Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Stephen Pipken

China SOI DA

Chinese influence in Latin America expanding at the expense of the US – its zero sum

Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., "America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America", Sun Sentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP
Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was
AND
lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.

Lack of US influence key to China’s influence in Mexico

Shaiken et al ’13
~Harley. Prof in the Center for Latin American Studies at UC-Berkeley. And Enrique Peters – Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. And Adrian Hearn – Centro de Estudios China-Mexixo at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. China and the New Triangular Relationships in the Americas: China and the Future of US-Mexico Relations, 2013.  Pg 88-9~
The dominant strategies of each of the parties and how these strategies evolve over time
AND
dynamic, which may result in a closer relationship between these two countries.

Latin America is key to Chinese economic growth – exports and resources

Arnson et al. ’9 (Cynthia Anderson, Mark Mohr, Riordan Roett, writers for Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "Enter the Dragon? China’s Presence in Latin America", http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/EnterDragonFinal.pdf)//RJ**
To China, Latin America represents a signi?cant source of the necessary natural resources  that
AND
the region. Thus, Latin America represents a substantial market  for Chinese goods

China economic collapse causes WW3- hotspot for escalation

Plate, 03 - Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, "Why Not Invade China" Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS
But imagine a China disintegrating — on its own, without neo-con or
AND
con insanity is more of a danger to the Bush presidency than China.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberal Arts and Sciences BC | Judge: Samantha Varney
1
Debt ceiling will pass and political capital is key
Pace 9/12 (Julie, “AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda”, The Fresno Bee, September 9 of 2013, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to
AND
Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.

Economic engagement with Mexico’s politically divisive
Wilson ‘13
Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, “A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be.
This will destroy the U.S. and global economy and collapse trade
Davidson, 9/10 (Adam - co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money” 9/10/2013, “Our Debt to Society,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0))

This is the definition of a deficit, and it illustrates why the government needs
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Nuclear war and extinction
Harris and Burrows 9 - *Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) , Jennifer, a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit (“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Increased Potential for Global Conflict
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world. 

2
Oil prices staying high above $100 – current fed policies and drop in US production
Fairfax Media 9/19 (“Oil prices surge after Fed leaves stimulus”, 9/19/13, http://www.theage.com.au/business/markets/oil-prices-surge-after-fed-leaves-stimulus-20130919-2u0e5.html)
Oil prices have surged after the US Federal Reserve kept its massive monetary stimulus program
AND
had been for a much smaller drop of 1.2 million barrels.
Link – their Danigole evidence says they reduce oil dependence
Low oil prices wreck the Russian economy—high prices create a window for sustained growth
IMF, 11 - International Monetary Fund (9/27/11, and#34;Russia Should Leverage Commodity Boom to Boost Growthand#34;, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2011/int092711a.htm,   )
Russia’s economy grew by 4 percent in 2010, aided by the boom in commodity
AND
turn into a deficit fairly quickly, putting pressure on the exchange rate.
Causes multiple scenarios for CBW conflict
Oliker and Charlick-Paley 02 (Olga and Tanya, RAND Corporation Project Air Force, “Assessing Russia’s Decline,” www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1442/)
The preceding chapters have illustrated the ways in which Russia’s decline affects that country and
AND
rogue states and nonstate terrorist actors, increasing the risk of nuclear war.

3
Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition crushes these spaces of resistance, reducing the globe to a single, monocultural economic model
Vattimo and Zabala 11 (Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)
The “Bolivarian Revolution” is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism.”
AND
and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world.and#34;

The plan crushes those movements – it purports a neoliberal economic system which devastates the envionrment
Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). “Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization,” http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

Extinction-~--tech and reforms fail
Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research and Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, “The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43
In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003
AND
and#34;endless technical adjustments;and#34; thus no further theoretical thought is required.and#34;27

The alternative – the judge should vote negative to reject neoliberal knowledge production and endorse globalization from below
Refusing neoliberalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4 (Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9
Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?

4
Text: The United States section of the International Boundary and Water Commission should engage the federal government of Mexico to establish a binational water bank in the Colorado River Basin.

CP Solves – the IBWC can construct binational projects on behalf of the State Department with agency funding.
McCarthy, 11 (Robert J., Former General Counsel, U.S. Section, International Boundary and Water Commission, former Field Solicitor, U.S. Department of the Interior, former clinical law professor @ University of Washington, “Executive Authority, Adaptive Treaty Interpretation, And The International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S. – Mexico,” 14 U. Denv. Water L. Rev. 197, Spring, p. l/n)
Failure to read the statutes that implement the treaty language results in concluding the exact
AND
again without reference to the USIBWC, to negotiate a new Minute. n594

Avoids Politics – USIBWC avoids all Congressional backlash. There’s only a risk that the plan prevents future federal government infighting.
McCarthy, 11 (Robert J., Former General Counsel, U.S. Section, International Boundary and Water Commission, former Field Solicitor, U.S. Department of the Interior, former clinical law professor @ University of Washington, “Executive Authority, Adaptive Treaty Interpretation, And The International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S. – Mexico,” 14 U. Denv. Water L. Rev. 197, Spring, p. l/n)
A follow-up report in 2006, addressing the USIBWCand#39;s pledges of reform,
AND
that no other logical choice exists.and#34; n411

Inherency
Squo solves – Treaty’s “minute process” allows a US section and a Mexico section to the 1944 water treaty – that allows the both sections to amend it themselves without federal government ratification

Solvency
Plan doesn’t sovle – They say their markets reduce conflict – their Lee and Jouravlev evidence says it’s political conflict, not military – means they don’t solve any of their war impacts

Water Wars

1. Water Wars are a myth – trade and cooperation prevents them
   Barnaby 9 - editor of People and Science, the magazine published by the British Science Association (Wendy, “Do nations go to war over water?”, 3/19/13, Nature, Subscription Required for online access)WL
   The United Nations warned as recently as last week that climate change harbours the potential
   AND
   could unclog our stream of thought about the misleading notions of and#39;water warsand#39;.
   2. Logic test – Mexico and the US have never had an escalating conflict while they’ve been economically interdependent – they have ZERO evidence that their conflict would go full-on war
   3. Water shortages create lasting peace and interdependence – independently only their rhetoric of water wars prevents conflict resolution and cooperation
   Wolf et al 6 - * Aaron, Ph.D. College of Earth
   AND
   Program at the Wilson Center (“Water Can Be a Pathway to Peace,
   not War”, July 2006, Wilson Center, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/NavigatingPeaceIssue1.pdf)//WL
   “Water wars are coming!” the newspaper headlines scream. It seems obvious—
   AND
   ignore a promising way to help  prevent war: cooperative water resources management.

4. Water access isn’t responsible for water conflicts
Wolf et al 04 (Aaron T. Wolf, associate professor of geography at Oregon State University. Alexander Carius, director of Adelphi Reasearch in Berlin. Geoffery D. Dabelko, director of the Environmental Change and Security Project at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington D.C. “Water, Conflict, and Cooperation.” Avail. In “The Struggle for Water: Increasing Demands on a Vital Resource” by Aaron Fishbone p.178-9)
Water management and conflict: In most cases, it is not the lack of
AND
, and legitimize data can lead to mistrust and thus hinder cooperative action. 

Algae Biofules
Algae fuels turn the whole advantage – they don’t work, they exacerbate emissions, and they also trade off with food
Shaughnessy, 11 – CNN Pentagon Producer, citing a congressionally-mandated study by the Rand Corporation (Larry, “Study says greener military isnand#39;t better military, DoD disagrees,” CNN, 25 January 2011, http://edition.cnn.com/2011/US/01/25/military.alternative.energy/)//HO
The Department of Defense has put a lot of money and effort into finding alternative
AND
food prices, but not necessarily cheaper or cleaner fuel for the military.

Trade causes war
Saul, 99- President of International PEN, Award-Winning Essayist and Novelist, General Editor of the Penguin Extraordinary Canadians Project, President of Canadian Pen from 1990-1992, Co-Chair of the Institute for Canadian Citizenship (John Ralston, and#34;Globalisationand#34;, Free Trade and Protectionism, 1999, January 5th 2010, http://www.abc.net.au/specials/saul/fifth.htm,)
A very famous lobbyist courtier said last year that history shows us quite clearly that
AND
did he do it? It was about the wheat trade of course.

Food:
Food price rise inevitable – multiple reasons
Strain, 08 (Jeffery, staff writer,  The Street, 7-7-08, http://www.mainstreet.com/eight-reasons-food-prices-will-keep-rising?puc=msgoogleandcm_ven=MSGoogle)
Be prepared -- food is going to become more expensive, even if oil prices
AND
in the hope of making a quick buck, further increasing food prices.

Doesn’t solve food – ag is too diverse
Thompson 7/17 (2k7, professor of political economy at Northern Arizona University, Africa: Green Revolution or Rainbow Evolution?, http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4398)
In 2002, while UN secretary general, Kofi Annan asked, “How can
AND
to head the kind of project his advisors told him would not work.

Air power:

1. No internal link – they said they solved oil dependence and then read an impact to air power – no risk that it collapses in the squo, plan isn’t key
   And, it’s strong now – new weapon systems
   Goon and Kopp, 10 -- *Graduate of the US Naval Test Pilot School and First Class Honours from the University of Western Australia, Ph.D., M.A. from Monash University, Senior Member of the  American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Member of the Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (*Peter and Carlo, and#34;A Perspective on the Quadrennial Defense Reviewand#34;, Air Power Australia, February 10th 2010, June 1st 2010, http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-100210-1.html, KONTOPOULOS)
   In the air combat domain, anti-access and area-denial weapons technologies
   AND
   of the existing and currently planned US force structure will simply be unusable. 

Airpower doesnand#39;t deter – only ground forces are perceived
Allan, 94 (Charles, Air Force National Defense Fellow at the CSIS,and#34;Extended Conventional Deterrence: In from the Cold and Out of the Nuclear Fire?and#34; Washington Quarterly, Summer, 1994)
Information. As we have seen, imperfect information about a defenderand#39;s commitment may be
AND
Without clear recognition of U.S. power, deterrence cannot hold.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Iowa City West MY | Judge: Stephen Pipken
1
Interpretation - Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved
Crocker ‘9 9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. “Terms of Engagement,” http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=1and
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
AND
realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Violation – The affirmative is not engagement – they just authorize NADBank to do other things
Voting Issue -
Limits – they open the floodgates to involvement of  thousands of international organizations, non-governmental actors, and private companies – hurts the negative’s ability to prepare, which is key to competitiveness and clash
Ground – direct engagement with the government is necessary for links to international politics and relations based DAs as well as competition for privatization CPs – these generics are key to negative preparation on an international topic with few common linkages

2
Chinese influence in Latin America expanding at the expense of the US – its zero sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, Sun Sentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP
Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was
AND
lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.
Lack of US influence key to China’s influence in Mexico
Shaiken et al ‘13
Harley. Prof in the Center for Latin American Studies at UC-Berkeley. And Enrique Peters – Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. And Adrian Hearn – Centro de Estudios China-Mexixo at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. China and the New Triangular Relationships in the Americas: China and the Future of US-Mexico Relations, 2013.  Pg 88-9
The dominant strategies of each of the parties and how these strategies evolve over time
AND
dynamic, which may result in a closer relationship between these two countries.
US presence in Latin America kills US-China relations
Hilton, 13 – Latin America correspondent (Isabel, “China in Latin America: Hegemonic Challenge?”, 2/20, http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/26ff1a0cc3c0b6d5692c8afbc054aad9.pdf)//VP
The United States is Latin America’s traditional hegemonic power, but China’s influence in the  
AND
.S. is  becoming too assertive in its own East Asian backyard.

Extinction
Straight Times 2k (Ching Cheong, Senior Writer at the Strait Times, “No one gains in a war over Taiwan,” June 25th, Lexis)
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.

3
Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition crushes these spaces of resistance, reducing the globe to a single, monocultural economic model
Vattimo and Zabala 11 (Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)
The “Bolivarian Revolution” is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism.”
AND
and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world.and#34;

The plan crushes those movements – it purports a neoliberal economic system which devastates the environment
Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). “Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization,” http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

Insert Specific Link
The alternative – the judge should vote negative to reject neoliberal knowledge production and endorse globalization from below
Refusing neoliberalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements
Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4 (Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9
Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?

