among countries can take many forms, but this document will
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some issues are more important with respect to some countries than to others.

’Its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership

Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005  
(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that’s mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

B. Violation – plan is engagement between private sectors

C. Voting issue –

1.  Limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3^rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – it makes topic preparation impossible

2. Ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ’engagement’

Cooperation Adv.

Alt causes – corruption with leaders, war on drugs

No impact to failed states or regional isntability

Patrick, 11
(Stewart M, senior fellow, director – program on international institutions and global governance @ CFR, 4/15/’ "Why Failed States Shouldn’t Be Our Biggest National Security Fear," http://www.cfr.org/international-peace-and-security/why-failed-states-shouldnt-our-biggest-national-security-fear/p24689) 

In truth, while failed states may be worthy of America’s attention on humanitarian and
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stronger developing countries, from which transnational threats are more likely to emanate.

SMRs don’t solve anything – multiple warrants

Makhijani ’11 (Dr. Arjun Makhijani is president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, "The problems with small nuclear reactors." The Congress Blog, 6/15/11, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/energy-a-environment/166609-the-problems-with-small-nuclear-reactors~~23ixzz2hx6Y2QjZ ) JJV
There are economies of scale associated with security, too. Today, large crews
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past the graveyard of the "nuclear renaissance" that never was. ¶ 

SMRs are less cost-competitive – harms outweigh the benefits, if any.

USC 9/26 (Union of Concerned Scientists, a group of top-notch scientists that research potential threats that politics and the media don’t see and reveal them to the general public. "Small Modular Nuclear Reactors Won’t Solve Nuclear Power’s Safety, Security and Cost Problems, New Report Finds" http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_technology/small-modular-reactors.html)
As Lyman’s report points out, utilities started building larger reactors in the first place
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requirements for emergency planning, control room staffing, and security force staffing.

Turn - Plan forces security cuts – counterproductive at best

UCS 9/10(Union of Concerned Scientists, a group of top-notch scientists that research potential threats that politics and the media don’t see and reveal them to the general public. "Small Modular Nuclear Reactors Won’t Solve Nuclear Power’s Safety, Security and Cost Problems, New Report Finds" http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_technology/small-modular-reactors.html)
The April 2013 bombings at the Boston Marathon remind us that terrorism is an ongoing
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a plant’s design, a robust and flexible security force will be needed.

====SMRs are costly, inefficient and increase the chances of an attack – ====
USC 9/26 (Union of Concerned Scientists, a group of top-notch scientists that research potential threats that politics and the media don’t see and reveal them to the general public. "Small Modular Nuclear Reactors Won’t Solve Nuclear Power’s Safety, Security and Cost Problems, New Report Finds" http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_technology/small-modular-reactors.html)
WASHINGTON (September 26, 2013)—Nuclear power proponents pinning their hopes on small
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commercial small reactor by 2020.¶ But do small reactors make economic sense? 

Squo solves – Nuclear power is already prominent is Mexico and Laguna Verde is being protected.

Navarro ’10 (Carlos Navarro, Editor/Writer at University of New Mexico,  Past Reporter 26 Copy Editor at Knight-Ridder Financial News,  Education: Texas A26M International University,  Loyola University New Orleans, Warren Easton High School."Mexican Government, Congress Support Nuclear Power to Varying Degrees; Detractors Want Laguna Verde Power Plant Closed" Most recent date specified is 2010.  http://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/12618/Mexican20Government,20Congress20Support20Nuclear 20Power20to20Varying20Degrees3B20Detractors20Want20Laguna20Verde20Power20Plant20Closed.pdf?sequence=1)
Meade insisted that nuclear power has a future in Mexico, even though there are
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. ¶ Hurricanes have not threatened Laguna Verde directly in the past few years

International institutions cooperation is dead

Miller and Markheim, 09
Ambassador to the UN Economics and Social Council, Director of the Center for International Trade and Economics at Heritage (9/28, Terry and Daniella, Heritage Foundation, "Global Trade Liberalization Continues, But Risks Abound", http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2009/09/Global-Trade-Liberalization-Continues-But-Risks-Abound, WEA)

After more than half a century of trade liberalization, multilateral efforts at the World
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since the G-20 pledge against protectionism in November 2008.(4) 

Leadership Adv.

