Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Barstow DN | Judge: Thomas Hodgman

Iran Politics

Obama’s political capital is effectively holding off passage of the Iran sanctions bill now – but it’s still a fight

Delmore 2/5/14 (Erin, Political Analyst @ MSNBC, "Democrats split over Syria, Iran," http://www.msnbc.com/all/democrats-split-over-syria-iran)
Over strong objections from the president, 16 Senate Democrats support a bill that would
AND
address a promise to veto any attempt to impose new sanctions on Iran.

LINK

Economic engagement with Mexico is controversial – specifically unconditioned aid.

Seelke 2013 Claire Ribando Seelke - Specialist in Latin American Affairs, "Mexico and the 112th Congress", January 29th, 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf
There have been ongoing concerns about the human rights records of Mexico’s federal, state
AND
torture and other mistreatment; and strengthening protection for human rights defenders.97

Causes Israel strikes

Perr 12/24 (Jon Perr 12/24/13, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon, has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran)
As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.

Impact is nuclear war

Reuveny 10 (Rafael – professor in the School of Public and Environmental affairs at Indiana University, Unilateral strike on Iran could trigger world depression, p. http://www.indiana.edu/~~spea/news/speaking_out/reuveny_on_unilateral_strike_Iran.shtml)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

T

Interpretation - "Economic" engagement is limited to trade and financial transactions - excludes diplomatic/military/cultural engagement

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in a third way by unnecessarily restricting the
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Violation – the affirmative is a form of cultural and diplomatic engagement

Voting issue –

Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages

Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

Death Cult

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

OAS CP

The United States federal government should propose to the Organization of American States a multilateral effort to develop a Medicare insurance program with the Mexican Ministry of Health for American citizens living in Mexico..

It solves the AFF and bolsters the OAS

IAD 12 (Inter-American Dialogue, US center for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs, the Dialogue brings together public and private leaders from across the Americas to address hemispheric problems and opportunities, fourteen Dialogue members served as presidents of their countries and more than two dozen have served at the cabinet level"Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America," Inter-American Dialogue Policy Report, p. 17-18, April 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf-http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf)
Even as Latin America expands its global reach and presence, it is important that
AND
, in order to regain a central role in inter-American affairs.

Mexico says yes

OAS 12 (Organization of American States, "OAS and Mexico Agree to Implement Technical Cooperation Activities for the Benefit of other Countries," press release, OAS, April 25, 2012, http://go-jamaica.com/pressrelease/item.php?id=509)
  The Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS), José Miguel
AND
which the OAS will provide a bridge for triangular cooperation with Caribbean countries.

Obama’s restoring international order now — but unilateral actions prevent his ability —- kills his strength

Yu, 2012 (Shiyu, Watching America scholar, "Obama’s Neo-Unilateralism" http://watchingamerica.com/News/163526/obamas-neo-unilateralism/-http://watchingamerica.com/News/163526/obamas-neo-unilateralism/)
Unilateralism, which led to the decline of the United States’ reputation and moral authority
AND
policies adopted by Obama and Bush, except in how they are implemented.¶ 

That’s uniquely key to solve conflict

Ben Coes 11, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 26 author, "The disease of a weak president", The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are
AND
one or the other. The status quo is simply not an option.

Airpower Bad

2. Turn – Casualty Aversion
A. Airpower creates a mentality of casualty aversion that limits the use of ground forces but increases over all interventions because they are perceived as low-cost—this destroys U.S. credibility
Lacquement, 04 (Lt. Col. Richard, Naval War College Review, Winter)

Evocations of the casualty-aversion assertion by national leaders can, as we have
AND
the United States and its allies may require escalation to achieve success.50

B. The perception of casualty aversion causes war and terrorism
Rercord, 02 (Jeffrey, teaches strategy at the Air war College, Parameters, June 22)

The strategic consequences of elite casualty phobia as well as itsimplications for the military ethic
AND
American morale. This convinced us that the Americans are a paper tiger." 

A switch to airpower undermines Hegemony – leads to prolif, China escalation, and WMD use

Collins, 06  ~Joseph J. Collins, is professor of national security studies at the National War College. He served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for stability operations from 2001 to 2004 "From the Ground Up"  http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2088164-http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2088164~~
Many of General Dunlap’s recommendations for the future are important. We need strong air
AND
unleash the dogs of interservice rivalry, lest we be consumed by them.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Katy Taylor BK | Judge: Alyssa Fiebrantz

TPA

Obama PC key to TPA passage – he needs to lobby

Huffington Post, 2-6-2014 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-d-atkinson-phd/selling-the-presidents-am_b_4733087.html?utm_hp_ref=technology26ir=Technology-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-d-atkinson-phd/selling-the-presidents-am_b_4733087.html?utm_hp_ref=technology26ir=Technology

Judging by congressional reaction to the trade elements in the State of the Union,
AND
States risks putting ourselves at a competitive disadvantage for many years to come. 