Manufacturing
Manufacturing industry empirically resilient
WSJ 11 (Wall Street Journal. 2/25/11. and#34;The Truth About U.S. Manufacturing.and#34;online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703652104576122353274221570.html.html#articleTabs3Darticle)
Is American manufacturing dead? You might think so reading most of the nationand#39;s editorial
AND
supplies, pharmaceuticals and medicine, and oil and natural-gas equipment.
Internal link solves itself – offshoring of manufacturing saves costs and displaces negative effects
Ottavanio, Peri, and Wright 12 (Gianmarco, Giovanni, and Greg C., Centre for Economic Performance, Economic and Social Research Council, The London School of Economics and Political Science, May 2012, “Immigration, Offshoring and American Jobs,” http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1147.pdf,)
The relocation of jobs abroad by multinationals and the increased labor market competition due to
AND
fared better than those with lagging exposure in terms of native employment growth.

No chance of war from economic decline-~--best and most recent data
Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, “The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked,” http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf
The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate.”42
Economic collapse doesn’t cause war
Ferguson, 06 – M.A., Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University, Resident faculty member of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford University, and a Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University (Niall, “The Next War of the World”, Foreign Affairs, September-October 2006, May 21st 2010, KONTOPOULOS)
Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal
AND
economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.

Economic collapse is inevitable – it forces a transition to sustainable communities – we indict your authors – this answers DuPont
Brownlee 10 – This essay was adapted from a presentation at Xavier University in Cincinnati on Nov. 7, 2010, as part of a lecture series on Ethics, Religion, and Society (Michael, 11/30, “The Evolution Of Transition In The U.S,” http://countercurrents.org/brownlee301110.htm)

Here, we need to know that economic decline will soon accelerate to inevitable collapse
AND
transition as a species, even as a planet in a larger Universe.

Growth makes eco-collapse inevitable
Speth, law prof, 8—Served as President Jimmy Carter’s White House environmental
AND
, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability, Gigapedia, 6-9)

But the much larger and more threatening impacts stem from the economic activity of those
AND
modern capitalism, in each case seeking to identify the transformative changes needed. 

Extinction
Chen 2k—Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis)
Ellipses in original 

Conscious decisions to allow the extinction of a species or the destruction of an entire
AND
Homo sapiens -- in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million. 348

Heg collapse inevitable
Layne 10 (Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas AandMand#39;s George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service. and#34;Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americanaand#34;. The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n54223596/) AK
Chinaand#39;s economy has been growing much more rapidly than the United Statesand#39; over the last
AND
with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue.

Retrenchment is best—solves our great power wars and maintains influence
MacDonald and Parent 11 (Paul, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami. “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment”.  International Security Spring 2011, Vol. 35, No. 4, Pages 7-44.) AK
In this article, we question the logic and evidence of the retrenchment pessimists.
AND
none of the declining powers that failed to retrench recovered their relative position.

BNB

1. Mexican economy resilient
   Nevaer, 09 Lous—New America Media, News Report, “In Global Economic Crisis, Mexico Is Resilient”
   http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=b8dc03d6f2792eba9e84392106c2c6f4
   MERIDA, Mexico – The economic crisis sweeping the globe has spared no nation,
   AND
   billion dollars this year, enough to sustain social spending without massive federal deficits

1. Terrorists wouldn’t come through major crossing hubs where the plan would be done, they would go through the middle of the desert if anything.
   2. No risk of border terrorism -~-- it’s hype and status quo relations solve
   McCombs 11 (Brady, Correspondent – Arizona Daily Star, Citing Edward Alden, Senior Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations, “Border seen as unlikely terrorist crossing point”, Arizona Daily Star, 6-7, http://azstarnet.com/news/local/border/border-seen-as-unlikely-terrorist-crossing-point/article_ed932aa2-9d2a-54f1-b930-85f5d4cce9a8.html, )

A turning political tide has renewed fears that raged after the Sept. 11,
AND
Barry, of the Center for International Policy, in a recent report.
3. Alt cause -~-- Canada -~-- comparative evidence
Shahid 11 (Aliyah, Correspondent – New York Daily News, “Canadian border poses bigger terror threat to U.S. than Mexico border: report”, New York Daily News, 2-2, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/canadian-border-poses-bigger-terror-threat-u-s-mexico-border-report-article-1.134552, )

Worried about terrorists sneaking into the United States? You might want to look north
AND
are more likely to occur across the northern border than the southern border.
No motivation, no access and vaccines check the impact to bioterror
Clark ‘8 – Emeritus Professor in Immunology at UCLA
William R. Clark, emeritus professor in Immunology at UCLA. Bracing for Armageddon?: The Science and Politics of Bioterrorism in America, 2008, pg. 183
In the end, what may well stop groups like Al-Qaeda from using
AND
for Al-Qaeda and its ilk may be a non-starter.
No extinction impact.
Britt ‘1
Robert Roy Britt, Senior Space Writer/Space.com. “Survival of the Elitist: Bioterrorism May Spur Space Colonies”. October 30 2001. http://www.space4peace.org/articles/moving.htm
Many scientists argue that there is no need to worry about the mortality of civilization
AND
be much more concerned about an asteroid hitting the planet,and#34; Croddy said.

1. Water Wars are a myth – trade and cooperation prevents them
   Barnaby 9 - editor of People and Science, the magazine published by the British Science Association (Wendy, “Do nations go to war over water?”, 3/19/13, Nature, Subscription Required for online access)WL
   The United Nations warned as recently as last week that climate change harbours the potential
   AND
   could unclog our stream of thought about the misleading notions of and#39;water warsand#39;.
   2. Logic test – Mexico and the US have never had an escalating conflict while they’ve been economically interdependent – they have ZERO evidence that their conflict would go full-on war

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cypress Bay US | Judge: John Hines
1
Interpretation: Economic Engagement towards Mexico only includes Mexico
“Mexico” means the United Mexican States
Treasury 12 – United States Department of the Treasury, “Agreement Between the Department of the Treasury of the United States of America and the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit of the United Mexican States to Improve International Tax Compliance Including with Respect to FATCA”, 11-19, http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Mexico-11-19-2012.pdf
Article 1
Definitions

1. For purposes of this Agreement and any annexes thereto (“Agreement”), the following terms shall have the AND
   d) The term “Mexico” means the United Mexican States.
   “Toward” means in the direction of -~-- most predictable interpretation
   Taylor 6 – CJ Taylor, Supreme Court Justice on the Supreme Court of Michigan, “Supreme Court of Michigan. Grievance Administrator, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Geoffrey N. Fieger, Respondent-Appellee”, 7-31, http://faculty.law.wayne.edu/henning/ProfResp/Grievance20Administrator20v20Fieger.pdf
   MRPC 3.5(c) provides that a lawyer shall not and#34;engage
   AND
   in the direction ofand#34; and and#34;with respect to; as regards.and#34;

Violation: The plan includes Canada for re-negotiation
Standards –
They are extra topical by including Canada as part of plan action
Limits:
Including affs that include countries besides topic countries explodes the topic by allowing you to engage any number of countries as long as you negotiate a topical one
Ground:
Impossible for the neg to prepare for any sort of affs that are divorced from the topic

2
Debt ceiling will pass and political capital is key
Pace 9/12 (Julie, “AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agenda”, The Fresno Bee, September 9 of 2013, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to
AND
Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.

Economic engagement with Mexico’s politically divisive
Wilson ‘13
Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, “A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be.
This will destroy the U.S. and global economy
Davidson, 9/10 (Adam - co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money” 9/10/2013, “Our Debt to Society,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0))
This is the definition of a deficit, and it illustrates why the government needs
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Nuclear war and extinction
Harris and Burrows 9 - *Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) , Jennifer, a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit (“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Increased Potential for Global Conflict
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world. 

3
The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations
Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf 10/24/11)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, and Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Their dehumanization impacts are imbued with humanist logic which maintains the gap between humans and non-humans
Wadiwel, 2K4
(Dinesh Joesph, completing a doctorate at the University of Western Sydney, “Animal by Any Other Name? Patterson and Agamben Discuss Animal (and Human) Life” Borderlands E-Journal Vol 3 No. 1, http://www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol3no1_2004/wadiwel_animal.htm)

1. There is a certain humanist line of thinking that suggests that violence is
   AND
   all people are Nazis; for the animals it is an eternal Treblinka.and#34;

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics
Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Alternative: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only the alt solves their impacts
Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, “Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21st Century”, http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.
4
Text: Will and I advocate that NAFTA be renegotiated to include binding workers’ protections for Mexico in the agreement itself, including: mechanisms for improving basic labor standards based on International Labor Organization recommendations, assistance for local organizing education centers, and full public participation in all parts of the dispute settlement process.
Observation 1: It competes – it doesn’t use the USFG
Observation 2: Net Benefit
The Affirmative’s call for state action fails to achieve its desired goals while directly reinforcing state power, increasing the legitimacy of State violence.  
Martin 1990,  associate professor at the University of Wollongong, Australia, Brian, Uprooting War
What should be done to help transform the state system in the direction of self
AND
the state rather than appealing for state intervention and thereby reinforcing state power. 

Reliance on state structures for social policy will cause social collapse
Katsiaficas 1997, Professor at SUNY, The subversion of Politics, George
Making ecologically responsible decisions already calls for rethinking the political power of nation-states
AND
rather a necessary form for the survival of the species and all life.
And, extinction
FALK – 90 PROFESSOR @ PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, CONTENDING SOVEREIGNITIES: REDEFINING POLITICAL COMMUNITY, EDS. WALER AND MENDOLVITZ
Hypotheses about a coming global civilization are often put forward—partly descriptively and partly
AND
fundamental philosophical sense and in its practical relationship to human well-being.
There is thus at the base of or inquiry a powerful set of paradoxical forces at work: even as the territorial state becomes more vulnerable to what takes place beyond sovereign reach, it acquires a capability that generates many varieties of extraterritorial harm as side-effects of “normality.” Such a loss of territorial moorings exposes the problem of political organization of international life from the perspective of state sovereignty.

Our advocacy rejects demands upon the United States Federal Government and encourages grassroots adoption of ethical measures. Vote Negative to reject complacency with the state to expose its problems
Walker, professor at the University of Victoria, One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a just World Peace, Ed. RBJ, 1988
I do not claim in this book to give a conclusive insight into the major
AND
because they participate in a more far-reaching reinvention of political life. 

And, it’s key to social change – the government prioritizes flawed ethics
Bookchin, Murray, Left Green Perspectives, Number 38, http://lpg.social-ecology.org/, 1998
Without in any way ignoring the elementary insults that the present society inflicts on the
AND
state and the capitalist system and replace them with a libertarian communist society. 

Life
Err neg – aff authors overestimate warming and underestimate adaptation
Goklany 11 - a science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior (Indur M., “Misled on Climate Change: How the UN IPCC (and others) Exaggerate the Impacts of Global Warming” December 2011, http://goklany.org/library/Reason20CC20and20Development202011.pdf, PZ)
A third approach would be to fix the root cause of why developing countries are
AND
while cellular phone users went from 0 per 100 to 33 per 100.

Empirical trends disprove warming impacts
Goklany 11 - a science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior (Indur M., “Misled on Climate Change: How the UN IPCC (and others) Exaggerate the Impacts of Global Warming” December 2011, http://goklany.org/library/Reason20CC20and20Development202011.pdf, PZ)
Discussion and Conclusions Despite claims that GW will reduce human well-being in poor
AND
been, overall, a very significant benefit to people in poor countries.

Greenhouse gasses are key to sustaining Earthand#39;s atmosphere -- history and models prove that reduction leads to global icing
Lacis et al 10 - Ph.D. and NASA scientist (Andrew, and#34;Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earthand#39;s Temperatureand#34;, Science Magazine, October 15, accessed online)KL
If the global atmospheric temperatures were to fall to as low as TS = TE
AND
and by inference, that escape from the snowball Earth condition is also achievable
Ice age causes extinction—it comparatively outweighs warming
Chapman 8 (Phil, geophysicist and astronautical engineer, bachelor of science degree in Physics and Mathematics from Sydney University, a master of science degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Sorry to ruin the fun, but an ice age cometh,” 4/23/08, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873)
What is scary about the picture is that there is only one tiny sunspot.
AND
in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken.and#34;
Their disposability impact is biased towards the status quo—privileging a systemic impact because it’s happening now doesn’t assume that the world changes due to our impacts—massive impacts will have catastrophic, unpredictable, systemic effects which would overwhelm their impact even if the initial catastrophe doesn’t
Their impacts do not outweigh extinction—the availability heuristic causes us to underestimate both magnitude and probability
YUDKOWSKY 2006  (Eliezer, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, “Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks,” forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, August 31)
A general principle underlying the heuristics-and-biases program is that human beings
AND
since, obviously, humanity has never yet encountered an extinction event.2

Evaluate impact solvency based on who solves the root cause—proximate causes are useless and only replicate their harms
Shaw and Wong, 89 - *Ph.D., Health Economist and Program at Adviser of the Human Development Group at the World Bank AND HSBC Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Business at the University of British Columbia (*R. Paul AND Yuwa, 1989, Genetic Seeds of Warfare: evolution, nationalism and patriotism, Google Books, p. 11-12)
So far, we have synthesized many studies indicating that intergroup warfare is a frequent
AND
proximate causes which emerged in humanity’s early history to reinforce propensities for warfare.

