Tournament: California Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Oxford PS | Judge: Scott Phillips
1

Obama’s political capital is effectively holding off passage of the Iran sanctions bill now – but it’s still a fight

Delmore 2/5/14 (Erin, Political Analyst @ MSNBC, "Democrats split over Syria, Iran," http://www.msnbc.com/all/democrats-split-over-syria-iran)
Over strong objections from the president, 16 Senate Democrats support a bill that would
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address a promise to veto any attempt to impose new sanctions on Iran.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
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action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Causes Israel strikes

Perr 12/24 (Jon Perr 12/24/13, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon, has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran)
As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
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these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

Impact is nuclear war

Reuveny 10 (Rafael – professor in the School of Public and Environmental affairs at Indiana University, Unilateral strike on Iran could trigger world depression, p. http://www.indiana.edu/~~spea/news/speaking_out/reuveny_on_unilateral_strike_Iran.shtml)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
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green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.
2

A. Discourses of danger reproduces an American identity – that posits the US as a the defender of global freedom and liberty
Campbell, 98- Professor of International Politics University of Newcastle (David, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity) 

The crisis of representation the United States faces is unique only in the particularities of
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the idea that foreign policy/Foreign Policy is constitutive of political identity.

B. That makes extinction inevitable
Willson, 02- Ph.D New College San Fransisco, Humanities, JD, American University (Brian, "Armageddon or Quantum Leap? U.S. Imperialism and?Human Consciousness from?an Evolutionary Perspective", http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html-http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html)

Awaiting the impending U.S. government’s concocted "preventive" war against Iraq
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everything that contributes to their support" (General John Sullivan, 1779).
In a prominent history book published in 1906 (The History of the United States
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cyclical, indicate that we are dangerously near the end of our evolutionary branch

C. Alternative text – reject the affirmative to desecuritize the Political.
3

The United States federal government should condition implementation of an uncapped guest worker program for agricultural labor from Mexico with Strict enforcement of guest worker protections guaranteed on the federal government of Mexico meeting the four human rights requirements of the Mérida Initiative. The United States federal government should decide if the federal government of Mexico meets these requirements based off the findings of Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos.

US Human Rights credibility low now because we give Merida funds to Mexico even though they haven’t met the human rights requirements for them - it sends the message that US condones torture, rape, and disappearances – reinforces organized crime – credibly conditioning the plan is key to reverse this

WOLA 10 - (Washington Office of Latin America- contains multiple experts on human rights abuse in latin america and quotes the state department’s report "Congress: Withhold Funds for Mexico Tied to Human Rights Performance" 9/14/10, http://www.wola.org/publications/congress_withhold_funds_for_mexico_tied_to_human_rights_performance-http://www.wola.org/publications/congress_withhold_funds_for_mexico_tied_to_human_rights_performance)
The US government significantly strengthened its partnership with Mexico in combating organized crime in 2007
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established by Congress, particularly those dealing with prosecuting military abuses and torture: 

HR cred key to solve all conflict

Burke-White 4 (William W., Lecturer in Public and International Affairs and Senior Special Assistant to the Dean, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University The Harvard Environmental Law Review Spring, 2004 LN,https://www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/wburkewh/workingpapers/17HarvHumRtsJ249(2004).pdf-https://www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/wburkewh/workingpapers/17HarvHumRtsJ249(2004).pdf)
This Article presents a strategic—as opposed to ideological or normative—argument that
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U.S.-U.N. cooperation on human rights issues.

Econ

Collapse inevitable – peak oil, food and structural instabilities make growth unsustainable. Collapse now causes a shift to localized economies. Further growth causes catastrophic failure

Korowicz 11 – (5/14/11, David, physicist and human systems ecologist, the director of The Risk/Resilience Network in Ireland, a board member of FEASTA (The Foundation for the Economics of Sustainability), "In the world, at the limits to growth,"http://www.feasta.org/2011/05/14/in-the-world-at-the-limits-to-growth/-http://www.feasta.org/2011/05/14/in-the-world-at-the-limits-to-growth/)
Yet our feet of clay are that our economy and civilisation exist only by virtue of resource flows from our environment. The only laws in economics are the laws of physics, everything else is contingent, supposition or vanity. An economy, growing in size and complexity, is firstly a thermodynamic system requiring increasing energy flows to grow and avoid decay. Waste, be it greenhouse gasses or landfill is also a natural outcome of such a thermodynamic process.
News from Elsewhere
It’s been part of the background noise for over half a century, warnings about
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crazy despots have always demanded our attention, at least while on TV.
Yes we can21 Yes we can21 - chanted the posse of teenagers following Al Gore through a pavilion in Poznan, Poland for the annual gathering of climate policy acronyms.
When not distracted by the ever-present, we’ve responded to these warnings with
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and environmental sink demands keep increasing, ecological indicators decline and inequality rises.
The reality is that we are locked into an economy adapted to growth, and
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to greater poverty, and pose even greater risks to the banking system.
It is an oxymoron to say we can do something unsustainable forever. How would
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age, confirming the earth centric universe against Galileo and Copernicus before him.
What the Galileos of today are saying is that we are at or near the
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fall, and our visions will fall further and further from our grasp.
They are saying that global food production is hitting an array of ecological constraints, while population growth and changing diets are driving up demand. They note that current food production is massively subsidised through fossil fuel inputs, and that as those inputs become less available, and people become poorer due to economic contraction, food productivity and access will be undermined.
In totality, we are at the edge of an evolving systemic crisis. Peak oil and food constraints are likely to undermine the stability of our integrated globalised economy. The core pillars of that economy: critical infrastructure, production flows, economies of scale, the financial and monetary system, behavioural adaptation, resource access and energy flows-are likely to begin forcing contagious failure.
The driving force of this failure is likely to be the fastest and most unstable process-the impact of energy and food constrained economic growth, and an already vulnerable monetary and financial system dependent upon continuing growth.
Tightening binds
Whatever of Ireland’s economic woes, the real debt bubble is global. The debt relative to GDP is far greater now in the US, UK, and much of Europe, than it ever was leading up to the great depression. Like many countries we responded to our debt bubble with more debt, we just shifted it onto the sovereign or the printing press.
The indebted world, even without oil and food price rises is straining at the limits of debt servicing and credibility. Yet it is demanding even more credit, while its ability to service the debt is being undermined by debt deflation, austerity, rising job losses, and defaults. The bank lenders of that money can only lose so much before they are too are insolvent.
Rising food and energy prices are driving the deflationary forces even harder. And if central banks misinterpret the cause of food and oil price rises, and raise interest rates, the deflationary pressures risk becoming cyclonic. The cost of essentials and debt servicing rise, while income declines. Discretionary spending will collapse, job losses and defaults rise, income will declines further. This re-enforcing spiral of decline will increase, and spread to more and more countries.
The fear of contagion from peripheral Eurozone defaults are not merely that they could topple
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they are shown to have values far below what is required for solvency.
What everybody wants and needs is a sudden and explosive increase in the production of real goods and services (GDP) to make their continual debt requirements serviceable. But that,even were it remotely possible, would require a big increase in oil flows through the global economy, just as global oil production has peaked and begins its decline. It cannot happen. This means that the global financial system is essentially insolvent now.
The only choice is default or inflation on a global scale. It mean banks
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on fiat money, fractional reserve banking, and interest can only collapse.
High oil and food prices are essentially probing the limits of the stability of the globalised economy. They will probe until there is a major collapse in global economic production. At which point our energy prices may fall, but our real income and purchasing power will fall faster.
And markets will discover this truth quicker than monetary authorities and governments. Its expression will be in deeper and deeper economic stresses and major systemic banking collapses. Official responses will become more and more impotent, as their fundamental economic and policy tools no longer work, and their patina of control becomes hollow. If and when banking system contagion spreads to supply-chain contagion we may face existential challenges.
Even were we to have the perfect monetary and financial system, without debt and
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for various reasons, and monetary instability would still destabilise supply-chains.
Facing Ourselves 26 Facing Our Future
We are at the beginning of a process in which our world-views crash against a fundamentally unstable financial system and ecological constraints. A time where we will learn that what was, will never return; and what was expected, can never be. We are facing a time of loss and uncertainty. A time of bank-runs, lost savings and pensions, of mass unemployment, electricity and mobile phone black-outs, of hunger and empty super-market shelves.
A localised economy will no longer be something environmentalists aspire to develop; rather it will be forced upon us as bank failures, monetary uncertainty, and lost purchasing power sever links in the web of the global economy. But we no longer have indigenous economies to fall back upon.
The gap between expectations and what can be realised is historically a major source of popular anger, and can ignite a cycle of fear, blame, violence, scape-goating, and authoritarian leadership from either left or right. It can give the avaricious the power and cover to appropriate wealth that might better be used for collective welfare.
Yet who gave us the right to our expectations? They were built on the
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the delusion that we are the displaced God who transcended our own ecology.
Yes, we can and will build a largely local economy out of the ruins of a collapsed globalised one. It will be a much poorer one and one where we will have lost much of what we take for granted. It can also provide a good life, where our basic needs are met, where meaningful lives can be lived, and a rich texture of experience found.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
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times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Growth makes eco-collapse inevitable

Speth, law prof, 8—Served as President Jimmy Carter’s White House environmental
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, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability, Gigapedia, 6-9)

But the much larger and more threatening impacts stem from the economic activity of those
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modern capitalism, in each case seeking to identify the transformative changes needed. 

Extinction

Chen 2k—Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis)
Ellipses in original 

Conscious decisions to allow the extinction of a species or the destruction of an entire
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Homo sapiens — in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million. 348

Ag

0. They don’t solve for mechanization, their national geographic evidence isn’t a solvency advocate. Nowhere does any ev make the claim of workers

/= mechanization.====

1. Won’t escalate

Salehyan, 07 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at University of Northern Texas (Idean, "The New Myth About Climate Change", Foreign Policy, August 2007, May 29^th 2010, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922, KONTOPOULOS)
Dire scenarios like these may sound convincing, but they are misleading. Even worse
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Paris are at least as culpable for Darfur as the regime in Khartoum. 

2. Resource abundance not shortage causes conflict

Dupont, 08 – Michael Hintze Professor of International Security and Director of the Centre for International Security Studies @ U of Sydney (Alan, June 2008, Survival, Vol. 50, Iss. 3, "The Strategic Implications of Climate Change", p. 43)
Many of these projections are highly speculative or simply misleading, betraying the authors’ lack
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would lead either to reconsider their long-standing aversion to nuclear weapons.

3. There is no plausible scenario for resource wars

Victor, 07 – Senior Fellow @ Stanford Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and the Woods Institute for the Environment (David, "What Resource Wars?", 11/1/2007, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-7344601/What-resource-wars-From-Arabia.html)
THE SECOND surge in thinking about resource wars comes from all the money that is
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find it easier to build a coalition for policy when hawks are supportive. 

4. Empirically denied and alternate causality – hundreds of thousands of species die annually

Paltrowitz, 01 (JD Brooklyn Journal of I-Law, 2001 (A Greening of the World Trade Organisation")
However, the panel did not take into account the practical reality that negotiations are
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impose few constraints on a contracting party’s implementation of domestic environmental policies." n108

5. Species extinction won’t cause human extinction – humans and the environment are adaptable

Doremus, 2K (Holly,  Professor of Law at UC Davis Washington 26 Lee Law Review, Winter 57 Wash 26 Lee L. Rev. 11, lexis)  
In recent years, this discourse frequently has taken the form of the ecological horror
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that a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse.

6. Collapse is common – won’t spillover

7. New species fill the void

Kerr, 94 (Richard, Science 28)
In the immediate aftermath of an extinction, some taxa – groups of animals such as species or genera – flourish, then gradually fade. Others that had apparently vanished can reappear, Lazarus-like. In the turmoil, new groups may gain ascendancy, filling ecological niches left empty by the extinction and displacing other survivors to create a new ecological order (See box on p.29).

8. No spillover to other species

Moore, 98 (Thomas, Climate of fear, why we shouldn’t worry about global warming, 1998, p.98-99)
Nevertheless, the loss of a class of living beings does not typically threaten other
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As long as the host remains, so will parasites and symbiotic species.

Terror

Risk and impact of terrorism declining now

Silver ’10
Nate. Found of FiveThirtyEight.com. Crunching the Risk Numbers. Wall Street Journal. 1/8/10. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703481004574646963713065116.html~~23printMode.
Overall, academic and governmental databases report, terrorist attacks killed a total of about
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flight over Lockerbie, Scotland,—have become dormant or de-radicalized. 

Terrorism is not an existential threat – at most it will kill a few hundred people a year – the fear of WMD terrorism is overblown.

Mueller ’11
John Mueller is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. He is the author of Atomic Obsession. "The truth about al Qaeda". August 5, 2011. CNN’s Global Public Square. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/05/the-truth-about-al-qaeda/
Outside of war zones, the amount of killing carried out by al Qaeda and
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terrorism is the wave of the future. No elephants there, either.

The risk of nuclear terrorism is exceedingly low – their authors are all trumpeting inflated threats.

Mueller ’11
John Mueller is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. He is the author of Atomic Obsession. "The truth about al Qaeda". August 5, 2011. CNN’s Global Public Square. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/05/the-truth-about-al-qaeda/
The chief lesson of 9/11 should have been that small bands of terrorists
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It seems wildly unlikely that al Qaeda is remotely ready to go nuclear.

1. Alt cause —- Canada —- comparative evidence
   Shahid 11 (Aliyah, Correspondent – New York Daily News, "Canadian border poses bigger terror threat to U.S. than Mexico border: report", New York Daily News, 2-2, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/canadian-border-poses-bigger-terror-threat-u-s-mexico-border-report-article-1.134552, Deech)

Worried about terrorists sneaking into the United States? You might want to look north
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are more likely to occur across the northern border than the southern border.

2.

Tournament: California Invitational | Round: 4 | Opponent: University SS | Judge: Ian Beier

Huehuehue

New affs bad

Not disclosing new affs is a voting issue – our interpretation is that teams must follow the same community protocols of disclosure with new affirmatives

1) Strategy skew – debate shouldn’t be about disadvantaging the other team but about having "good" debates, meaning debates that are hard – non-disclosure prevents this because we can’t prepare or discuss our arguments with our teachers – this is the purpose of institutionalized education

2) Education focus – learning about specific policies and researching those policies – even if we debate an aff that we didn’t have a strategy for, we could cut one before the round if they disclosed

I mean I guess

Our interpretation is that the Affirmative must take a topical course of action through the United States federal government.

• • 1. "Resolved" means debate should be a legislative forum
       Army Officer School ’4
       (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
       The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
       AND
       resolved:"¶ Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. The United States is the country composed of the 50 states
Encarta ’7
~The Encarta Online Dictionary. "United States" 2007 encarta.msn.com~
U•nit•ed States ~ y? n?t?d stáyts-http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/Pronounce.aspx?search=United+States ~ country in central North America, consisting of 50 states. Languages: English. Currency: dollar. Capital: Washington, D.C.. Population: 290,342,550 (2001). Area: 9,629,047 sq km (3,717,796 sq mi.) Official name United States of America

3. The federal government is the government in Washington DC – not its individual members
AHD ’2
~The American Heritage Dictionary. 2002, Pg 647~ 
Of or relating to the central government of a federation as distinct from the governments of its member units.

4. "Should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ’3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
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compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

First, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
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specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Second, constraints are key to creativity—-challenging ourselves to innovate within the confines of rules creates far more creative responses than starting with a blank slate

Mayer 6 – Marissa Ann Mayer, vice-president for search products and user experience at Google, February 13, 2006, "Creativity Loves Constraints," online: http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/06_07/b3971144.htm?chan=gl-http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/06_07/b3971144.htm?chan=gl
When people think about creativity, they think about artistic work — unbridled, unguided
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be a clock) or constrained possibilities (a canvas that is marked).

Third, discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: students already have preconceived notions about how the world operates—-government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, however those outcomes may be defined

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
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allies and adversaries, would behave in response to US policy initiatives.7
By university age, students often have a pre-defined view of international affairs
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quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Only portable skill—-means our framework turns case

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
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support the military action, and in the face of significant international opposition.
Meanwhile, and perhaps equally difficult for the parties involved, a young couple deliberated
AND
made. Each decision maker worked hard to make well-reasoned decisions.
Decision making is a thoughtful process of choosing among a variety of options for acting
AND
decision making, as do our school, community, and social organizations.
We all make many decisions even- day. To refinance or sell one’s home, to buy a high-performance SUV or an economical hybrid car. what major to select, what to have for dinner, what candidate CO vote for. paper or plastic, all present lis with choices. Should the president deal with an international crisis through military invasion or diplomacy? How should the U.S. Congress act to address illegal immigration?
Is the defendant guilty as accused? Tlie Daily Show or the ball game?
AND
do we sort through it and select the best information for our needs?
The ability of every decision maker to make good, reasoned, and ethical decisions relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to evaluate its relative validity and strength. Critical thinkers are better users of information, as well as better advocates.
Colleges and universities expect their students to develop their critical thinking skills and may require students to take designated courses to that end. The importance and value of such study is widely recognized.
Much of the most significant communication of our lives is conducted in the form of debates. These may take place in intrapersonal communications, in which we weigh the pros and cons of an important decision in our own minds, or they may take place in interpersonal communications, in which we listen to arguments intended to influence our decision or participate in exchanges to influence the decisions of others.
Our success or failure in life is largely determined by our ability to make wise
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

And independently a voting issue for limits and ground—-our entire negative strategy is based on the "should" question of the resolution—-there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative—- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action—-they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates

Kawaii

Their subjugation of the Self to the Other precludes the possibility of ethics and refuses to recognize dichotomies that are key to actual equality

Prozorov 6 (Sergei, Professor of International Relations at Petrozavodsk State University, Russia, "Liberal Enmity: The Figure of the Foe in the Political Ontology of Liberalism," Millenium Vol 35 no 1, December 2006, 75-99, dml)
What interests us in this modality of the friend–enemy distinction is the explicit
AND
, or, in Schmitt’s terms, an inimicus rather than a hostis.

The alternative is to affirm pluralistic society – refuse their attempt to impose dominance through accepting the existence of enemies who are different from us – a failure to affirm these distinctions creates the preconditions for endless violence through the forceful inclusion of the Other into the global society they try to create.

Prozorov 6 (Sergei, Professor of International Relations at Petrozavodsk State University, Russia, "Liberal Enmity: The Figure of the Foe in the Political Ontology of Liberalism," Millenium Vol 35 no 1, December 2006, 75-99, dml)
Schmitt’s deconstruction of liberal universalism focuses on the concept of humanity that is crucial in
AND
opposite or perhaps reveals its own essence in the guise of its antithesis.

Space Jam

Social service policies are an end in itself- as long as we pursue humanitarian efforts, we sustain the capitalist system that impoverished those people in the first place

Zizek, 08- Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies, Ljubljana (Slavoj, Violence, p 20-24)
Above all, liberal communists are true citizens of the world. They are good
AND
It needs extra-economic charity to sustain the cycle of social reproduction.

Capitalism causes humans to be reduced to commodities that are bought, sold, and destroyed

Internationalist Persepective, 00 – Staff Writer (Issue 36, "Capitalism and Genocide," Spring – 2000, http://www.geocities.com/wageslavex/capandgen.html-http://www.geocities.com/wageslavex/capandgen.html)
The phenomenon of reification, inherent in the commodity-form, and its tendential
AND
ashes in the gas chambers of Auschwitz or at ground zero at Hiroshima.

Alternative Text: Completely withdraw from capitalism.

Only withdrawal solves- it opens up new space from change and is a prerequisite to political action

Herod, 04 – author of "Getting Free" ("The Strategy Described Abstractly," James Herod, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/06.htm-http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/06.htm)
It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and later concretely,
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who democratically and cooperatively self-determine the shape of their social world.

Tournament: California Invitational | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bay Area Urban Debate League GV | Judge: Steven Sander

1

Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition crushes them

Vattimo 26 Zabala 11 (Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)
The "Bolivarian Revolution" is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism."
AND
and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world."

Continued neolib guarantees Extinction—-tech and reforms fail

Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research 26 Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, "The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith," Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43
In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003
AND
"endless technical adjustments;" thus no further theoretical thought is required."27

2

Text: The United States federal government should gradually lift the embargo on Cuba.

Removing the embargo gradually solves – immediate removal causes instability

Zimmerman 10 – CHELSEA A. ZIMMERMAN, Georgetown Law, ’10, "Rethinking The Cuban Trade Embargo: An Opportune Time To Mend a Broken Policy," http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2010/Zimmerman.pdf-http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2010/Zimmerman.pdf, ACC. 6-13-2013)
Elimination of the trade embargo immediately is not a feasible solution, as such a
AND
pork and fish would result (U.S. International Trade Commission).

Immediately lifting the embargo collapses Cuba which leads to authoritarianism and turns the case

Jaime Suchlicki 2K, (Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director,
Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami. Author of Cuba: From Columbus to Castro, and Mexico: From Montezuma to NAFTA. He is also the editor of Cuban Affairs,a quarterly electronic journal), University of Miami, "The Implications of Lifting the U.S. Embargo and Travel Ban," June 2000, pp. 3-6, http://www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf

The lifting of the embargo and the travel ban without meaningful changes in Cuba will
AND
as illegal immigrants, complicating a rather thorny issue in American domestic politics. 

3

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
AND
cover the entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

Cuban biotech industry is a model worldwide

Scheye, 11 – President, Scheye Group Ltd. Global Advisory Service (Elaine, "CUBAN HEALTHCARE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:  REFORM, A BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW  OR JUST WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED?" Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume21/pdfs/scheye.pdf)
While Cuba’s health care system continues to erode, Cuba’s biotechnology sector remains a bright
AND
modern apartment buildings, bus service to and from their homes, etc. 

Biotechnology solves bioterror

Collins, 6 – Press officer (Terry, "Experts: Expanding biotechnology research in developing countries key to countering bioterrorism," University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, 2/26, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php-http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php)
¶ ¶ Experts at the Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health warn that global
AND
transit riders or airport travelers to be alert to and report suspicious activities.
Extinction
Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

4

Text: Will and I advocate that the Cuban Embargo should be lifted.

Observation 1: It competes – it doesn’t use the USFG

Observation 2: Net Benefit

The Affirmative’s call for state action fails to achieve its desired goals while directly reinforcing state power, increasing the legitimacy of State violence.

Martin 1990,  associate professor at the University of Wollongong, Australia, Brian, Uprooting War
What should be done to help transform the state system in the direction of self
AND
the state rather than appealing for state intervention and thereby reinforcing state power. 

Reliance on state structures for social policy will cause social collapse

Katsiaficas 1997, Professor at SUNY, The subversion of Politics, George
Making ecologically responsible decisions already calls for rethinking the political power of nation-states
AND
rather a necessary form for the survival of the species and all life. 

And, extinction

FALK – 90 ~PROFESSOR @ PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, CONTENDING SOVEREIGNITIES: REDEFINING POLITICAL COMMUNITY, EDS. WALER AND MENDOLVITZ~
Hypotheses about a coming global civilization are often put forward—partly descriptively and partly
AND
fundamental philosophical sense and in its practical relationship to human well-being.
There is thus at the base of or inquiry a powerful set of paradoxical forces at work: even as the territorial state becomes more vulnerable to what takes place beyond sovereign reach, it acquires a capability that generates many varieties of extraterritorial harm as side-effects of "normality." Such a loss of territorial moorings exposes the problem of political organization of international life from the perspective of state sovereignty.

Our advocacy rejects demands upon the United States Federal Government and encourages grassroots adoption of ethical measures. Vote Negative to reject complacency with the state to expose its problems

Walker, professor at the University of Victoria, One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a just World Peace, Ed. RBJ, 1988
I do not claim in this book to give a conclusive insight into the major
AND
because they participate in a more far-reaching reinvention of political life. 

And, it’s key to social change – the government prioritizes flawed ethics

Bookchin, Murray, Left Green Perspectives, Number 38, http://lpg.social-ecology.org/, 1998
Without in any way ignoring the elementary insults that the present society inflicts on the
AND
state and the capitalist system and replace them with a libertarian communist society. 