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for Rubio  – Cuba policy is totally unique – this is the best link card you will ever read

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

TPA key to finalize critical free trade deals

Hughes, 1/9 (Krista, 1/9/2014, Reuters News, "UPDATE 1-U.S. lawmakers propose fast-track bill for trade agreements," Factiva))
WASHINGTON, Jan 9 (Reuters) - U.S. lawmakers on Thursday
AND
would encompass nearly two-thirds of the global economy and trade flows.

A new wave of protectionism would erupt into nuclear conflict

Spicer 96, The Challenge from the East and the Rebirth of the West, 1996, p. 121
The choice facing the West today is much the same as that which faced the
AND
a penny, stability will be at a premium in the years ahead.

T

Interpretation - "Economic" engagement is limited to trade and financial transactions - excludes diplomatic/military/cultural engagement

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in a third way by unnecessarily restricting the
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Violation – the affirmative is a form of cultural and diplomatic engagement

Voting issue – 

1. Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages 

3. Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

Dirty Birdy

The Affirmative’s call for state action fails to achieve its desired goals while directly reinforcing state power, increasing the legitimacy of State violence.

Martin 1990,  associate professor at the University of Wollongong, Australia, Brian, Uprooting War

What should be done to help transform the state system in the direction of self
AND
the state rather than appealing for state intervention and thereby reinforcing state power. 

First, calls for state recourse constructs social activism in such a way that condemns mechanisms for protest to comply with state structures, destroying any hope for powerful social change

Bookchin, 1998, Murray, Left Green Perspectives, Number 38

In the United States, as in other Western countries today, there is no
AND
need for a revolutionary transformation of society (which the system must resist). 

Second, demands for a change in state policy are an example of a State-centered conception of politics.  This fails to achieve its desired ends while destroying alternate mechanisms for change.

Magnusson 1990, Professor at the University of Victory, Canada, Contending Sovereignties: Redefining Political Community, Ed.  Walker and Mendlovitz  

Authur Bentley’s famous book, The Process of Government (1908), seemed to mark
AND
create new forms of political community, political identity, and political action. 

C. Impact- Reliance on state structures for social policy will result in extinction

Katsiaficas 1997, Professor at SUNY, The subversion of Politics, George 

Making ecologically responsible decisions already calls for rethinking the political power of nation-states
AND
rather a necessary form for the survival of the species and all life. 

D. Alternative- Reject the affirmative’s demand upon the United States federal government. Instead, vote negative to endorse a system of non-cooperation with the state. The goal of this non-cooperation will be expose the problems of the state.

Rejecting the demands of the affirmative opens of new political space for alternatives to state-centered activism.

Walker, professor at the University of Victoria, One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a just World Peace, Ed. RBJ, 1988
I do not claim in this book to give a conclusive insight into the major
AND
because they participate in a more far-reaching reinvention of political life. 

And non-cooperation challenges the state’s legitimacy and is critical to social change.

Bookchin, Murray, Left Green Perspectives, Number 38, http://lpg.social-ecology.org/, 1998
Without in any way ignoring the elementary insults that the present society inflicts on the
AND
state and the capitalist system and replace them with a libertarian communist society. 

Narratives PIC

Text—You can endorse the entirety of the 1ac except for their choice to deploy the narratives they read.

It solves the parts of the case about the Cuban Adjustment Act and flawed US immigration policies while avoiding the reasons why their introduction of these narratives is politically disabling.  It’s also less than their advocacy which makes it competitive with the aff.

Net Benefit

The demand for recognition as victims via the process of narration re-inscribes the master-slave relation that created the oppression in the first place, turns the case and creates more oppression.

Oliver 2K4
(Kelly, Chair of the Philosophy Department and Professor of Women’s
Studies at Stony Brook University Witnessing and Testimony Parallax, 2004, vol. 10, no. 1, 79–88 http://www.vanderbilt.edu/ AnS/philosophy/faculty/parallax.pdf)
Contemporary debates in social theory around issues of multiculturalism have focused on the demand or
AND
is beyond recognition can we begin to think of the recognition of difference.

The affirmative takes the position of the Maoist—their veneration of the oppressed constructs an ideal subaltern with whom they can engage in parasitic solidarity—this is virulent form of colonialism which turns the academy into a site for the consumption of Otherness for personal gain.
Chow 93

Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
Writing Diaspora, p. 10-13
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
longer distinguishable from those of us who have had our consciousnesses "raised."