Transition to multipolarity now

Brzezinski and Feist, 2012
(Zbigniew, Former White House National Security Adviser, Sam, CNN’s Washington Bureau Chief and Senior Vice President, March 29, 2012, Council of Foreign Relations, "A Conversation With Zbigniew Brzezinski," http://www.cfr.org/us-strategy-and-politics/conversation-zbigniew-brzezinski/p27829, accessed 7/4/12, YGS)
QUESTIONER: Thank you very much. Dr. Brzezinski, I want to ask
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terms of whether we will or will not be able to do it.

Prolonging transition risks global instability

Farley, 2012
(Dr. Robert, University of Kentucky assistant professor of Diplomacy and International Commerce, World Politics Review, "Over the Horizon: The Future of American Hegemony," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11696/over-the-horizon-the-future-of-american-hegemony, accessed 7-6-12, CNM)
What are the dangers? Hegemony has never meant the ability to achieve any outcome
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demonstrate not only American power, but also reinforce confidence in American leadership.
For better or worse, the U.S. has imparted the character of
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acceptable "American Century," while foolish policies can cut it short.z

Turns the case – Hegemony causes economic collapse, backlash, and foreign overstretch – only retreat is sustainable

Posen, 13
~Barry R., MIT Political Science Professor, Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, "Pull Back," Vol. 92, Issue 1, Academic Search Complete, accessed 7/2/13, WD~
Despite a decade of costly and indecisive warfare and mounting fiscal pressures, the long
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it would help preserve the country’s prosperity and security over the long run.

there are multiple logical barriers that preclude any state from ever supplying terrorists with WMDs

Walt, 7/25/13
(Stephen M. Walt is the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, where he served as academic dean from 2002-2006, 7/25/13, "Why We Don’t Need to Worry About a ’Nuclear Handoff’", Foreign Policy, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/25/why_we_dont_need_to_worry_about_a_nuclear_handoff, Accessed 9/3/13, NC)
¶ After the 9/11 attacks, the U.S. national security
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the need to keep whatever weapons they might have under very reliable control.

Prolif will be slow.

Waltz 2k, Professor of Political Science at UC Berkeley, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, v1 n1, Winter/Spring, http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/gjia/gjia_winspr00f.html

It is now estimated that about twenty–five countries are in a position to
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, in which one or two states per decade gradually develop nuclear weapons.

New Proliferants will have small arsenals and will conceal them – this assures stable control

Seng 97, phd candidate in Political Science @ the University of Chicago 97 ~Security Studies~ Summer pg. 63
Minor proliferators are likely to enjoy two main sorts of command and control advantages that, by and large, the superpowers did not have. One, minor
proliferators will enjoy greater organizational simplicity that stems from the small size and simple composition
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to help alleviate dangers of minor proliferators losing possession of their nuclear weapons. 

Proliferation solves conventional wars – that outweighs

Delvoie 02  
(Louis, Former Assistant Deputy Minister – National Defense Headquarters (Canada) and Senior Fellow – Center for International Relations – Queens U., Canadian Military Journal, "VIEWS AND OPINIONS IN PRAISE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS", Autumn, http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo3/no3/doc/66-69-eng.pdf~~

The first of these truths was that major conventional wars had become progressively more destructive
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, and will have a usefully restraining effect on any overly hegemonistic ambitions.

Tournament: Woodward | Round: 5 | Opponent: MtVernon JS | Judge: Bryan Gaston

K

International politics are in need of an overhaul because of gendered relations between the United States and Latin America. The AFFs economic engagement is locked into an unquestioned system of machismo that inevitably fails

De Oliveira in 2000
(Jose Batista Loureiro De Oliveira. PhD – Psychology Department, University of Bologna, Italy. "Deconstructing Machismo: Victims of Machismo Ideology Dominating in Brazil." Prepared for delivery at the 2000 meeting of Latin American Studies Association. March 2000)
As I have said at the beginning, the visions in this paper are very
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and economic struggles of women and gays. (Kimmel 1987:10)

Patriarchal mindset lead to war, prolif, environmental destruction, and eventually extinction

Warren and Cady 94
Warren is the Chair of the Philosophy Department at Macalester College and Cady is Professor of Philosophy at Hamline University (Karen and Duane, "Feminism and Peace: Seeing Connections", p. 16, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3810167.pdf)
Operationalized, the evidence of patriarchy as a dysfunctional system is found in the behaviors
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-nature-peace connections in regional, national, and global contexts. 