Pedagogy

Our CP has a better pedagogy towards cuba, we’re not saying something heard a lot before. CX is binding, we’ve effectively won this debate at this point.

HR

Util

A practical deontological approach is utopian – consequential thinking is inevitable.

Spragens, professor of Political science at Duke, 2000 (Thomas, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, 2000, p. 81-2, PDNSS1796)CS
My thesis that all three layers/forms of political association areimportant in a well
AND
hopes for a convergence of opinion on definitiveprinciples of distributive justice are chimerical.

Survival comes first – there is no point in preserving morality if we all die

Nye 86 (Joseph S. 1986; Phd Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; "Nuclear Ethics" pg. 45-46)JFS

Is there any end that could justify a nuclear war that threatens the survival of
AND
of that risk is a justifiable topic of both prudential and moral reasoning. 

Utilitarianism protects rights without rejecting all policies that infringe on rights.

Harvey, J.D., Yale Law School, ‚2002 (Philip, "Human Rights and Economic Policy Discourse: Taking Economic And Social Rights Seriously", Spring 2002, 33 Colum. Human Rights L. Rev. 363, l/n, PDCL1068)CS
Perhaps the clearest illustration of this compromise or balancing principle is the distinction drawn in
AND
should be possible to honor multiple goals in public policy decision-making.

We must choose the lesser evil. Hard and fast rules about what is right must be made to limit further atrocities against civilization

Issac 2 (Prof of political science at Indiana-Bloomington, PhD from Yale Jeffery C., Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, p.)JFS

WHAT WOULD IT mean for the American left right now to take seriously the centrality
AND
hand, the means available, and the likely effectiveness of different strategies.

Combining consequences and rights-based principles is key to effective policy

Machan ’10 – PhD, professor emeritus of philosophy at Auburn University, adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute (Tibor, "A Misguided Distinction-or Not?" A Passion for Liberty, 9/28/10, http://tibormachan.rationalreview.com/tag/deontology/)//SR-http://tibormachan.rationalreview.com/tag/deontology/)//SR

When working out what should guide public institutions and policies in our lives and human
AND
be prepared for surprises. There is no substitute for paying close attention.

Deontological criticisms of consequentialism are wrong-they can both be good or bad

Vuletic ’94 – PhD in Philosophy from the University of Illinois at Chicago (Mark, "Deontological Objections to Consequentialism," The Secular Web, 1994, http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/mark_vuletic/objection_to_consequentialism.html)//SR-http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/mark_vuletic/objection_to_consequentialism.html)//SR

One can imagine a deontologist attacking a consequentialist with the following invective: It is
AND
likely to be trying their utmost to be decent, moral human beings.

No turns – consequentialism is more than pure calculation

Ord 5 (Toby, Thesis Paper for Oxford in Philosophy, http://tinyurl.com/2c5456q)JFS
Consequentialism is often charged with being self-defeating, for if a person attempts
AND
application of consequentialism, perhaps entailing that a consequentialist should eschew calculation altogether.

possibility of extinction requires assessment of all risks despite probability

Yudkowsky 8 (Full-time Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Cofounder Eliezer, January 22^nd 2008, "Circular Altruism")JFS
Overly detailed reassurances can also create false perceptions of safety: "X is not
AND
a futurist, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Glenbrook North ChHo | Judge: Mat Farenbacher, Rohan Sadagopal, Devin Long

1

A) Interpretation and Violation - Substantial is defined as that which grounds and shapes – not numerical minutiae. The primary substance that is the foundation for economic engagement toward Cuba is the embargo. The plan only changes an instance of the embargo by allowing Cuba to export nickel – this is ACCIDENTAL, NOT SUBSTANTIAL. In order to be topical, the plan must alter core embargo policy – not a manifestation of it

Malaguti, 11 (Michael J., practices with the Concord firm of Ransmeier 26 Spellman, "Substantial Confusion: The Use and Misuse of the Word ’Substantial’ in the Legal Profession," August, 52 N.H.B.J. 6, p. l/n)
Aristotle’s definies substance as "that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present
AND
size of the diamond may change without affecting its "diamond-ness."

B) Reasons to Prefer:

Limits – Allowing any other definition is grossly indeterminate and unpredictable. The plan can pick ANY commodity and only lift the embargo for that product. That’s an infinite case list for Cuba alone and crushes predictability.

Ground – marginal changes to manifestations of the embargo NOT the embargo policy itself destroys negative link ground for trade DA’s and CP ground. The Affirmative shifts the uniqueness debate so minor adjustments of the status quo can neutralize our DA scenarios.

2

Text: The United States federal government should

- ban testing of American nuclear weapons

-approve the tax reforms proposed by the bipartisan National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Tax Reform
-Create regional economic development partnerships 
-Create a program similar to the Department of Education’s Race to the Top
-Commit all necessary funding to expand the United States Naval operations in the areas surrounding China.

China war inevitable absent strong navy power projection in the Pacific

Seth Cropsey, Deputy undersecretary of the Navy in the Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations and served as an officer in the Navy Reserve, 2006
~"The Global Trident," Armed Forces Journal, December, http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/12/2307414~~

East Asia, with its huge populations and growing economic strength, is in the
AND
the world that Beijing’s principles are different from those of the modern democracies.

CP solves economic collapse
Figliola 2/9 (2/9/2012, Anthony Figliola is vice president of Empire Government Strategies, seen in San Francisco Chronicles, "Ways to improve U.S. chances in global economy", http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2012/02/08/ED9J1N4E1K.DTL)**
Step two, our leaders should adopt strategies that would help strengthen our national economic
AND

we just have to dust off our boots and get to work.

Nuclear testing causes the 1AC impacts

1AC Johnson 1 (Rebecca, Executive Director – Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, The Guardian, 7-17, Lexis)

Then the international arms control and non- proliferation regimes collapsed. Americans weren’t bothered
AND
and grumbling won’t keep us safe. It is time to speak out.

3

Cheap US stainless steel is key to future cheap, widespread desalination capabilities

ISSF, 10 (International Stainless Steel Forum, subsidiary of the World Steel Organization, the consortium of companies that produces 80 of the world’s stainless steel, compiled by the CEOs of 18 of the largest steel production and research facilities in the world, "Desalination in Stainless Steel: A sustainable solution for the purification of salt water", World Stainless, 2010, http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/issf/non-image-files/PDF/ISSF_Desalination_in_Stainless_Steel.pdf)
Current efforts to make our world more sustainable are increasingly¶ focussed on the lack
AND
Stainless should be utilised wherever corrosion¶ resistance and durability are key requirements.

Higher price in desalination now will cause shift to conservation

Boals 9
(Connor Boals Infographics by Hannah Nester Circle of BlueDrinking From The Sea, http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2009/world/drinking-from-the-sea-demand-for-desalination-plants-increases-worldwide/-http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2009/world/drinking-from-the-sea-demand-for-desalination-plants-increases-worldwide/, June 29)

"The most reliable, most cost effective and most environmentally friendly source of water
AND
charge accordingly, and people will use less water and waste less water."

Conservation is key to solve water wars- desal just delays the inevitable

Bouguerra 8 
(Environmental and economic challenges of water desalination Mohamed Larbi BOUGUERRA-http://base.d-p-h.info/fr/corpus_auteur/fiche-auteur-839.html 02 / 2008 http://base.d-p-h.info/fr/fiches/dph/fiche-dph-7355.html-http://base.d-p-h.info/fr/fiches/dph/fiche-dph-7355.html, Author’s lecture during the roundtable on « Natural resources and security » during the seminar on « Natural resources » organized on the 18th of January 2008 by the French Embassy in Amman and the Institut Français du Proche-Orient.) 

For some analysts, water desalination may appear as a technological fix to the water
AND
may not exceed 10 ppb on average over a year in a reservoir.

Water wars will go nuclear

Weiner 90 (Jonathan, Visiting Professor of Molecular Biology at Princeton University, "The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping Fate of Our Living Earth," p214)
If we do not destroy ourselves with the A-bomb and the H-
AND
of the 60,000 nuclear warheads the world has stockpiled since Trinity.

4

Cuba violates human rights – shun them

Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. "On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions." Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2)

A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the same piece of land, ethics provides a basis for resolving the conflict by identifying "mine" and "thine." If in anger 1 want to smash your face, ethics indicates that your face’s being unsmashed is a legitimate interest of yours which takes precedence over my own interest in expressing my rage. Thus ethics identifies the rights of individuals when their interests conflict.
But how can a case for shunning be made on this view of morality?
AND
, on what grounds might it be a duty to impose such sanctions’?
We find the answer when we note that there is another "level" of
AND
rights of others with one’s actions but also to support that moral order.
Consider that the moral order itself contributes significantly to people’s rights being respected. It
AND
. Certain types of behavior constitute a direct attack on the moral order.
When the violation of human rights is flagrant, willful, and persistent, the offender is, as it were, thumbing her nose at the moral order, publicly rejecting it as binding her behavior. Clearly such behavior, if tolerated by society, will weaken and perhaps eventually undermine altogether the moral order. Let us look briefly at those three conditions which turn immoral behavior into an attack on the moral order.
An immoral action is flagrant if it is "extremely or deliberately conspicuous; notorious
AND
reaffirms the legitimacy of that moral order. How does shunning do this?
First, by refusing publicly to have to do with such a person one announces support for the moral order and backs up the announcement with action. This action reinforces the commitment to the moral order both of the shunner and of the other members of the community. (Secretary of State Shultz in effect made this argument in his caB for international sanctions on Libya in the early days of 1986.). .
Further, shunning may have a moral effect on the shunned person, even if the direct impact is not adequate to change the immoral behavior. If the shunned person thinks of herself as part of the moral community, shunning may well make clear to her that she is, in fact, removing herself from that community by the behavior in question. Thus shunning may achieve by moral suasion what cannot be achieved by "force."
Finally, shunning may be a form of punishment, of moral sanction, whose appropriateness depends not on whether it will change the person’s behavior, but on whether he deserves the punishment for violating the moral order.
Punishment than can be viewed as a way of maintaining the moral order, of "purifying the community" after it has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it.

Alloys

Squo solves – research makes domestic tetraenites commercially viable

Phys, 12 – Citing several experts ("Team to develop supermagnets using materials that mimic iron-nickel found in meteorites," 12 December 2013, http://phys.org/news/2012-12-team-supermagnets-materials-mimic-iron-nickel.html)//HO**
Joseph Goldstein, an engineering professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, is part
AND
The UMass Amherst share of the grant is approximately 24300,000.
Researchers are looking for a way to realign the crystalline structure of inexpensive iron and nickel, metals found abundantly on Earth into a new structure, FeNi known as tetrataenite, which has the super-magnetic properties they seek. Right now, tetrataenite is only found in meteorites.
The effort to recreate the iron-nickel mineral from outer space is driven by
AND
cost. So we need to create these strong magnets in another way."
That’s where the focus on meteorites and the tetrataenite comes in. Goldstein, a world-renowned expert on meteorites, has been studying tetrataenite for decades. "At UMass, our particular task is to look at the meteorites," Goldstein says. "We’re trying to learn composition ranges, get some ideas about how the mineral formed, and do some structure measurements on them at the nano-scale."

Their uniqueness evidence is only a snapshot of one instance in Indonesia—hold them to a threshold of having evidence specific to nickel alloys in Cuba

There are only two nickel mills in Cuba and they already work jointly with Canada—that was Reuters—there is no reason why lifting the embargo would affect the US steel industry or US-Cuba steel trade—even if it does, China is not the only country competing over steel

Low nickel prices low and will continue to follow this trend—prefer evidence that indicts their studies

Fitzgerald 9/19 (Daniel, reporter at the American Metal Market, AMM, "Stainless demand outlook uncertain", http://www.amm.com/Article/3257159/Stainless-demand-outlook-uncertain.html?Print=true-http://www.amm.com/Article/3257159/Stainless-demand-outlook-uncertain.html?Print=true, candle)
NEW YORK—Stainless steel market participants remain wary about the demand outlook as the
AND
for a number of economic reasons and has got potential down the road." 

Next generation of F-35’s already obsolete – postdates their ev

Johnson 12 (Robert is a senior correspondent at Business Insider, Global Post, "Next generation US stealth fighters potentially obsolete", 12/18/12, www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/business/political-risk/121218/US-military-stealth-fighters-jet-pilotscandle)
The stealth technology of America’s fifth generation jet fighters the F-22 and the
AND
point of the troubled F-35 project will become an expensive waste.

1. Air power fails
   Arkin, 02 (William, Senior Military Adviser, Human Rights Watch, NPR, July 24)
   Mr. ARKIN: Well, I think it’s really fruitless at this point to
   AND
   used, over four and a half thousand of them, in Afghanistan.
   So I think that really focusing on whether weapons do or do not work is
   AND
   don’t have the adequate intelligence information in order to implement our own strategies.

2. Turn – Casualty Aversion

A. Airpower creates a mentality of casualty aversion that limits the use of ground forces but increases over all interventions because they are perceived as low-cost—this destroys U.S. credibility
Lacquement, 04 (Lt. Col. Richard, Naval War College Review, Winter)
Evocations of the casualty-aversion assertion by national leaders can, as we have
AND
the United States and its allies may require escalation to achieve success.50

B. The perception of casualty aversion causes war and terrorism

Rercord, 02 (Jeffrey, teaches strategy at the Air war College, Parameters, June 22)
The strategic consequences of elite casualty phobia as well as itsimplications for the military ethic
AND
This convinced us that the Americans are a paper tiger." (35)

No extinction impact to bioweapons

Britt ’1
Robert Roy Britt, Senior Space Writer/Space.com. "Survival of the Elitist: Bioterrorism May Spur Space Colonies". October 30 2001. http://www.space4peace.org/articles/moving.htm
Many scientists argue that there is no need to worry about the mortality of civilization
AND
be much more concerned about an asteroid hitting the planet," Croddy said.

Obama won’t deploy space weapons – he just proposed a code of conduct

Reuters 12 ("Challenges loom as Obama seeks space weapons ban" http://uk.reuters.com/article/burningIssues/idUKTRE50O15X20090125?sp=true)

President Barack Obama’s pledge to seek a worldwide ban on weapons in space marks a
AND
flowing from them, and what steps are needed to protect spacecraft against attack

Steel

Manufacturing impact empirically denied- decade of failure
Hudak, 12 — Brookings Governance Studies fellow
(John, "Providence for Manufacturing: The Cicilline Plan," 8-14-12, www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/8/1420manufacturing20hudak/0814_manufacturing20hudak.pdf)

The Problem: A Decade of Manufacturing Losses
Between 2001 and 2010, net job creation in the United States was abysmal.
AND
in 2001 and 2003, manufacturing was singularly responsible for net job losses.

The US economy is resilient – financial crisis proves

Bowman, 08 (Michael, VOA news. "Bush Economic Advisor: US Economy Remains Resilient" http://voanews.com/english/2008-10-19-voa24.cfm)
President Bush’s top economic advisor says the United States is showing remarkable resiliency during a
AND
first step in what he hopes will be loosening credit in the country.
China has no reason to attack Taiwan
Allison 26 Blackwill 13 — *director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and Douglas Dillon Professor at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government AND Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (Graham and Robert, 1/28/2013, "Beijing Still Prefers Diplomacy Over Force," http://www.cfr.org/china/beijing-still-prefers-diplomacy-over-force/p29892)
As China has become a leading export market for its neighbours, it expects them
AND
sparks military conflict over the Senkakus, which would serve no one’s interests.

Chinese steel production key to its growth
Haley, ’9 – George T., PhD, Professor 26 Director, Center for International Industry Competitiveness, College of Business, University of New Haven, "Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing: China’s Industrial Policy and its Impact on U.S. Companies, Workers and the American Economy," March 24, 2009, http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/09_03_24_wrts/09_03_24_haley_statement.php
What impact has China’s support of its pillar industries had on U.S.
AND
. based capacity and shifted production and employment overseas to remain price competitive. 

Stalled Chinese growth causes CCP lashout

Shirk, ’7. director of the University of California system-wide Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation and Ho Miu Lam professor of China and Pacific Relations at IR/PS and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs (Susan, Fragile China, pg 3).
As China’s leaders well know, the greatest political risk lying ahead of them is
AND
because from their point of view not lashing out might endanger Party rule."

China economic collapse causes WW3- hotspot for escalation

Plate, 03 - Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society (Tom Plate, "Why Not Invade China" Asia Pacific Media Networks, 6/30, http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm)//JS
But imagine a China disintegrating — on its own, without neo-con or
AND
con insanity is more of a danger to the Bush presidency than China.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa City TS | Judge: Emily Bosch

1

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

2

New sanctions won’t pass but PC is key to prevent a bill

Lake 12/12 – (Eli, "Senate’s Iran Sanctions Deal Falls Apart," Daily Beast, 12/12/13, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/12/senate-s-iran-sanctions-deal-falls-apart.html)
Democrats bow to requests from President Obama to delay additional sanctions while the White House
AND
still off limits, including designated Iranian banks and businesses," Cohen said.

Plan’s massively controversial —- GOP hates it – saps Obamas PC

Hanson 10 (Stephanie, Associate Editor and Coordinating Editor – CFR, "U.S.-Cuba Relations", Council on Foreign Relations Report, 1-11, http://www.cfr.org/publication/11113/uscuba_relations.html)

Ending the economic embargo against Cuba would require congressional approval. Opinions in Congress are
AND
, but experts think it’s unlikely that these measures will pass (MiamiHerald).

New sanctions cause Iran war

WORLD TRIBUNE 11 – 13 – 13 ~Obama said to suspend Iran sanctions without informing Congress, http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/-http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/~~
The administration has also pressured Congress to suspend plans for new sanctions legislation against Iran
AND
for right now is a pause, a temporary pause, in sanctions."

Iran war escalates

White, July/August 2011 (Jeffrey—defense fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, What Would War With Iran Look Like, National Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982-http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982)
A U.S.-Iranian war would probably not be fought by the United
AND
beyond, complicating both U.S. military operations and coalition diplomacy.

3

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
AND
cover the entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

Cuban biotech industry is a model worldwide

Scheye, 11 – President, Scheye Group Ltd. Global Advisory Service (Elaine, "CUBAN HEALTHCARE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:  REFORM, A BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW  OR JUST WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED?" Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume21/pdfs/scheye.pdf)
While Cuba’s health care system continues to erode, Cuba’s biotechnology sector remains a bright
AND
modern apartment buildings, bus service to and from their homes, etc. 

Biotechnology solves bioterror

Collins, 6 – Press officer (Terry, "Experts: Expanding biotechnology research in developing countries key to countering bioterrorism," University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, 2/26, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php-http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php)
¶ ¶ Experts at the Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health warn that global
AND
transit riders or airport travelers to be alert to and report suspicious activities.

4

Text – The United States National Security Agency should cease spying on multilateral partner countries. The United States federal government should establish a policy forbidding the removal of its military personnel from Asia in the event of Cuban instability.

We have a lot of forces in Asia now, but even more in the US that could easily take care of any Cuban instability. CP solves.
Dufuor 7 (Jules, Writer at Global Research, "The Worldwide Network of US Military Bases", 7/1/13, http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-worldwide-network-of-us-military-bases/5564)//WL
III. The Global Deployment of US Military Personnel
There are 6000 military bases and/ or military warehouses located in the U.S. (See Wikipedia, February 2007).
Total Military Personnel is of the order of  1,4 million of which 1,168,195 are in the U.S and US overseas territories.
Taking figures from the same source, there are 325,000 US military personnel in foreign countries:
800 in Africa,
97,000 in Asia (excluding the Middle East and Central Asia),
40,258 in South Korea,
40,045 in Japan,
491 at the Diego Garcia Base in the Indian Ocean,
100 in the Philippines, 196 in Singapore,
113 in Thailand,
200 in Australia,
and 16,601 Afloat.

CP solves multilateralism better in multiple regions -

Eliminating NSA spying on allies is vital to restore US credibility for multilateral alliances.

Zelizer, 10/28 (Julian, Professor of History and Public Affairs @ Princeton University, "NSA scandal highlights Obama’s unfulfilled promise," http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/28/opinion/zelizer-obama-nsa-world/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/28/opinion/zelizer-obama-nsa-world/)
The scandal over allegations about NSA surveillance overseas, including monitoring of the cell phone
AND
he, as a candidate, understood to be so devastating in 2008.

Transition

Diaz-Canel solves the aff – he’s a pragmatic reformer and creates space to lift the embargo in 2018

Dallas Morning News, 13 - editorial ("Editorial: U.S. should reconsider embargo when Castros’ reign ends", 2/28/13, http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/20130228-editorial-u.s.-should-reconsider-embargo-when-castros-reign-ends.ece)//TL-http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/20130228-editorial-u.s.-should-reconsider-embargo-when-castros-reign-ends.ece)//TL

For years, the accepted view was that the end of the Castro regime in Cuba would be volatile, perhaps even explosive.
But on Sunday, Raul Castro, younger brother to Fidel and current leader of the country, announced plans to cede power. The news was remarkable simply for being so unremarkable. No parades in Miami or demonstrations in Havana. No violence. Just an announcement: In 2018, Raul would turn over the reins of power.
Oh, and everyone after Castro would face term limits. Go figure.
After maintaining a stranglehold on Cuba for almost 60 years, the longest-running dictatorship in the world will cease to exist. It isn’t happening at the point of a bayonet or from a popular uprising, but rather because of time. When Raul steps down, Fidel will be approaching 92 and Raul 87.
The man the Castros have chosen as successor is newly appointed Vice President Miguel Diaz-Canel. Diaz-Canel is seen as an effective manager and a steady though unspectacular mover in Cuba’s Communist Party. A career communist. Because of that, the speculation is that not much change will occur.
But remember, the same was said of Mikhail Gorbachev when he took control of the Soviet Union.
In a country defined by The Revolution, the impact of having a leader who is from the post-Revolution generation cannot be overstated. Diaz-Canel’s generation, which has grown up in the lean times of the embargo era, is more pragmatic and open to change.
If the plan goes as scripted (past "successors," after all, simply disappeared from the political scene after being anointed), this could also be a great opportunity for the United States. The U.S.-led embargo of Cuba, which was started the same year that Diaz-Canel was born, 1960, and tightened in 1962 by then-President John F. Kennedy, has been devastating. Cuban diplomats claim it has cost their country 241 trillion since 1962.
It has also been a black eye internationally for the U.S. In 2010, a Cuba-backed resolution asking for an end to the embargo passed the United Nations, 185-2.
Once new leadership is in place, the U.S. should reconsider its position on the embargo.

Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/18 cuba feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)ID 

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as opposed to an Eastern European-style
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policy paralysis or a smoke-screen for maintenance of the status quo.

Rapid change risks Cuban civil war – turns the aff

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/18 cuba feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)ID
Some in the United States have long supported severe sanctions  intended to starve the Cuban
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to quell a bloody civil  war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.
China has no reason to attack Taiwan
Allison 26 Blackwill 13 — *director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and Douglas Dillon Professor at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government AND Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (Graham and Robert, 1/28/2013, "Beijing Still Prefers Diplomacy Over Force," http://www.cfr.org/china/beijing-still-prefers-diplomacy-over-force/p29892)
As China has become a leading export market for its neighbours, it expects them
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sparks military conflict over the Senkakus, which would serve no one’s interests.

Cuban economy resilient- survives and evolves

Feinberg 12 - Professor of International Political Economy (Richard E. Brookings Institution, "The New Cuban  Economy What Roles for Foreign  Investment?", December 2012, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/12/cuba20economy20feinberg/cuba20economy20feinberg209.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/12/cuba economy feinberg/cuba economy feinberg 9.pdf)EK

Tough and resilient, the Cuban economy survives and evolves—and is today opening
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in the race toward higher earned incomes  and more lucrative integration into global markets 

No LNG terror- Prefer out evidence – their ev is just media hype.