Their attempt to raise the question of who is able to speak on the part of the oppressed only reduces the oppressed to tools in the quest for rhetorical victory—reinscribes the privilege which enables them to speak in the first place.
Chow 93
Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
Writing Diaspora, p.145-146
But while it effectively raises our consciousness in regard to the privileged positions enjoyed by
AND
who speak—this is the answer this question is meant to provoke.

This oppressive solidarity locks in cycles of exclusionary violence—making their impacts inevitable. You should reject the affirmative because of their failure to question the indebtedness of their intellectual project to institutions mired in the very privilege they sanctimoniously criticize—your first obligation as an intellectual is to interrogate your own privilege and struggle against becoming the object and instrument of power.

Chow 93 
Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993 Writing Diaspora, p. 16-17
Why are "tactics" useful at this moment? As discussions about "multiculturalism
AND
fencedoff field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 6 | Opponent: University SS | Judge: Brett Lind

FW

Our interpretation is that the Affirmative must take a topical course of action through the United States federal government. 

1. "Resolved" means debate should be a legislative forum
   Army Officer School ’4
   (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
   The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
   AND
   resolved:"¶ Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. The United States is the country composed of the 50 states
Encarta ’7
~The Encarta Online Dictionary. "United States" 2007 encarta.msn.com~
U•nit•ed States ~ y? n?t?d stáyts-http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/Pronounce.aspx?search=United+States ~ country in central North America, consisting of 50 states. Languages: English. Currency: dollar. Capital: Washington, D.C.. Population: 290,342,550 (2001). Area: 9,629,047 sq km (3,717,796 sq mi.) Official name United States of America

3. The federal government is the government in Washington DC – not its individual members
AHD ’2
~The American Heritage Dictionary. 2002, Pg 647~ 
Of or relating to the central government of a federation as distinct from the governments of its member units.

4. "Should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ’3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
And, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact
Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Neolib

Latin American economic engagement attempts to remake the target countries in the image of Northern development. Challenging the limits of neoliberalism in public spaces is key to politicize alternative strategies.
Sheppard et al., Minnesota geography professor, 2010
(Eric, "Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus", Geoforum, 41.2, ScienceDirect)

We have shown that there have been marked periodic remakings of global capitalist governance from
AND
economic and cultural subordination" (Fraser, 1997, p. 28).

Economic rationality prioritizes short term profit over the well-being of environment and human life-makes extinction inevitable
Nhanenge, South Africa development studies masters, 2007
(Jytte, "Ecofeminsm: Towards Integrating The Concerns Of Women, Poor People And Nature Into Development", February, http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1-http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1, DOA: 7-4-12)

Generation of wealth was an important part of the Scientific Revolution and its modern society
AND
models, which can support women, Others and nature, are presented. 

Our alternative is to decolonize economic engagement. Questioning the politics of space and knowledge that make engagement an economic tool of manipulation is key to sustainable development. You can affirm a mestiza consciousness without affirming an increase in economic engagement.
Walsh, Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, 2012
(Catherine, "The Politics of Naming", Cultural Studies, 26.1, Project Muse)

Cultural Studies, in our project, is constructed and understood as more than a
AND
only one of our options, and part of the politics of naming.

Anthro

The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations
Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics
Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Evaluate impact solvency based on who solves the root cause—proximate causes are useless and only replicate their harms
Shaw and Wong, 89 - *Ph.D., Health Economist and Program at Adviser of the Human Development Group at the World Bank AND HSBC Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Business at the University of British Columbia (*R. Paul AND Yuwa, 1989, Genetic Seeds of Warfare: evolution, nationalism and patriotism, Google Books, p. 11-12)
So far, we have synthesized many studies indicating that intergroup warfare is a frequent
AND
proximate causes which emerged in humanity’s early history to reinforce propensities for warfare.

Alternative Text: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF
Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: HoFlo FR | Judge: Jeremy Hammond

Overheating

Cuban economy stable now

Ted Piccone, 12 (Ted Piccone is a senior fellow and deputy director for Foreign Policy at Brookings. Piccone specializes in U.S.-Latin American relations; global democracy and human rights; and multilateral affairs. Piccone serves as an advisor to the Club of Madrid and has served on the National Security Council, at the State Department and Pentagon), Brookings, "Cuba Is Changing, Slowly but Surely," January 19, 2012, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/19-cuba-piccone
A closer look, however, reveals something more profound—a wholesale mental shift
AND
, with time, make long overdue reconciliation with the United States inevitable.

Immediate removal of embargo wrecks Cuban econ and causes instability

Jaime Suchlicki 2K, (Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director,
Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami. Author of Cuba: From Columbus to Castro, and Mexico: From Montezuma to NAFTA. He is also the editor of Cuban Affairs,a quarterly electronic journal), University of Miami, "The Implications of Lifting the U.S. Embargo and Travel Ban," June 2000, pp. 3-6, http://www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf

The lifting of the embargo and the travel ban without meaningful changes in Cuba will
AND
as illegal immigrants, complicating a rather thorny issue in American domestic politics. 