Gendered Violence
Gender is not the root cause
Hooper 1-Hooper, Research Associate @ Bristol, 1
Charlotte, University of Bristol research associate in politics, Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics pp 45-46.
Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan (1993), in their discussion of  gendered dichotomies
AND
performing only an ide-  ological or propagandistic role is also too simplistic.  
War makes gendered violence more likely
Workman 96
Thom, Poli Sci @ U of New Brunswick, YCISS Paper no. 31, p. 4, January 1996, http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/OP31-Workman.pdf
With the loosening of the positivist/Realist hold on international relations and the simultaneous
AND
on the overall role of modern warfare in  the reproduction of womenand#39;s oppression.  

Turn – essentialism – their re-thinking inscribes essentialist conceptions of “woman” that make inequality and anti-feminism more likely
Witworth 94 Witworth, Prof of political science and female studies @ York U, 94
Feminism and International Relations, pg 20, 1994
Even when not concerned with mothering as such, much of the politics that emerge
AND
feminists and the New Right.  As some writers suggest, this in itself

Their 1AC is based on the rhetoric of the hero –this reinforces gender violence and disposability and gender – turns case
Soderlund 5 (Gretchen Soderlund is Assistant Director of the Center for the Study of Communication and Society and Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Chicago. Send correspondence to soderlun@uchicago.edu. Running from the Rescuers: New U.S. Crusades Against Sex Trafficking and the Rhetoric of Abolition¶ http://traffickingroundtable.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Soderlund-Running-from-the-Rescuers.pdf  OP)
Global sex trafficking, conveyed through a Manichean lens, has become a nonpartisan issue
AND
projected onto women and youth by 21st century, anti-trafficking crusaders.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Matt Harkins

1

A.  Interpretation – the affirmative must defend advantages based on the consequences of hypothetical enactment of a topical plan by the USFG.  They should win if it’s better than any competitive advocacy.  The neg should win if the plan is worse than the status quo or an alternative competitive with the plan

And, resolved is used to introduce a policy resolution—limited to only the exact immediate question of the resolution

Robert 15 ~General Henry M. Robert, US Army, 1915,  http://www.bartleby.com/176/4.html~~
A motion is a proposal that the assembly take certain action, or that it
AND
, where possible to avoid it, nor to the motives of members. 

2. "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

B. Violation – The affirmative claims to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical USFG action. Their advocacy is insufficient—definitive stable and unconditionally topical action is key.

C. Standards — 

1) Stable and predictable ground – using their plan as a starting point for some other discussion or to access an advantage independent of the plan’s enactment undermines our ability to generate offense that’s stable and predictable. They could read a plan with any advantage that the neg could never predict or adequately prepare for.

Specifically, the resolution must be the focus of the debate. The resolution is the determined focus of debates, and it is the basis for aff and neg research. Any movement away from the resolution is arbitrary and makes it impossible for the negative to predict their research burden – the impact is effective clash and advocacy skills.

2) Judge evaluation – their framework will have no coherent criteria for how the judge should assess competing claims or weigh impacts.

3) Topic education – their framework is designed to dodge education about the core questions of transportation policy. The resolution is picked for a reason – their advocacy undermines our ability to learn about a central issue in American society at this moment.

D. Vote negative – their framework is unfair, and there’s in-round abuse. Extra-topicality is an independent voter because it proves the resolution insufficient and is outside your jurisdiction.

2

Text: Will and I are resolved in advocating a substantial increase in economic engagement toward Mexico.

The Affirmative’s call for state action fails to achieve its desired goals while directly reinforcing state power, increasing the legitimacy of State violence.

Martin 1990,  associate professor at the University of Wollongong, Australia, Brian, Uprooting War
What should be done to help transform the state system in the direction of self
AND
the state rather than appealing for state intervention and thereby reinforcing state power. 

And, their demands for a change in state policy are an example of a State-centered conception of politics.  This fails to achieve its desired ends while destroying alternate mechanisms for change.

Magnusson 1990, Professor at the University of Victory, Canada, Contending Sovereignties: Redefining Political Community, Ed.  Walker and Mendlovitz  

Authur Bentley’s famous book, The Process of Government (1908), seemed to mark
AND
create new forms of political community, political identity, and political action. 

C. Impact- Reliance on state structures for social policy will result in extinction

Katsiaficas 1997, Professor at SUNY, The subversion of Politics, George 

Making ecologically responsible decisions already calls for rethinking the political power of nation-states
AND
rather a necessary form for the survival of the species and all life. 

Rejecting the demands of the affirmative opens of new political space for alternatives to state-centered activism.

Walker, professor at the University of Victoria, One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a just World Peace, Ed. RBJ, 1988
I do not claim in this book to give a conclusive insight into the major
AND
because they participate in a more far-reaching reinvention of political life. 

And non-cooperation challenges the state’s legitimacy and is critical to social change.

Bookchin, Murray, Left Green Perspectives, Number 38, http://lpg.social-ecology.org/, 1998
Without in any way ignoring the elementary insults that the present society inflicts on the
AND
state and the capitalist system and replace them with a libertarian communist society. 

3

The images of catastrophe and destruction they present are like a drug, used by the first world nations to feed off the suffering of the rest of the world.  Their efforts to solve these problems are coproductive with the disasters themselves, and this constant search for new spectacle will lead to the destruction of the human species as the ultimate reality TV show.

Baudrillard in 94 ~Jean, "The Illusion of the End" p. 66-71~
We have long denounced the capitalistic, economic exploitation of the poverty of the ’other
AND
fate, it will prefer to stage its own death as a species. 

And, bereft of values, our society demands images of suffering from others to replenish our moral sentiment.  We exchange our pity for their pain, in a process that guarantees the suffering must continue.

Baudrillard in 94 ~Jean, September 28, "No Reprieve For Sarejevo"~
The problem lies indeed in the nature of our reality. We have got only
AND
no way undermining the military-industrial complex of old 26 sinister days. 

And, members of our culture are in constant search of new global, hyperreal images as a way to escape the body and satisfy the bored eye – the "war metaphor" is precisely that – it means nothing in an actual public sphere

Kroker in 2002 ~Arthur, March 20, editor of Ctheory.net "We Look for Images"~
A story of body invasion? Not really. Contemporary society is no longer the
AND
"Analog is having a burial and digital is dancing on its grave." 

There is no 1ac – speaking out and raising awareness is playing into the hands of the system they criticize, because it is intended to maximize speech without creating change.  Let’s passively resist instead.

Baudrillard in 81 ~Jean, "Simulacra and Simulation" p. 84-86~
With one caution. We are face to face with this system in a double
AND
imperative today is precisely the overproduction and regeneration of meaning and of speech.

Case

Nieto’s anti-drug strategy is working – Zeta leadership capture proves
AP, 13 ("US federal official: Top leader of Mexico’s brutal Zetas drug cartel captured" Associated Press, Monday, July 15 http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-federal-official-leader-of-mexicos-zetas-drug-cartel-captured/2013/07/15/85376a4c-edab-11e2-bb32-725c8351a69e_story.html)  czhang
MEXICO CITY — Miguel Angel Trevino Morales, the notoriously brutal leader of the feared
AND
and kidnapping but has struggled to make a credible dent in crime figures.

Mexico is no longer the global hotspot for drugs – Honduras and Central America
Tico Times, 12 Central America’s leading English-language news source ("Central America replaces Mexico as front line for drug trafficking, UN says" http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Central-America-replaces-Mexico-as-front-line-for-drug-trafficking-UN-says_Sunday-September-30-2012 Tico Times)  czhang
Central America is replacing Mexico as the top front for drug trafficking from South America
AND
has increased "significantly" in the past years, the document said.

We still have to frame criminals as enemies, even if we ARE at fault – the alternative is violence
Reinhard, 04 (Kenneth, prof at UCLA, "Towards a Political Theology of the Neighbor," pg. 4-5, http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf)
If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl Schmitt does, in
AND
ultimately appeasing contours, because they would be identifiable" (PF 83).
The aff’s appeal to an abstract universalism to fight injustice causes intense wars that dehumanize the enemy in the name of imperialism. This breaks down our ability to determine between friends and enemies, regardless of the benevolence of their method
Schmitt, 96 (Carl, German political legal theorist, The Concept of the Political, pg. 53-5)
The political entity presupposes the real existence of an enemy and therefore coexistence with another
AND
form of political entities, no class struggles, and no enemy groupings.
Their alternative seeks to abolish the realm of the political through the institution of an ontological pure community of "whatever singularities" – this cannot be achieved without a devastating form of violence equal to that of sovereignty itself, and their alternative must necessarily reassert its own equally malignant form of sovereign power.
William Rasch, Professor of Germanic Studies at the University of Indiana, 2004, Sovereignty and Its Discontents, p. 2-4
Now, if the triumph of a particular species of liberal pluralism denotes the de
AND
detailed examinations of the structure of the political in the chapters that follow.

A community of ’completely new politics’ is a lot like waiting for the Second Coming – their dreams of an authentic ontology of singularity makes contemporary forms of sovereign control worse. This is a 100 straight-turn to the aff
William Rasch, Professor of Germanic Studies at the University of Indiana, 2004, Sovereignty and Its Discontents, p. 17-18
It is true, of course, that within the leftist tradition, especially as
AND
majority of their weary subjects no longer even register what those actions are.

There’s no impact to Agamben’s biopower argument and their insistence on constant references to it is a scare tactic that deters actual alternatives to biopower
Paolo Virno, philosopher, former Professor of philosophy of language, semiotics, and the ethics of communication at the University of Calabria, June 2002, online: http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpvirno2.htm
Agamben is a problem. Agamben is a thinker of great value but also,
AND
are, in all cases, instruments of work and not propaganda words.

In order to bring a world without sovereignty into being, Agamben replicates the very failure of modern politics by attempting to heal the fundamental biopolitical fracture between bare life and political life. Either their alternative is apolitical, in which case it links to all our other offense, or it links to itself because it merely attempts to heal the biopolitical fracture.
Andreas Kalyvas, Professor of Political Theory at the University of Michigan, 2005, Politics, Metaphysics, and Death: Essays on Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer, p. 113-115
In Agamben’s political writings there is a critical reading of modern politics and what it
AND
found in many antistatist discourses, of both the libertarian and anarchist variety.

Agamben’s alternative fails to guard against any of the dangers of sovereignty and makes ethical relationships to others impossible. Democratic institutions contain radical potential for reform that should be explored before we hop on the Agamben train.
Matthew Calarco, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Sweet Briar College, 2006, online: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/mcalarco/JAMMINGTHEANTHROPOLOGICALMACHINE.htm, accessed August 29, 2006
Agamben’s work faces two important challenges at this level. On the one hand,
AND
historical constructs, with the intrinsic potential for extensive and remarkably progressive reforms.

The production of bare life is not the primary activity of sovereign power and Agamben misunderstands resistance – the foundation of problems with Agamben’s theory is that he subscribes to a purely repressive model of power that Foucault disproved decades ago.
Thomas Lemke, Assistant Professor of Sociology at Wuppertal University, 2005, online: http://www.thomaslemkeweb.de/engl.20texte/A20Zone3.pdf, accessed August 26, 2006
In fact the "camp" is by no means a homogenous zone where differences
AND
there is an autonomous centre, or a sovereign source of power.6

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego WC | Judge: Christina Tallungan

1

Economic engagement is only tangible trade and financial benefits —- including other engagement explodes the topic

Haass 2k – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Senior Fellows in the Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 5-6
Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety of incentives from which to choose.
AND
a framework to guide the use of engagement strategies in the upcoming decades.