Melhelm ’6
El at, PHD Professor of Structural Engineering, Melhem, Dr. A. S. Kalelkar, Dr. S. Saraf "Managing LNG Risks: Separating the Facts from the Myths" updated 2006, http://archives1.iomosaic.com/whitepapers/Managing20LNG20Risks.pdf
Some parts of the US media have managed to dramatize key issues surrounding LNG transportation
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There is a lot of debate surrounding the potential for an LNG explosion.

Multilat

The world is moving to pluralism, not multipolarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership because most challengers are regional
Etzioni, 13 - served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard University and The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University (Amitai, "The Devolution of American Power" 37 Fletcher F. World Aff. 13, lexis)

The theory that the world is moving from a unipolar order, dominated by the
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- to multipolarity takes place. This is one of the principle strengths of
Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers.  Moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable
Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, "Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony" Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)

Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the
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an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.

Unilateralism and heg solve war – best, most recent evidence proves
Brooks et al 13 ~Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File~

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
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case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war)

Multilateralism fails – organizations fail and exclusion of countries is inevitable – the US is not key

Gallagher 10 – leading Australian consultant on trade and public policy (Peter, "Plurilateralism… get used to it," 12/20/10, http://www.petergallagher.com.au/index.php/site/article/plurilateralism...-get-used-to-it)//AY-http://www.petergallagher.com.au/index.php/site/article/plurilateralism...-get-used-to-it)//AY

Those Orga¬ni¬za¬tions will go on. So will mul¬ti¬lat¬er¬al¬ism. This week is only another
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to deal with the man¬age¬ment of global com¬mons. Guar¬an¬teed to be messy.

India-Pakistan war won’t happen—nuclear deterrence solves

Malik, 03 (Mohan, The Stability Of Nuclear Deterrence In South Asia, Asian Affairs, Fall, KONTOPOULOS)
The presence of nuclear weapons certainly makes states exceedingly cautious, notable examples are China
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, ensunng pe*sornel reliability and secure transport of sensitwe items.27

War in the Middle East will never escalate to all-out war – conflicts remain relatively localized

Cook, Takeyh, and Maloney, 07 (Douglas Dillon Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Ray, Senior Fellow For Middle Eastern Studies at the CFR,  Suzanne, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Brookings Institution, June 28, , online: http://www.cfr.org/publication/13702/why_the_iraq_war_wont_engulf_the_mideast.html, accessed December 25, 2007)
Yet, the Saudis, Iranians, Jordanians, Syrians, and others are very
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its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West CH | Judge: Brad Meloche

1

Our interpretation is that the Affirmative must take a topical course of action through the United States federal government.

1. "Resolved" means debate should be a legislative forum

Army Officer School ’4
(5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
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resolved:"¶ Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. The United States is the country composed of the 50 states

Encarta ’7
~The Encarta Online Dictionary. "United States" 2007 encarta.msn.com~
U•nit•ed States ~ y? n?t?d stáyts-http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/Pronounce.aspx?search=United+States ~ country in central North America, consisting of 50 states. Languages: English. Currency: dollar. Capital: Washington, D.C.. Population: 290,342,550 (2001). Area: 9,629,047 sq km (3,717,796 sq mi.) Official name United States of America

3. The federal government is the government in Washington DC – not its individual members

AHD ’2
~The American Heritage Dictionary. 2002, Pg 647~ 
Of or relating to the central government of a federation as distinct from the governments of its member units.

4. "Should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means

Ericson ’3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
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compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

And, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

2

Their role of the ballot is "To vote for the team that best performatively and methodologically challenges the dominant normative structures of raism, sexism, heteronormativity, and class within debate"-They intentionally leave out rejection of anthropocentrism-The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
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Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics

Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
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of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Evaluate impact solvency based on who solves the root cause—proximate causes are useless and only replicate their harms

Shaw and Wong, 89 - *Ph.D., Health Economist and Program at Adviser of the Human Development Group at the World Bank AND HSBC Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Business at the University of British Columbia (*R. Paul AND Yuwa, 1989, Genetic Seeds of Warfare: evolution, nationalism and patriotism, Google Books, p. 11-12)
So far, we have synthesized many studies indicating that intergroup warfare is a frequent
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proximate causes which emerged in humanity’s early history to reinforce propensities for warfare.

Alternative Text: Reject the Aff’s anthropocentric standpoint.

Our RoB is to vote for the team that best performatively and methodologically challenges the dominant normative structures of racism, sexism, heteronormativity, class, and anthropocentrism within debate-only way to solve

Huggan and Tiffin, 10
(Graham, chair of commonwealth and postcolonial literatures at Leeds and Helen, Adjunct professor of post-colonial and animal studies at University of New England, Australia, Postcolonial ecocriticism: literature, animals, environment, pg. 11-16
As Lawrence Rucll has aptly remarked, ’criticism worthy of its name arises from commitments
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world; and, in so doing, to help make them obsolete.

3

The affirmative engages in homonationalism—moralizing rhetoric about the homophobia of brown people.  This results in American excepetonalism,  epitomized by the affirmative.  This is why they can start with radical queers and end with the heritage foundation.  The impact is constant liberal is perpetual intervention and ignorance of the West’s own implication in heteronormativity.

Puar 13 ~Jasbir, Professor of women’s and gender studies at Rutgers University, Rethinking Homonationalism, Int. J. Middle East Stud. 45 (2013)~
In my 2007 monograph Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (here- after
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does not cohere only through 9/11 as a solitary temporal moment.

These interventions culminate in extinction
Foster 2003 (John Bellamy, Monthly Review, July/August, "The new age of imperialism")
This new age of U.S. imperialism will generate its own contradictions,
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prove to be its own-we hope not the world’s-undoing.

Our alternative is to embrace a counter methodology of assemblages – only by becoming decoupled from current static intersections can identity become fluid and allow for becoming.

Puar 12 ~Jasbir, Professor of women’s and gender studies at Rutgers University, "I would rather be a cyborg than a goddess": Becoming-Intersectional in Assemblage Theory, philoSOPHIA, 2(1), 49-66.
Chicago, Project Muse~ Awirth
"Assemblage" is actually an awkward translation of the French term agencement. The
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eluding certain simplistic conceptions concerning class struggle. (Guattari 2009, 26)

Case

Not lifting the embargo allows systemic genocide and violation of human rights – means economic engagement is good

UNGA 12
(United Nations General Assembly, "Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed by the United States of America against Cuba", July, 2012, http://www.cubavsbloqueo.cu/informebloqueo2012/Idiomas/120620-informe20bloqueo20201220Ingles.pdf-http://www.cubavsbloqueo.cu/informebloqueo2012/Idiomas/1206 -informe bloqueo 2012 Ingles.pdf, Accessed July 19, 2013, JD)

The policy of blockade against Cuba persists and has been intensified despite the attempts of
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to put an end to this unfair, illegal and ¶ inhuman policy. 

They don’t meet their 3 tiered methodology because they don’t provide any personal experience from Cuba.

There shouldn’t be cookie cutter standards – debate is about persuasion and who is able to do the best debating – even if we don’t use all types of evidence we are still persuading.

Tournament: Dowling | Round: 5 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley PH | Judge: Chris Birzer

1

A. Interpretation - Engagement is the attempt to influence the political behavior of a state by increasing contacts with that state – economic engagement means using exclusively economic contacts like trade, loans and grants
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, "Defining Engagement" v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I propose that we define engagement as the attempt to influence the political behavior of a target state through the comprehensive establishment and enhancement of contacts with that state across multiple issue-areas (i.e. diplomatic, military, economic, cultural). The following is a brief list of the specific forms that such contacts might include:
DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS
Extension of diplomatic recognition; normalization of diplomatic relations
Promotion of target-state membership in international institutions and regimes
Summit meetings and other visits by the head of state and other senior government officials of sender state to target state and vice-versa
MILITARY CONTACTS
Visits of senior military officials of the sender state to the target state and vice-versa
Arms transfers
Military aid and cooperation
Military exchange and training programs
Confidence and security-building measures
Intelligence sharing
ECONOMIC CONTACTS
Trade agreements and promotion
Foreign economic and humanitarian aid in the form of loans and/or grants
CULTURAL CONTACTS
Cultural treaties
Inauguration of travel and tourism links
Sport, artistic and academic exchanges(n25)
Engagement is an iterated process in which the sender and target state develop a relationship
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hope that this will precipitate political change from below within the target state.
This definition implies that three necessary conditions must hold for engagement to constitute an effective
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, and the near-total collapse of its national economy.(n28)
Third, the target state must perceive the engager and the international order it represents as a potential source of the material or prestige resources it desires. This means that autarkic, revolutionary and unlimited regimes which eschew the norms and institutions of the prevailing order, such as Stalin’s Soviet Union or Hitler’s Germany, will not be seduced by the potential benefits of engagement.
This reformulated conceptualization avoids the pitfalls of prevailing scholarly conceptions of engagement. It considers the policy as a set of means rather than ends, does not delimit the types of states that can either engage or be engaged, explicitly encompasses contacts in multiple issue-areas, allows for the existence of multiple objectives in any given instance of engagement and, as will be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

B. Violation – the affirmative uses non-economic instruments 

C. Voting issue – 

1. limits – they explode the topic – blurring the lines between economic and other forms of engagement makes any positive interaction with another country topical.  It’s impossible to predict or prepare

2. negative ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans

2

Interpretation- the affirmative must state what nanotechnology they use 

Specifying is key – multifaceted nature of nanotechnology uniquely overstretches the negative research burden and destroys depth
Ramsden 09 – Professor of Nanotechnology Microsystems, Chair of Nanotechnology and Director of Research for Bionanotechnology at Cranfield University (Jeremy, "Nanotechnology," http://www.ebookbyte.com/admin/upload/Electrical20Engineering/Nano20Technology20(www.eBookByte.com).pdf)//VP
One should not underestimate the multidisciplinary nature of nanotechnology. This forces researchers to adopt
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, in many cases they will doubtless be rapidly developed into useful products.

Defining nanotechnology is a prerequisite to solvency- means they cant solve, vote neg on presumption

Plan text is key – we can only see if the plan affirms the resolution if we know what the plan does. It is impossible to disprove them meeting the resolution without a coherent plan

3

CP Text: The United States federal government should propose to the International Atomic Energy Agency that international nanofactories be built as specified by the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology. The International Atomic Energy Agency should build these nanofactories and require mutual inspection of all nations’ nanofactories and nanotechnology. The United States federal government should not create any nanotechnology without first consulting the International Atomic Energy Agency.

CP solves all of the inevitability claims, BUT the plan destroys the CP. Competition and US hegemonic pursuit of dominance assures a Nano-Race and turns the entire aff
Vandermolen, 06 – BS, Louisiana Tech University; MA, Naval War College (Thomas D., Maritime Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. He was previously assigned as a student at the Naval War College, Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj06/fal06/vandermolen.html)//VP-http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj06/fal06/vandermolen.html)//VP

Two strategic approaches have relevance to international regulation of MNT: a hegemonic regulation imposed on the rest of the world by the United States, or
a cooperative regulation overseen and enforced by an international organization.
In either case, regulation will succeed—if it does—only by removing
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technologies is more important now than in previous times of scientific development."41

Unilateral nanotech like the plan causes and arms race and insures extinction – only CP can solve- every reason why nanotech is bad is a net benefit
Treder And Phoenix, 08 – Executive Director of CRN, BS Biology, University of Washington, Research Fellow with the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, a consultant to the Millennium Project of the American Council for the United Nations University AND CRN’s Director of Research, has studied nanotechnology for more than 15 years. BS, Symbolic Systems, MS, Computer Science, Stanford University (Mike and Chris. Center For Responsible Nanotechnology, "The Need for International Control" http://www.crnano.org/int_control.htm-http://www.crnano.org/int_control.htm)//VP
Overview:  International administration appears to be necessary for several reasons. Some of the risks of molecular nanotechnology (MNT) are potentially global in scope. At least one of the sources of risk, the possibility of a nanotech arms race, is explicitly international. Even well-intentioned and well-policed nations cannot always prevent internal terrorism, and companies with strong financial incentive do not always design secure products. Each additional MNT program increases the risk that unrestricted molecular manufacturing will fall into the wrong hands. For all these reasons, it seems best to have a single, trustworthy, international administration imposing tight controls on the technology. However, unless the technology is made widely available for a wide variety of applications and purposes, there will be strong incentive for independent MNT programs. Any successful administration program must satisfy many competing interests. Nanotech problems and nanotech solutions are international. Both nanotech problems and nanotech solutions are international. If MNT goes wrong, some of its problems may be global in scope. Grey goo and military nanobots will not respect national borders. Economic collapse of any large nation will shake all the rest. Likewise, MNT risk prevention must also be global. Programs and policies for reducing poverty must be international. Administration to detect and prevent rogue MNT programs must have global jurisdiction. An accretion of national programs may be able to mitigate some problems and risks, but cannot address all of them. International policies, and international bodies, must be designed and created before molecular manufacturing arrives. Nanotech arms races can only be prevented internationally. Conflict between nations killed millions in the last century. MNT-based conflict could be even worse. Nations attack when they feel threatened by others, or to satisfy internal political pressures including desperate domestic conditions. As discussed on our Dangers page, molecular manufacturing can easily lead to an unstable arms race—a very threatening situation. Even nations that are ostensibly allies may be uneasy about each other’s ultimate intentions, and there are many combinations of powerful nations that maintain at best an uneasy truce. Unless nations can find some basis for trusting that MNT won’t be used against them in unexpected ways, they will have no choice but to develop defensive, and probably offensive, nanotechnology. International MNT arms control, with strict and trustworthy verification, appears to be the best alternative. Internal politics may drive a nation to war even when this is not a wise course. A nation that is starving may go to war out of desperation, or a single war-minded leader can drag a nation into a pattern of conflict and conquest. MNT can help with one of these problems—the technology can be deployed far faster than humans reproduce, and can alleviate material shortages for at least a few generations. Bad leaders cannot be prevented by technology, but again, the best way of dealing with such situations appears to be an international institution that protects each nation from each other. It will require careful design to implement a system that nations can trust enough not to engage in ultimately suicidal arms races on a national level. But without such a system, arms races and eventual conflict are far too likely. Preventing rogue nanotech requires international effort and cooperation. Unrestricted molecular manufacturing is far too risky, but useful restrictions will require international cooperation. With millions of criminals and thousands of terrorists in the world, immense damage could be done to people and to society. Hackers, even without intending harm, could create a self-replicating device that could do billions of dollars of damage—as software worms and viruses have done. Unfortunately, creating and maintaining useful restrictions is a huge job. Companies with strong incentive to protect their intellectual property have failed. The DVD standard, eBook format, audio watermarking, WAP, and at least one cell phone encryption system have been cracked. A multiplicity of security systems only multiplies the chance that one of them will be broken, removing all restrictions on the technology. The safest course appears to be a single security infrastructure, designed and implemented with a maximum of scrutiny from military, commercial, and private experts, applied to all nanotechnology that could be used to create unrestricted molecular manufacturing systems. A lot would be riding on this system: international arms control, commercial intellectual property control, and the continued ability to innovate without creating unacceptable risk. In the broader picture, independent or rogue nanotechnology programs would have to be discovered and prevented. This requires a body with global jurisdiction, perhaps analogous to the International Atomic Energy Agency. 

Case

No impact – too far in the future and can’t predict risks

Litton, 7
~Paul, Associate Professor of Law at University of Missouri, PhD (2003), University of Pennsylvania JD (1999), University of Pennsylvania Law School ’ "Nanoethics"? What’s New?’, The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Jan. - Feb., 2007), pp. 22-25~
If the most radical futuristic visions prove possible, and if we allowed them to
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be drastically transformed if virtually any good could be produced without labor.13
However, we should not spend resources developing the ethics for a Drexlerian world.
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very few of the scientists foresaw the technology’s actual or positive ramifications.15
Predicting nanotechnology’s long-term future is impossible because it requires foreseeing how it will
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anyway, there are serious problems now and on a more probable horizon. 

Their ev is science fiction

Risen, Asst Editor – The New Republic, ’6
(Clay, www.tnr.com/docprint.mhtml?i=w06011626s=risen011606-http://www.tnr.com/docprint.mhtml?i=w06011626s=risen011606)
Instead, among many people who have heard of nanotech, the term is still
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. For Drexler, the nanotech era was to be an overnight success.

Returning of space samples from foreign planets results in the spread of deadly diseases

Gagnon, 99—Coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons 26 Nuclear Power in Space ~Bruce, "Space Exploration and Exploitation", http://www.space4peace.org/articles/scandm.htm-http://www.space4peace.org/articles/scandm.htm, AL~

Potential dangers do exist though. Barry DiGregorio, author and founder of the International
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DiGregorio warns that the Mars samples could "contain pathogenic viruses or bacteria." 

The impact is extinction

Yu, 9—undergraduate researcher at Dartmouth University ~5/22, Victoria, "Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate", Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate~~

A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed
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could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10). 

Going to space results in asteroid-slinging terrorists that destroy the world

Clifford E. Singer, professor of nuclear engineering and director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Spring 2001, Swords and Ploughshares, http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/homepage_docs/pubs_docs/S26P_docs/S26P_XIII/Singer.htm

However the technology to build isolated extraterrestrial settlements naturally brings along with it another potentially
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would such a possibility effectively be ruled out, primarily by physical considerations.

Colonization requires millions of launches

Globus, 11—Ruth Globus, PhD with NASA, 4-29-2011, "Space Settlement Basics," NASA, http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/Basics/wwwwh.html-http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/Basics/wwwwh.html

Transportation. This is the key to any space endeavor. Present launch costs are
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build electronic catapults on the Moon to launch bulk materials to waiting settlements.

The impact is the catalytic destruction of the ozone layer

Smith and Daniel, 99—(Tyrrel W. Smith, Jr., Ph.D. TRW Space 26 Electronics Group and John R. Edwards Daniel Pilson Environmental Management Branch "Summary of the Impact of Launch Vehicle Exhaust and Deorbiting Space and Meteorite Debris on Stratospheric Ozone" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA414306-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA414306, Donnie)

Rocket launches can affect the atmosphere both in an immediate, episodic manner, and
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and reactive radicals can temporarily change the normal chemistry along the vehicle path. 

Extinction

Smith and Daniel, 99—(Tyrrel W. Smith, Jr., Ph.D. TRW Space 26 Electronics Group and John R. Edwards Daniel Pilson Environmental Management Branch "Summary of the Impact of Launch Vehicle Exhaust and Deorbiting Space and Meteorite Debris on Stratospheric Ozone" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA414306-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U226doc=GetTRDoc.pdf26AD=ADA414306, Donnie)

The ozone layer is critical to life on Earth because it absorbs biologically damaging solar
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aquatic ecosystems also may occur (Martin ~1998~, WMO ~1998~). 

The convergence of hyper-competition and hyper-power status make conflict increasingly likely

Capie 11—Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington, New
AND
Security, Volume 23, Issue 2, Taylor and Francis, AL~

The book’s thesis is that there are two systemic drivers of contemporary security and insecurity
AND
on globalization and peace and conflict to form a compelling and provocative account. 

Nanotechnology is not inevitable

Jones, 02 – senior associate at Foresight Nanotech Institute (Tanya, "Foresight Update 49" Foresight Institute, http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update49/Update49.2.html)//VP
Neil Jacobstein spoke on combating anti-technology memes in the fresh light of his
AND
, anti-technology memes might be countered or diffused in reasoned debate.

We have no obligation to ’potential’ people—our sole ethical consideration should deal with what affects actual lives

Heyd, 92 (David Heyd, Professor of Philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ph.D. from Oxford University, Genethics: Moral Issues in the Creation of People, University of California Press, 1992, p.92, Google Books)

On the basis of the general distinction between actual and potential people, we can
AND
or future. This is the gerierocentric (or parentocentric) thesis.13

1.All previous human spaceflight is insignificant – long term colonization is still infeasible.

Launius 10 – (2010, Roger, PhD, Curator, Planetary Exploration Programs, National Air and Space Museum, expert on Aerospace history, fellow and board member of the American Astronautical Society, "Can we colonize the solar system? Human biology and survival in the extreme space environment," Endeavour Volume 34, Issue 3, September 2010, Pages 122-129, science direct, DH) 

Although microbial life might survive the extreme conditions of space, for Homo sapien sapiens
AND
hibernation during the extremes of spaceflight, as did the Streptococcus mitis bacteria.
Resolving these issues has proven difficult but not insurmountable for such basic spaceflight activities as
AND
– provide serious challenges for humans engaged in space colonization (Figure 4). 

1) extinction
Snyder, 10 – Stanford University School of Medicine Professor (Michael, "Mind Control? Scientists Have Discovered How To Use Nanoparticles To Remotely Control Behavior21", July 12, Inteldaily; http://inteldaily.com/2010/07/mind-control-scientists-have-discovered-how-to-use-nanoparticles-to-remotely-control-behavior/)//VP
Are we moving into a time when the extraordinary advances that have been made in
AND
behavior. Think of what just one terrorist could do with such technology. 

2) Grey goo = extinction
Keiper 3 ~Adam Keiper, managing editor of The New Atlantis, "The Nanotechnology Revolution" The New Atlantis July 1 2003cc~
The health and environmental threats posed by mainstream nanotech are far less frightening than the
AND
single replicating assembler of the wrong kind be loosed on an unprepared world.

3) Nanotechnology would facilitate bio-terrorism – weapons would be easier to conceal
CRN, 08 – non-profit research and advocacy think tank concerned with the major societal and environmental implications of advanced nanotechnology and a modern, networked, virtual organization — with no "brick and mortar" — a collection of more than 100 volunteers, over 1000 interested followers, and a small team of primary coordinators with no direct affiliation to any government, business, or academic organization ("Dangers of Molecular Manufacturing", Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 2008, http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm~~23terrorists)//EX-http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm

Criminals and terrorists with stronger, more powerful, and much more compact devices could
AND
them would almost certainly be intrusive enough to violate current human rights standards.

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBS LP | Judge: Tim Brzny
1

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.
2

New Iran sanctions won’t pass only because of Obama’s continuing PC

Benen 1-30 – MSNBC contributor and producer of the Rachel Maddow show (Steve, "Support for Iran-sanctions bill fades", January 30 of 2014, http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/support-iran-sanctions-bill-fades)
It was just a few weeks ago that the bipartisan bill on new Iranian sanctions
AND
calls on this increased recently, with progressive activists urging Democrats to wait.

cubalink

New sanctions cause Iran war

WORLD TRIBUNE 11 – 13 – 13 ~Obama said to suspend Iran sanctions without informing Congress, http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/-http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/~~
The administration has also pressured Congress to suspend plans for new sanctions legislation against Iran
AND
for right now is a pause, a temporary pause, in sanctions."

Iran war escalates

White, July/August 2011 (Jeffrey—defense fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, What Would War With Iran Look Like, National Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982-http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982)
A U.S.-Iranian war would probably not be fought by the United
AND
beyond, complicating both U.S. military operations and coalition diplomacy.
3

A. Discourses of danger reproduces an American identity – that posits the US as a the defender of global freedom and liberty

Campbell, 98- Professor of International Politics University of Newcastle (David, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity) 

The crisis of representation the United States faces is unique only in the particularities of
AND
the idea that foreign policy/Foreign Policy is constitutive of political identity.

B. That makes extinction inevitable

Willson, 02- Ph.D New College San Fransisco, Humanities, JD, American University (Brian, "Armageddon or Quantum Leap? U.S. Imperialism and?Human Consciousness from?an Evolutionary Perspective", http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html-http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html)

Awaiting the impending U.S. government’s concocted "preventive" war against Iraq
AND
everything that contributes to their support" (General John Sullivan, 1779).
In a prominent history book published in 1906 (The History of the United States
AND
cyclical, indicate that we are dangerously near the end of our evolutionary branch

C. Alternative text – reject the affs security representations

4

The plan causes economic overheating

Robert David Cruz 03 (current qualifications: PhD., Chief economist for Miami-Dade County) "Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Castro Cuba: Problems, Opportunities and Recommendations," University of Miami, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, Pg. 20, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/RDCruz.pdf
The appropriate U.S. role during an economic transition is not to promote
AND
infrastructure in ways that promote economic development that is spread across the island.