Cuban instability causes biological warfare

Mastrapa 99 – Armando F. Mastrapa, Department of Government and Politics, St. John’s University, 1999, "Evolution, Transition And The Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces,"www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume9/pdfs/mastrapa.pdf
However, the FAR may utilize biological warfare as an offensive capability and deterrent.
AND
a serious risk if faced with an external challenge to its governing elites.

Extinction

Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

T-Appeasement

Interpretation – "Engagement" requires increasing long-term economic contacts and interdependence – distinct from appeasement

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ENGAGEMENT AND APPEASEMENT¶ In contrast to many prevailing conceptions of engagement,
AND
or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

Violation – the AFF is a one-time appeasement – it doesn’t establish an interdependent relationship

Voting Issue - 

1. Limits – defining engagement as any positive action allows for too many short-term appeasement mechanisms that we can’t prepare for – hurts negative competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – guts links to perception DAs like China SOI, credibility, and politics based off of long-term relationships and jacks appeasement CP ground – generics like these are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages

War on Terror CP

CP Text: The United States federal government should end the War on Terror and close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay.

The War on Terror and policies like Guantanamo control the larger internal link to securitization-Only terror spills over internationally

Jorgensen 10- (Knud Erik, Professor of Political Science at University of Aarhus, Author of "International Relations Theory", June 15, 2010, Palgrave.com, Allowing Exceptions for the Sake of Security, http://www.palgrave.com/politics/jorgensen/resources/casestudies/casestudy6.html)**
The shock caused by the 9/11 terrorist attacks led many high-ranked
AND
have larger implications on our political communities than we would like to admit.

Trade liberalization with Cuba kicks away the ladder to prevent successful Cuban development – turns the AFF

Fanelli 8 (Carlo, SSHRC Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Department of Politics 26 Public Administration, Ryerson University, He received his PhD from the Department of Sociology 26 Anthropology at Carleton University, "’Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism", New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry Vol.2, No. 1 (November 2008) pgs. 7-16)
A closer look at the history of capitalism, however, reveals a much different
AND
productivity levels, efficiency, and quality had been more or less achieved.

They make all life disposable—turns their genocide impact

Giroux 8 ~Henry, PROF. OF CULTURAL STUDIES AND COMMUNICATION AT MCMASTER UNIVERSITY, "Beyond the biopolitics of disposability: rethinking neoliberalism in the New Gilded Age" Social Identities, September, 2008, CMR~

Needless to say, invoking hope must be connected to a version of biopolitics in
AND
apathy provide the conditions for political inaction and the atrophy of democratic politics.  

Nietzsche

The affirmative will inevitability fail at achieving its end goal- attempts to eliminate suffering inevitably fail, they only serve mask it. It’s better to embrace that suffering than run away from it.

Kain 7 (Philip J, Professor of philosophy at University of Santa Clara, "Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, and the Horror of Existence," the Journal of Nietzsche Studies, muse)
One might find all this unacceptable. After all, isn’t it just obvious that
AND
, we cannot eliminate suffering; we can only seek to mask it.

The affirmatives attempts to hold back the temptation for cruelty and atrocities are attempts to hold back the foundations of life – we can create beauty in that cruelty

Miller 90 (James, Professor of Political Science and Chair, Department of Liberal Studies @ Fullerton, "Carnivals of Atrocity: Foucault, Nietzsche, Cruelty," Political Theory 18: 3, Aug, 470-491, Jstor)
Suing for peace, the human being, in time, comes to swear allegiance
AND
an abundance of strange new beauty and affirmation, and perhaps beauty itself."

The concept of Compassion destroys beneficial suffering, and it gives the ultimate weapon to the impoverished

Frazer, ’6 (Michael, Ph, The Compassion of Zarathustra: Nietzsche on Sympathy and Strength,http://www.gov.harvard.edu/files/The20Compassion20of20Zarathustra.pdf)
In discussing what can be translated into English alternately as "pity," "sympathy
AND
and, from the perspective of life, deserves the fiercest ethical opposition.

Our alternative is to embrace the inevitability of suffering.  Only this acceptance can realize the beauty present in the imperfections of the status quo —this mindset is necessary to provide new meaning and value to our lives

Scott 98 (Jacqueline Scott, Associate Professor Philosophy Department Loyola University Chicago, 1998, "Nietzsche and decadence: The revaluation of morality")
The decay of the species is the reason why Nietzsche thought that the problem of
AND
and, wishing for that, frequently risks even sacri?ces self-preservation".