The alternative is to reject the aff and the dominating, masculine relationship colonialism created between the US and Mexico and embrace Chicana feminism as a new starting point and a viable alternative to the status quo.

Flores, 2000
(Lisa A. Flores. PhD. Univ of Utah – Department of Communication. "Reclaiming the "Other": toward a Chicana Feminist critical perspective." International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 24:5, Sept 2000)
Narratives are a central part of Chicana feminism and Chicana feminists, across disciplines and
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other similar ones, become a part of the growth of Chicana feminism.

DA

Momentum for IMF reform now – failure will decimate U.S. credibility and prevent a Ukrainian default

Hill 3/12 (Patrice, The Washington Times. "Administration sees crisis in Ukraine as opportunity to pass IMF reforms" http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/mar/12/administration-sees-crisis-in-ukraine-as-opportuni/?page=all~~23pagebreak)
The crisis in Ukraine has unexpectedly breathed new life in the Obama administration’s stalled efforts
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—vis Russia, without additional costs to U.S. taxpayers.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
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action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Obama’s PC is key to IMF reform passage

Scott 3/18 (Heather, MNI News. "Analysis: IMF Reform Stymied by Ignorance in US Congress" https://mninews.marketnews.com/index.php/analysis-imf-reform-stymied-ignorance-us-congress?q=content/analysis-imf-reform-stymied-ignorance-us-congress)
The United States is the only major country that has failed to approve the IMF
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may have more work cut out for it to ensure approval next week.

Failure to pass IMF reforms emboldens Russia and causes Crimean war

Delamaide, 3/5
(Darrel, Political columnist for MarketWatch- a branch of the WSJ, 3/5/14, "Capitol dysfunction threatens U.S. national security," Online: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/capitol-dysfunction-threatens-us-national-security-2014-03-05, Accessed: 3/14/14 FG)
The crisis in Ukraine, with all its echoes of the cold war, shows
AND
needs to protect U.S. security interests in the Ukraine crisis. 

Crimean war means the use nukes and extinction

ENCA, 3/5
(ENews Channel Africa, South Africa’s most watched TV station, 3/5/14, "Russia in the Crimea: The Thin Red Line of Sanity," Online: http://www.enca.com/opinion/russia-crimea-thin-red-line-sanity, Accessed: 3/14/4 FG)
It’s March, so it seems to be time for madness, again. The
AND
madness of the nuclear-weapons toting few. The alternative is extinction.

CP

CP Text: The president of the United States should issue an executive order to fund institutional development in Mexico for the purpose of preventing gun violence in ordinance with ratification of The Inter-American Convention Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and Other Related Materials.

The President is the sole channel of foreign intercourse

Prakash and Ramsey, 2001
(Saikrishna B and Michael D, The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/111-2/PrakashFINAL.pdf, Accessed 7-9-13, RRR)
As many of the incidents recounted above indicate, Washington spoke for the United States
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, the House requested the President to convey its sentiments to France.378

Exectutive action avoids the politics DA – doesn’t spend political capital.

Howell, 5 (William G., Associate Professor of Government @ Harvard University, "Unilateral Powers: A Brief Overview," Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35, no. 3, September, p. 421)
The actions that Bush and his modern predecessors have taken by fiat do not fit
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Congress lacks the votes (usually two thirds of both chambers) to overturn
him, the president can be confident that his policy will stand.

Drug Advantage

reforms fail to curb corruption – empirical evidence proves

Persson, Rothstein, and Teorell 13
(Anna, Ph.D. and assistant professor, Bo, Ph.D., and holder of the August Röhss Chair in Political Science, both at the University of Gothenburg, and Jan, Ph.D. and political scientist at Lund University, "Why Anticorruption Reforms Fail—Systemic Corruption as a Collective Action Problem" in Governance, 26(3), pg 449–471, July 2013)  

Yet, while it is fair to argue that the international community has been extremely
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curbing corruption. In the next section, we turn to this issue.