That causes democratic backsliding and regional prolif

Schulz 00 (Donald Schulz, Chairman of the Political Science Department at Cleveland State University, March 2000, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub31.pdf)
A second major interest is the promotion of democracy. At first glance, this
AND
heightened politico-military rivalry between different blocs or coalitions in the hemisphere.

Latin American prolif spills over

Beamont and Rubinsky 12 (Paul D. Beamont and Thomas Rubinsky, International Law and Policy Institute, "An Introduction to the Issue of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean," December, http://nwp.ilpi.org/?p=1851)
As the world continues to grapple with the issues of non-proliferation and disarmament
AND
efforts aimed at reaching the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.

Prolif causes extinction – escalation

Kroenig 12 – Matthew Kroenig is an Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow on the Council on Foreign Relations, May 26^th, 2012, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?" http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30
What’s Wrong with Proliferation Optimism?
The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major flaws
AND
war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.
transition

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
AND
cover the entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

. Most zoonotic diseases can’t kill fast enough to cause mass death. It is impossible for zoonotic diseases to cause extinction because they need hosts to survive

Sedon and Homes, 06 (Michael and Edward, Writer and PhD Professor of Biology at Penn State, "Emerging viruses: Past, present, and future," 11/6/06, http://www.rps.psu.edu/unplugged/fall06/holmes.html)
Without the costly protease inhibitor drugs that have given many with HIV a longer life
AND
not generated a transmittable path from person-to-person after infection."

2. Unlike other disease, zoonotics have been contained – if not eliminated – due to the restrictions placed on animal trade, vaccines, and quarantines

Torres, 99 (Alfonso, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D., Deputy Administrator, USDA, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, "International Economic Considerations Concerning Agricultural Diseases and Human Health Costs of Zoonotic Diseases," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894:80-82)
Animal diseases can negatively affect the number and availability of animals, their productivity,
AND
the relatively few human diseases successfully eradicated from large areas of the world.

1. Empirically denied – diseases have been around forever and haven’t caused extinction. Plus, genetic diversity ensures that some humans will always survive.

2. No disease can kill us all – it would have to be everything at once

Gladwell, 95 (Malcolm, The New Republic, 7/17/95 and 7/24/95, "The Plague Year", Lexis)

What would a real Andromeda Strain look like? It would be highly infectious like
AND
, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.

3. Multiple alternate causalities to disease

Brower, 03 (Jennifer, science/technology policy analyst, and Peter Chalk, political scientist, Summer 2003, Rand Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, "Vectors Without Borders,"  http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html-http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html)
This year’s outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Beijing, Hong
AND
increase the likelihood that people will come into contact with potentially fatal diseases.

4. Intervention checks – if 50 of the population started dying, people would take precautions to prevent future outbreaks.

5. Medicine solves — old diseases would never rise again to kill us all — penicillin is awesome — it solves the botanic plague, hydration solves Ebola, and small pox has pretty much been  eradicated.

6. Most diseases are dumb — they can’t kill us all the only disease close to this is HIV but if people started releasing this or it actually became a pandemic people would probably start figuring out how to treat it.

Ag 

Cuban sustainable urban agriculture is a global model that’s spurring worldwide adoption

Ergas, 13 – graduate student in sociology at the University of Oregon (Christina, Monthly Review, March, "Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty" http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty-http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty

The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world
AND
as they have been developed in opposition to a corporate global food regime.
In Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Cuba, Sinan Koont indicates that most of the global
AND
policies threatened the national food security of countries in several interrelated ways.2
First, economically vulnerable countries are subject to the vagaries of the international marketplace,
AND
, Indonesia, Mexico, and Bangladesh, just to name a few.
People worldwide have been affected by these policies and have fought back. Some nations
AND
policies that promote oligopolistic corporate control over agriculture and to promote food sovereignty.
In conjunction with these movements, Cuba has made remarkable strides toward establishing a system of food sovereignty. One of their most notable projects in this regard is their institutionalized and organized effort to expand agroecological practices, or a system of agriculture that is based on ecological principles and environmental concerns. Cuba has largely transformed food production in order to pursue a more sustainable path. These practices are not limited to the countryside.
Cuba is the recognized leader of urban agriculture.5 As Koont highlights, the
AND
percent of agriculture in Cuba. Almost all of urban agriculture is organic.
Cuba’s environmental protections and agricultural innovations have gained considerable recognition. The 2006 Sustainability Index
AND
book to take a comprehensive look at this practice around the entire island.
Koont indicates that the significance of urban agriculture in Cuba is that although Cuba is
AND
, Koont documents the impressive transformations that have taken place within this nation.
While Cuba imports the majority of its calories and protein, urban agriculture has increased
AND
is the most practical and efficient means to supply the population with food.
These transformations did not suddenly materialize. Koont provides a useful overview of the historical
AND
national consumption. Most of the Cuban diet came from imported food.11
When the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s, Cubans and their economy suffered
AND
ecological cycles of interdependence that large-scale, exploitative agriculture destroyed.13
In spite of these hardships, Cuban society was equipped to contend with the ensuing
AND
made the agroecological transition possible during the economic crisis in the early 1990s.
Koont examines how the early agroecological projects, prior to the Special Period, served
AND
system of urban agriculture, and a more sustainable form of food production.
The pursuit of food sovereignty has yielded many benefits. Urban agriculture has increased food
AND
new jobs that subsumed 7 percent of the workforce and provided good wages.
Urban agriculture and reforestation projects also constituted important gains for the environment. Shifting food
AND
and are responsible for each other through the production and consumption of food.
Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Cuba is a detailed documentation of the agroecological transformation in Cuba
AND
production, increased employment, environmental recovery and protection, and community building.
However, the majority of the book reads like a dry technical manual or guide
AND
of the challenges that Cubans still face in their quest for food sovereignty.
Despite these shortcomings, Koont provides a much-needed detailed account of the strides
AND
and is worth investigating not just for their innovations, but for inspiration.

Lifting sanctions means agribusiness has a free hand to destroy Cuba’s ag model – maintaining sanctions are vital to resisting ag neoliberalism

Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, "WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC 26 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development" 14 Transnat’l L. 26 Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)

The greatest challenge to Cuba’s unique agricultural experiment is the eventual renewal of trade relations
AND
the Special Period in ways that diverged radically from the prevailing neoliberal model.
One of the most significant decisions that Cuba will face after the lifting of the
AND
normalize relations with external creditors and to obtain badly needed infusions of capital.
Debt relief, however, will come at a very high price. Cuba,
AND
, like Argentina, would become a major cultivator of genetically modified crops.
Based on the track record of the neoliberal model in the developing world, it
AND
political and economic interests) by shutting Cuba out of lucrative EU markets.
The neoliberal model would also jeopardize food security at the household level by fueling rural
AND
farms), and transfer-based entitlements (state subsidies and food aid).
Neoliberal economic reforms may also jeopardize Cuba’s experiment in sustainable agriculture. Export production tends
AND
pest and other beneficial insects) and by producing ecosystem-wide disturbances.
In short, Cuba’s adoption of neoliberal economic reforms threatens to recreate colonial and post
AND
. The prospects for food security and ecological sustainability under neoliberalism are grim.
D. Summary and Conclusion: The Symbolic Significance of Cuba
The saga of Cuban agriculture illustrates the ways in which developing countries are structurally disadvantaged
AND
domestic food production, and promote organic and semi-organic farming techniques.
Cuba is symbolically important because it demonstrates that there is an alternative to the dominant
AND
and ecological sustainability, and to explore alternative strategies for sustainable rural development.

Economic engagement wrecks Cuban biodiversity

Dean, 7-Science Editor for the NYT (Cornelia, "Conserving Cuba, After the Embargo", New York Times, 12/25/07, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/science/25cuba.html?pagewanted=all)//TL  
Through accidents of geography and history, Cuba is a priceless ecological resource. That
AND
massive growth in mass tourism when the U.S. embargo lifts."

Environmental degradation results in extinction

Birch, 12 - PhD, Emeritus Professor @  University of Sydney, Professor of Zoology, Professor of Biology, won the Templeton Prize in 1990, (Charles, "As Humans Send Earth Toward Extinction, " Feb. 29, http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/ecology/extinct.htm)//ahayes

Unlike Alston Chase, Charles Birch is a noted biologist and scientist. Birch argues
AND
also fail to adapt to a rapidly changing Earth and become extinct too.

Alt Causes – cosmic rays

Spencer, 11 Dr. Roy Spencer, principal research scientist for University of Alabama in Huntsville. In the past, he has served as Senior Scientist for Climate Studies at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where here he directed research into the development and application of satellite passive microwave remote sensing techniques for measuring global temperature, water vapor, and precipitation.  He currently is the U.S. Science Team Leader for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.  Dr. Spencer is the recipient of NASA’s Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement and the American Meteorological Society’s Special Award for his satellite-based temperature monitoring work. He is the author of numerous scientific articles that have appeared in Science, Nature, Journal of Climate, Monthly Weather Review, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Remote Sensing Reviews, Advances in Space Research, and Climatic Change.  "Indirect Solar Forcing of Climate by Galactic Cosmic Rays: An Observational Estimate," http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=950-http://www.marshall.org/article.php?id=950 Accessed 6/20/12 BJM  Note: GCR = galactic cosmic ray
SUMMARY What the above three plots show is that for a 1,000 count
AND
have a profound impact on future projections of human-caused global warming. 

Err neg – aff authors overestimate warming and underestimate adaptation

Goklany 11 - a science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior (Indur M., "Misled on Climate Change: How the UN IPCC (and others) Exaggerate the Impacts of Global Warming" December 2011, http://goklany.org/library/Reason20CC20and20Development202011.pdf-http://goklany.org/library/Reason CC and Development 2011.pdf, PZ)
A third approach would be to fix the root cause of why developing countries are
AND
while cellular phone users went from 0 per 100 to 33 per 100.

Empirical trends disprove warming impacts

Goklany 11 - a science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior (Indur M., "Misled on Climate Change: How the UN IPCC (and others) Exaggerate the Impacts of Global Warming" December 2011, http://goklany.org/library/Reason20CC20and20Development202011.pdf-http://goklany.org/library/Reason CC and Development 2011.pdf, PZ)
Discussion and Conclusions Despite claims that GW will reduce human well-being in poor
AND
been, overall, a very significant benefit to people in poor countries.

Studies and models flow neg – we’re good for at least 200 years

Kalmanovitch 9  Geophysicist for 35 years, featured on page 48 in the 2009 U.S. Senate Report of More Than 700 Dissenting Scientists. ( Norm, "What if we project current cooling trend into the future?" Climate Depot, 5/28/09 http://climatedepot.com/a/962/Scientist-There-is-no-possible-global-warming-threat-for-at-least-next-193-years—Predicts-possible-COOLING-http://climatedepot.com/a/962/Scientist-There-is-no-possible-global-warming-threat-for-at-least-next-193-years~-~-Predicts-possible-COOLING)
May 28, 2009 By Norm Kalmanovitch The CO2 molecule is linear and symmetrical and
AND
global economies based on nothing more than speculative rhetoric from mindless climate alarmists.

Yes War

This argument is patently false—we answer a majority of your warrants

Snyder 12—Professor of History at Yale University ~January/February, Timothy, "War No More: Why the World Has Become More Peaceful", Foreign Affairs, 91. 1, AL~

In his vivid descriptions of the distant and recent past, Pinker draws from a
AND
and much to do with a worldview that happens to be his own. 

Even if they win the world is getting better—war is still increasingly possible—multiple reasons

Ferguson 8—Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University, William
AND
, AL~

So The War of the World, singular, is an attempt to explain why
AND
killing fields conceivably of Palestine, of Lebanon, of the Persian Gulf.

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 3 | Opponent: GBN CT | Judge: Nick Locke

1

A) Interpretation and Violation - Substantial is defined as that which grounds and shapes – not numerical minutiae. The primary substance that is the foundation for economic engagement toward Cuba is the embargo. The plan only changes an instance of the embargo by allowing Cuba to export nickel – this is ACCIDENTAL, NOT SUBSTANTIAL. In order to be topical, the plan must alter core embargo policy – not a manifestation of it

Malaguti, 11 (Michael J., practices with the Concord firm of Ransmeier 26 Spellman, "Substantial Confusion: The Use and Misuse of the Word ’Substantial’ in the Legal Profession," August, 52 N.H.B.J. 6, p. l/n)
Aristotle’s definies substance as "that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present
AND
size of the diamond may change without affecting its "diamond-ness."

B) Reasons to Prefer:

Limits – Allowing any other definition is grossly indeterminate and unpredictable. The plan can pick ANY commodity and only lift the embargo for that product. That’s an infinite case list for Cuba alone and crushes predictability.

Ground – marginal changes to manifestations of the embargo NOT the embargo policy itself destroys negative link ground for trade DA’s and CP ground. The Affirmative shifts the uniqueness debate so minor adjustments of the status quo can neutralize our DA scenarios.

2

New Iran sanctions won’t pass only because of continuing PC

Benen 1-30 – MSNBC contributor and producer of the Rachel Maddow show (Steve, "Support for Iran-sanctions bill fades", January 30 of 2014, http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/support-iran-sanctions-bill-fades)
It was just a few weeks ago that the bipartisan bill on new Iranian sanctions
AND
calls on this increased recently, with progressive activists urging Democrats to wait.

Plan’s massively controversial —- GOP hates it – saps Obamas PC

Hanson 10 (Stephanie, Associate Editor and Coordinating Editor – CFR, "U.S.-Cuba Relations", Council on Foreign Relations Report, 1-11, http://www.cfr.org/publication/11113/uscuba_relations.html)

Ending the economic embargo against Cuba would require congressional approval. Opinions in Congress are
AND
, but experts think it’s unlikely that these measures will pass (MiamiHerald).

New sanctions cause Iran war

WORLD TRIBUNE 11 – 13 – 13 ~Obama said to suspend Iran sanctions without informing Congress, http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/-http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/~~
The administration has also pressured Congress to suspend plans for new sanctions legislation against Iran
AND
for right now is a pause, a temporary pause, in sanctions."

Iran war escalates

White, July/August 2011 (Jeffrey—defense fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, What Would War With Iran Look Like, National Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982-http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982)
A U.S.-Iranian war would probably not be fought by the United
AND
beyond, complicating both U.S. military operations and coalition diplomacy.

3

A. Discourses of danger reproduces an American identity – that posits the US as a the defender of global freedom and liberty
Campbell, 98- Professor of International Politics University of Newcastle (David, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity) 

The crisis of representation the United States faces is unique only in the particularities of
AND
the idea that foreign policy/Foreign Policy is constitutive of political identity.

B. That makes extinction inevitable
Willson, 02- Ph.D New College San Fransisco, Humanities, JD, American University (Brian, "Armageddon or Quantum Leap? U.S. Imperialism and?Human Consciousness from?an Evolutionary Perspective", http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html-http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html)

Awaiting the impending U.S. government’s concocted "preventive" war against Iraq
AND
everything that contributes to their support" (General John Sullivan, 1779).
In a prominent history book published in 1906 (The History of the United States
AND
cyclical, indicate that we are dangerously near the end of our evolutionary branch

C. Alternative – reject the affirmative to desecuritize the Political

Steel

Collapse inevitable – peak oil, food and structural instabilities make growth unsustainable. Collapse now causes a shift to localized economies. Further growth causes catastrophic failure

Korowicz 11 – (5/14/11, David, physicist and human systems ecologist, the director of The Risk/Resilience Network in Ireland, a board member of FEASTA (The Foundation for the Economics of Sustainability), "In the world, at the limits to growth,"http://www.feasta.org/2011/05/14/in-the-world-at-the-limits-to-growth/-http://www.feasta.org/2011/05/14/in-the-world-at-the-limits-to-growth/)
Yet our feet of clay are that our economy and civilisation exist only by virtue of resource flows from our environment. The only laws in economics are the laws of physics, everything else is contingent, supposition or vanity. An economy, growing in size and complexity, is firstly a thermodynamic system requiring increasing energy flows to grow and avoid decay. Waste, be it greenhouse gasses or landfill is also a natural outcome of such a thermodynamic process.
News from Elsewhere
It’s been part of the background noise for over half a century, warnings about
AND
crazy despots have always demanded our attention, at least while on TV.
Yes we can21 Yes we can21 - chanted the posse of teenagers following Al Gore through a pavilion in Poznan, Poland for the annual gathering of climate policy acronyms.
When not distracted by the ever-present, we’ve responded to these warnings with
AND
and environmental sink demands keep increasing, ecological indicators decline and inequality rises.
The reality is that we are locked into an economy adapted to growth, and
AND
to greater poverty, and pose even greater risks to the banking system.
It is an oxymoron to say we can do something unsustainable forever. How would
AND
age, confirming the earth centric universe against Galileo and Copernicus before him.
What the Galileos of today are saying is that we are at or near the
AND
fall, and our visions will fall further and further from our grasp.
They are saying that global food production is hitting an array of ecological constraints, while population growth and changing diets are driving up demand. They note that current food production is massively subsidised through fossil fuel inputs, and that as those inputs become less available, and people become poorer due to economic contraction, food productivity and access will be undermined.
In totality, we are at the edge of an evolving systemic crisis. Peak oil and food constraints are likely to undermine the stability of our integrated globalised economy. The core pillars of that economy: critical infrastructure, production flows, economies of scale, the financial and monetary system, behavioural adaptation, resource access and energy flows-are likely to begin forcing contagious failure.
The driving force of this failure is likely to be the fastest and most unstable process-the impact of energy and food constrained economic growth, and an already vulnerable monetary and financial system dependent upon continuing growth.
Tightening binds
Whatever of Ireland’s economic woes, the real debt bubble is global. The debt relative to GDP is far greater now in the US, UK, and much of Europe, than it ever was leading up to the great depression. Like many countries we responded to our debt bubble with more debt, we just shifted it onto the sovereign or the printing press.
The indebted world, even without oil and food price rises is straining at the limits of debt servicing and credibility. Yet it is demanding even more credit, while its ability to service the debt is being undermined by debt deflation, austerity, rising job losses, and defaults. The bank lenders of that money can only lose so much before they are too are insolvent.
Rising food and energy prices are driving the deflationary forces even harder. And if central banks misinterpret the cause of food and oil price rises, and raise interest rates, the deflationary pressures risk becoming cyclonic. The cost of essentials and debt servicing rise, while income declines. Discretionary spending will collapse, job losses and defaults rise, income will declines further. This re-enforcing spiral of decline will increase, and spread to more and more countries.
The fear of contagion from peripheral Eurozone defaults are not merely that they could topple
AND
they are shown to have values far below what is required for solvency.
What everybody wants and needs is a sudden and explosive increase in the production of real goods and services (GDP) to make their continual debt requirements serviceable. But that,even were it remotely possible, would require a big increase in oil flows through the global economy, just as global oil production has peaked and begins its decline. It cannot happen. This means that the global financial system is essentially insolvent now.
The only choice is default or inflation on a global scale. It mean banks
AND
on fiat money, fractional reserve banking, and interest can only collapse.
High oil and food prices are essentially probing the limits of the stability of the globalised economy. They will probe until there is a major collapse in global economic production. At which point our energy prices may fall, but our real income and purchasing power will fall faster.
And markets will discover this truth quicker than monetary authorities and governments. Its expression will be in deeper and deeper economic stresses and major systemic banking collapses. Official responses will become more and more impotent, as their fundamental economic and policy tools no longer work, and their patina of control becomes hollow. If and when banking system contagion spreads to supply-chain contagion we may face existential challenges.
Even were we to have the perfect monetary and financial system, without debt and
AND
for various reasons, and monetary instability would still destabilise supply-chains.
Facing Ourselves 26 Facing Our Future
We are at the beginning of a process in which our world-views crash against a fundamentally unstable financial system and ecological constraints. A time where we will learn that what was, will never return; and what was expected, can never be. We are facing a time of loss and uncertainty. A time of bank-runs, lost savings and pensions, of mass unemployment, electricity and mobile phone black-outs, of hunger and empty super-market shelves.
A localised economy will no longer be something environmentalists aspire to develop; rather it will be forced upon us as bank failures, monetary uncertainty, and lost purchasing power sever links in the web of the global economy. But we no longer have indigenous economies to fall back upon.
The gap between expectations and what can be realised is historically a major source of popular anger, and can ignite a cycle of fear, blame, violence, scape-goating, and authoritarian leadership from either left or right. It can give the avaricious the power and cover to appropriate wealth that might better be used for collective welfare.
Yet who gave us the right to our expectations? They were built on the
AND
the delusion that we are the displaced God who transcended our own ecology.
Yes, we can and will build a largely local economy out of the ruins of a collapsed globalised one. It will be a much poorer one and one where we will have lost much of what we take for granted. It can also provide a good life, where our basic needs are met, where meaningful lives can be lived, and a rich texture of experience found.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Growth makes eco-collapse inevitable

Speth, law prof, 8—Served as President Jimmy Carter’s White House environmental
AND
, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability, Gigapedia, 6-9)

But the much larger and more threatening impacts stem from the economic activity of those
AND
modern capitalism, in each case seeking to identify the transformative changes needed. 

Extinction

Chen 2k—Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis)
Ellipses in original 

Conscious decisions to allow the extinction of a species or the destruction of an entire
AND
Homo sapiens — in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million. 348

Africa means China gets nickel inevitably

Butts and Bankus, 9 – *Professor and Director of the National Security Issues Group at the Center of Strategic Leadership, U.S. Army War College. A former U.S. Defense Attaché in Africa member of the National Security Issues Group, United States Army War College. Mr. Bankus has worked in Eritrea and Benin and was previously Director of Joint Training and Exercises, United States Army Peacekeeping Institute, and has been widely published on peacekeeping, homeland security and homeland defense topics. (Kent and Brent, "China’s Pursuit of Africa’s Natural Resources," Army War College, 2009, http://www.csl.army.mil/usacsl/publications/CCS1_09_ChinasPursuitofAfricasNaturalResources.pdf)//SMS
The bulk of the world’s conventional oil reserves are located in the politically unstable Middle
AND
example of how minerals access is linked to development in China’s Africa strategy.

2. Resource abundance not shortage causes conflict

Dupont, 08 – Michael Hintze Professor of International Security and Director of the Centre for International Security Studies @ U of Sydney (Alan, June 2008, Survival, Vol. 50, Iss. 3, "The Strategic Implications of Climate Change", p. 43)
Many of these projections are highly speculative or simply misleading, betraying the authors’ lack
AND
would lead either to reconsider their long-standing aversion to nuclear weapons.

2. China will never attack the Russian Far East–it would be diplomatic and military suicide

Menon, 03 (Rajan, Monroe J. Rathbone Professor of International Relations at Lehigh University, The National Interest, Fall)
By contrast, China’s military, which was quite recently a giant horde of foot
AND
geography, demography, power and time may create in Russia’s Far East.

1. Empirically denied – diseases have been around forever and haven’t caused extinction. Plus, genetic diversity ensures that some humans will always survive.

2. No disease can kill us all – it would have to be everything at once

Gladwell, 95 (Malcolm, The New Republic, 7/17/95 and 7/24/95, "The Plague Year", Lexis)

What would a real Andromeda Strain look like? It would be highly infectious like
AND
, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.

4. Intervention checks – if 50 of the population started dying, people would take precautions to prevent future outbreaks.

1. War is impossible – Chinese democratization will facilitate cooperation

Friedberg, 05 (Aaron L. Friedberg, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University. International Security, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Fall 2005) http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/is3002_pp007-045_friedberg.pdf)
Liberal optimists believe that, although it is still far from finished, the process  
AND
as war among the members of  the European Union appears to be today.