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Triples | Opponent: Cedar Ridge PR | Judge: Panel
Sorry I realized I never posted this round, and I no longer have the 1NC readily available. If anyone needs it feel free to email me but most of this cites have already been posted and I have a feeling no one reads the cites at this point.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: SF Roosevelt SR | Judge: Tyler Snelling

1

The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations
Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics
Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Evaluate impact solvency based on who solves the root cause—proximate causes are useless and only replicate their harms
Shaw and Wong, 89 - *Ph.D., Health Economist and Program at Adviser of the Human Development Group at the World Bank AND HSBC Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Business at the University of British Columbia (*R. Paul AND Yuwa, 1989, Genetic Seeds of Warfare: evolution, nationalism and patriotism, Google Books, p. 11-12)
So far, we have synthesized many studies indicating that intergroup warfare is a frequent
AND
proximate causes which emerged in humanity’s early history to reinforce propensities for warfare.

Alternative Text: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF
Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.
2
Our interpretation is that the Affirmative must take a topical course of action through the United States federal government. 

1. "Resolved" means debate should be a legislative forum
   Army Officer School ’4
   (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
   The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
   AND
   resolved:"¶ Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. The United States is the country composed of the 50 states
Encarta ’7
~The Encarta Online Dictionary. "United States" 2007 encarta.msn.com~
U•nit•ed States ~ y? n?t?d stáyts-http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/Pronounce.aspx?search=United+States ~ country in central North America, consisting of 50 states. Languages: English. Currency: dollar. Capital: Washington, D.C.. Population: 290,342,550 (2001). Area: 9,629,047 sq km (3,717,796 sq mi.) Official name United States of America

3. The federal government is the government in Washington DC – not its individual members
AHD ’2
~The American Heritage Dictionary. 2002, Pg 647~
Of or relating to the central government of a federation as distinct from the governments of its member units.

4. "Should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ’3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
And, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact
Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
a particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion

Second, constraints are key to creativity—-challenging ourselves to innovate within the confines of rules creates far more creative responses than starting with a blank slate  
Mayer 6 – Marissa Ann Mayer, vice-president for search products and user experience at Google, February 13, 2006, "Creativity Loves Constraints," online: http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/06_07/b3971144.htm?chan=gl-http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/06_07/b3971144.htm?chan=gl
When people think about creativity, they think about artistic work — unbridled, unguided
AND
be a clock) or constrained possibilities (a canvas that is marked).

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley BD | Judge: Joseph Nelson

1

The 1AC’s silence is a loaded presence – their forgetting of the non-human world and the individualistic formation of agency ensure the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations
Bell and Russell 2K
(Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York Universi- ty and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Educa- tion, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf-http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf ~10/24/11~)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged.1

Anthropocentric ordering is the foundation of the war machine and drives the exclusion of populations based on different characteristics
Kochi 09
(Tarik, Sussex law school, Species war: Law, Violence and Animals, Law Culture and Humanities Oct 5.3)
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or
AND
of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.

Evaluate impact solvency based on who solves the root cause—proximate causes are useless and only replicate their harms
Shaw and Wong, 89 - *Ph.D., Health Economist and Program at Adviser of the Human Development Group at the World Bank AND HSBC Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Business at the University of British Columbia (*R. Paul AND Yuwa, 1989, Genetic Seeds of Warfare: evolution, nationalism and patriotism, Google Books, p. 11-12)
So far, we have synthesized many studies indicating that intergroup warfare is a frequent
AND
proximate causes which emerged in humanity’s early history to reinforce propensities for warfare.

Alternative Text: Adopt an animal standpoint epistemology.

Only adopting an animal standpoint epistemology solves their impacts—it’s also mutually exclusive with the AFF
Best, 10 – Associate Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso (Steven, 12/31/10, "Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21^st Century", http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/-http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/2010/12/31/total-liberation-revolution-for-the-21st-century-4/, KONTOPOULOS)
But while people have written history from the theological perspective, the humanist perspective,
AND
exploitation of nature have deep roots in the human domination over nonhuman animals.

===2===

Our interpretation is that the Affirmative must take a topical course of action through the United States federal government.

1. "Resolved" means debate should be a legislative forum

Army Officer School ’4
(5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
AND
resolved:"¶ Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. The United States is the country composed of the 50 states

Encarta ’7
~The Encarta Online Dictionary. "United States" 2007 encarta.msn.com~
U•nit•ed States ~ y? n?t?d stáyts-http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/Pronounce.aspx?search=United+States ~ country in central North America, consisting of 50 states. Languages: English. Currency: dollar. Capital: Washington, D.C.. Population: 290,342,550 (2001). Area: 9,629,047 sq km (3,717,796 sq mi.) Official name United States of America

3. The federal government is the government in Washington DC – not its individual members

AHD ’2
~The American Heritage Dictionary. 2002, Pg 647~ 
Of or relating to the central government of a federation as distinct from the governments of its member units.