Violation – the affirmative is a clarification of NAFTA and doesn’t increase trade or financial benefits

Voting issue –

Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages

Extra-topicality – using diplomatic mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

2

Immigration reform has the votes to pass now

Le 10/17 ~Van, B.A. in Communications from Harvard University, Writer for America’s Voice, 2013, "When will Speaker Boehner Allow a Vote so Immigration Reform can Pass?" http://americasvoiceonline.org/blog/when-will-speaker-boehner-allow-a-vote-so-immigration-reform-can-pass/~~
The thing is, if John Boehner wanted to, passing immigration reform through the
AND
and turns out massive rallies. The opposition is distracted and lacking support. 

Obama has PC but now is key to pass CIR

Balz 10/17 ~Dan, Chief Correspondent at the Washington Post, 2013, "Can Obama seize the moment and make Washington work?" http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/can-obama-seize-the-moment-to-make-washington-work/2013/10/17/d84c1934-3753-11e3-80c6-7e6dd8d22d8f_story.html~~
Scorekeepers have done a running tally of winners and losers from this latest spectacle.
AND
months, the era of good feeling had given way to partisan infighting.

Renegotiating NAFTA triggers major backlash

People’s World, 8 ~"Renegotiating NAFTA an uphill but winnable fight," 12-23-2008, peoplesworld.org/opinion-renegotiating-nafta-an-uphill-but-winnable-fight/, accessed 10-18-13, mss~

Can labor, farmers and others in all three NAFTA countries unite to force a
AND
and mass unity is the only way to achieve a renegotiation of NAFTA.

Comprehensive immigration reform is key to the economy and high-skilled workers

Farrell 12/13/12 (Chris, a contributing editor for Bloomberg Businessweek. From 1986-97, he was on the magazine’s staff, as a corporate finance staff and department editor and then as an economics editor. Farrell wrote Right on the Money: Taking Control of Your Personal Finances and Deflation: What Happens When Prices Fall? Among Farrell’s many awards are a National Magazine Award, two Loeb Awards, and the Edward R. Murrow Award. Farrell is a graduate of the London School of Economics and Stanford University. "Obama’s Next Act: Immigration Reform" http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform-http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform)
Washington won’t get much of a reprieve from verbal pyrotechnics once the drama of the
AND
legality offers Washington a rare twofer: a just move that’s economically efficient.

Economic decline risks multiple global nuclear wars

O’Hanlon 12 Kenneth G. Lieberthal, Director of the John L. Thornton China Center and Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution, former Professor at the University of Michigan ~"The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt," Los Angeles Times, July 10th, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon-http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon~~
Alas, globalization and automation trends of the last generation have increasingly called the American
AND
really possible if that fundamental prerequisite to effective foreign policy is not reestablished.

And, reform is key to reduce anti-immigrant racism – moral obligation to reduce it

Noorani ’10 (14 June, 2010 "We must continue increasing our pressure" for a Inmigration Reform in the US Economy 26 Politics, International, Opinion 26 Interviews View Comments "Why We Must Continue Pushing for Comprehensive Immigration Reform" By Ali Noorani / Via Change Photo: Korean Resource Center
Comunicas.- There are 11 million undocumented immigrants living in the United States today.
AND
comprehensive reform to all 11 million undocumented immigrants, leaving no one behind.

Racism is morally repulsive and should be rejected in every instance

MEMMI 2000 – Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Paris (Albert, "RACISM", translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165)
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
AND
.  True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

3

Counterplan: The United States federal government will clarify that the TPP agreement itself obligates binding worker protections in Mexico, including mechanisms for improving basic labor standards based on the recommendations of the International Labor Organization (ILO).

The CP solves the aff and doesn’t link to politics

Gabriel, 12 — activist and independent researcher
~Dana, "Using the TPP to Renegotiate and Expand NAFTA," Info Wars, www.infowars.com/using-the-tpp-to-renegotiate-and-expand-nafta/, accessed 10-18-13, mss~
Both Canada and Mexico have been invited to join the U.S., along
AND
and the United States are pursuing, and also more ambitious and multilateral."

4

Text: The United Mexican States will clarify that the NAFTA agreement itself obligates binding worker protections in Mexico, including mechanisms for improving basic labor standards based on the recommendations of the International Labor Organization (ILO)

Observation 1: It competes – it uses Mexico’s federal government instead of the USFG

Observation 2: Solvency – they don’t have a US key warrant – if the US can renegotiate NAFTA, any member state can.

Femicide

Gender is not the root cause
Hooper 1-Hooper, Research Associate @ Bristol, 1
Charlotte, University of Bristol research associate in politics, Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics pp 45-46.
Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan (1993), in their discussion of  gendered dichotomies
AND
performing only an ide-  ological or propagandistic role is also too simplistic.  
War makes gendered violence more likely
Workman 96
Thom, Poli Sci @ U of New Brunswick, YCISS Paper no. 31, p. 4, January 1996, http://www.yorku.ca/yciss/publications/OP31-Workman.pdf
With the loosening of the positivist/Realist hold on international relations and the simultaneous
AND
on the overall role of modern warfare in  the reproduction of women’s oppression.  

Turn – essentialism – their re-thinking inscribes essentialist conceptions of "woman" that make inequality and anti-feminism more likely
Witworth 94 Witworth, Prof of political science and female studies @ York U, 94
Feminism and International Relations, pg 20, 1994
Even when not concerned with mothering as such, much of the politics that emerge
AND
feminists and the New Right.  As some writers suggest, this in itself

Their 1AC is based on the rhetoric of the hero –this reinforces gender violence and disposability and gender – turns case

Soderlund 5 (Gretchen Soderlund is Assistant Director of the Center for the Study of Communication and Society and Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Chicago. Send correspondence to soderlun@uchicago.edu-soderlun@uchicago.edu. Running from the Rescuers: New U.S. Crusades Against Sex Trafficking and the Rhetoric of Abolition¶ http://traffickingroundtable.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Soderlund-Running-from-the-Rescuers.pdf -http://traffickingroundtable.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Soderlund-Running-from-the-Rescuers.pdf  OP)
Global sex trafficking, conveyed through a Manichean lens, has become a nonpartisan issue
AND
projected onto women and youth by 21st century, anti-trafficking crusaders.

Derision against "adding gender" is equally biased—turns case

Caprioli, 4, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota at Duluth 04 (Mary, "Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis", International Studies Review 6:2, June 2004, JSTOR)AS
The derision with which many conventional feminists view feminist quantitative  studies persists to the detriment
AND
surely an integrated approach  would offer a more comprehensive analysis of world affairs.

Masculinity is not the root cause of war

Ehrenreich 99 – Ph.D Cellular Immunology @ Rockefeller University, author of 21 books, political activist (Barbara, "Fukuyama’s Follies" ~"Men Hate War Too"~, 1999, Foreign Affairs Volume 78, No. 1, January/February, http://www.metu.edu.tr/~~utuba/Ehrenreich20etal.pdf-http://www.metu.edu.tr/~utuba/Ehrenreich etal.pdf, Spector)
If Fukuyama had read just a bit further in the anthropology of war, even
AND
War and Society, that has posed a persistent challenge to the Pentagon.

Solvency

Utilitarian evaluation is superior to focusing on ethics – their arguments are warrants for self-centered ignorance, not informed policy-making.

Isaac, 2, Jeffrey C., Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Spring 2002, Dissent, Ends, means, and politics
Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Consequences first – its most ethical – our ev cites best studies

Greene ’10
~Josh. Assc Prof Social Science (Psychology) at Harvard. "The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul" published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, 2010~
What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human
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religion, they don’t really explain what’s distinctive about the philosophy in question. 

Their impacts do not outweigh extinction—the availability heuristic causes us to underestimate both magnitude and probability

YUDKOWSKY 2006  (Eliezer, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, "Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks," forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, August 31)
A general principle underlying the heuristics-and-biases program is that human beings
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since, obviously, humanity has never yet encountered an extinction event.2

Mexico will say no- government hates unions. AND Even if they accept the terms, it doesn’t solve- union rights are always good on paper- BUT the law is ignored

La Botz, 11 — Mexican Labor News and Analysis editor
~Dan, "Union-Busting Bill Stopped by Union Action—in Mexico ," Labor Notes, www.labornotes.org/2011/04/union-busting-bill-stopped-union-action—-mexico, accessed 10-18-13, mss~
On paper, Mexico’s workers have had one of the best labor laws in the
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Mexico’s working people, has embraced an even worse version of the law.

AND- Mexico will ignore the aff- no evidence that the US can unilaterally renegotiate treaties. Mexico will balk at the idea.

AND Mexico isn’t interested in renegotiation

NYT, 9 ~"Obama Doesn’t Plan to Reopen Nafta Talks," www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/business/21nafta.html?_r=0, accessed 10-18-13, mss~
But while he said that a formal review of the 1992 pact had yet to be completed, Mr. Kirk noted that both Mr. Obama and President Felipe Calderon of Mexico had said that "they don’t believe we have to reopen the agreement now." Mexico in particular, whose exports have exploded under Nafta, has little interest in such a renegotiation.

Can’t unilaterally re-negotiate treates- solvency advocates assume the threat of an opt-out, which is not in the plan- means they solve nothing

Politifact, 8 ~"Obama’s been critical of NAFTA," www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2008/oct/15/john-mccain/obamas-been-critical-of-nafta/, accessed 10-18-13, mss~
"I think we can, for all intents and purposes, eliminate our dependence
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to ensure that we actually get labor and environmental standards that are enforced."

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Kevin McCaffery

1

Interpretation - Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved

Crocker ’9 ~9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. "Terms of Engagement," http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=126~~
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
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realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Violation – The affirmative is not engagement – they just authorize NADBank to do other things

Voting Issue -

Limits – they open the floodgates to involvement of  thousands of international organizations, non-governmental actors, and private companies – hurts the negative’s ability to prepare, which is key to competitiveness and clash

Ground – direct engagement with the government is necessary for links to international politics and relations based DAs as well as competition for privatization CPs – these generics are key to negative preparation on an international topic with few common linkages

2

Immigration reform has the votes to pass now

Le 10/17 ~Van, B.A. in Communications from Harvard University, Writer for America’s Voice, 2013, "When will Speaker Boehner Allow a Vote so Immigration Reform can Pass?" http://americasvoiceonline.org/blog/when-will-speaker-boehner-allow-a-vote-so-immigration-reform-can-pass/~~
The thing is, if John Boehner wanted to, passing immigration reform through the
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and turns out massive rallies. The opposition is distracted and lacking support. 

Obama has PC but now is key to pass CIR

Balz 10/17 ~Dan, Chief Correspondent at the Washington Post, 2013, "Can Obama seize the moment and make Washington work?" http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/can-obama-seize-the-moment-to-make-washington-work/2013/10/17/d84c1934-3753-11e3-80c6-7e6dd8d22d8f_story.html~~
Scorekeepers have done a running tally of winners and losers from this latest spectacle.
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months, the era of good feeling had given way to partisan infighting.

The plan puts border security before the rest of immigration reform and kills the deal

Grant, 13 (4-27, David, Politics for the Christian Science Monitor, "How border security ’trigger’ could stop immigration reform." The CSM, 4/27/13 ln)
Congressional negotiators say immigration reform will need a border security ’trigger’ to pass. But
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"there will be no uncertainty about their ability to become US citizens."

Reform solves cyberterror

McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
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going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Nuclear war

Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command
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of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

3

A. Discourses of danger reproduces an American identity – that posits the US as a the defender of global freedom and liberty
Campbell, 98- Professor of International Politics University of Newcastle (David, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity)
The crisis of representation the United States faces is unique only in the particularities of
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the idea that foreign policy/Foreign Policy is constitutive of political identity.

And, securitizing rhetoric of climate change increases the likelihood of catastrophe
Hulme, 06 - Professor of Climate Change in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia (Mike, 11/1/06, "Chaotic world of climate truth", p. 3) PDF
The language of catastrophe is not the language of science. It will not be
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in danger of tipping society onto a negative, depressive and reactionary trajectory.

B. That makes extinction inevitable
Willson, 02- Ph.D New College San Fransisco, Humanities, JD, American University (Brian, "Armageddon or Quantum Leap? U.S. Imperialism and?Human Consciousness from?an Evolutionary Perspective", http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html-http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html)

Awaiting the impending U.S. government’s concocted "preventive" war against Iraq
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everything that contributes to their support" (General John Sullivan, 1779).
In a prominent history book published in 1906 (The History of the United States
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cyclical, indicate that we are dangerously near the end of our evolutionary branch

C. Alternative text – reject the affirmative to desecuritize the Political. Vote negative to challenge securitization itself in favor of a political ethic that approaches problems in non-security terms and exposes the limits of their methodology.