CO2 is not anthropogenic – their evidence is based on a misinterpretation

Marohasy, 09 (Jennifer, senior fellow at the Australian think tank the Institute of Public Affairs, PhD in biology from the University of Queensland. Cites research from  Robert H. Essenhigh,  Department of Mechanical Engineering at Ohio State University, "Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere 5-15 Years Only" 4-17-09.  http://jennifermarohasy.com/blog/2009/04/carbon-dioxide-in-atmosphere-5-15-years-only/)
If carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels only stayed in the atmosphere a few years
AND
-accepted, rider that CO2 emissions from combustion should therefore be curbed.  
However, the actual data in the text of the IPCC Report separately states a
AND
The economic and political significance of that conclusion will be self-evident.

Political will is the main barrier to space colonization

BBC News, 07 ("Will we ever send humans to Mars?" 10-5-07. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7021303.stm)

A manned mission to Mars would probably use a so-called split-mission
AND
Hovland.  "But then, I’m not the person paying for it."

Alloys

1. Air power fails

Arkin, 02 (William, Senior Military Adviser, Human Rights Watch, NPR, July 24)
Mr. ARKIN: Well, I think it’s really fruitless at this point to
AND
used, over four and a half thousand of them, in Afghanistan.
So I think that really focusing on whether weapons do or do not work is
AND
don’t have the adequate intelligence information in order to implement our own strategies.

2. Turn – Casualty Aversion

A. Airpower creates a mentality of casualty aversion that limits the use of ground forces but increases over all interventions because they are perceived as low-cost—this destroys U.S. credibility

Lacquement, 04 (Lt. Col. Richard, Naval War College Review, Winter)
Evocations of the casualty-aversion assertion by national leaders can, as we have
AND
the United States and its allies may require escalation to achieve success.50

B. The perception of casualty aversion causes war and terrorism

Rercord, 02 (Jeffrey, teaches strategy at the Air war College, Parameters, June 22)
The strategic consequences of elite casualty phobia as well as itsimplications for the military ethic
AND
This convinced us that the Americans are a paper tiger." (35)

2. No Korean war

Kang 26 Cha, 03 – *associate professor of Business at Dartmouth, AND associate professor of government Georgetown’s school of Foreign Service (May/June 2003, David C. Kang, Victor D. Cha, Foreign Policy, "Think Again: The Korea Crisis," http://www.ituassu.com.br/asia_fp1.pdf-http://www.ituassu.com.br/asia_fp1.pdf, JMP)
"The DMZ Is the Scariest Place in the World" Yes, if looks
AND
that is home to wild birds and a trove of other rare species.

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 6 | Opponent: Northside JS | Judge: um

Relations

Their sequencing argument is backwards —- only security first creates a sustainable partnership

Schaefer 13 (Agnes Bereben, Senior Political Scientist – RAND Corporation, Professor – Pardee RAND Graduate School, Ph.D. in Political Science – Syracuse University, M.A. in Political Science – Florida International University, B.A. in International Relations / Environmental Studies – Florida International University, "If U.S.-Mexico Get Security Right, Other Good Policy Will Follow", RAND Corporation, 5-29, http://www.rand.org/blog/2013/05/if-us-mexico-get-security-right-other-good-policy.html, Deech)
During their joint news conference, Obama and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto touted their
AND
, they may find themselves with far more opportunities for broader cooperation tomorrow.

They are resilient – no way that not giving them renewables would cause a relations collapse

Relations growing now and spilling over

Wood 2013- Director, Mexico Institute, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Duncan, "SECURITY COOPERATION IN MEXICO: EXAMINING THE NEXT STEPS IN THE U.S.-
MEXICO SECURITY RELATIONSHIP", U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, June 18, 2013, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/senate_testimony_security_cooperation.pdf-http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/senate_testimony_security_cooperation.pdf )SQR
Lastly, I have been asked to comment on the recent visit by President Obama
AND
energy scheduled for October, have the potential to further revitalize the relationship.

Massive Latin American energy integration now

Bailey 13 (Jed, Managing Partner – Energy Narrative, Contributor – CNN, "Shale and Beyond: The Next Phase of Latin American Energy Integration", World Politics Review, 3-5, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12761/shale-and-beyond-the-next-phase-of-latin-american-energy-integration, Deech)
The past two decades have brought dramatic swings in the pace and extent of Latin
AND
of the past two decades can offer insights on the likely path ahead.

No skills, no motivation, small impact and infrastructure is resilient

Weimann ’6 
Gabriel Weimann, Professor of Communications at Haifa University and former Senior Fellow at the United States Institute of Peace, Terror on the Internet, 2006, pg. 165
Neither al Qaeda nor any other terrorist organization appears to have tried to stage a
AND
part because they have to deal with failure on a routine basis." 40

Warming

Immense Renewable investment in Latin America now

Saxon 13 (Claire, "CLEAN ENERGY INVESTMENT BOOMING IN LATIN AMERICA, LED BY MEXICO", The Climate Group, 5-2, http://www.theclimategroup.org/what-we-do/news-and-blogs/clean-energy-investment-booming-in-latin-america-led-by-mexico/, Deech)

LONDON: Clean energy investment is booming in Latin America with a huge US24
AND
moved beyond Brazil, with other countries now seeing amazing growth and potential."

The plan doesn’t address consumption and produces – means they can’t solve and turns case

Byrne et al 9 - Professor of Energy 26 Climate Policy at the University of Delaware (John, "Relocating Energy in the Social Commons: Ideas for a Sustainable Energy Utility," Sage, April 2009, http://bst.sagepub.com/content/29/2/81.full.pdf+html ) JG
The threat of global warming has propelled renewable energy from policy Siberia to policy priority
AND
endless, but low- to no- carbon emitting, economic growth.

Renewables don’t offset fossil fuels – boomerang effect ensures it just drives up consumption

Zehner 12 – visiting Scholar at UC Berkeley (Ozzie, "Solar Cells and Wind Turbines Don’t Offset Fossil Fuel Use, According to New Book, Green Illusions," Wall Street Journal, June 12 2012, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/solar-cells-and-wind-turbines-dont-offset-fossil-fuel-use-according-to-new-book-green-illusions-2012-06-12 ) JG

Renewable energy technologies do not offset fossil fuel use in the United States according to
AND
wind turbines, and advanced biofuels are all just ways of throwing harder."

No modeling in China – it’s structurally impossible

Downs 8
Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic 26 Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx
China suffers from a disconnect between the increasingly prominent position of energy issues on its
AND
bend other actors, notably firms and local governments, to its will.

. No Arctic conflict by any nation, specifically Russia – claims of conflict are exaggerated – cooperation now
Fries, 2012 – Tom, Senior Fellow at the Arctic Institute, MBA from Georgetown University, ’Perspective Correction: How We Misinterpret Arctic Conflict’, http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/2012/04/perspective-correction-how-we.html-http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/2012/04/perspective-correction-how-we.html
War and conflict sell papers — the prospect of war, current wars, remembrance
AND
is a welcome relief - a site where international collaboration is comparatively amicable.

2. International agreements checks war and escalation.

Kraska 11 – US Navy Commander Chair of Operational Law and member of the International Law Department (Commander James, "Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change" 2011; http://books.google.com/books?id=b-U1To97zqsC26printsec=frontcover~~23v=onepage26q26f=false)//AB
Still, armed conflict in the Arctic is improbable. The National Intelligence Council,
AND
in the Arctic have "nothing to do with reality," Putin stressed. 

No war even if expansion occurs

Hoffman, 12 – Contributing editor to Foreign Policy and the author of The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy, which won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction (David E., "Het, Big Spender", Foreign Policy, 10/22, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/22/hey_big_spender?page=full)VP
Today, one-third of U.S. strategic forces, including almost
AND
is open to the world in a way the Soviet Union never was.

Inherency

Their aff is the status quo – relations are high and renewable assistance is increasing rapidly – voting neg solves the aff

Jacobson 6/18 – Assistant Secretary Of State For Western Hemisphere Affairs (Roberta S, "State’s Jacobson at Senate Hearing on U.S.-Mexico Partnership," 6/18/13, U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Before Foreign Relations Committee Western Hemisphere Subcommittee, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/06/20130618276661.html~~23axzz2XAL8c3nZ)//SJF

When President Obama met with President Peña Nieto in Mexico on May 2, the
AND
, but are profoundly relevant to our daily lives and to our future.
ECONOMIC AND ENERGY ENGAGEMENT
The United States and Mexico share one of the world’s most vibrant and mutually beneficial
AND
investment in the American economy, currently nearly 2427.9 billion.
It is difficult to overstate the importance of our trade relationship with Mexico. In
AND
includes countries from one of the fastest-growing regions in the world.
To increase competitiveness, foster economic growth and innovation, and explore ways to partner for global leadership, Presidents Obama and Peña Nieto announced on May 2 the establishment of a High-Level Economic Dialogue (HLED). We plan to hold the first meeting later this year. We will organize the dialogue around three broad themes: promoting competitiveness and connectivity; fostering economic growth, productivity, and innovation; and partnering for regional and global leadership.
The HLED will increase cooperation in sectors that connect our economies, including transportation, telecommunications, and energy, and promote greater two-way investment. The dialogue will stimulate entrepreneurship and innovation, encourage the development of human capital, and examine regional and international initiatives, including our engagement on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the G20.
Given the massive flow of goods and people across our shared border, modernizing border
AND
of legitimate commerce and travel, and strengthen law enforcement along the border.
Our energy relationship with Mexico is a critical component of North American energy security. In 2012, Mexico was our second largest supplier of imported crude oil, the largest export market for U.S. refined petroleum products, and a growing market for U.S. natural gas exports. President Peña Nieto has made energy reform a priority, and if it is successful, Mexico could attract international investment and expertise to reverse the decline in its oil production.
We have negotiated and signed the U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement.
AND
look forward to working with the Senators to move this important legislation forward.
In Mexico, the Peña Nieto administration is pursuing a broad reform agenda with a
AND
to reshape our neighbor’s economic landscape and expand our economic engagement with Mexico.
SECURITY COOPERATION
Since the Merida Initiative was announced in 2007, we have based our cooperation with
AND
money laundering, and demand for drugs on both sides of the border.
Our Merida partnership is organized around four pillars:
• Disrupting the capacity of organized criminal groups;
• Institutionalizing reforms to sustain rule of law and respect for human rights;
• Creating a 21st century border; and
• Building strong and resilient communities.
We are strengthening institutions, especially police, justice, and civil society organizations; expanding our border focus beyond interdiction of contraband to include facilitation of legitimate trade and travel; and building strong communities resistant to the influence of organized crime.
Since the inception of the Merida Initiative, the U.S. government has
AND
goals in Mexico. The U.S. contribution is vitally important.
U.S.-Mexico bilateral engagement has been transformed over the last 10 years
AND
our partnership can move forward to the benefit of both Americans and Mexicans.
PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE TIES
The people-to-people ties that bind Mexico to the United States are
AND
families, neighbors, and friends, and contribute to our mutual understanding.
During President Obama’s visit to Mexico, we announced new initiatives to use people-
AND
in both countries, just as Mexico begins to implement its education reforms.
President Obama also spoke in Mexico of his administration’s vision for comprehensive immigration reform that
AND
migrants who seek to transit Mexico on their way to the United States.
NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR DRUG DEMAND REDUCTION IN MEXICO
We are working together on new opportunities for drug demand reduction in Mexico. The Peña Nieto administration has made demand reduction one of the principal pillars of its crime and violence prevention program, with the objective of modernizing and expanding its addiction diagnosis and treatment capabilities.
The United States and Mexico will be able to apply this approach to three areas of demand reduction policy—professionalizing addiction treatment counseling, improving Mexican capacity to research and develop addiction prevention and treatment methods, and expanding the prevalence and use of drug treatment courts.
GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT AND COOPERATION
We are increasing cooperation with Mexico on global and regional issues. Mexico is an
AND
Nuclear Terrorism in May. We engage closely with Mexico on these issues.
Our common interest in the environment and clean energy is another area of growing cooperation
AND
to engage with Central American partners in facilitating a robust regional electricity market.

This is happening now in recent meetings – it’s high level climate cooperation and promotes the exchange of information and expertise for renewable energy.  The aff is indistinguishable from current trends

Targeted News Service, 7/26/13 ("Fourth Mexico - United States Meeting on Clean Energy and Climate Change", lexis)

The Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued the following news release:
Senior officials from Mexico and the United States met in the Secretariat of Foreign Relations for the fourth meeting under the Bilateral Framework on Clean Energy and Climate Change.
The progress of the current initiatives and bilateral cooperation in clean energy and climate change were discussed.
Senior officials from Mexico and the United States attended the fourth meeting under the Bilateral Framework on Clean Energy and Climate Change to review the policies of both countries on renewable energy, technological innovation, energy efficiency and climate change. The meeting was agreed on last May by Presidents Enrique Pena Nieto and Barack Obama during their meeting in Mexico City.
The delegations discussed recent developments and policy tools for promoting renewable energy and technological innovation, highlighting the priority given today to the use of renewable energy in their planning strategies.
In addition to sharing their experiences with the electricity sector, they also discussed new developments in energy efficiency, such as the homologation of standards, high-efficiency equipment, economic incentives and energy management in buildings and for large users.
They also evaluated the progress made on some of the initiatives proposed during the Clean Energy Ministerial forum and the Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas, and they remarked on the importance of Mexico’s participation in the 21st Century Power Partnership.
The delegations reviewed the programs put in place by the two countries to address climate change. The Mexican delegation discussed the publication of the General Law on Climate Change and President Enrique Pena Nieto’s National Climate Change Strategy, which provide a long-term vision and reaffirm Mexico’s commitment to this issue. The U.S. delegation explained the Climate Action Plan recently announced by President Barack Obama, highlighting its main features.
The two delegations exchanged information on the follow-up to the low emission development strategies (LED) and the United Nations climate change negotiations, and reiterated their commitment to strengthening the climate regime through the adoption of a global agreement in 2015.
Mexico and the United States are confident that the outcome of this meeting will complement and reinforce the current bilateral work on clean energy and climate change.
The Mexican delegation was composed of senior officials from the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Energy, and Environment and Natural Resources; the Federal Commissions for Electricity (CFE), the Efficient Use of Energy (CONUEE) and Energy Regulation (CRE), and the National Institutes of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC) and Electrical Research (IIE).
The United States’ delegation included senior officials from the Departments of State, Energy and Commerce, and the Trade and Development Agency (USTDA), and International Development (USAID).
The Bilateral Framework on Clean Energy and Climate Change was established in 2009 by the Presidents of Mexico and the United States to strengthen the dialogue and cooperation on clean energy and climate change. The goal was to create a framework for the exchange of information and experiences to facilitate the joint efforts to develop low-carbon economies based on clean energy.

Voting issue – their aff is at best a tiny adjustment in policy with solvency evidence that advocates continuing status quo trends.  Vote against them to protect negative ground – even if they can point to a slight difference in their solvency, it’s impossible to quantify and no meaningful literature base exists – it makes finding unique disads impossible

Oil

Oil futures high and rising above 24108—economic recovery and NYME

Investing 1/30 ("U.S. oil prices rally to 4-week high after GDP report", www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/u.s.-oil-prices-rally-to-4-week-high-after-gdp-report-263273 -http://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/u.s.-oil-prices-rally-to-4-week-high-after-gdp-report-263273  candle)
Investing.com - U.S. oil futures rallied to a four-
AND
U.S. crude contracts stood at USD9.60 a barrel.

The plan triggers an OPEC flood —- even if they don’t displace the transportation sector —- drops the price below 24100
Schelmetic 11 (Tracey E., Contributor – TMC, "Saudi Prince Frets that High Oil Prices will Spur Drive to Alternative Energy", TMC, 6-1, http://green.tmcnet.com/channels/renewable-energy/articles/181084-saudi-prince-frets-that-high-oil-prices-will.htm, Deech)

What do you do when you’re a theocratic ruler of an oil-rich nation
AND
– all of which would be detrimental to the oil-rich nation.
Any sustained drop below 24100 per barrel causes Russian collapse —- that’s the key benchmark
Whitmore 13 (Brian, Senior Russia Correspondent – Radio Free Europe, "After The Storm: Trends To Watch In Russia In 2013", Radio Free Europe, 1-2, The Power Vertical)

It began with a roar and it ended with a whimper. As 2012 wound
AND
the figure needed for a balanced budget was 2450 to 2455.
The impact is nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction", http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

CP

The United States federal government should:

• assist Mexico in a reformation of its judicial system
• pursue cooperation with Mexico in economic development
• provide all necessary funding for the construction and operation of all necessary water treatment facilities to increase the alkalinity of the oceans by removing hydrochloric acid via electrolysis, neutralizing it with silicate rock, and returning the products to the ocean.

CP solves warming- it offsets all emissions

Mongabay, 07 ("Ocean CO2 collector could fight global warming and ocean acification" http://news.mongabay.com/2007/1120-geoengineering.html , November 20, 2007)

Researchers have proposed a geoengineering solution to global warming that involves building a series of
AND
on them as a food source and could spell trouble for other species.

CP solves warming and ocean acidity

House et al, 07- Doctoral candidate at Harvard in geosciences, Research Fellow at MIT (Kurt Zenz House, Christopher H. House, Daniel P. Schrag, and Michael J. Aziz, Envirnmental Science and Technology, "Electrochemical Acceleration of Chemical Weathering as an Energetically Feasible Approach to Mitigating Anthropogenic Climate Change" November 7, 2007)

We describe an approach to CO2 capture and storage from the atmosphere that involves enhancing
AND
point source or from the atmosphere prior to being returned to the ocean.

The CP solves relations - their evidence advocates rule of law reforms and economic development

Their author Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team.  Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress ("Transcending the Rio Grande," http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)//BB
The U.S.-Mexico relationship is ready for renewed collaboration on a range
AND
one of the United States’ most important and strategic allies in  the hemisphere.

Wind

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico through the funding and implementation of low carbon development strategies except wind power.

Observation 1: Competition – The CP competes through mutual exclusivity and net-benefits. It is plan minus because it excludes wind power.

In CX they specified that their ptext includes wind power.

The CP solves –desert solar alone solves Mexican energy demand.

Carus 13 - UK journalist, regularly reporting on clean energy policy and finance from California for a global audience
(Felicity, and~2334;Mexico offers tantalising prospect of a dawning major market,and~2334; http://www.pv-tech.org/editors_blog/mexico_offers_tantalising_prospect_of_a_dawning_major_market)
Solar investors in the US and further afield would really love to get their hands on Mexico’s solar market: great resource on cheap desert land located squarely in the southern sun-belt. Some experts estimate that it would only take PV panels spread over just 25km2 of land in Chihuahua or the Sonoran desert to supply Mexico’s electricity demand.

Observation 2: The Net-Benefit – Wind farms violate indigenous peoples, pollute their land, destroying small farms and native cultures – straight turns the case.

Godoy, 13 (Emilio, Mexico-based correspondent for Inter Press Service covering the environment, human rights, and sustainable development, "Rural Mexican Communities Protest Wind Farms," June 18, http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/rural-mexican-communities-protest-wind-farms/-http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/rural-mexican-communities-protest-wind-farms/)
"We can’t sow our fields, which they have rented for next to nothing
AND
the least to gain. "There is a pattern of human rights violations

 in the communities. Wind energy companies advertise themselves well, offering money and
AND
year-old Zapotec Indian who grows maize and sorghum, told IPS.

1NC Redundancy Politics Link

A) Democrats are currently moving away from their support of the Iran sanctions bill:
Luke Johnson, 1/22/2014 (staff writer, "Patty Murray Comes Out Against Iran Sanctions Bill,"  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/22/iran-sanctions-bill-democrats_n_4646614.html, Accessed 1/22/2014, rwg)
Sen. Patty Murray (D-Wash.), a member of the Senate leadership
AND
opposing bringing it to the floor and backs giving diplomatic efforts more time.

B New renewables funding is horribly unpopular – the GOP wants cuts, not increases

Abrams 13 – Jim Abrams is a writer for Associated Press, ("Renewable Energy Budget Cut In Half In House Republicans’ Spending Bill", 07/11/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/10/renewable-energy-budget_n_3575842.html)-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/10/renewable-energy-budget_n_3575842.html)
WASHINGTON — House Republicans are proposing to slash money for renewable energy research and defy
AND
last year. It would cut spending for renewable energy programs by half. 

C) Pressure from Obama is key to keeping Democrats from jumping on board the Iran sanctions legislation:
DONNA CASSATA, 1/21/2014 (staff writer, "Dems signal willingness to wait on Iran sanctions,"  http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_24957275/senate-dems-divided-over-new-iran-sanctions, Accessed 1/22/2014, rwg)
WASHINGTON—Under pressure from the Obama administration, Senate Democrats who favor a new
AND
than a dozen Democrats who have signed onto the Menendez-Kirk legislation.
D) New sanctions legislation risks a global nuclear war:
Press TV, 11/13/2013 ("Global nuclear conflict between US, Russia, China likely if Iran talks fail,"  http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/13/334544/global-nuclear-war-likely-if-iran-talks-fail/, Accessed 1/22/2014, rwg)
A global conflict between the US, Russia, and China is likely in the
AND
in hand to try to prevent" an interim nuclear agreement with Iran.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgetown Day CT | Judge: John Hines

Framework

Our interpretation is that the Affirmative must take a topical course of action through the United States federal government.

1. "Resolved" means debate should be a legislative forum

Army Officer School ’4
(5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "as follows," "the following," or a noun for which the list is an appositive: Each scout will carry the following: (colon) meals for three days, a survival knife, and his sleeping bag. The company had four new officers: (colon) Bill Smith, Frank Tucker, Peter Fillmore, and Oliver Lewis. b. A long quotation (one or more paragraphs): In The Killer Angels Michael Shaara wrote: (colon) You may find it a different story from the one you learned in school. There have been many versions of that battle ~Gettysburg~ and that war ~the Civil War~. (The quote continues for two more paragraphs.) c. A formal quotation or question: The President declared: (colon) "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." The question is: (colon) what can we do about it? d. A second independent clause which explains the first: Potter’s motive is clear: (colon) he wants the assignment. e. After the introduction of a business letter: Dear Sirs: (colon) Dear Madam: (colon) f. The details following an announcement For sale: (colon) large lakeside cabin with dock g. A formal resolution, after the word "resolved:"¶ Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. The United States is the country composed of the 50 states

Encarta ’7
~The Encarta Online Dictionary. "United States" 2007 encarta.msn.com~

U•nit•ed States ~ y? n?t?d stáyts-http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/Pronounce.aspx?search=United+States ~ country in central North America, consisting of 50 states. Languages: English. Currency: dollar. Capital: Washington, D.C.. Population: 290,342,550 (2001). Area: 9,629,047 sq km (3,717,796 sq mi.) Official name United States of America

3. The federal government is the government in Washington DC – not its individual members

AHD ’2
~The American Heritage Dictionary. 2002, Pg 647~ 

Of or relating to the central government of a federation as distinct from the governments of its member units.