4. "Should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means

Ericson ’3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

And, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Speaking for Others

Their attempt to raise the question of who is able to speak on the part of the oppressed only reduces the oppressed to tools in the quest for rhetorical victory—reinscribes the privilege which enables them to speak in the first place.
Chow 93

Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
Writing Diaspora, p.145-146
But while it effectively raises our consciousness in regard to the privileged positions enjoyed by
AND
who speak—this is the answer this question is meant to provoke.

This oppressive solidarity locks in cycles of exclusionary violence—making their impacts inevitable. You should reject the affirmative because of their failure to question the indebtedness of their intellectual project to institutions mired in the very privilege they sanctimoniously criticize—your first obligation as an intellectual is to interrogate your own privilege and struggle against becoming the object and instrument of power.

Chow 93
Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993 Writing Diaspora, p. 16-17
Why are "tactics" useful at this moment? As discussions about "multiculturalism
AND
fencedoff field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marquette CV | Judge: Stephen Pipkin
Anthro
The 1AC’s anthropocentric lens creates a value system that collapses on itself
Henning 09 (Brian; Associate Professor of Philosophy at Gonzaga University; "Trusting in the ’Efficacy of Beauty: A Kalocentric Approach to Moral Philosophy"; Ethics 26 the Environment- Volume 14, Number 1)RSW
Final truths (whether in religion, morality, or science) are unattainable not
AND
world, how we relate to and interact with every form of existence.

The distinction between "living and non-living" is meaningless and extinction is inevitable.  Only accepting these truths allows us to transcend consciousness
Seed 88 (John; Australian environmentalist and director of the Rainforest Information Centre; THINKING LIKE A MOUNTAIN - TOWARDS A COUNCIL OF ALL BEINGS; http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/deep-eco/Anthropo.htm)
"But the time is not a strong prison either. A little scraping of
AND
beneficial for all life on the planet as a whole." (9)

The alternative is to reject the AFFs appeal to solve extinction in order to endorse the thought experiment of a global suicide.
Kochi and Ordan 8 (Tarik, lecturer in the School of Law, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, and Noam, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, Israel, ’An argument for the global suicide of humanity’, Borderlands, December)RSW
The version of progress enunciated in Hawking’s story of cosmic colonization presents a view whereby
AND
human species. The moral act would be the global suicide of humanity.
Death Cult
Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

CP

Text: The United States Federal Government will collaborate with the government of the United Mexican States in creating an international peace park across the Mexico-United States border if and only if Mexico agrees to:
- Enhance transparency by protecting the free flow of information,
- Expand targeted performance-based funding to the Mexican states,
- Allow monitoring and reporting of crimes directly to a federal body,
- And increase police wages, training, and equipment.

Conditioning aid on transparency and police reform works—creates a police force independent of political pressures
Velez-Green, Reyes, and Ramicone Sep-12 (Alex, Robin, and Anthony, The Institute of Politics is a non-profit organization located in the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, "GOVERNMENTAL, JUDICIAL AND POLICE CORRUPTION," http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf-http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf)

Thirdly, recognizing that functioning police forces are essential to ensure the safety of noncorrupt
AND
remain independent of local political pressures by reporting directly to a federal agency.

That’s key to solve corruption and security in Mexico
Sabet May-10 (Daniel, "Police Reform in Mexico: Advances and Persistent Obstacles," Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, University of San Diego Trans-Border Institute, Daniel Sabet is a visiting professor at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/dms76/policefiles/Sabet_police_reform.pdf-http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/dms76/policefiles/Sabet_police_reform.pdf)

At no time in Mexico’s history has there been a greater need for professional police
AND
creating an effective police force operating ¶ within the confines of the law.

Failing to fix corruption in Mexico undermines Mexico’s ability to fight the drug cartels
Morris (Stephen D. Professor, Middle Tennessee State University , The brown journal of world affairs, "Corruption, Drug Tra21cking, and Violence in Mexico," http://www.mtsu.edu/politicalscience/faculty/documents/Corruption20Brown20article20Morris.pdf-http://www.mtsu.edu/politicalscience/faculty/documents/Corruption Brown article Morris.pdf)

To reiterate, the prevailing patterns of corruption associated with drug ¶ trafficking and organized
AND
disposal when he launched the 2006 war and the dynamics that war unleashed.  