D. Framework – security is a communicative action that requires discursive justification – there is an ethical responsibility to justify securitization in political discussion. The role of the ballot is to interrogate methodologies – to weigh their case the Aff has to legitimize securitization first
Williams, 03 ~Michael – IR Prof @ University of Ottawa, "Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Dec., 2003), pp. 511-53, Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The International Studies Association, JSTOR~ http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693634-http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693634
A second major criticism of the Copenhagen School concerns the ethics of securitization. Simply
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questioning the policies, or by disputing the threat, or both.36

4

Counterplan: The fifty states of the United States of America should substantially increase their infrastructure assistance toward Mexico through the North American Development Bank.

States can implement the plan - NADBank was designed to be used by sub-national agencies

Hernandez, 8 – PhD candidates Colorado State University~Ibanez, and Oscar Fidencio, Policy Change and Environmental Governance at the U.S.-Mexico Border, google books, 323~
The final design and implementation of BECC and NADB was a radical departure from previous
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, particularly in the face of local resistance to federal govemment decentralizing initiatives.

Warming

Mexico already has renewables – the only hurdles are regulatory

Abbot, 13 – reporter for Renewable Energy World (Bryony, "The Vision for Renewable Energy in Mexico: 250MW of Solar PV and 750MW of Wind Power by 2015" Renewable Energy World, 4/19, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/partner/green-power-conferences-3234/news/article/2013/04/the-vision-for-renewable-energy-in-mexico-250mw-of-solar-pv-and-750mw-of-wind-power-by-2015-http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/partner/green-power-conferences-3234/news/article/2013/04/the-vision-for-renewable-energy-in-mexico-250mw-of-solar-pv-and-750mw-of-wind-power-by-2015)

The expected 150 fold surge in solar PV installations was the hot topic, with the government’s climate change mandate cited as a key driver in making solar PV attractive, especially to heavy industry users.
"Mexico has signed up to the Kyoto Protocol, which requires green house gas (GHG) reductions of 35 by 2020, and 50 by 2050" said John Skibinski, Executive Director of Global Renewables Group. "This is going to create a large surge in clean energy, and the Mexican congress is now developing penalties for high GHG emitters".
John went onto discuss the impact of these penalties on heavy industries such as steel mills, cement companies and mines in driving the need to utilize renewables- "What we have found from working with one steel mill in particular is that for every 3MW of natural gas consumed they need 1MW of solar to get back to a zero emission footprint".
The potential of the domestic market was highlighted as a growth area by Alejandro Velasco, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer at Energia Renovable y Vias Terrestres (ERYVITSA)- "Home use is another great opportunity for solar PV as there are more than 500,000 users who are potential consumers for the implementation of PV systems due to high (and increasing) gas prices".
Although the attractiveness of the commercial and residential markets are rapidly growing, barriers still remain to renewables being able to reach full market momentum.
Whilst Mexico possesses robust grid infrastructure, interconnection approval is a growing barrier to market. "Based on the conversations that I’ve had with the CRE and SENER, there is potential to put 100- 150MW on the ground this year- but this is depending on good interconnection approval" stated Brian Schmidly, Chief Executive Officer of Rio Grande Solar.
Low utility rates are also likely to slow growth through 2013; however by 2014 things are set to pick up, with John Skibinski stating "I would gather that we would see 250MW by 2015 of deployed solar farms in Mexico, and 750MW of wind".
The importance of working on the ground in Mexico, engaging with local companies and researching company data was also highlighted, with Brian Schmidly commenting in relation to solar "You want to be ~in Mexico~ seeding relationships and having conversations with potential customers because in the next 2-3 years I think it’s going to turn on".
The topic of finance was also discussed in depth. Ernesto Hanhausen, Managing Director of the Emerging Energy and Cleantech Fund commented on the role of Mexico’s centralized energy system in creating a stable investment environment- "The centralized characteristic of the Mexican energy industry now appears to be in favor of the development of projects, as you only have one utility handling the whole distribution system".
The convenience of being able to bank renewable power in the system was also discussed as a great advantage, removing the risk of intermittency and lack of dispatachbility of renewable energy for users.
Alejandro Velasco highlighted the support coming from national and international banks for the development of projects "We have local financiers like NAFIN and Banobras, who have separate budgets for infrastructure. SENER also have a fund for energy transition and then there is the budget from the federal government for development projects to counter climate change and encourage renewable energy and efficiency in municipalities".
Alejandro went on to acknowledge the support of international and multilateral financiers "We have the European Investment Bank, IFC, the World bank, IBV are currently investing in Mexico".
Overall the vision for Mexican renewables is overwhelmingly positive, with rising energy prices, a growing economy, stringent climate change targets and robust grid infrastructure creating the perfect storm for renewable energy development.

Renewables don’t offset fossil fuels – boomerang effect ensures it just drives up consumption

Zehner 12 – visiting Scholar at UC Berkeley (Ozzie, "Solar Cells and Wind Turbines Don’t Offset Fossil Fuel Use, According to New Book, Green Illusions," Wall Street Journal, June 12 2012, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/solar-cells-and-wind-turbines-dont-offset-fossil-fuel-use-according-to-new-book-green-illusions-2012-06-12 ) JG

Renewable energy technologies do not offset fossil fuel use in the United States according to
AND
wind turbines, and advanced biofuels are all just ways of throwing harder."

No modeling in China – it’s structurally impossible

Downs 8
Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic 26 Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx
China suffers from a disconnect between the increasingly prominent position of energy issues on its
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bend other actors, notably firms and local governments, to its will.

Ice age is coming now — solar modeling proves, it devastates crop production

Aym 10 - Individual Investor Magazine staff writer (Terrence "Experts: Food and fuel shortages imminent as new ice age dawns", Helium.com, December 30, http://www.helium.com/items/2051424-food-and-fuel-shortages-imminent-as-new-ice-age-dawns?page=2)//KL
Other scientists concur and some see the speed at which the temperatures will drop as
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predictions based on the RC Theory climate model, all three are occurring. 

Greenhouse gasses are key to sustaining Earth’s atmosphere — history and models prove that reduction leads to global icing

Lacis et al 10 - Ph.D. and NASA scientist (Andrew, "Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperature", Science Magazine, October 15, accessed online)KL
If the global atmospheric temperatures were to fall to as low as TS = TE
AND
and by inference, that escape from the snowball Earth condition is also achievable

Ice age causes extinction—it comparatively outweighs warming

Chapman 8 (Phil, geophysicist and astronautical engineer, bachelor of science degree in Physics and Mathematics from Sydney University, a master of science degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Sorry to ruin the fun, but an ice age cometh," 4/23/08, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873-http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873)
What is scary about the picture is that there is only one tiny sunspot.
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in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken." 

Manufacturing

Most recent evidence shows US retains economic competitiveness – stocks and innovation.

Lopez 13 – Los Angeles Times business writer and labor market analyst (Ricardo, "U.S. economy the most competitive in the world, report says", 5/30/13;  http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/30/business/la-fi-mo-us-economy-most-competitive-20130530)//Beddow
Thanks to a rebounding stock market and innovation coming from American companies, the U
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top business school in Switzerland, has published the annual rankings since 1989.

But China has no reason to attack Taiwan

Allison 26 Blackwill 13 — *director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and Douglas Dillon Professor at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government AND Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (Graham and Robert, 1/28/2013, "Beijing Still Prefers Diplomacy Over Force," http://www.cfr.org/china/beijing-still-prefers-diplomacy-over-force/p29892)
As China has become a leading export market for its neighbours, it expects them
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sparks military conflict over the Senkakus, which would serve no one’s interests.

Only Nuclear Weapons can deter China – aerospace doesn’t matter

Thayer and Skypek 13 (Bradley A. Thayer, professor in the political science department at Baylor Researches  issues of national security, nonproliferation, and the history of conflict. Thomas M. Skypek, former Washington Fellow at the National Review Institute, former Nuclear Scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and a national-security consultant in DC. "Reaffirming the Utility of Nuclear Weapons", Spring 2013, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/6_Article_ThayerSkypek.pdf)//WL
Why Nuclear Weapons Matter for the United States Nuclear weapons matter for purposes of deterrence
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than one hour affects their decision making calculus  in ways conventional weapons cannot.

Heg doesn’t solve war

Lieutenant Colonel Nathan Freier, Director of National Security Affairs at the US Army War College’s Strategic Studies Institute, 2006, Parameters, Vol. 36, No. 3
Chronic overconfidence comes from post-Cold War triumphalism. Many, viewing the world
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deliberately to maintain it, if that position was and would remain unassailable.
Today, strategic decisionmaking is dominated more by regionalists and policy wonks than by grand
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States can do anything about them without incurring some prohibitive grand strategic cost.
It is simply safe to say that deliberative net assessment, strategy development, and
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the risk and cost associated with maintaining itHegemony Doesn’t Solve Prolif – States’ Interests 

====The aff doesn’t solve US road congestion – makes the impact inevitable====
Needham, 11 ~Report: Traffic congestion costs billions, weighs on the economic recovery, Vicki, The Hill, http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/801-economy/184105-report-traffic-congestion-costs-billions-weighs-on-the-economic-recovery-http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/801-economy/184105-report-traffic-congestion-costs-billions-weighs-on-the-economic-recovery~~
Traffic congestion is costing billions every year, further threatening the nation’s economic recovery and highlighting the need for a boost in infrastructure investment, a new report finds.
Rush-hour delays are costing the nation more than 24100 billion year, about 24750 for every U.S. commuter, as commute times have more than doubled in 30 years, according to the Urban Mobility Report released Tuesday by the Texas Transportation Institute-http://tti.tamu.edu/2011/09/27/traffic-problems-tied-to-the-economy-study-says/. -http://tti.tamu.edu/2011/09/27/traffic-problems-tied-to-the-economy-study-says/
Rep. Nick Rahall (D-W.Va.), ranking member on the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, said the report demonstrates the need for Congress to pass a robust surface transportation bill.
"The cost of congestion continues to cripple our nation’s economic competitiveness and productivity, causing companies and consumers to needlessly lose billions of dollars stuck in traffic each year," Rahall said.
"This report is further evidence that Congress must reject Republican efforts to slash transportation investment and get to work crafting a surface transportation bill that is large enough in size and scope to put Americans back to work and tackle the backlog of transportation needs in this country."
President Obama has proposed a boost in infrastructure spending as part of the 24447 billion job-creation plan he has touted most of the month.
"If you invest in roads and transit, you get better service and access to more jobs," said Tim Lomax, one of the study’s authors. "Traffic management and demand management should be part of the mix, too. Generally speaking, mobility investments in congested areas have a high return rate."
The report found that delays for the average commuter have increased to 34 hours annually, up from 14 hours in 1982.
Congestion is becoming a bigger problem outside of rush hours, with about 40 percent of delays occurring in the afternoon and overnight, creating "an increasingly serious problem for businesses that rely on efficient production and deliveries."
The economic recession has only provided a temporary respite from the growing congestion problem. When the economic growth returns, the average commuter is estimated to see an additional three hours of delay by 2015 and seven hours by 2020.
By 2015, the cost of gridlock will rise from 24101 billion to 24133 billion per year — more than 24900 for every commuter, and the amount of wasted fuel will jump from 1.9 billion gallons to 2.5 billion gallons — enough to fill more than 275,000 gasoline tanker trucks, the study found.
"Congestion does more than choke our highways, it chokes our economy, making it harder to buy what we need and harder to keep or find a job," Lomax said. "That’s a bad thing — especially when our economic recovery is so fragile."
The report suggests several solutions, including traditional road building and transit use, combined with traffic management strategies such as signal coordination and rapid crash removal. Telecommuting and flexible work hours also can play a role in reducing traffic.
While there’s no silver bullet to fixing the problem, the report suggests that answers will have to come from all involved.
"The solution mix may be different for each city, but the one thing they all share in common is urgency, Lomax said. "If we want a strong economy, doing nothing is not a productive option."

Theirs is a flawed theory of competitiveness – disregards the law of comparative advantage.