4. "Should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means

Ericson ’3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains certain key elements, although they have slightly different functions from comparable elements of value-oriented propositions. 1. An agent doing the acting —-"The United States" in "The United States should adopt a policy of free trade." Like the object of evaluation in a proposition of value, the agent is the subject of the sentence. 2. The verb should—the first part of a verb phrase that urges action. 3. An action verb to follow should in the should-verb combination. For example, should adopt here means to put a program or policy into action though governmental means. 4. A specification of directions or a limitation of the action desired. The phrase free trade, for example, gives direction and limits to the topic, which would, for example, eliminate consideration of increasing tariffs, discussing diplomatic recognition, or discussing interstate commerce. Propositions of policy deal with future action. Nothing has yet occurred. The entire debate is about whether something ought to occur. What you agree to do, then, when you accept the affirmative side in such a debate is to offer sufficient and compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

And, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Next, discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: students already have preconceived notions about how the world operates—-government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, however those outcomes may be defined

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
allies and adversaries, would behave in response to US policy initiatives.7
By university age, students often have a pre-defined view of international affairs
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Finally, switch-side is key—-Effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation

Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism¶ Arendt is probably most famous for her
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Effective decision-making outweighs—-

Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on all the problems implied in the employment of the idea of justice we are granting the possibility of formulating an ideal of man and society, valid for all beings endowed with reason and accepted by what we have called elsewhere the universal audience.14
I think that the only discursive methods available to us stem from techniques that are
AND
city of man in which violence may progressively give way to wisdom.13
Whenever an individual controls the dimensions of" a problem, he or she can solve the problem through a personal decision. For example, if the problem is whether to go to the basketball game tonight, if tickets are not too expensive and if transportation is available, the decision can be made individually. But if a friend’s car is needed to get to the game, then that person’s decision to furnish the transportation must be obtained.
Complex problems, too, are subject to individual decision making. American business offers
AND
-to-day and even hour-to-hour decisions individually.
When President George H. W. Bush launched Operation Desert Storm, when President
AND
, debate is the only satisfactory way the exact issues can be decided:
A president, whoever he is, has to find a way of understanding the novel and changing issues which he must, under the Constitution, decide. Broadly speaking ... the president has two ways of making up his mind. The one is to turn to his subordinates—to his chiefs of staff and his cabinet officers and undersecretaries and the like—and to direct them to argue out the issues and to bring him an agreed decision…
The other way is to sit like a judge at a hearing where the issues to be decided are debated. After he has heard the debate, after he has examined the evidence, after he has heard the debaters cross-examine one another, after he has questioned them himself he makes his decision…
It is a much harder method in that it subjects the president to the stress of feeling the full impact of conflicting views, and then to the strain of making his decision, fully aware of how momentous it Is. But there is no other satisfactory way by which momentous and complex issues can be decided.16
John F. Kennedy used Cabinet sessions and National Security Council meetings to provide debate
AND
18 All presidents, to varying degrees, encourage debate among their advisors.
We may never be called on to render the final decision on great issues of
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Anthro K

The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Their dehumanization impacts are imbued with humanist logic which maintains the gap between humans and non-humans

Wadiwel, 2K4
(Dinesh Joesph, completing a doctorate at the University of Western Sydney, "Animal by Any Other Name? Patterson and Agamben Discuss Animal (and Human) Life" Borderlands E-Journal Vol 3 No. 1, http://www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol3no1_2004/wadiwel_animal.htm-http://www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol3no1_2004/wadiwel_animal.htm)

1. There is a certain humanist line of thinking that suggests that violence is
   AND
   all people are Nazis; for the animals it is an eternal Treblinka."

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics

Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Alternative: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only the alt solves their impacts

Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Connor OBrien

1

Farm Bill will pass this year – extension is insufficient.

Eubank, 11/21 (Andy, VP of operations at Hoosier Ag today, "Ag Secretary says No Choice to Pass a Farm Bill this Year," http://www.hoosieragtoday.com/ag-secretary-says-no-choice-but-to-pass-a-farm-bill-this-year/-http://www.hoosieragtoday.com/ag-secretary-says-no-choice-but-to-pass-a-farm-bill-this-year/)
Who and what would benefit from a new farm bill? It has been over
AND
required by law to reinstitute the farm policies of the 1940?s.

Plan is unpopular – bureaucracy causes backlash

Dallas Morning News July 2008 "EDITORIAL: NADBank deserves U.S. funding" ProQuest
Not everyone agrees about the merits of the North American Free Trade Agreement, but
AND
help ensure that the bank’s important work stays on track in the future. 

Political capital is key —- overcomes partisanship

Josh Lederman 10/18/13, reporter for the Associated Press, and Jim Kuhnhenn, "No safe bets for Obama despite toned-down agenda," US News and World Report, http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2013/10/18/no-safe-bets-for-obama-despite-toned-down-agenda
WASHINGTON (AP) — Regrouping after a feud with Congress stalled his agenda,
AND
the year if our focus is on what’s good for the American people."

New farm bill key to prevent a food price spike

Nelson 10/17/13 ~Joe Nelson, writer for WEAU news, "Obama, ag industry waiting for new Farm bill," http://www.weau.com/home/headlines/Obama-ag-industry-waiting-for-new-Farm-Bill-228259521.html~~
With the government shutdown over, farmers are still waiting for a deal to be
AND
could cut down profits or even force some farmers to quit or retire.

Extinction

Brown 9 (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute "Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

2

The United States federal government should substantially increase its transportation infrastructure assistance toward Mexico through the North American Development Bank.

It competes, we only do transportation infrastructure, not renewable energy infrastructure.

3

Oil prices rising and futures are at a month-high—refinery glitches, dwindling stocks, economic data, traders—subsumes Iran warrants – they are going to stay above 24100
Reuters 11/22 (Reuters, "UPDATE 8-Oil jumps 242, U.S. gasoline squeeze aids rally", Nov. 22, 2013, in.reuters.com/article/2013/11/21/markets-oil-idINL4N0J617Y20131121  candle)
NEW YORK, Nov 21 (Reuters) - Brent crude oil jumped 242
AND
oil CL-LCO1=R by 65 cents 2414.86.
The plan triggers an OPEC flood —- even if they don’t displace the transportation sector —- drops the price below 24100
Schelmetic 11 (Tracey E., Contributor – TMC, "Saudi Prince Frets that High Oil Prices will Spur Drive to Alternative Energy", TMC, 6-1, http://green.tmcnet.com/channels/renewable-energy/articles/181084-saudi-prince-frets-that-high-oil-prices-will.htm, Deech)

What do you do when you’re a theocratic ruler of an oil-rich nation
AND
– all of which would be detrimental to the oil-rich nation.
Any sustained drop below 24100 per barrel causes Russian collapse —- that’s the key benchmark
Whitmore 13 (Brian, Senior Russia Correspondent – Radio Free Europe, "After The Storm: Trends To Watch In Russia In 2013", Radio Free Europe, 1-2, The Power Vertical)

It began with a roar and it ended with a whimper. As 2012 wound
AND
the figure needed for a balanced budget was 2450 to 2455.
The impact is nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction", http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

4

Text: The United States federal government should pass H.R. 2216, the NADBank Enhancement Act.

Observation 1 – Competition

a) CP competes through net-benefits: it avoids any spending of money, because it simply changes bank restrictions, avoiding GOP backlash.
b) Resolutional competition – "increase" means "become or make greater in size, amount, intensity or degree," from Oxford Dictionaries (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/increase-http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/increase)
c) "its" means "of or relating to it or itself especially as possessor, agent, or object of an action," from Merriam Webster Dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/its)

It solves 100 of the case – NADBank does public-private partnerships, but it is limited to only projects that have an environmental impact. The CP removes that restriction to include the plan’s mandates, which allows NADBank to fund the plan’s projects without forcing the USFG to pay for them which is what the plan text would do.

NADBank restrictions prevent investment – counter plan solves.

Balido, 11 (Nelson, President of the Border Trade Alliance, "Bill to expand NADBank projects holds potential to make big impact for border,"  August 29, http://www.thebta.org/btanews/bill-to-expand-nadbank-projects-holds-potential-to-make-big-impact-for-border.html-http://www.thebta.org/btanews/bill-to-expand-nadbank-projects-holds-potential-to-make-big-impact-for-border.html)
Over the past sixteen years of operation, the NADBank has been vitally important to
AND
area’s quality of life and provide a needed boost to the region’s economy.

Warming

Weakening Solar intensity will lead to a new Maunder minimum Little Ice Age soon
Guimaraes 12, We could be at the doorsteps of another Ice Age, May 17,  ~professor at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG; Frederico~, p. http://iceagenow.info/2012/05/doorsteps – ice – age/
Recent studies and observations indicate that we’re entering a phase of very low solar cycles. The present cycle C24 is already showing signs of being lower than C14 at the beginning of the XX century ( http://www.leif.org/research/Polar20Fields20and20Cycle2024.pdf and http://www.leif.org/research/SC14 – and – 24.png ), and cycle C5 at the lower point of the Dalton minimum ( http://www.landscheidt.info/images/sc5_sc24.png ). This means that C24 is showing signs that we could be entering a new Maunder minimum anytime soon. The polar fields should have flipped at the end of cycle C23, around 2008 – 2009, but they continued with the same polarity, showing a stretched pattern ( http://www.leif.org/research/Solar – Polar – Fields – 1966 – now.png ) similar to what happened at the end of the 1960?s but more pronounced, which could lead to "break" of the field into a "quadripolar" mode very soon. This is another indication of the very low intensity of the present cycle. This low intensity could lead to a period of no sunspots as observed during the Maunder minimum between ~ 1640 to 1710 ( http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Sunspot_Numbers.png ), which could be the realization of the so called "Livingston – Penn" effect, which predicts a similar phenomenon in the near future ( http://wattsupwiththat.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/livingston – penn_sunspots2.pdf and http://www.leif.org/research/Livingston – Penn20Data20and20Findings20so20far.pdf ). Therefore, all the above and other analyzes (there is more, eg., the pattern of 90k – 10k years characteristic of Glacial and Interglacial periods, etc.) indicate that the prediction of a "kill shot" from the Sun by Patrick Geryl and others, will not happen, quite the opposite: we could be at the doorsteps of another Ice Age. When asked what he thought of the "kill shot" model during our times, Leif Svaalgard called it "sensationalism". Robert’s book "Not by Fire but by Ice" has it’s name for a reason. People are being lured to look in the wrong direction by MSM, IPCC and others, but the facts are very clear and show a completely different problem that humanity will have to face very soon. A problem of much colder weather worldwide, not hotter.

Global warming is vital to offset the ice age
Gunter 12, National Post, For climate cues, look to the sun, March 7, ~Lorne~, pA14factiva
Scientists who have made careers of studying the sun warn that our star is about
AND
now. The planet may need all the global warming it can get.
The alternative is global extinction
Whitehouse 12, The Observatory, Will the Ice Return?, January 11, ~scientist with a Ph.D., in Astrophysics, Victoria University of Manchester and former Science correspondent for the BBC; David~, p. http://thegwpf.org/the – observatory/4736 – will – the – ice – return.html-http://thegwpf.org/the-observatory/4736-will-the-ice-return.html
Without doubt, we live in an interglacial period – a warm time between ice
AND
look to a sustained greenhouse effect to maintain the present advantageous world climate.

Err neg – aff authors overestimate warming and underestimate adaptation

Goklany 11 - a science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior (Indur M., "Misled on Climate Change: How the UN IPCC (and others) Exaggerate the Impacts of Global Warming" December 2011, http://goklany.org/library/Reason20CC20and20Development202011.pdf-http://goklany.org/library/Reason CC and Development 2011.pdf, PZ)
A third approach would be to fix the root cause of why developing countries are
AND
while cellular phone users went from 0 per 100 to 33 per 100.

Empirical trends disprove warming impacts

Goklany 11 - a science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior (Indur M., "Misled on Climate Change: How the UN IPCC (and others) Exaggerate the Impacts of Global Warming" December 2011, http://goklany.org/library/Reason20CC20and20Development202011.pdf-http://goklany.org/library/Reason CC and Development 2011.pdf, PZ)
Discussion and Conclusions Despite claims that GW will reduce human well-being in poor
AND
been, overall, a very significant benefit to people in poor countries.

Manufacturing

====Competitiveness:====

====Empirics disprove the impact – 2009 and 1970s recession====

Most recent evidence shows US retains economic competitiveness – stocks and innovation.

Lopez 13 – Los Angeles Times business writer and labor market analyst (Ricardo, "U.S. economy the most competitive in the world, report says", 5/30/13;  http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/30/business/la-fi-mo-us-economy-most-competitive-20130530)//Beddow
Thanks to a rebounding stock market and innovation coming from American companies, the U
AND
top business school in Switzerland, has published the annual rankings since 1989.

====The aff doesn’t solve US road congestion – makes the impact inevitable====

Theirs is a flawed theory of competitiveness – disregards the law of comparative advantage.

Galles 12 – professor of economics at Pepperdine University, "The Olympics and Comparative Advantage", 8/24/12;  http://mises.org/daily/6158/)//Beddow
We have just finished our quadrennial search for who is the very best in the
AND
best satisfaction of the consumers attainable under the given state of the economic data

No solvency for competitiveness – lack of human capital

Gerber and Valencia et al, 11 (January 24, the Director of the Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS) and a Professor of Economics at San Diego State University, Associate Professor, School of Transborder Studies, Senior Sustainability Scientist, Global Institute of Sustainability Affiliate, North American Center for Transborder Studies, Director of the Research Network for Transborder Development and Governance, Global Economy Journal, 10.4, Article 5, "Re-Imagining the U.S.-Mexico Border: Policies toward a More Competitive and Sustainable Transborder Region" http://www.degruyter.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/j/gej.2011.10.4/gej.2011.10.4.1681/gej.2011.10.4.1681.xml?format=INT)//YS-http://www.degruyter.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/j/gej.2011.10.4/gej.2011.10.4.1681/gej.2011.10.4.1681.xml?format=INT)//YS, accessed 6/28/13
In addition to institutional gaps that hold back the region’s competitiveness, there are human
AND
partly for reasons that have little or nothing to do with the border.

Competitiveness resilient

Eric S. Edelman 10, former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, was Principal Deputy Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs, 2010, "Understanding America’s Contested Primacy," Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments
Morgenthau talks about national morale and character as key elements of national power; characteristics
AND
both innovation and managing the social and collaborative uses of information technology.130

Delays and congestion only marginally affect the economy—a strong manufacturing sector and competitiveness make regional growth inevitable

Wilson ’13 (Christopher E. Wilson— Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. January 2013. "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region." http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
Mexico on the Move For years, Mexico oriented its economy toward the U.
AND
comprehensive plan to improve the competitiveness of our region in the global marketplace.

Manufacturing industry empirically resilient

WSJ 11 (Wall Street Journal. 2/25/11. "The Truth About U.S. Manufacturing."online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703652104576122353274221570.html.html~23articleTabs3Darticle)
Is American manufacturing dead? You might think so reading most of the nation’s editorial
AND
supplies, pharmaceuticals and medicine, and oil and natural-gas equipment.

No impact to off-shoring:

1) Wage increases and selective re-shoring

Heineman, 3/26 (Ben, The Atlantic, 3/26/13, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/03/why-we-can-all-stop-worrying-about-offshoring-and-outsourcing/274388/, "Why We Can All Stop Worrying About Offshoring and Outsourcing,")
Labor markets have for the past quarter century been at the center of the globalization
AND
more by the company and less by third parties, will remain critical.

No Taiwan escalation

Shor 12 (Francis, Professor of History – Wayne State, "Declining US Hegemony and Rising Chinese Power: A Formula for Conflict?", Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 11(1), pp. 157-167)
While the United States no longer dominates the global economy as it did during the
AND
of the U.S. governing elite’s ideological commitment to national security.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoor CR | Judge: Tanweer Rajwani

T

Interpretation – "Economic engagement" is limited to trade of goods and services -energy is a non-economic partnership

Rose, 8 — UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration ~Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, "Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties," April 2008, www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1-http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1~~
Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties We examine
AND
relations. The answer, in both theory and practice, is positive.

Violation – the AFF is an energy partnership

Voting issue – 

1. Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages 

3. Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

Oil

Oil prices rising and futures are at a month-high—refinery glitches, dwindling stocks, economic data, traders—subsumes Iran warrants

Reuters 11/22 (Reuters, "UPDATE 8-Oil jumps 242, U.S. gasoline squeeze aids rally", Nov. 22, 2013, in.reuters.com/article/2013/11/21/markets-oil-idINL4N0J617Y20131121  candle)
NEW YORK, Nov 21 (Reuters) - Brent crude oil jumped 242
AND
oil CL-LCO1=R by 65 cents 2414.86.
The plan triggers an OPEC flood —- even if they don’t displace the transportation sector —- drops the price below 24100
Schelmetic 11 (Tracey E., Contributor – TMC, "Saudi Prince Frets that High Oil Prices will Spur Drive to Alternative Energy", TMC, 6-1, http://green.tmcnet.com/channels/renewable-energy/articles/181084-saudi-prince-frets-that-high-oil-prices-will.htm, Deech)

What do you do when you’re a theocratic ruler of an oil-rich nation
AND
– all of which would be detrimental to the oil-rich nation.
Any sustained drop below 24100 per barrel causes Russian collapse —- that’s the key benchmark
Whitmore 13 (Brian, Senior Russia Correspondent – Radio Free Europe, "After The Storm: Trends To Watch In Russia In 2013", Radio Free Europe, 1-2, The Power Vertical)

It began with a roar and it ended with a whimper. As 2012 wound
AND
the figure needed for a balanced budget was 2450 to 2455.
The impact is nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction", http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Politics

Farm bill will pass – EPA decision gives it momentum

Wasson 11-19 – Staff writer at The Hill (Erik, "EPA ethanol decision pushes farm bill toward finish line", November 19 of 2013, http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/agriculture/190777-epa-ethanol-decision-pushes-farm-bill-toward-finish-line-http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/agriculture/190777-epa-ethanol-decision-pushes-farm-bill-toward-finish-line)
The Environmental Protection Agency’s preliminary decision to reduce renewable fuels blending requirements has increased momentum
AND
the first time the agency has lowered the target from the prior year.

New renewables funding is horribly unpopular – the GOP wants cuts, not increases

Abrams 13 – Jim Abrams is a writer for Associated Press, ("Renewable Energy Budget Cut In Half In House Republicans’ Spending Bill", 07/11/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/10/renewable-energy-budget_n_3575842.html)-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/10/renewable-energy-budget_n_3575842.html)
WASHINGTON — House Republicans are proposing to slash money for renewable energy research and defy
AND
last year. It would cut spending for renewable energy programs by half. 

Political capital is key —- overcomes partisanship

Josh Lederman 10/18/13, reporter for the Associated Press, and Jim Kuhnhenn, "No safe bets for Obama despite toned-down agenda," US News and World Report, http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2013/10/18/no-safe-bets-for-obama-despite-toned-down-agenda
WASHINGTON (AP) — Regrouping after a feud with Congress stalled his agenda,
AND
the year if our focus is on what’s good for the American people."

New farm bill key to prevent a food price spike

Nelson 10/17/13 ~Joe Nelson, writer for WEAU news, "Obama, ag industry waiting for new Farm bill," http://www.weau.com/home/headlines/Obama-ag-industry-waiting-for-new-Farm-Bill-228259521.html~~
With the government shutdown over, farmers are still waiting for a deal to be
AND
could cut down profits or even force some farmers to quit or retire.

Extinction

Brown 9 (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute "Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

CP

Text: The United States federal government should provide decentralized solar, falling water, geothermal, wave, ocean current, ocean temperature, and tide energy assistance assistance to Mexico modeled on "Tu Energía."

Observation 1: Competition – The CP competes through mutual exclusivity and net-benefits. It is plan minus because it excludes wind power.

The term "renewable" in the plan includes wind. The Organization of the America States division on sustainable energy defines it as such for policymakers.

Lambrides, et al., 99 (Mark, Division Chief for Energy and Climate Change in the Department of Sustainable Development at the Organization of American States, "The Renewable Energy Policy Manual,"
http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea79e/ch05.htm
The term "renewable" is generally applied to those energy resources and technologies whose common characteristic is that they are non-depletable or naturally replenishable.
Renewable resources include solar energy, wind, falling water, the heat of the
AND
also based on renewable resources, but outside the scope of this Manual.

The CP solves – 1AC solvency advocate concedes that desert solar alone solves Mexican energy demand.

Carus 13 - UK journalist, regularly reporting on clean energy policy and finance from California for a global audience
(Felicity, and~2334;Mexico offers tantalising prospect of a dawning major market,and~2334; http://www.pv-tech.org/editors_blog/mexico_offers_tantalising_prospect_of_a_dawning_major_market)
Solar investors in the US and further afield would really love to get their hands on Mexico’s solar market: great resource on cheap desert land located squarely in the southern sun-belt. Some experts estimate that it would only take PV panels spread over just 25km2 of land in Chihuahua or the Sonoran desert to supply Mexico’s electricity demand.

Observation 2: The Net-Benefit – Wind farms violate indigenous peoples, pollute their land, destroying small farms and native cultures – straight turns the case.

Godoy, 13 (Emilio, Mexico-based correspondent for Inter Press Service covering the environment, human rights, and sustainable development, "Rural Mexican Communities Protest Wind Farms," June 18, http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/rural-mexican-communities-protest-wind-farms/-http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/rural-mexican-communities-protest-wind-farms/)
"We can’t sow our fields, which they have rented for next to nothing
AND
year-old Zapotec Indian who grows maize and sorghum, told IPS.

Case

Mexican economy is booming – GDP growth, stock market, oil profits, growing middle class, declining emigration.

Vardi 12 – Forbes contributor, Wall Street analyst, focus on intersection of business and law (Nathan, "The Mexican Miracle: Despite Drug War, Economy is Booming", 10/15/12; http://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2012/10/15/the-mexican-mircale/)//Beddow
When Vikram Pandit, the chief executive of Citigroup, was asked on Monday to
AND
. "We are in the middle of the rebirth," he said.

Plan can’t solve gendered aspect of energy poverty – broader agenda is key

Parikh et al., 99 – (Jyoti et al., writers for Economic and Political Weekly, citing numerous studies; Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 34, No. 9, pages 539-544, 5 March 1999, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4407707?seq=3)//HO**
The pollutants released due to use of   bio-fuels for cooking in traditional stoves   
AND
air’ pollution signifies inequalities in   environmental policies, energy policies   and health policies.

Mexico will say no to decentralized energy production

Huacuz, 5 – (Jorge, Director of the Non-Conventional Energies Unit, Mexican Electric Research Institute; "The road to green power in Mexico—reflections on the prospects for the large-scale and sustainable implementation of renewable energy", Energy Policy, Vol. 33, Issue 16, pages 2087–2099, November 2005, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421504001041)//HO**
Technical, economic and institutional barriers had to be removed at the onset of the
AND
legal framework is modified or alternative attractive market-based solutions are identified.

Ethics

Separating values is impossible – consequences must be considered alongside morality and rights.

Long 06 – fellow at the Mises Institute, professor of philosophy at Auburn University, president of the Molinari Institute, and panel of the Center for a Stateless Society (Roderick T., "Economics and Its Ethical Assumptions, 5/20/06; http://mises.org/daily/2103-http://mises.org/daily/2103)//Beddow
However, I also think there are good praxeological reasons not to think that rights
AND
account of what generosity requires, or your account of any other virtue. 

Prefer utilitarianism – actions are only means to ends, and we access the greatest number of positive ends.

Long 06 – fellow at the Mises Institute, professor of philosophy at Auburn University, president of the Molinari Institute, and panel of the Center for a Stateless Society (Roderick T., "Economics and Its Ethical Assumptions, 5/20/06; http://mises.org/daily/2103-http://mises.org/daily/2103)//Beddow
So you might say that he’s relying on something like the "ought implies can
AND
, your theory is getting more arbitrary the more of those you add.

Moral absolutism first – moral opposition to intervention is a bankrupt ethic – evaluating consequences of non-intervention is necessary

Isaac 2 Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington, Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale (Jeffery C., Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, "Ends, Means, and Politics," p. Proquest)
As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Should avoid preventable death – contemplating it gives meaning to our life

Kelsang 99 - internationally renowned teacher of Buddhism
Geshe, http://dealingwithfear.org/fear-of-death.htm-http://dealingwithfear.org/fear-of-death.htm

Preparing for Death Generally, our fear of death is an unhealthy and unrealistic fear
AND
the kindest and wisest things we can do both for ourself and others.

Humans, if living, can adapt to create happiness

Diener, Biswas-Diener ’08-psychologist, professor, and author, senior
AND
"Happiness Unlocking the Mysteries of Psychological Wealth", Blackwell Publishing, 2008)
While you may not be a climber, you can likely recognize the metaphorical implications
AND
move on to new goals to continue to enjoy life to the fullest.

Survival comes first – there is no point in preserving morality if we all die

Nye 86 (Joseph S. 1986; Phd Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; "Nuclear Ethics" pg. 45-46)JFS
Is there any end that could justify a nuclear war that threatens the survival of
AND
of that risk is a justifiable topic of both prudential and moral reasoning. 