Mexican drug cartels threaten Latin American stability
Amies 11 (Nick Amies, Deutsche Welle news from Germany in the international media landscape. "Mexican drug cartels exploit Central America’s problems" September 5, 2011. http://www.dw.de/mexican-drug-cartels-exploit-central-americas-problems/a-15061349) VP

The Mexicans have been looking for new routes into the US and have found going
AND
may not be far behind - with the drug cartels following soon after.

Latin America instability causes extinction
Manwaring 5 (Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, venezuela’s hugo chávez, bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)
President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most dangerous
AND
and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

Tournament: All | Round: Finals | Opponent: Bad Disclosure | Judge: The Debate Community
Email ajbyrne1018@gmail.com for aff
wwardkirby@gmail.com for neg
Just need to talk? also email ajbyrne1018@gmail.com

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West DS | Judge: Daryl Long

Iran Ptx

New Iran sanctions won’t pass and PC is key – no momentum and dems are backing away

Benen 1-30 – MSNBC contributor and producer of the Rachel Maddow show (Steve, "Support for Iran-sanctions bill fades", January 30 of 2014, http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/support-iran-sanctions-bill-fades)
It was just a few weeks ago that the bipartisan bill on new Iranian sanctions
AND
calls on this increased recently, with progressive activists urging Democrats to wait.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

New sanctions cause Iran war

WORLD TRIBUNE 11 – 13 – 13 ~Obama said to suspend Iran sanctions without informing Congress, http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/-http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/~~
The administration has also pressured Congress to suspend plans for new sanctions legislation against Iran
AND
for right now is a pause, a temporary pause, in sanctions."

Iran war escalates

White, July/August 2011 (Jeffrey—defense fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, What Would War With Iran Look Like, National Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982-http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982)
A U.S.-Iranian war would probably not be fought by the United
AND
beyond, complicating both U.S. military operations and coalition diplomacy.

T-G2G

Interpretation - Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved

Crocker ’9 ~9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. "Terms of Engagement," http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=126~~
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
AND
realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Violation – The affirmative is not engagement – they only use NADBank and avoid direct governmental contact

Voting Issue - 

1. Limits – they open the floodgates to involvement of  thousands of international organizations, non governmental actors, and private companies – hurts the negative’s ability to prepare, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – direct engagement with the government is necessary for links to international politics and relations based DAs as well as competition for privatization CPs – these generics are key to negative preparation on an international topic with few common linkages

Death Cult

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12 *Blue Highlighting*
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

HR 2216 CP

Text: The United States federal government should pass H.R. 2216, the NADBank Enhancement Act.

Observation 1 – Competition

a) CP competes through net-benefits: it avoids any spending of money, because it simply changes bank restrictions, avoiding GOP backlash.
b) Resolutional competition – "increase" means "become or make greater in size, amount, intensity or degree," from Oxford Dictionaries (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/increase-http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/increase)
c) "its" means "of or relating to it or itself especially as possessor, agent, or object of an action," from Merriam Webster Dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/its)

It solves 100 of the case – NADBank does public-private partnerships, but it is limited to only projects that have an environmental impact. The CP removes that restriction to include the plan’s mandates, which allows NADBank to fund the plan’s projects without forcing the USFG to pay for them which is what the plan text would do.

NADBank restrictions prevent investment – counter plan solves.

Balido, 11 (Nelson, President of the Border Trade Alliance, "Bill to expand NADBank projects holds potential to make big impact for border,"  August 29, http://www.thebta.org/btanews/bill-to-expand-nadbank-projects-holds-potential-to-make-big-impact-for-border.html-http://www.thebta.org/btanews/bill-to-expand-nadbank-projects-holds-potential-to-make-big-impact-for-border.html)
Over the past sixteen years of operation, the NADBank has been vitally important to
AND
area’s quality of life and provide a needed boost to the region’s economy.

De-Dev

Economic collapse is inevitable – it forces a transition to sustainable communities – we indict your authors
Brownlee 10 – This essay was adapted from a presentation at Xavier University in Cincinnati on Nov. 7, 2010, as part of a lecture series on Ethics, Religion, and Society (Michael, 11/30, "The Evolution Of Transition In The U.S," http://countercurrents.org/brownlee301110.htm)

Here, we need to know that economic decline will soon accelerate to inevitable collapse
AND
transition as a species, even as a planet in a larger Universe.

Growth causes worse wars with bio and nanoweapons

Zakaria 11 – Economic Consultant at Sageconsulting Sdn Bhd. Malaysia (Ahmad Zaki, 09/13, "The five generations of warfare," http://recognitia.blogspot.com/2011/09/five-generations-of-warfare.html)

Advances in warfare usually are a result of a confluence of changes unfolding in economics
AND
adapt to it, the less resources wasted on maintaining the status quo.