Galles 12 – professor of economics at Pepperdine University, "The Olympics and Comparative Advantage", 8/24/12;  http://mises.org/daily/6158/)//Beddow
We have just finished our quadrennial search for who is the very best in the
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best satisfaction of the consumers attainable under the given state of the economic data

Solvency

The government fails at implementing border infrastructure — coordination failures turn the case

Regan 11 — Sean Regan, Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Sean Regan, Naval War College, 10-28-2011, "U.S. – MEXICO POLICY COORDINATION AN ASSESSMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BORDER POLICY COORDINATION EFFORT", http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf-http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555536.pdf, Accessed 08-02-2013 | )

Bureaucracies on both sides of the border struggle to coordinate policies across and within various
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, roles, responsibilities, and which department should coordinate with what department.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa City High GO | Judge: Morgan Titcher

1

Interpretation - Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved

Crocker ’9 ~9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. "Terms of Engagement," http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=126~~
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
AND
realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Violation – The affirmative is not engagement – they just authorize NADBank to do other things

Voting Issue -

Limits – they open the floodgates to involvement of  thousands of international organizations, non-governmental actors, and private companies – hurts the negative’s ability to prepare, which is key to competitiveness and clash

Ground – direct engagement with the government is necessary for links to international politics and relations based DAs as well as competition for privatization CPs – these generics are key to negative preparation on an international topic with few common linkages

2

CIR will pass now but it will be tough

Nowicki, 10-30 — Arizona Republic’s national political reporter
~Dan, and Erin Kelly, "Fleeting Hopes for Immigration Reform," AZ Central, 10-30-13, www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20131029fleeting-hopes-immigration-reform.html?nclick_check=1, accessed 10-31-13, mss~
However, reform backers point to encouraging signs in addition to the intense push by
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is not like renaming a post office. It’s going to be tough."

Obama has PC but now is key to pass CIR

Balz 10/17 ~Dan, Chief Correspondent at the Washington Post, 2013, "Can Obama seize the moment and make Washington work?" http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/can-obama-seize-the-moment-to-make-washington-work/2013/10/17/d84c1934-3753-11e3-80c6-7e6dd8d22d8f_story.html~~
Scorekeepers have done a running tally of winners and losers from this latest spectacle.
AND
months, the era of good feeling had given way to partisan infighting.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Reform solves cyberterror

McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Nuclear war

Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

3

The aff’s market-based approach to sustainability exacerbates social inequality and drives environmental destruction – they block criticism of the market by making it the solution to environmental problems – that sanctions excessive consumption by externalizing blame onto producers for failing to create green energy technologies
Gunder 06 – (Michael, senior lecturer in the School of Architecture and Planning at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, President of the New Zealand Planning Institute, "Sustainability: Planning’s Saving Grace or Road to Perdition?", Journal of Planning Education and Research 2006; 26; 208)
This article begins by tracing sustainability’s rise to prominence in planning education and its emergence
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carrying capacities of the planet largely are overlooked, if not outright negated.
The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity

It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position of the economic imaginary away from producers and towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity and de-growth
Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, "DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION", Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

4

The United States federal government should condition establishment of a bi-national environmental commission with Mexico on ending human rights abuses by Mexican forces. The United States federal government should enact a periodic certification process to determine that abuses are effectively investigated and prosecuted.

Plan action without human rights conditions send the message that US condones torture, rape, and disappearances – reinforces organized crime

WOLA 10 - (Washington Office of Latin America- contains multiple experts on human rights abuse in latin america and quotes the state department’s report "Congress: Withhold Funds for Mexico Tied to Human Rights Performance" 9/14/10, http://www.wola.org/publications/congress_withhold_funds_for_mexico_tied_to_human_rights_performance)
However, research conducted by our respective organizations, Mexico’s National Human Rights Commission,
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established by Congress, particularly those dealing with prosecuting military abuses and torture:  

Gulf Ecosystems

They say each bio d hotspot is unlinked to others – means losing one doesn’t cause spillover and there’s no terminal impact

1. No extinction from loss of bio-diversity
   Easterbrook, 03 – senior fellow at the New Republic, 03 ~"We’re All Gonna Die21", http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=126topic=26topic_set-http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=126topic=26topic_set=~~
   If we’re talking about doomsday - the end of human civilization - many scenarios simply
   AND
   as he was, wrote Remembrance of Things Past while lying in bed.

2. Tech solves
Stossel, 07 Journalist, winner of the Peabody Award, anchors ABC News, 07 ~John, "Environmental Alarmists Have It Backwards", http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/04/how_about_economic_progress_da.html-http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/04/how_about_economic_progress_da.html~~
Watching the media coverage, you’d think that the earth was in imminent danger —
AND
If we care about human life, we should celebrate Economic Progress Day.

3. Biodiversity is bad –
A. Makes ecosystems less stable and more prone to collapse
Heath, 99 (Jim Heath - Australian Orchid Council Inc., 1999, Orchids Australia, "WHY SAVE ORCHIDS UNDER THREAT?," http://www.orchidsaustralia.com/whysave.htm-http://www.orchidsaustralia.com/whysave.htm, CM)
Some people say we can’t afford to lose any species, no matter what species
AND
add diversity, and that added diversity makes the biological world more stable. 

B. Increased biodiversity prevents resiliency and collapses the system
Naeem, 02 (Shahid Naeem - Director of Science at Center for Environmental Research and Conservation (CERC),  Professor and Chair of Columbia University Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, 07 March 2002, Nature Magazine, "Biodiversity: Biodiversity equals instability?," pg. 23, CM)

Pfisterer and Schmid ~3~ studied biomass production in a combinatorial plant-diversity
AND
by the camp that disagrees with the idea that biodiversity leads to stability. 

New tech and adaptation solve food shortages

Michaels 11 Patrick Michaels is senior fellow in environmental studies at the CATO Institute. " Global Warming and Global Food Security," June 30, CATO, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/global-warming-global-food-security
While doing my dissertation I learned a few things about world crops. Serial adoption
AND
to 2010. And per capita grain production is rising, not falling. 

Production up – labor solves

Martin 7 (Philip Martin, professor of agricultural and resource economics at the University of California, Davis, 07, Farm Labor Shortages: How Real? What Response? http://www.cis.org/articles/2007/back907.html)
News reports and editorials suggest widespread farm labor shortages.  The Los Angeles Times described
AND
averaged about 241 a day for most households over the past decade.

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 3 | Opponent: Glenbrook North ChHo | Judge: Sean Farris

1

A) Interpretation and Violation - Substantial is defined as that which grounds and shapes – not numerical minutiae. The primary substance that is the foundation for economic engagement toward Cuba is the embargo. The plan only changes an instance of the embargo by allowing Cuba to export nickel – this is ACCIDENTAL, NOT SUBSTANTIAL. In order to be topical, the plan must alter core embargo policy – not a manifestation of it
Malaguti, 11 (Michael J., practices with the Concord firm of Ransmeier 26 Spellman, "Substantial Confusion: The Use and Misuse of the Word ’Substantial’ in the Legal Profession," August, 52 N.H.B.J. 6, p. l/n)
Aristotle’s definies substance as "that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present
AND
size of the diamond may change without affecting its "diamond-ness."

B) Reasons to Prefer:

Limits – Allowing any other definition is grossly indeterminate and unpredictable. The plan can pick ANY commodity and only lift the embargo for that product. That’s an infinite case list for Cuba alone and crushes predictability.

Ground – marginal changes to manifestations of the embargo NOT the embargo policy itself destroys negative link ground for trade DA’s and CP ground. The Affirmative shifts the uniqueness debate so minor adjustments of the status quo can neutralize our DA scenarios.

2

CIR will pass now but it will be tough

Nowicki, 10-30 — Arizona Republic’s national political reporter
~Dan, and Erin Kelly, "Fleeting Hopes for Immigration Reform," AZ Central, 10-30-13, www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20131029fleeting-hopes-immigration-reform.html?nclick_check=1, accessed 10-31-13, mss~
However, reform backers point to encouraging signs in addition to the intense push by
AND
is not like renaming a post office. It’s going to be tough."

Obama has PC but now is key to pass CIR

Balz 10/17 ~Dan, Chief Correspondent at the Washington Post, 2013, "Can Obama seize the moment and make Washington work?" http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/can-obama-seize-the-moment-to-make-washington-work/2013/10/17/d84c1934-3753-11e3-80c6-7e6dd8d22d8f_story.html~~
Scorekeepers have done a running tally of winners and losers from this latest spectacle.
AND
months, the era of good feeling had given way to partisan infighting.

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for this congress

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Reform solves cyberterror

McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Nuclear war

Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

3

A. Discourses of danger reproduces an American identity – that posits the US as a the defender of global freedom and liberty
Campbell, 98- Professor of International Politics University of Newcastle (David, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity) 

The crisis of representation the United States faces is unique only in the particularities of
AND
the idea that foreign policy/Foreign Policy is constitutive of political identity.

B. That makes extinction inevitable
Willson, 02- Ph.D New College San Fransisco, Humanities, JD, American University (Brian, "Armageddon or Quantum Leap? U.S. Imperialism and?Human Consciousness from?an Evolutionary Perspective", http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html-http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html)

Awaiting the impending U.S. government’s concocted "preventive" war against Iraq
AND
everything that contributes to their support" (General John Sullivan, 1779).
In a prominent history book published in 1906 (The History of the United States
AND
cyclical, indicate that we are dangerously near the end of our evolutionary branch

C. Alternative – reject the affirmative to desecuritize the Political

4

Text: The United States federal government should

- agree to a code of conduct against space weaponization

-approve the tax reforms proposed by the bipartisan National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Tax Reform
-Create regional economic development partnerships 
-Create a program similar to the Department of Education’s Race to the Top

CP solves economic collapse
Figliola 2/9 (2/9/2012, Anthony Figliola is vice president of Empire Government Strategies, seen in San Francisco Chronicles, "Ways to improve U.S. chances in global economy", http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2012/02/08/ED9J1N4E1K.DTL)**
Step two, our leaders should adopt strategies that would help strengthen our national economic
AND

we just have to dust off our boots and get to work.

A treaty would be the best method to solve space mil and protect space assets

DeBlois, Garwin, Kemp and Marwell 04 ~Bruce DeBlois, Director of Systems Integration at BAE SYSTEMS, Richard Garwin, IBM Fellow Emeritus at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, R. Scott Kemp, Fulbright Fellow to the European Union, Jeremy Marwell, Furman Scholar at the New York University School of Law, "Space Weapons: Crossing the U.S. Rubicon" International Security Vol. 29 No. 2 Fall 2004 http://www.fas.org/rlg/041100-rubicon.pdf-http://www.fas.org/rlg/041100-rubicon.pdf PHK~
Moving from description and analysis, we offer with some hesitation a policy prescription,
AND
incidentally, would pay dividends for the entire international space-faring community.

Steel

Their China impact – classic GBN card – it’s out of context

Here’s what the card actually says – the "existential threat" is to the organization that their author cites, not humanity – this isn’t impacted

Goodman 11 (Peter S., Business Editor – Huffington Post, "American Steel Blames China for Sagging Fortunes", Huffington Post, 1-10, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/10/american-steel-blames-china_n_806112.html)
"As long as we continue to be namby-pamby, weak-kneed
AND
they argue keeps Chinese-made products priced unfairly low on world markets.

Chinese steel production key to its growth
Haley, ’9 – George T., PhD, Professor 26 Director, Center for International Industry Competitiveness, College of Business, University of New Haven, "Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing: China’s Industrial Policy and its Impact on U.S. Companies, Workers and the American Economy," March 24, 2009, http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/09_03_24_wrts/09_03_24_haley_statement.php
What impact has China’s support of its pillar industries had on U.S.
AND
. based capacity and shifted production and employment overseas to remain price competitive. 

Stalled Chinese growth causes CCP lashout

Shirk, ’7. director of the University of California system-wide Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation and Ho Miu Lam professor of China and Pacific Relations at IR/PS and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs (Susan, Fragile China, pg 3).
As China’s leaders well know, the greatest political risk lying ahead of them is
AND
because from their point of view not lashing out might endanger Party rule."

That causes biological and nuclear war

Renxing, ’5 (San, The Epoch Times "The CCP’s Last-ditch Gamble: Biological and Nuclear War. Hundreds of millions of deaths proposed", 8/5, http://en.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-5/30931.html)
Since the Party’s life is "above all else," it would not be surprising
AND
to cling to life. That is the main theme of the speeches.
Manufacturing impact empirically denied- decade of failure
Hudak, 12 — Brookings Governance Studies fellow
(John, "Providence for Manufacturing: The Cicilline Plan," 8-14-12, www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/8/1420manufacturing20hudak/0814_manufacturing20hudak.pdf)

The Problem: A Decade of Manufacturing Losses
Between 2001 and 2010, net job creation in the United States was abysmal.
AND
in 2001 and 2003, manufacturing was singularly responsible for net job losses.