Poverty and structural impacts aren’t pre-requisites to Governments firing nukes at eachother, the only warrant in their evidence is that they’re pre-req’s to dehumanization.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Blue Valley Southwest GF | Judge: Ann Peter

1

Interpretation –Economic engagement is tangible economic policy

Haass and O’Sullivan 2000
Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies," Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of  engagement.

B. Violation – the plan passes the HR 1613– that’s extra topical, the agreement goes beyond the scope of engagement

C. This kills our research burden – they open the possibility to tons of new advantages based in the THA that are not germane to the resolution – Section 1 alone has three possible advantages that aren’t based in engagement

This is the text of the bill that they pass, accessed today (H.R. 1613, http://thomas.loc.gov/home/gpoxmlc113/h1613_eh.xml-http://thomas.loc.gov/home/gpoxmlc113/h1613_eh.xml)

"(1) IN GENERAL.—No later than 180 days after all parties to a transboundary hydrocarbon agreement have agreed to its terms, a transboundary hydrocarbon agreement that does not constitute a treaty in the judgment of the President shall be submitted by the Secretary to—
"(A) the Speaker of the House of Representatives;
"(B) the Majority Leader of the Senate;
"(C) the Chair of the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives; and
"(D) the Chair of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate.
"(2) CONTENTS OF SUBMISSION.—The submission shall include—
"(A) any amendments to this Act or other Federal law necessary to implement the agreement;
"(B) an analysis of the economic impacts such an agreement and any amendments necessitated by the agreement will have on domestic exploration, development, and production of hydrocarbon resources on the outer Continental Shelf; and
"(C) a detailed description of any regulations expected to be issued by the Secretary to implement the agreement.
"(c) Implementation Of Specific Transboundary Agreement With Mexico.—The Secretary may take actions as necessary to implement the terms of the Agreement between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Concerning Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico, signed at Los Cabos, February 20, 2012, including—
"(1) approving unitization agreements and related arrangements for the exploration, development, or production of oil and natural gas from transboundary reservoirs or geological structures;
"(2) making available, in the limited manner necessary under the agreement and subject to the protections of confidentiality provided by the agreement, information relating to the exploration, development, and production of oil and natural gas from a transboundary reservoir or geological structure that may be considered confidential, privileged, or proprietary information under law;
"(3) taking actions consistent with an expert determination under the agreement; and
"(4) ensuring only appropriate inspection staff at the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement or other Federal agency personnel designated by the Bureau, the operator, or the lessee have authority to stop work on any installation or other device or vessel permanently or temporarily attached to the seabed of the United States, which may be erected thereon for the purpose of resource exploration, development or production activities as approved by the Secretary.

Limits: They can implement any sort of previous economic engagement which explodes the neg’s research burden.

Ground: There are no disads to Mexican action because they already ratified it which destroys negative ground and makes it impossible to read any topic based DA’s.

2

The aff will pass now
Geman 10-23-13  (Ben, does all the mexico energy reporting for The Hill,  "Rep. Hastings ’not quite sure’ on dropping Dodd-Frank waiver from drilling bill" , http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/330133-rep-hastings-not-quite-sure-on-dropping-dodd-frank-waiver-from-drilling-bill-http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/330133-rep-hastings-not-quite-sure-on-dropping-dodd-frank-waiver-from-drilling-bill, CS)
A senior House Republican said Wednesday that it’s unclear whether the House will bow to
AND
told reporters on the sidelines of an energy event at the Canadian embassy.
There are also other differences between the House and Senate versions of the bills.
AND
think we can get the ~final~ bill passed," he said. 

Violation-the aff fiats a bill that almost been passed and is likely going to be fully passed now 

Voting Issue-

1. Limits – Policies that the government is planning to do, has done, or has similar programs to are bad for debate; there are an unlimited number of these – we can’t be prepared to debate about every minute change in US law

 2. Ground – Aff literally avoids every possible DA we could read: spending, politics and perception Das by saying the senate has done the aff

3. This is a procedural voting issue – it’s not a question of topicality – excluding affs that have basically passed sets a better precedent for debate   

3

Oil prices high and rising—economy predictive

Investing.com 11/21 ("("NYMEX crude oil prices gain in early Asian trade", Nov. 21, 2013, www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/nymex-crude-oil-prices-gain-in-early-asian-trade-255478 -http://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/nymex-crude-oil-prices-gain-in-early-asian-trade-255478  candle)
Investing.com - Crude oil prices gained marginally in Asia on Friday after losing
AND
exchange rose 1.9 to USD110.08 a barrel overnight.

Pemex exports low—plan boosts production- severely drops oil prices

Reuters 6/28 ("UPDATE 1-Mexico oil output slumps to near two-year low in May"; 6/28/13; http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/28/mexico-oil-idUSL2N0F41RK20130628 -http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/28/mexico-oil-idUSL2N0F41RK20130628  candle)
(Reuters) - Mexican crude oil production slid to its lowest level in nearly
AND
fields, Mexico risks becoming a net importer of crude within a decade.

====High oil prices are key to stabilize the Middle East and Saudi Arabia====
Freidman 8 (George, CEO of Stratfor, American political scientist and author, "The Geopolitics of 24130 Oil," http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/geopolitics_130_oil)**
As we have already said, the biggest winners are the countries of the Arabian
AND
the United States in disarray, the Arabian Peninsula can be very helpful.

====War goes nuclear and escalates —- structural factors don’t check.====
Primakov 9 (Yevgeny, President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry in the Russian Federation, Member of Russian Academy of Science, "The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations," Russia in Global Affairs, July-September 2009, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_13593)**
The Middle East conflict is unparalleled in terms of its potential for spreading globally.
AND
seems that President Obama’s position does not completely rule out such a possibility.

4

Plan flaw: You cannot ratify a house bill. The plan functionally does nothing. It means you vote neg on presumption. To ratify a federal governmental bill means that the act the bill describes has to have already happened. 

Definition of Ratification-That’s irrelevant to THA

The Legal Dictionary no date (http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ratification)
Ratification: The confirmation or adoption of an act that has already been performed.

Econ

Collapse inevitable – peak oil, food and structural instabilities make growth unsustainable. Collapse now causes a shift to localized economies. Further growth causes catastrophic failure

Korowicz 11 – (5/14/11, David, physicist and human systems ecologist, the director of The Risk/Resilience Network in Ireland, a board member of FEASTA (The Foundation for the Economics of Sustainability), "In the world, at the limits to growth,"http://www.feasta.org/2011/05/14/in-the-world-at-the-limits-to-growth/-http://www.feasta.org/2011/05/14/in-the-world-at-the-limits-to-growth/)
Yet our feet of clay are that our economy and civilisation exist only by virtue of resource flows from our environment. The only laws in economics are the laws of physics, everything else is contingent, supposition or vanity. An economy, growing in size and complexity, is firstly a thermodynamic system requiring increasing energy flows to grow and avoid decay. Waste, be it greenhouse gasses or landfill is also a natural outcome of such a thermodynamic process.
News from Elsewhere
It’s been part of the background noise for over half a century, warnings about
AND
crazy despots have always demanded our attention, at least while on TV.
Yes we can21 Yes we can21 - chanted the posse of teenagers following Al Gore through a pavilion in Poznan, Poland for the annual gathering of climate policy acronyms.
When not distracted by the ever-present, we’ve responded to these warnings with
AND
and environmental sink demands keep increasing, ecological indicators decline and inequality rises.
The reality is that we are locked into an economy adapted to growth, and
AND
to greater poverty, and pose even greater risks to the banking system.
It is an oxymoron to say we can do something unsustainable forever. How would
AND
age, confirming the earth centric universe against Galileo and Copernicus before him.
What the Galileos of today are saying is that we are at or near the
AND
fall, and our visions will fall further and further from our grasp.
They are saying that global food production is hitting an array of ecological constraints, while population growth and changing diets are driving up demand. They note that current food production is massively subsidised through fossil fuel inputs, and that as those inputs become less available, and people become poorer due to economic contraction, food productivity and access will be undermined.
In totality, we are at the edge of an evolving systemic crisis. Peak oil and food constraints are likely to undermine the stability of our integrated globalised economy. The core pillars of that economy: critical infrastructure, production flows, economies of scale, the financial and monetary system, behavioural adaptation, resource access and energy flows-are likely to begin forcing contagious failure.
The driving force of this failure is likely to be the fastest and most unstable process-the impact of energy and food constrained economic growth, and an already vulnerable monetary and financial system dependent upon continuing growth.
Tightening binds
Whatever of Ireland’s economic woes, the real debt bubble is global. The debt relative to GDP is far greater now in the US, UK, and much of Europe, than it ever was leading up to the great depression. Like many countries we responded to our debt bubble with more debt, we just shifted it onto the sovereign or the printing press.
The indebted world, even without oil and food price rises is straining at the limits of debt servicing and credibility. Yet it is demanding even more credit, while its ability to service the debt is being undermined by debt deflation, austerity, rising job losses, and defaults. The bank lenders of that money can only lose so much before they are too are insolvent.
Rising food and energy prices are driving the deflationary forces even harder. And if central banks misinterpret the cause of food and oil price rises, and raise interest rates, the deflationary pressures risk becoming cyclonic. The cost of essentials and debt servicing rise, while income declines. Discretionary spending will collapse, job losses and defaults rise, income will declines further. This re-enforcing spiral of decline will increase, and spread to more and more countries.
The fear of contagion from peripheral Eurozone defaults are not merely that they could topple
AND
they are shown to have values far below what is required for solvency.
What everybody wants and needs is a sudden and explosive increase in the production of real goods and services (GDP) to make their continual debt requirements serviceable. But that,even were it remotely possible, would require a big increase in oil flows through the global economy, just as global oil production has peaked and begins its decline. It cannot happen. This means that the global financial system is essentially insolvent now.
The only choice is default or inflation on a global scale. It mean banks
AND
on fiat money, fractional reserve banking, and interest can only collapse.
High oil and food prices are essentially probing the limits of the stability of the globalised economy. They will probe until there is a major collapse in global economic production. At which point our energy prices may fall, but our real income and purchasing power will fall faster.
And markets will discover this truth quicker than monetary authorities and governments. Its expression will be in deeper and deeper economic stresses and major systemic banking collapses. Official responses will become more and more impotent, as their fundamental economic and policy tools no longer work, and their patina of control becomes hollow. If and when banking system contagion spreads to supply-chain contagion we may face existential challenges.
Even were we to have the perfect monetary and financial system, without debt and
AND
for various reasons, and monetary instability would still destabilise supply-chains.
Facing Ourselves 26 Facing Our Future
We are at the beginning of a process in which our world-views crash against a fundamentally unstable financial system and ecological constraints. A time where we will learn that what was, will never return; and what was expected, can never be. We are facing a time of loss and uncertainty. A time of bank-runs, lost savings and pensions, of mass unemployment, electricity and mobile phone black-outs, of hunger and empty super-market shelves.
A localised economy will no longer be something environmentalists aspire to develop; rather it will be forced upon us as bank failures, monetary uncertainty, and lost purchasing power sever links in the web of the global economy. But we no longer have indigenous economies to fall back upon.
The gap between expectations and what can be realised is historically a major source of popular anger, and can ignite a cycle of fear, blame, violence, scape-goating, and authoritarian leadership from either left or right. It can give the avaricious the power and cover to appropriate wealth that might better be used for collective welfare.
Yet who gave us the right to our expectations? They were built on the
AND
the delusion that we are the displaced God who transcended our own ecology.
Yes, we can and will build a largely local economy out of the ruins of a collapsed globalised one. It will be a much poorer one and one where we will have lost much of what we take for granted. It can also provide a good life, where our basic needs are met, where meaningful lives can be lived, and a rich texture of experience found.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Growth makes eco-collapse inevitable

Speth, law prof, 8—Served as President Jimmy Carter’s White House environmental
AND
, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability, Gigapedia, 6-9)

But the much larger and more threatening impacts stem from the economic activity of those
AND
modern capitalism, in each case seeking to identify the transformative changes needed. 

Extinction

Chen 2k—Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis)
Ellipses in original 

Conscious decisions to allow the extinction of a species or the destruction of an entire
AND
Homo sapiens — in ten million years, perhaps a hundred million. 348

Heg

Chinese influence in Latin America is a key to their soft power

Castillo 9 –Anthony Castillo is a writer for the Diplomat, ("China in Latin America, June 18, 2009, http://thediplomat.com/2009/06/18/china-in-latin-america/?all=true)//sawyer
China’s aim in Latin America these days differs dramatically from the 1960s, when the
AND
Chinatown’s leaders play a central role in making connections and building partnerships.’

That solves a North Korean nuclear conflict – China is a key ally

Liu, 07 – Staff Writer (Melinda, "Can China Play Hardball Diplomacy?", Newsweek, 2/8, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17051760/site/newsweek/print/1/displaymode/1098)//VP**
U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Christopher
AND
—at least on how the first stage of disarmament could play out.

Extinction

Chol, 02 – Writer and editor based in Japan and an unofficial spokesperson of North Korea (Kim Myong, "Agreed Framework is Brain Dead: Shotgun Wedding is the Only Option to Defuse Crisis", 10/24, http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/nautilus-institute-policy-forum-online-agreed-framework-is-brain-dead-shotgun-wedding-is-the-only-option-to-defuse-crisis-2/~~23ixzz2Xv78axxm)//VP**
The second choice is for the Americans to initiate military action to knock out the
AND
would end up finding themselves reduced to a second-class nuclear power. 

2. US withdrawal won’t cause power wars – forward deployment only encourages NATO growth and Russian expansionism

Gholz, Press, and Sapolsky, 97 (Eugene Gholz and Daryl Press, doctoral candidates in political science at MIT. Harvey Sapolsky, professor of public policy at MIT. International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4. Spring 1997)
Several prominent analysts favor a policy of selective engagement. These analysts fear that American
AND
would be German rather than American troops standing guard on the new borders.

3. Their authors have it backwards – countries will take advantage of U.S. security guarantees to provoke war

Eland, 02 (Director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute (Ivan, "The Empire Strikes Out The "New Imperialism" and Its Fatal Flaws", Cato policy analysis no 459, nov 26)
Of course, one way to try to enhance American credibility would be to deploy
AND
can show progress in its efforts to mediate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

4. Multipolarity solves – U.S. withdrawal makes other powers work together to stabilize hotspots

Layne et. al, 02 (Christopher 26 Ben Schwarz, "A New Grand Strategy", Atlantic Monthly, Jan 2002, vol. 289, no. 1, p. asp wyo-tjc)
With respect to Europe, the United States would endorse the EU’s efforts—which
AND
in the region, shifting to others the hard job of stabilizing it.

Russia

Here is the 1AC Hill evidence IN CONTEXT – it cites a democrat from the Senate saying that there could be conflict between oil companies if Dodd Frank is waived by the aff.

1AC Hill
Democrats rejected this and called it an attempt to dismantle Dodd-Frank. Rep. Peter DeFazio (D-Ore.) said the language is "totally unnecessary" and added that the provision waives Dodd-Frank’s reporting rules for all offshore energy deals between the U.S. and a foreign government.

"They actually want to repeal totally this section of Dodd-Frank for any future agreements with any other nations on a transboundary basis, which could certainly include Canada and, likely with the conflicts that are looming over the Arctic Ocean and the resources up there, with Russia," he said.

"Now I get pretty nervous when I start thinking that U.S. companies are going to start negotiating secret agreements with Russia, and somehow these are going to protect our taxpayers," he said. "They’re going to protect our shareholders, they’re going to protect our public interest."

1. No Arctic conflict by any nation, specifically Russia – claims of conflict are exaggerated – cooperation now
   Fries, 2012 – Tom, Senior Fellow at the Arctic Institute, MBA from Georgetown University, ’Perspective Correction: How We Misinterpret Arctic Conflict’, http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/2012/04/perspective-correction-how-we.html-http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/2012/04/perspective-correction-how-we.html
   War and conflict sell papers — the prospect of war, current wars, remembrance
   AND
   is a welcome relief - a site where international collaboration is comparatively amicable.

2. International agreements checks war and escalation.

Kraska 11 – US Navy Commander Chair of Operational Law and member of the International Law Department (Commander James, "Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change" 2011; http://books.google.com/books?id=b-U1To97zqsC26printsec=frontcover~~23v=onepage26q26f=false)//AB
Still, armed conflict in the Arctic is improbable. The National Intelligence Council,
AND
in the Arctic have "nothing to do with reality," Putin stressed. 

No war even if expansion occurs

Hoffman, 12 – Contributing editor to Foreign Policy and the author of The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy, which won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction (David E., "Het, Big Spender", Foreign Policy, 10/22, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/22/hey_big_spender?page=full)VP
Today, one-third of U.S. strategic forces, including almost
AND
is open to the world in a way the Soviet Union never was.

Tournament: Illinois State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Salathe, OHara

T

Interpretation: Economic Engagement must be exclusively positive – means sanctions aren’t topical

Rock 00 – Stephen R. Rock, Professor of Political Science at Vassar College, Appeasement in International Politics, p. 22
Engagement, as typically conceived, is not a global national security strategy, but
AND
and after the shooting of pro-democracy demonstrators in Tienanmen Square.79

Violation – the aff must use sanctions to remove maquiladoras, there is no other way for them to solve

Impact:

Limits – they explode possible affirmatives by allowing sanctions for ANY REASON to be topical

Ground – we cannot read arguments about how economic engagement could be good for women because we don’t know which way they will go – positive or negative – makes it impossible to have stable negative offense.

1 - Procedural

Our interpretation is that the Affirmative must take a topical course of action through the United States federal government.

• • 1. "Resolved" means debate should be a legislative forum
       Army Officer School ’4
       (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
       The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
       AND
       resolved:"¶ Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. The United States is the country composed of the 50 states
Encarta ’7
~The Encarta Online Dictionary. "United States" 2007 encarta.msn.com~
U•nit•ed States ~ y? n?t?d stáyts-http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/Pronounce.aspx?search=United+States ~ country in central North America, consisting of 50 states. Languages: English. Currency: dollar. Capital: Washington, D.C.. Population: 290,342,550 (2001). Area: 9,629,047 sq km (3,717,796 sq mi.) Official name United States of America

3. The federal government is the government in Washington DC – not its individual members
AHD ’2
~The American Heritage Dictionary. 2002, Pg 647~ 
Of or relating to the central government of a federation as distinct from the governments of its member units.

4. "Should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ’3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

2 - Limited Topic

First, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
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specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
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the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

3 - Decision Making

Effective decision-making outweighs—-

Debating the enactment of government policy trains us to become organizational decision makers – that skill set is vital to actualizing change outside the confines of the debate space.

Algoso, 11 (Dave, Director of Programs at Reboot, MPA, International Development Blogger, "Why I got an MPA: Because organizations matter," 5/31, http://algoso.org/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/)
Because organizations matter. Forget the stories of heroic individuals written in your middle school
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right program for you and use your time well, can do both.

Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on all the problems implied in the employment of the idea of justice we are granting the possibility of formulating an ideal of man and society, valid for all beings endowed with reason and accepted by what we have called elsewhere the universal audience.14
I think that the only discursive methods available to us stem from techniques that are
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city of man in which violence may progressively give way to wisdom.13
Whenever an individual controls the dimensions of" a problem, he or she can solve the problem through a personal decision. For example, if the problem is whether to go to the basketball game tonight, if tickets are not too expensive and if transportation is available, the decision can be made individually. But if a friend’s car is needed to get to the game, then that person’s decision to furnish the transportation must be obtained.
Complex problems, too, are subject to individual decision making. American business offers
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-to-day and even hour-to-hour decisions individually.
When President George H. W. Bush launched Operation Desert Storm, when President
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, debate is the only satisfactory way the exact issues can be decided:
A president, whoever he is, has to find a way of understanding the novel and changing issues which he must, under the Constitution, decide. Broadly speaking ... the president has two ways of making up his mind. The one is to turn to his subordinates—to his chiefs of staff and his cabinet officers and undersecretaries and the like—and to direct them to argue out the issues and to bring him an agreed decision…
The other way is to sit like a judge at a hearing where the issues to be decided are debated. After he has heard the debate, after he has examined the evidence, after he has heard the debaters cross-examine one another, after he has questioned them himself he makes his decision…
It is a much harder method in that it subjects the president to the stress of feeling the full impact of conflicting views, and then to the strain of making his decision, fully aware of how momentous it Is. But there is no other satisfactory way by which momentous and complex issues can be decided.16
John F. Kennedy used Cabinet sessions and National Security Council meetings to provide debate
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18 All presidents, to varying degrees, encourage debate among their advisors.
We may never be called on to render the final decision on great issues of
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in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Only portable skill—-means our framework turns case

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
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support the military action, and in the face of significant international opposition.
Meanwhile, and perhaps equally difficult for the parties involved, a young couple deliberated
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made. Each decision maker worked hard to make well-reasoned decisions.
Decision making is a thoughtful process of choosing among a variety of options for acting
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decision making, as do our school, community, and social organizations.
We all make many decisions even- day. To refinance or sell one’s home, to buy a high-performance SUV or an economical hybrid car. what major to select, what to have for dinner, what candidate CO vote for. paper or plastic, all present lis with choices. Should the president deal with an international crisis through military invasion or diplomacy? How should the U.S. Congress act to address illegal immigration?
Is the defendant guilty as accused? Tlie Daily Show or the ball game?
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do we sort through it and select the best information for our needs?
The ability of every decision maker to make good, reasoned, and ethical decisions relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to evaluate its relative validity and strength. Critical thinkers are better users of information, as well as better advocates.
Colleges and universities expect their students to develop their critical thinking skills and may require students to take designated courses to that end. The importance and value of such study is widely recognized.
Much of the most significant communication of our lives is conducted in the form of debates. These may take place in intrapersonal communications, in which we weigh the pros and cons of an important decision in our own minds, or they may take place in interpersonal communications, in which we listen to arguments intended to influence our decision or participate in exchanges to influence the decisions of others.
Our success or failure in life is largely determined by our ability to make wise
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customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
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their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
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navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
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searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
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cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
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to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
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with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

And independently a voting issue for limits and ground—-our entire negative strategy is based on the "should" question of the resolution—-there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative—- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action—-they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates

Anthro

The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations

Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
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Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics

Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
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of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Evaluate impact solvency based on who solves the root cause—proximate causes are useless and only replicate their harms

Shaw and Wong, 89 - *Ph.D., Health Economist and Program at Adviser of the Human Development Group at the World Bank AND HSBC Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Business at the University of British Columbia (*R. Paul AND Yuwa, 1989, Genetic Seeds of Warfare: evolution, nationalism and patriotism, Google Books, p. 11-12)
So far, we have synthesized many studies indicating that intergroup warfare is a frequent
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proximate causes which emerged in humanity’s early history to reinforce propensities for warfare.

Alternative Text: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF

Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
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exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

Tournament: Illinois State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Glenbrook South CK | Judge: Nate Sawyer, Stephen Pipkin

1

A) Crimea changed the game – key foreign policy diplomats are focused on Europe.

Dyer, 3/19 (Geoff, journalist, contributor to the Financial Times, E.M. Foster Award winner, nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism, "Obama forced to focus on new Russian threat," Financial Times, 3/19/14, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bb1441bc-af20-11e3-a088-00144feab7de.html~~23axzz2wVnGNBi8-http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bb1441bc-af20-11e3-a088-00144feab7de.html)
Russia’s military intervention in Crimea has changed the foreign policy landscape in Washington. The
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-Atlantic solidarity will allow us to prepare strong reactions to Russia’s aggression."

B) The plan trades off – it destabilizes the ability to handle current foreign policy situations –  and burns political capital.

Walt, 3/18 (Stephen, Professor of International Affairs @ Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, "The Solve-Everything, Do-Nothing White House," 3/18/14, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/18/the_solve_everything_do_nothing_obama_white_house)
Contrary to the critical overreaction to Obama in the wake of events in Ukraine,
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to advance your aims in one area may undermine your efforts somewhere else.