No impact to failed states

Patrick, 11
(Stewart M, senior fellow, director – program on international institutions and global governance @ CFR, 4/15/’ "Why Failed States Shouldn’t Be Our Biggest National Security Fear," http://www.cfr.org/international-peace-and-security/why-failed-states-shouldnt-our-biggest-national-security-fear/p24689) 

In truth, while failed states may be worthy of America’s attention on humanitarian and
AND
stronger developing countries, from which transnational threats are more likely to emanate.

Multilateralism is dead

Miller and Markheim, 09
Ambassador to the UN Economics and Social Council, Director of the Center for International Trade and Economics at Heritage (9/28, Terry and Daniella, Heritage Foundation, "Global Trade Liberalization Continues, But Risks Abound", http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2009/09/Global-Trade-Liberalization-Continues-But-Risks-Abound, WEA)
After more than half a century of trade liberalization, multilateral efforts at the World
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since the G-20 pledge against protectionism in November 2008.(4) 

1. Empirically denied and alternate causality – hundreds of thousands of species die annually

Paltrowitz, 01
(JD Brooklyn Journal of I-Law, 2001 (A Greening of the World Trade Organisation")

However, the panel did not take into account the practical reality that negotiations are
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impose few constraints on a contracting party’s implementation of domestic environmental policies." n108

2. Species extinction won’t cause human extinction – humans and the environment are adaptable

Doremus, 2K
(Holly,  Professor of Law at UC Davis Washington 26 Lee Law Review, Winter 57 Wash 26 Lee L. Rev. 11, lexis)  

In recent years, this discourse frequently has taken the form of the ecological horror
AND
that a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse.

3. Collapse is common – won’t spillover

4. New species fill the void

Kerr, 94
(Richard, Science 28)

In the immediate aftermath of an extinction, some taxa – groups of animals such as species or genera – flourish, then gradually fade. Others that had apparently vanished can reappear, Lazarus-like. In the turmoil, new groups may gain ascendancy, filling ecological niches left empty by the extinction and displacing other survivors to create a new ecological order (See box on p.29).

5. No spillover to other species

Moore, 98 
(Thomas, Climate of fear, why we shouldn’t worry about global warming, 1998, p.98-99)

Nevertheless, the loss of a class of living beings does not typically threaten other
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As long as the host remains, so will parasites and symbiotic species.

Relations

1. U.S.-Mexico relations are on the upswing – transition in focus and Obama’s recent visit

Nelson and Nicholas, 5/2/13
senior writers at The Wall Street Journal (Collin McCain, Peter, "Mexico, U.S. Leaders Try To Deepen Economic Ties", 5/2/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324766604578459190363300754.html) RT

MEXICO CITY—President Barack Obama offered his support Thursday for Mexico’s shifting security strategy
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Joshua Meltzer, a global economy and development fellow at the Brookings Institution.

1. Hegemony is resilient – the US is way ahead of everyone else

Brooks and Wohlforth, 08
(Stephen G Brooks 26 William C. Wohlforth Associate Professors in the Department of Government @ Dartmouth College. World Out of Balance, p. 27-31)

"Nothing has ever existed like this disparity of power; nothing," historian Paul
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one thing; being the world’s single superpower on the cheap is astonishing."

2. US withdrawal won’t cause power wars – forward deployment only encourages NATO growth and Russian expansionism

Gholz, Press, and Sapolsky, 97
(Eugene Gholz and Daryl Press, doctoral candidates in political science at MIT. Harvey Sapolsky, professor of public policy at MIT. International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4. Spring 1997)

Several prominent analysts favor a policy of selective engagement. These analysts fear that American
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would be German rather than American troops standing guard on the new borders.

3. Their authors have it backwards – countries will take advantage of U.S. security guarantees to provoke war

Eland, 02
(Director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute (Ivan, "The Empire Strikes Out The "New Imperialism" and Its Fatal Flaws", Cato policy analysis no 459, nov 26)

Of course, one way to try to enhance American credibility would be to deploy
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can show progress in its efforts to mediate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.