Manufacturing not key to economy – symbolic analysts fill in for job loss
Reich 09 (Robert B., former U.S. Secretary of Labor, is professor of public policy at the University of California at Berkeley. His latest book is Supercapitalism, "Manufacturing Jobs Are Never Coming Back," May 28th, 2009, Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/2009/05/28/robert-reich-manufacturing-business-economy.html-http://www.forbes.com/2009/05/28/robert-reich-manufacturing-business-economy.html)
Any job that’s even slightly routine is disappearing from the U.S. But
AND
Whatever they need to learn about manufacturing assembly can usually be discovered on line

The US economy is resilient – financial crisis proves

Bowman, 08 (Michael, VOA news. "Bush Economic Advisor: US Economy Remains Resilient" http://voanews.com/english/2008-10-19-voa24.cfm)
President Bush’s top economic advisor says the United States is showing remarkable resiliency during a
AND
first step in what he hopes will be loosening credit in the country.

Too many alt causes to steel industry decline—plan cannot fiat investor confidence or people ramping up the auto industry—foreign producers like China also no longer have an advantage over US Steel

Uchitelle 9 (Louis writes on economics for The New York Times and other publications, is the author of The Disposable American: Layoffs and Their Consequences. He is currently at work on a book about manufacturing., The New York Times, "Steel Industry, in Slump, Looks to Federal Stimulus", 1/1/9, www.nytimes.com/2009/01/02/business/02steel.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0candle)
Not since the 1980s has American steel production been as low as it is today
AND
Mr. DiMicco said, "and it is still hard to get."
China has no reason to attack Taiwan
Allison 26 Blackwill 13 — *director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and Douglas Dillon Professor at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government AND Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (Graham and Robert, 1/28/2013, "Beijing Still Prefers Diplomacy Over Force," http://www.cfr.org/china/beijing-still-prefers-diplomacy-over-force/p29892)
As China has become a leading export market for its neighbours, it expects them
AND
sparks military conflict over the Senkakus, which would serve no one’s interests.

Alloys

Squo solves – research makes domestic tetraenites commercially viable

Phys, 12 – Citing several experts ("Team to develop supermagnets using materials that mimic iron-nickel found in meteorites," 12 December 2013, http://phys.org/news/2012-12-team-supermagnets-materials-mimic-iron-nickel.html)//HO**
Joseph Goldstein, an engineering professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, is part
AND
The UMass Amherst share of the grant is approximately 24300,000.
Researchers are looking for a way to realign the crystalline structure of inexpensive iron and nickel, metals found abundantly on Earth into a new structure, FeNi known as tetrataenite, which has the super-magnetic properties they seek. Right now, tetrataenite is only found in meteorites.
The effort to recreate the iron-nickel mineral from outer space is driven by
AND
cost. So we need to create these strong magnets in another way."
That’s where the focus on meteorites and the tetrataenite comes in. Goldstein, a world-renowned expert on meteorites, has been studying tetrataenite for decades. "At UMass, our particular task is to look at the meteorites," Goldstein says. "We’re trying to learn composition ranges, get some ideas about how the mineral formed, and do some structure measurements on them at the nano-scale."

Their uniqueness evidence is only a snapshot of one instance in Indonesia—hold them to a threshold of having evidence specific to nickel alloys in Cuba

Alloy prices low now—prefer most recent evidence that is specific to Cuba—theirs isn’t

Reuters 9/10 (’Low prices take toll on Cuban nickel revenues’, www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/10/metals-cuba-nickel-idUSL2N0H61JD20130910-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/10/metals-cuba-nickel-idUSL2N0H61JD20130910, 9/10/13candle)
HAVANA, Sept 10 (Reuters) - Cuban nickel industry revenues were well below
AND
eastern Holguin province had around one-third of the world’s known reserves.

There are only two nickel mills in Cuba and they already work jointly with Canada—that was Reuters—there is no reason why lifting the embargo would affect the US steel industry or US-Cuba steel trade—even if it does, China is not the only country competing over steel

Low nickel prices low and will continue to follow this trend—prefer evidence that indicts their studies

Fitzgerald 9/19 (Daniel, reporter at the American Metal Market, AMM, "Stainless demand outlook uncertain", http://www.amm.com/Article/3257159/Stainless-demand-outlook-uncertain.html?Print=true-http://www.amm.com/Article/3257159/Stainless-demand-outlook-uncertain.html?Print=true, candle)
NEW YORK—Stainless steel market participants remain wary about the demand outlook as the
AND
for a number of economic reasons and has got potential down the road." 

Their internal link evidence makes no correlation between low alloy prices and effective military or aircraft engines—just says that high prices are bad for them, not that that is destructive or that low prices are key

Next generation of F-35’s already obsolete – postdates their ev

Johnson 12 (Robert is a senior correspondent at Business Insider, Global Post, "Next generation US stealth fighters potentially obsolete", 12/18/12, www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/business/political-risk/121218/US-military-stealth-fighters-jet-pilotscandle)
The stealth technology of America’s fifth generation jet fighters the F-22 and the
AND
point of the troubled F-35 project will become an expensive waste.

No extinction impact to bioweapons

Britt ’1
Robert Roy Britt, Senior Space Writer/Space.com. "Survival of the Elitist: Bioterrorism May Spur Space Colonies". October 30 2001. http://www.space4peace.org/articles/moving.htm
Many scientists argue that there is no need to worry about the mortality of civilization
AND
be much more concerned about an asteroid hitting the planet," Croddy said.

Obama won’t deploy space weapons – he just proposed a code of conduct

Reuters 12 ("Challenges loom as Obama seeks space weapons ban" http://uk.reuters.com/article/burningIssues/idUKTRE50O15X20090125?sp=true)

President Barack Obama’s pledge to seek a worldwide ban on weapons in space marks a
AND
flowing from them, and what steps are needed to protect spacecraft against attack

No impact to air power- New weapon systems level the playing field

Goon and Kopp, 10 — *Graduate of the US Naval Test Pilot School and First Class Honours from the University of Western Australia, Ph.D., M.A. from Monash University, Senior Member of the  American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Member of the Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (*Peter and Carlo, "A Perspective on the Quadrennial Defense Review", Air Power Australia, February 10th 2010, June 1st 2010, http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-100210-1.html)
In the air combat domain, anti-access and area-denial weapons technologies
AND
of the existing and currently planned US force structure will simply be unusable. 

A. Airpower creates a mentality of casualty aversion that limits the use of ground forces but increases overall interventions because they are perceived as low-cost—this destroys U.S. credibility

Lacquement, 04 (Lt. Col. Richard, Naval War College Review, Winter)
Evocations of the casualty-aversion assertion by national leaders can, as we have
AND
the United States and its allies may require escalation to achieve success.50

B. The perception of casualty aversion causes war and terrorism

Rercord, 02 (Jeffrey, teaches strategy at the Air war College, Parameters, June 22)
The strategic consequences of elite casualty phobia as well as itsimplications for the military ethic
AND
This convinced us that the Americans are a paper tiger." (35)

Cuba rejects the US and accepts aid from Russia – empirics

Lacey, 8 – (Mark, "Cuba Rejects American Offer of Hurricane Aid," The New York Times, 6 September 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/world/americas/cubaforweb.html?_r=0)//HO
The Cuban government turned down Washington’s offer of hurricane assistance Saturday, saying the best
AND
commercial and financial blockage imposed against our Motherland for almost half a century."

Tournament: University of Michigan | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster HD | Judge: Ann Peter

1

CIR will pass now but it will be tough

Nowicki, 10-30 — Arizona Republic’s national political reporter
~Dan, and Erin Kelly, "Fleeting Hopes for Immigration Reform," AZ Central, 10-30-13, www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20131029fleeting-hopes-immigration-reform.html?nclick_check=1, accessed 10-31-13, mss~
However, reform backers point to encouraging signs in addition to the intense push by
AND
is not like renaming a post office. It’s going to be tough."

Obama has PC but now is key to pass CIR

Balz 10/17 ~Dan, Chief Correspondent at the Washington Post, 2013, "Can Obama seize the moment and make Washington work?" http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/can-obama-seize-the-moment-to-make-washington-work/2013/10/17/d84c1934-3753-11e3-80c6-7e6dd8d22d8f_story.html~~
Scorekeepers have done a running tally of winners and losers from this latest spectacle.
AND
months, the era of good feeling had given way to partisan infighting.

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for this congress

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Reform solves cyberterror

McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Nuclear war

Fritz 9 (I’m only reading the green)
 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command and
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

2

Status-quo dominance of neoliberalism destroys the environment and causes extinction – the plan props up a bankrupt economic system

Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research 26 Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, "The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith," Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43
In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003
AND
"endless technical adjustments;" thus no further theoretical thought is required."27

The alternative – the judge should vote negative to reject neoliberal knowledge production and endorse globalization from below

Latin American countries are moving against neoliberalism now – the plan crushes these movements – the alternative is key to resist its spread

Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). "Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization," http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

3

Chinese influence in Latin America expanding at the expense of the US – its zero sum

Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., "America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America", Sun Sentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP
Once upon a time, as many fairy tales start, the United States was
AND
lose status as a premier world power. This is no fairy tale.

US-Cuba relations drives China out of the region

Benjamin-Alvadaro ’6 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, "The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special," http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf-http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)
Additionally, Venezuela remains the fourth largest importer of oil to the United States and
AND
circumstances but have well-served the commercial interests of all parties involved.

Latin America is key to Chinese economic growth – exports and resources

Arnson et al. ’9 (Cynthia Anderson, Mark Mohr, Riordan Roett, writers for Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "Enter the Dragon? China’s Presence in Latin America", http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/EnterDragonFinal.pdf)//RJ**
To China, Latin America represents a signi?cant source of the necessary natural resources  that
AND
the region. Thus, Latin America represents a substantial market  for Chinese goods

China economic collapse causes WW3- hotspot for escalation

Plate, 03 - Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, "Why Not Invade China" Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS
But imagine a China disintegrating — on its own, without neo-con or
AND
con insanity is more of a danger to the Bush presidency than China.

4

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
AND
cover the entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

Cuban biotech industry is a model worldwide

Scheye, 11 – President, Scheye Group Ltd. Global Advisory Service (Elaine, "CUBAN HEALTHCARE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:  REFORM, A BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW  OR JUST WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED?" Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume21/pdfs/scheye.pdf)
While Cuba’s health care system continues to erode, Cuba’s biotechnology sector remains a bright
AND
modern apartment buildings, bus service to and from their homes, etc. 

Biotechnology solves bioterror

Collins, 6 – Press officer (Terry, "Experts: Expanding biotechnology research in developing countries key to countering bioterrorism," University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, 2/26, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php-http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php)
¶ ¶ Experts at the Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health warn that global
AND
transit riders or airport travelers to be alert to and report suspicious activities.
Extinction
Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

5

The United States federal government should establish a policy forbidding the use of military personnel in Cuba in the event of political instability in that region.

Multilat

The world is moving to pluralism, not multipolarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership because most challengers are regional
Etzioni, 13 - served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard University and The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University (Amitai, "The Devolution of American Power" 37 Fletcher F. World Aff. 13, lexis)

The theory that the world is moving from a unipolar order, dominated by the United States, to a multipolar distribution of power has led to a robust debate concerning the consequences of this change on the international order. However, the global power distribution is currently following a different pattern. Instead of what is conventionally addressed as a global unipolar to multipolar shift, in fact rising powers are mainly regional powers, not global ones, although they may have global reach. This pattern should be expected to continue in the near future and should be accounted for in order to make sound policy. It follows that the movement away from a unipolar world should not be equated with one in which more global powers contend with each other; nor should it be equated with a world in which new powers take over from an old, declining power. Moreover, it should not be assumed that the world will be less ordered. Instead, to a significant extent, the change seems to be toward more regional autonomy, or increased devolution, and greater variety in the relationships between the United States and regional powers. These relationships may see regional powers serve as junior partners to the global power and assume some of the global power’s regional responsibilities. Or these relationships may produce junior adversarial regional powers that seek greater relative regional control in defiance of the United States, but seek at most limited realignment of power on the global stage. In the process of devolution, the increase in regional self-government and pluralism are much less challenging to the global power than ~*14~ the redistribution of power implied by multipolarity. Indeed, as junior regional powers increasingly act as partners and assume regional responsibilities, they enable the global power to scale back its global commitments without losing much of its weight in international developments. Similarly, the desire for regional control among rising powers can be more readily accommodated than aspirations to challenge the United States as a global superpower. It must be noted that the notion of devolution as used here is that of an ideal, n1 and as such there will be significant variation in its real-world instantiations. However, the process of devolution suggests a logical pattern of behavior for all actors involved, upon which various powers can construct a viable strategy. While the movement from a uni- to a multipolar distribution of global power is considered by some to be "positive" and more supportive of international institutions, n2 others consider it as "negative" and likely to lead to confrontation between the declining power and the rising ones. n3 In truth, the move to a higher level of regional pluralism is a double-edged sword. The effect of the transformation depends on the particular accommodation pattern that develops between each regional power and the global power. As indicated previously, this pattern can vary from that of a junior partner to that of a regional antagonist. Stated in other terms, if unipolarity is compared to hierarchy and multipolarity is compared to flat systems or networks, regional pluralism is analogous to increased subsidiarity. Importantly, the accommodation pattern between the global superpower and regional powers is fundamentally different from the one between declining and rising global powers. In the former case, the regional powers do not seek to modify or replace the global rules or change the global distribution of public goods. Instead, they aim merely to gain local exemptions from the rules, variants in the ways they are applied, or increases in their share of distributed benefits. Superpowers may prove unwilling to accommodate such regional challenges and regional challengers may hold that they have been insufficiently accommodated. ~*15~ However, such global/regional accommodations are, in general, easier to reach than the global/global accommodations between declining and rising global powers, and thus are less likely to lead to outright conflicts. With devolution, the central power yields, therefore risking much less when pluralism increases than when a transition from uni- to multipolarity takes place. This is one of the principle strengths of
Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers.  Moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable
Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, "Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony" Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)

Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the
AND
an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.