C) Any instability can spark all-out war in Europe – collapses the global economy, NATO, EU, and US-Russia relations.

Lieven, 14 (Anatol, Professor in the Department of War Studies, King’s College London, "Why Obama Shouldn’t Fall for Putin’s Ukrainian Folly," 3/4/14, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anatol-lieven/ukraine-russia-crimea_b_4899217.html)
President Viktor Yanukovych’s rejection of the EU offer led to an uprising in Kiev and
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NATO and the European Union from which these organizations might never recover either.

D) Diplomacy is the best scenario – the alternative is extinction.

Baum, 14 (Seth, executive director @ Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, "Best and Worst Case Scenarios for Ukraine Crisis: World Peace and Nuclear War," 3/7/14, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/seth-baum/best-and-worst-case-scena_b_4915315.html)
No one yet knows how the Ukraine crisis will play out. Indeed, the
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not survive the aftermath of a U.S.-Russia nuclear war.

2

Veto-proof majorities ready to push on sanctions – but holding back in the status quo.

Shabad, 3/18 (Rebecca, writing for Global Affairs: The Hill’s international relations blog, "Congress fires warning shot at Iran," http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/201074-83-senators-outline-preferred-requirements-for)
More than two-thirds of the Senate and nearly 400 House members on Tuesday
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unmistakable message to the Iranian regime," the senators warned in the letter.

Iran sanctions will get attached to the plan – Ukraine doesn’t thump.

Pecquet, 3/11 (Julian, congressional correspondent for Al Monitor, "Senate GOP split on adding Iran sanctions to Ukraine bill, Al-Monitor, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/congress-russia-ukrain.html~~23-http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/congress-russia-ukrain.html)
A number of hawkish members argue that Republicans should latch on to every legislative vehicle
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proceed to the bill from Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt. 

New sanctions cause Iran war

WORLD TRIBUNE 11 – 13 – 13 ~Obama said to suspend Iran sanctions without informing Congress, http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/-http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/~~
The administration has also pressured Congress to suspend plans for new sanctions legislation against Iran
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for right now is a pause, a temporary pause, in sanctions."

Iran war escalates

White, July/August 2011 (Jeffrey—defense fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, What Would War With Iran Look Like, National Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982-http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982)
A U.S.-Iranian war would probably not be fought by the United
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beyond, complicating both U.S. military operations and coalition diplomacy.

3

Text: The United States Federal Government should provide all necessary funding for the construction and operation of all necessary water treatment facilities to increase the alkalinity of the oceans by removing hydrochloric acid via electrolysis, neutralizing it with silicate rock, and returning the products to the ocean.

CP solves warming- it offsets all emissions

Mongabay, 07 ("Ocean CO2 collector could fight global warming and ocean acification" http://news.mongabay.com/2007/1120-geoengineering.html , November 20, 2007)

Researchers have proposed a geoengineering solution to global warming that involves building a series of
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on them as a food source and could spell trouble for other species.

4

The plan causes economic overheating

Robert David Cruz 03 (current qualifications: PhD., Chief economist for Miami-Dade County) "Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Castro Cuba: Problems, Opportunities and Recommendations," University of Miami, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, Pg. 20, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/RDCruz.pdf
The appropriate U.S. role during an economic transition is not to promote
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infrastructure in ways that promote economic development that is spread across the island.

That causes democratic backsliding and regional prolif

Schulz 00 (Donald Schulz, Chairman of the Political Science Department at Cleveland State University, March 2000, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub31.pdf)
A second major interest is the promotion of democracy. At first glance, this
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heightened politico-military rivalry between different blocs or coalitions in the hemisphere.

Latin American prolif spills over

Beamont and Rubinsky 12 (Paul D. Beamont and Thomas Rubinsky, International Law and Policy Institute, "An Introduction to the Issue of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean," December, http://nwp.ilpi.org/?p=1851)
As the world continues to grapple with the issues of non-proliferation and disarmament
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efforts aimed at reaching the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.

Prolif causes extinction – escalation

Kroenig 12 – Matthew Kroenig is an Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow on the Council on Foreign Relations, May 26^th, 2012, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?" http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30
What’s Wrong with Proliferation Optimism?
The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major flaws
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war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

AG

Monsanto, the industrial ag juggernaut, is now transitioning to sustainable agriculture worldwide. It’s permaculture model is being exported and solves the entirety of the case.

Cloutier, 13 (Jill, environmental educator and producer of Sustainable World Radio, "The Monsanto-Permaculture Alliance: Committed to Sustainable Agriculture," 6/2, http://sustainableworldradio.wordpress.com/2013/06/02/the-monsanto-permaculture-alliance-committed-to-sustainable-agriculture/)
Monsanto recently announced the formation of a new MPCA or Monsanto Permaculture Alliance. The
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guide Monsanto in its transition from a conventional corporation to an organic one.

Cuban ag can’t even feed the nation. It’s a debunked model.

Gillespie, 13 (Kaitlin, writing for The Spokesman-Review, "Washington laments loss of Cuba agriculture trade market," 8/4, http://www.columbian.com/news/2013/aug/04/state-no-longer-trades-with-cuba/)
HAVANA — The aisle of a Havana grocery store is lined with shelf after shelf of cheddar-flavored Pringles. At the deli counter, there are dozens of boxes of frozen fish sticks. Down another aisle, a brand of baby wipes fills the shelves.
The produce section, meanwhile, is almost bare. A few bags of frozen
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have increased by about 15 percent per year during the last three years.

No investment – Cuban uncertainty deters FDI.

Morales, 13 (Emilio, former Director of Marketing for CIMEX, SA, the largest Cuban company in retail and wholesale business, "Joint Ventures are the Big Question in Updating the Cuban Model," 10/30, http://thehavanaconsultinggroups.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=3503Ajoint-ventures-are-the-big-question-in-updating-the-cuban-model26catid=473Aeconomy26lang=en-http://thehavanaconsultinggroups.com/index.php?option=com_content26view=article26id=3503Ajoint-ventures-are-the-big-question-in-updating-the-cuban-model26catid=473Aeconomy26lang=en)
However, it is unclear whether the traditional business partners already located on the island
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. Another weakness is the lack of flexible and attractive foreign investment laws. 

Warming

1. Icebergs are a negative feedback – none of their evidence takes this into account

Macfarlane, 09 (Jo, The Daily Mail Online. "Amazing discovery of green algae which could save the world from global warming" http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1104772/Amazing-discovery-green-algae-save-world-global-warming.html?ITO=1490~~23)
Melting icebergs, so long the iconic image of global warming, are triggering a
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calculates that a further 26million tons of CO2 is removed from the atmosphere.

2. Err neg – aff authors overestimate warming and underestimate adaptation

Goklany 11 - a science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior (Indur M., "Misled on Climate Change: How the UN IPCC (and others) Exaggerate the Impacts of Global Warming" December 2011, http://goklany.org/library/Reason20CC20and20Development202011.pdf-http://goklany.org/library/Reason CC and Development 2011.pdf, PZ)
A third approach would be to fix the root cause of why developing countries are
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while cellular phone users went from 0 per 100 to 33 per 100.

Bio-D

1. Empirically denied and alternate causality – hundreds of thousands of species die annually

Paltrowitz, 01 (JD Brooklyn Journal of I-Law, 2001 (A Greening of the World Trade Organisation")
However, the panel did not take into account the practical reality that negotiations are
AND
impose few constraints on a contracting party’s implementation of domestic environmental policies." n108

2. Species extinction won’t cause human extinction – humans and the environment are adaptable

Doremus, 2K (Holly,  Professor of Law at UC Davis Washington 26 Lee Law Review, Winter 57 Wash 26 Lee L. Rev. 11, lexis)  
In recent years, this discourse frequently has taken the form of the ecological horror
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that a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse.

Transition

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
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cover the entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

Cuban biotech industry is a model worldwide

Scheye, 11 – President, Scheye Group Ltd. Global Advisory Service (Elaine, "CUBAN HEALTHCARE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:  REFORM, A BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW  OR JUST WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED?" Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume21/pdfs/scheye.pdf)
While Cuba’s health care system continues to erode, Cuba’s biotechnology sector remains a bright
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modern apartment buildings, bus service to and from their homes, etc. 

Disease

1. Most zoonotic diseases can’t kill fast enough to cause mass death. It is impossible for zoonotic diseases to cause extinction because they need hosts to survive

Sedon and Homes, 06 (Michael and Edward, Writer and PhD Professor of Biology at Penn State, "Emerging viruses: Past, present, and future," 11/6/06, http://www.rps.psu.edu/unplugged/fall06/holmes.html)
Without the costly protease inhibitor drugs that have given many with HIV a longer life
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not generated a transmittable path from person-to-person after infection."

2. Unlike other disease, zoonotics have been contained – if not eliminated – due to the restrictions placed on animal trade, vaccines, and quarantines

Torres, 99 (Alfonso, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D., Deputy Administrator, USDA, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, "International Economic Considerations Concerning Agricultural Diseases and Human Health Costs of Zoonotic Diseases," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894:80-82)
Animal diseases can negatively affect the number and availability of animals, their productivity,
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the relatively few human diseases successfully eradicated from large areas of the world.

3. Empirically denied – zoonotic diseases have been around forever and haven’t caused extinction- Bubonic Plague. Plus, genetic diversity ensures that some humans will always survive.

No War

Even a limited nuke war causes extinction - accelerates their environment and ag impacts.

McBay, 11 (Aric, co-founder of the Deep Green Resistance organization, environmental activist/author,  authored What We Leave Behind and Peak Oil Survival, Deep Green Resistance: Strategy to Save the Planet, co-authored by Derrick Jensen and Lierre Keith, May 3^rd, p. 537)
If resource wars escalate to nuclear wars, the effects will be severe, even
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settles, global warming will be even more rapid and worse than before. 

Even if they win the world is getting better war is still increasingly possible

Ferguson 8—Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University, William
AND
, AL~

So The War of the World, singular, is an attempt to explain why
AND
as having been explosive in the mid-twentieth century. Where economic volatility

, if you just look at growth rates in these countries for the past twenty
AND
killing fields conceivably of Palestine, of Lebanon, of the Persian Gulf. 

The convergence of hyper-competition and hyper-power status make conflict increasingly likely

Capie 11—Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Victoria University of Wellington, New
AND
Security, Volume 23, Issue 2, Taylor and Francis, AL~

The book’s thesis is that there are two systemic drivers of contemporary security and insecurity
AND
on globalization and peace and conflict to form a compelling and provocative account. 

Deterrence theory is false

Krieger 11—President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, professor of politics ~2/7, David, "Ten Serious Flaws in Nuclear Deterrence Theory", Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=206-http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=206, AL~

As a former commander of the US Strategic Command, General George Lee Butler was
AND
in the face of the overwhelming threat that nuclear weapons pose to humanity.

Tournament: NFL Qualifier | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: Rachel Boroditsky
1
Ukraine IMF assistance with IMF Reform will pass now- international crisis gave it political boost
Reuters, 3-4 (“U.S. uses Ukraine to push for IMF voting reforms,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/us-ukraine-crisis-usa-imf-idUSBREA231QE20140304)
The United States on Tuesday sought to use the crisis in Ukraine as leverage in
AND
has asked the IMF for at least $15 billion to avert bankruptcy.

Political capital is key to getting IMF Reform through- it’s key to maintaining U.S. leadership
Kann, 2-2014 (Robert Kahn is the Steven A. Tananbaum senior fellow for international economics at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) in Washington, D.C. Dr. Kahn has held positions in the public and private sectors, with an expertise in macroeconomic policy, finance and crisis resolution, Global Economics Monthly: February 2014, http://www.cfr.org/economics/global-economics-monthly-february-2014/p32318)
Failure of the legislation does not turn off the lights at the IMF. The
AND
 to get this legislation across the finish line.

This causes Russian aggression- Ukraine crisis is key
Delamaide, 3-5 (Darrell, “Capitol dysfunction threatens U.S. national security,” http://www.marketwatch.com/story/capitol-dysfunction-threatens-us-national-security-2014-03-05)
In a volatile situation, with the West confronting
AND
the government to respond to a serious national security threat.

Global nuclear war
Press TV, 3-6 (Ukraine crisis may set off nuclear powers war: Analyst, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/03/02/352953/cold-war-can-go-nuclearhot-on-ukraine/)
A potential military confrontation
AND
for a possible military conflict in the region.

2
Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition crushes these spaces of resistance, reducing the globe to a single, monocultural economic model
Vattimo and Zabala 11 (Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)
The “Bolivarian Revolution” is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism.”
AND
and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world."
The plan crushes those movements – it purports a neoliberal economic system which devastates the envionrment
Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). “Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization,” http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
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model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region.
Extinction---tech and reforms fail
Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research and Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, “The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43
In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003
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"endless technical adjustments;" thus no further theoretical thought is required."27

The alternative – the judge should vote negative to reject neoliberal knowledge production and endorse globalization from below

3
The United States federal government should gradually normalize trade relations with Cuba.
Removing the embargo gradually solves – immediate removal causes instability
Zimmerman 10 – CHELSEA A. ZIMMERMAN, Georgetown Law, ’10, “Rethinking The Cuban Trade Embargo: An Opportune Time To Mend a Broken Policy,” http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2010/Zimmerman.pdf, ACC. 6-13-2013)
Elimination of the trade embargo immediately is not a feasible solution, as such a
AND
pork and fish would result (U.S. International Trade Commission).
The plan causes economic overheating
Robert David Cruz 03 (current qualifications: PhD., Chief economist for Miami-Dade County) “Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Castro Cuba: Problems, Opportunities and Recommendations,” University of Miami, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, Pg. 20, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/RDCruz.pdf
The appropriate U.S. role during an economic transition is not to promote
AND
infrastructure in ways that promote economic development that is spread across the island.

That causes democratic backsliding and regional prolif
Schulz 00 (Donald Schulz, Chairman of the Political Science Department at Cleveland State University, March 2000, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub31.pdf)
A second major interest is the promotion of democracy. At first glance, this
AND
heightened politico-military rivalry between different blocs or coalitions in the hemisphere.
Latin American prolif spills over
Beamont and Rubinsky 12 (Paul D. Beamont and Thomas Rubinsky, International Law and Policy Institute, “An Introduction to the Issue of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean,” December, http://nwp.ilpi.org/?p=1851)
As the world continues to grapple with the issues of non-proliferation and disarmament
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efforts aimed at reaching the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.
Prolif causes extinction – escalation
Kroenig 12 – Matthew Kroenig is an Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow on the Council on Foreign Relations, May 26th, 2012, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30
What’s Wrong with Proliferation Optimism?
The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major flaws
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war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

Ag
Cuban ag is an international model – solves environmental degradation and food scarcity
Peters 10 – LL.M. expected 2011, University of Arkansas School of Law, Graduate Program in Agricultural and Food Law; J.D. 2010, University of Oregon School of Law (Kathryn, “Creating a Sustainable Urban Agriculture Revolution” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION Vol. 25, 203, http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/251/peters.pdf)
While urban agriculture was a response to a dramatic crisis in ¶ Cuba’s history,
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new economy for many Cubans without negatively ¶ impacting the environment or society.

Lifting the embargo destroys Cuban ag
Gonzalez 3 –  Assistant Professor at Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA”, Summer of 2003, book p. 729-33)
Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
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to the retention of an agricultural development model borne of crisis and isolation. 

Economic engagement wrecks Cuban biodiversity
Dean, 7-Science Editor for the NYT (Cornelia, “Conserving Cuba, After the Embargo”, New York Times, 12/25/07, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/science/25cuba.html?pagewanted=all)//TL  
Through accidents of geography and history, Cuba is a priceless ecological resource. That
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massive growth in mass tourism when the U.S. embargo lifts.”

1. Resource- Won’t escalate
   Salehyan, 07 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at University of Northern Texas (Idean, “The New Myth About Climate Change”, Foreign Policy, August 2007, May 29th 2010, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922, KONTOPOULOS)
   Dire scenarios like these may sound convincing, but they are misleading. Even worse
   AND
   Paris are at least as culpable for Darfur as the regime in Khartoum. 

2. Species extinction won't cause human extinction – humans and the environment are adaptable
Doremus, 2K (Holly,  Professor of Law at UC Davis Washington and Lee Law Review, Winter 57 Wash and Lee L. Rev. 11, lexis)  
In recent years, this discourse frequently has taken the form of the ecological horror
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that a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse.

Leadership
The world is moving to pluralism, not multipolarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership because most challengers are regional
Etzioni, 13 - served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard University and The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University (Amitai, “The Devolution of American Power” 37 Fletcher F. World Aff. 13, lexis)

The theory that the world is moving from a unipolar order,
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This is one of the principle strengths of
Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers.  Moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainable
Seldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, “Balancing Against or Balancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony” Security Studies Volume 22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)

Understanding which of these choices—soft balancing against the hegemon or alignment with the
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an increased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests.

Unilateralism and heg solve war – best, most recent evidence proves
Brooks et al 13 Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107, GDI File

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
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case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war)
Multilateralism fails – organizations fail and exclusion of countries is inevitable – the US is not key
Gallagher 10 – leading Australian consultant on trade and public policy (Peter, “Plurilateralism… get used to it,” 12/20/10, http://www.petergallagher.com.au/index.php/site/article/plurilateralism...-get-used-to-it)//AY

Those Orga¬ni¬za¬tions will go on. So will mul¬ti¬lat¬er¬al¬ism. This week is only another
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to deal with the man¬age¬ment of global com¬mons. Guar¬an¬teed to be messy.

Rel
The Amazon is recovering and even if it were destroyed, there’s no impact
New York Post, 05 (Posted at Cheat Seeking Missiles, date is date of post, http://cheatseekingmissiles.blogspot.com/2005/06/stop-global-whining-2.html)
"One of the simple, but very important, facts is that the rainforests
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an alarming rate is a con based on bad science," Moore says.

1. Warming- Icebergs are a negative feedback – none of their evidence takes this into account
   Macfarlane, 09 (Jo, The Daily Mail Online. “Amazing discovery of green algae which could save the world from global warming” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1104772/Amazing-discovery-green-algae-save-world-global-warming.html?ITO=1490#)
   Melting icebergs, so long the iconic image of global warming, are triggering a
   AND
   calculates that a further 26million tons of CO2 is removed from the atmosphere.

Tournament: NFL Qualifiers | Round: 4 | Opponent: GBN MK | Judge: Kevin Hirn, Tyler Salathe, Wayne Tang

1

"Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives

Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2
The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the
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shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.

That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo

De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct)
Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you
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run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.

Violation – the AFF isn’t a quid pro quo

Voting issue:

Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the NEG’s research burden and hurt competitiveness

Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy – those are key to clash and negative strategy on a large topic with few common linkages

2

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
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sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

3

Prices steadily rising – no drops expected

Slavchev 2/21 (Alexander, writer invezz.com "CFDs: Oil price: WTI and Brent close to locking in gains this week", 2/21/14, http://invezz.com/news/commodities/9063-cfds-oil-price-wti-and-brent-close-to-locking-in-gains-this-week)//WL
West Texas Intermediate (WTI) is set to score a sixth consecutive week of
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, but it would not go beyond that," observes Phillips Futures’ Tan.
The plan triggers an OPEC flood —- even if they don’t displace the transportation sector —- drops the price dramatically
Schelmetic 11 (Tracey E., Contributor – TMC, "Saudi Prince Frets that High Oil Prices will Spur Drive to Alternative Energy", TMC, 6-1, http://green.tmcnet.com/channels/renewable-energy/articles/181084-saudi-prince-frets-that-high-oil-prices-will.htm, Deech)

What do you do when you’re a theocratic ruler of an oil-rich nation
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– all of which would be detrimental to the oil-rich nation.
Any large, sustained drop causes Russian collapse —- that’s the key benchmark
Whitmore 13 (Brian, Senior Russia Correspondent – Radio Free Europe, "After The Storm: Trends To Watch In Russia In 2013", Radio Free Europe, 1-2, The Power Vertical)

It began with a roar and it ended with a whimper. As 2012 wound
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the figure needed for a balanced budget was 2450 to 2455.
The impact is nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author – Huffington Post, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction", http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia, historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree
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the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

4

Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition crushes them – the alternative is to de-link from Latin America

Vattimo 26 Zabala 11 (Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)
The "Bolivarian Revolution" is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism."
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and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world."

The plan crushes those movements – it purports a neoliberal economic system which devastates the envionrment

Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). "Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization," http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
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model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

Extinction—-tech and reforms fail

Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research 26 Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, "The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith," Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43
In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003
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"endless technical adjustments;" thus no further theoretical thought is required."27

The alternative – the judge should vote negative to reject neoliberal knowledge production and endorse globalization from below

5

Text: The United States federal government should offer to Mexico to facilitate a substantial increase in United States’ importation of Mexican algae biofuels.

CP solves and avoids environmental destruction caused by palm oil and soybean biofuels – palm oil and soybeans require land-use change and destroy the environment – turns their warming and environmental destruction impacts

Brodie 12 (Nathaniel, writer for the Cornvallis Advocate, an c c c alternative weekly magazine written and published in Corvallis, Oregon, "Biofuels: The Bad, The Ugly, and a Bit of The Good," http://www.corvallisadvocate.com/2012/1004-biofuels-the-bad-the-ugly/-http://www.corvallisadvocate.com/2012/1004-biofuels-the-bad-the-ugly/, 10-4-12, ab)
Palm oil is extracted from the seed of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis),
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food needs through industrial agriculture will lead to depleted soils and depleted aquifers.

Algae solves – cheapest, easiest, environmentally friendly

Worldwatch Institute ~no date~ (Worldwatch, a research and activation institute that works to accelerate the transition to a sustainable world, "Better Than Corn? Algae Set to Beat Out Other Biofuel Feedstocks," http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5391-http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5391, ~no date~, ab)
Forget corn, sugar cane, and even switchgrass. Some experts believe that algae
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production of algae fuel could be just five years away, Kiplinger’s reports.

Mexico

A war on the Korean peninsula would involve few casualties and would be a decisive US victory

Orcut, 04 (Major, US Air Force,26 White House Fellow – August 2004. Daniel J. "Carrot, Stick, or Sledgehammer: US Policy Options for North Korean Nuclear Weapons" USAF Institute for National Security Studies. Occasional Paper 56. www.usafa.af.mil/df/inss/OCP/OCP56.pdf)
However, the lethality of modern weapons and the US military’s ability to limit collateral
AND
Korean artillery can, "rain havoc on a very large civilian population."

Corn

Food- Empirically denied – food prices have been spiraling upwards for months

2. Multiple alternate causes to food prices

Teslik, 08 – Assistant Editor at Council on Foreign Relations (Lee Hudson, "Food Prices",  6/30/2008, http://www.cfr.org/publication/16662/food_prices.html)  
Before considering factors like supply and demand within food markets, it is important to
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University, cites European bans on genetically modified crops as a prime example. 

1. Anti-biotics-Empirically denied – diseases have been around forever and haven’t caused extinction. Plus, genetic diversity ensures that some humans will always survive.

2. No disease can kill us all – it would have to be everything at once

Gladwell, 95 (Malcolm, The New Republic, 7/17/95 and 7/24/95, "The Plague Year", Lexis)

What would a real Andromeda Strain look like? It would be highly infectious like
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, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.

Trade

1. China War is impossible – Chinese democratization will facilitate cooperation

Friedberg, 05 (Aaron L. Friedberg, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University. International Security, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Fall 2005) http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/is3002_pp007-045_friedberg.pdf)
Liberal optimists believe that, although it is still far from finished, the process  
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as war among the members of  the European Union appears to be today.

2. Warming- Icebergs are a negative feedback – none of their evidence takes this into account

Macfarlane, 09 (Jo, The Daily Mail Online. "Amazing discovery of green algae which could save the world from global warming" http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1104772/Amazing-discovery-green-algae-save-world-global-warming.html?ITO=1490~~23)
Melting icebergs, so long the iconic image of global warming, are triggering a
AND
calculates that a further 26million tons of CO2 is removed from the atmosphere.