Unilateralism and heg solve war – best, most recent evidence proves
Brooks et al 13 ~Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File~

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war)

Multilateralism fails – organizations fail and exclusion of countries is inevitable – the US is not key

Gallagher 10 – leading Australian consultant on trade and public policy (Peter, "Plurilateralism… get used to it," 12/20/10, http://www.petergallagher.com.au/index.php/site/article/plurilateralism...-get-used-to-it)//AY-http://www.petergallagher.com.au/index.php/site/article/plurilateralism...-get-used-to-it)//AY

Those Orga¬ni¬za¬tions will go on. So will mul¬ti¬lat¬er¬al¬ism. This week is only another
AND
to deal with the man¬age¬ment of global com¬mons. Guar¬an¬teed to be messy.

No Asia war escalation – great powers will cooperate

Collins and Wohlforth, 04 - *professor of political science at Notre Dame AND professor of government at Dartmouth (Kathleen and William, "Defying ’Great Game’ Expectations, Strategic Asia 2003-2004, http://www.dartmouth.edu/~~govt/docs/15-Central20Asia-press.pdf-http://www.dartmouth.edu/~govt/docs/15-Central Asia-press.pdf)

While cautious realism must remain the watchword concerning an impoverished and potentially unstable region comprised
AND
11, as well as reinforce regional and domestic stability in Central Asia.

No scenario for Asian wars – South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan all have the military capability to defend themselves

Gholz, Press, and Sapolsky, 97 (Eugene Gholz and Daryl Press, doctoral candidates in political science at MIT. Harvey Sapolsky, professor of public policy at MIT. International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4. Spring 1997, KONTOPOULOS)
As in Europe, the United States currently has about 100,000 military personnel
AND
disputes with each other; they would work together to contain Chinese threats.

Transition

The Cuban transition will be gradual and stable – Diaz-Canel makes a stable transition inevitable

López-Levy, 13 - PhD candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver (Arturo, "Getting Ready for Post-Castro Cuba," The National Interest, 4/10, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316-http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316)
¶ In the last five years, the Cuban government has created an important institutional
AND
in a more institutionalized leadership that promotes younger leaders in an orderly fashion.

Cuba has no preparation for change and wouldn’t be able to take it all at once – lifting the embargo would cause a rapid democratic uprising

Erikson, 8 – Senior Advisor for Western Hemisphere Affairs at the U.S. Department of State and has an M.A. in Public Policy from Harvard University and a B.A. from Brown University (Daniel P., "The Cuba Wars: Fidel Castro, the United States, and the Next Revolution", Bloomsbury Press, 10/28/08, p. 250-251 http://books.google.com/books?id=EpEddl3CdPAC26pg=PA25126lpg=PA25126dq=lifting+cuban+embargo+AND+rapid+change26source=bl26ots=dv-aMxUaUQ26sig=ip1G-NULgAGQdjtf7Jv-LwpRrmg26hl=en26sa=X26ei=vwTkUeOkFoPHywHn8oGwDQ26ved=0CGYQ6AEwBzgU~~23v=onepage26q=lifting20cuban20embargo20AND20rapid20change26f=false)//EX

Like most of his colleagues, Monreal readily agreed that the United States was the
AND
the ability of the Cuban government to control this fight is very limited." 

Rapid change risks Cuban civil war – turns case

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/18 cuba feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)ID
Some in the United States have long supported severe sanctions  intended to starve the Cuban
AND
to quell a bloody civil  war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.

Doesn’t solve econ – current Cuban economic model prohibits FDI

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/18 cuba feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)ID

Despite these advances, the Cuban economy remains in the doldrums (as described in
AND
their bilateral trade accounts, but are  frustrated by Cuba’s scant economic offerings.

Any Cuban economic decline will be mitigated – remittances, tourism, oil, and diversification

Messa-Lago, 13 – Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh (Carmelo, "The possible impact of the death of Chavez in the Cuban economy", 12/03/2013, http://www.cubaencuentro.com/cuba/articulos/el-posible-impacto-de-la-muerte-de-chavez-en-la-economia-cubana-283444, translated from Spanish by Google Translate)eek

If substantially reduce or end Venezuelan aid (equivalent to more than a fifth of
AND
of trade and investment with other countries but not yet achieved substantial results.

No impact to state failure and other countries non-unique the impact
Stewart Patrick, Research Fellow at the Center for Global Development, Spring 2006, The Washington Quarterly, p. 32
Third, the relationship between state weakness and spillovers is not linear. It varies
AND
may suffer from critical gaps in capacity or political will that enable spillovers.

Terrorism is not an existential threat – at most it will kill a few hundred people a year – the fear of WMD terrorism is overblown.

Mueller ’11
John Mueller is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. He is the author of Atomic Obsession. "The truth about al Qaeda". August 5, 2011. CNN’s Global Public Square. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/05/the-truth-about-al-qaeda/
Outside of war zones, the amount of killing carried out by al Qaeda and
AND
terrorism is the wave of the future. No elephants there, either.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberal Arts and Sciences BC | Judge: Samantha Varney

Debt Ceiling DA

Debt ceiling will pass and political capital is key

Pace 9/12 (Julie, and#34;AP White House correspondent, Syria debate on hold, Obama refocuses on agendaand#34;, The Fresno Bee, September 9 of 2013, http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/09/12/3493538/obama-seeks-to-focus-on-domestic.html
With a military strike against Syria on hold, President Barack Obama tried Thursday to
AND
Speaker John Boehner on Thursday said the GOP will insist on curbing spending.

PC Link 

This will destroy the U.S. and global economy and collapse trade

Davidson, 9/10 (Adam - co-founder of NPR’s and#34;Planet Moneyand#34; 9/10/2013, and#34;Our Debt to Society,and#34; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0))

This is the definition of a deficit, and it illustrates why the government needs
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war and extinction

Harris and Burrows 9 - *Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) , Jennifer, a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit (and#34;Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisisand#34; http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Increased Potential for Global Conflict
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Woodward JS | Judge: Brad Meloche

Geography K

Economic engagement is an imperialist tool used to forward US geopolitical dominance – perpetuates North/South warfare

Jones, 4 (Martin Jones* - PhD in Human Geography from the University of Manchester, Rhys Jones; Professor of Human Geography at the University
of Wales Aberystwyth - Professor in Human Geography @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, Michael Woods* - PhD in Human Geography from Bristol University; Professor of Human Geography and Director of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, 2004, "AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Space, place and politics", http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf) MD
Political domination can take on many forms. At¶ its most basic and uncompromising
AND
and the broader international political economy (see Agnew and Corbridge¶ 1995).¶ 

That causes imperialistic violence versus the Latin "other" – root cause of 1AC conflict claims, promotes militaristic ethics, and legitimizes faulty, hegemonic knowledge-production

Grandin 6 (Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism, Greg Grandin,  Macmillan, May 2, 2006 –BRW)

The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis Borges once remarked that the lack of camels in the
AND
in the Cold War, of which Central America was the tragic endgame. 

Reject the 1AC in order to politicize geography – allows reorientation of relations

Jones, 4 (Martin Jones* - PhD in Human Geography from the University of Manchester, Rhys Jones; Professor of Human Geography at the University
of Wales Aberystwyth - Professor in Human Geography @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, Michael Woods* - PhD in Human Geography from Bristol University; Professor of Human Geography and Director of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, 2004, "AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Space, place and politics", http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf) MD

Far more influential have been two conceptual¶ developments which served to further politicise the
AND
independent of the person who exercises it.¶ (Foucault 1979: 201)

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cypress Bay US | Judge: John Hines

Ice Age DA

Ice age is coming now — solar modeling proves, it devastates crop production

Aym 10 - Individual Investor Magazine staff writer (Terrence and#34;Experts: Food and fuel shortages imminent as new ice age dawnsand#34;, Helium.com, December 30, http://www.helium.com/items/2051424-food-and-fuel-shortages-imminent-as-new-ice-age-dawns?page=2)//KL
Other scientists concur and some see the speed at which the temperatures will drop as
AND
predictions based on the RC Theory climate model, all three are occurring. 

Greenhouse gasses are key to sustaining Earth’s atmosphere — history and models prove that reduction leads to global icing

Lacis et al 10 - Ph.D. and NASA scientist (Andrew, and#34;Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperatureand#34;, Science Magazine, October 15, accessed online)KL
If the global atmospheric temperatures were to fall to as low as TS = TE
AND
and by inference, that escape from the snowball Earth condition is also achievable

Ice age causes extinction—it comparatively outweighs warming

Chapman 8 (Phil, geophysicist and astronautical engineer, bachelor of science degree in Physics and Mathematics from Sydney University, a master of science degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and#34;Sorry to ruin the fun, but an ice age cometh,and#34; 4/23/08, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873-http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873)
What is scary about the picture is that there is only one tiny sunspot.
AND
in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken.and#34;

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberal Arts and Sciences BC | Judge: Samantha Varney

Neolib K

Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition crushes these spaces of resistance, reducing the globe to a single, monocultural economic model

Vattimo 26 Zabala 11 (Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)
The and#34;Bolivarian Revolutionand#34; is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism.and#34;
AND
and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world.and#34;

The plan crushes those movements – it purports a neoliberal economic system which devastates the envionrment

Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). and#34;Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization,and#34; http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

Insert Specific Link

Extinction—-tech and reforms fail

Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research 26 Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, and#34;The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith,and#34; Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43
In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003
AND
and#34;endless technical adjustments;and#34; thus no further theoretical thought is required.and#34;27

The alternative – the judge should vote negative to reject neoliberal knowledge production and endorse globalization from below

Refusing neoliberalism’s hegemonic control over knowledge production is essential within the space of this debate – the alternative aligns the ballot with Latin American resistance movements

Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4 (Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9
Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but
AND
less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cypress Bay US | Judge: John Hines

State PIC

The Affirmative’s call for state action fails to achieve its desired goals while directly reinforcing state power, increasing the legitimacy of State violence.

Martin 1990,  associate professor at the University of Wollongong, Australia, Brian, Uprooting War
What should be done to help transform the state system in the direction of self
AND
the state rather than appealing for state intervention and thereby reinforcing state power. 

Reliance on state structures for social policy will cause social collapse

Katsiaficas 1997, Professor at SUNY, The subversion of Politics, George
Making ecologically responsible decisions already calls for rethinking the political power of nation-states
AND
rather a necessary form for the survival of the species and all life. 

And, extinction

FALK – 90 ~PROFESSOR @ PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, CONTENDING SOVEREIGNITIES: REDEFINING POLITICAL COMMUNITY, EDS. WALER AND MENDOLVITZ~
Hypotheses about a coming global civilization are often put forward—partly descriptively and partly
AND
fundamental philosophical sense and in its practical relationship to human well-being.
There is thus at the base of or inquiry a powerful set of paradoxical forces at work: even as the territorial state becomes more vulnerable to what takes place beyond sovereign reach, it acquires a capability that generates many varieties of extraterritorial harm as side-effects of "normality." Such a loss of territorial moorings exposes the problem of political organization of international life from the perspective of state sovereignty.