Bioweapons cause extinction

Broyles 5 – Senior editor (Janell, "Chemical and Biological Weapons in a Post-9/11 World," http://janellbroyles.com/chemical-and-biological-weapons-in-a-post-911-world/)

Weapons of mass destruction include nuclear weapons, which use atomic energy to create blasts
AND
can be used to infect innocent people who then spread them to others.

Nanoweapons outweigh

Vassar 6 – Head of the Long-Term Strategy Division (Michael, Robert A. Freitas Jr., Head of the Nanomedicine Division, with participation by Amara D. Angelica, Philippe Van Nedervelde, Mike Treder, and other Scientific Advisory Board members, "Lifeboat Foundation NanoShield Version 0.90.2.13," http://lifeboat.com/ex/nano.shield)

Molecular manufacturing also raises the possibility of horrifically effective nonreplicating nanoweapons. The difference in
AND
than ecophages, and can act much more rapidly because they need not waste
time replicating. As an example, the smallest insect is about 200 microns.
AND
of nuclear nations, increasing the chance of a regional conflict blowing up.

Ice Age

Ice age is coming now — solar modeling proves, it devastates crop production

Aym 10 - Individual Investor Magazine staff writer (Terrence "Experts: Food and fuel shortages imminent as new ice age dawns", Helium.com, December 30, http://www.helium.com/items/2051424-food-and-fuel-shortages-imminent-as-new-ice-age-dawns?page=2)//KL
Other scientists concur and some see the speed at which the temperatures will drop as
AND
predictions based on the RC Theory climate model, all three are occurring. 

Greenhouse gasses are key to sustaining Earth’s atmosphere — history and models prove that reduction leads to global icing

Lacis et al 10 - Ph.D. and NASA scientist (Andrew, "Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperature", Science Magazine, October 15, accessed online)KL
If the global atmospheric temperatures were to fall to as low as TS = TE
AND
and by inference, that escape from the snowball Earth condition is also achievable

Ice age causes extinction—it comparatively outweighs warming

Chapman 8 (Phil, geophysicist and astronautical engineer, bachelor of science degree in Physics and Mathematics from Sydney University, a master of science degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Sorry to ruin the fun, but an ice age cometh," 4/23/08, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873-http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873)
What is scary about the picture is that there is only one tiny sunspot.
AND
in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken."

Tournament: Evanston | Round: 3 | Opponent: Niles West IT | Judge: Wayne Tang

Iran Ptx

New Iran sanctions won’t pass and PC is key – no momentum and dems are backing away

Benen 1-30 – MSNBC contributor and producer of the Rachel Maddow show (Steve, "Support for Iran-sanctions bill fades", January 30 of 2014, http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/support-iran-sanctions-bill-fades)
It was just a few weeks ago that the bipartisan bill on new Iranian sanctions
AND
calls on this increased recently, with progressive activists urging Democrats to wait.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

New sanctions cause Iran war

WORLD TRIBUNE 11 – 13 – 13 ~Obama said to suspend Iran sanctions without informing Congress, http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/-http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/~~
The administration has also pressured Congress to suspend plans for new sanctions legislation against Iran
AND
for right now is a pause, a temporary pause, in sanctions."

Iran war escalates

White, July/August 2011 (Jeffrey—defense fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, What Would War With Iran Look Like, National Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982-http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982)
A U.S.-Iranian war would probably not be fought by the United
AND
beyond, complicating both U.S. military operations and coalition diplomacy.

T

Interpretation - Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved

Crocker ’9 ~9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. "Terms of Engagement," http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=126~~
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
AND
realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Violation – The affirmative is not engagement – they only use NADBank and avoid direct governmental contact

Voting Issue - 

1. Limits – they open the floodgates to involvement of  thousands of international organizations, non governmental actors, and private companies – hurts the negative’s ability to prepare, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – direct engagement with the government is necessary for links to international politics and relations based DAs as well as competition for privatization CPs – these generics are key to negative preparation on an international topic with few common linkages

DA

Brazil controls Latin American influence—increased US presence disrupts regional power balances
Bethell, 10 -  English historian, university professor, and Brazilianist who specialises in the study of 19th and 20th Century Latin America, emphasizing on Brazil in particular, PhD in History at the University of London (Leslie, "Brazil and "Latin America"," Journal of Latin American Studies, Studies, page 467-485, Volume 42 / Issue 03 / August 2010, http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0022216X1000088
Brazil and South America since the End of the Cold War¶ There is one
AND
in question,¶ however, is South America, not Latin America.66

Link – Mexican failing infrastructure is the only way for Brazil to surpass Mexico as a rival
O’Neil, 11 – Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies for the CFR (Shannon, February, 2011 Council on Foreign Relations "Mexico: Development and Democracy at a Crossroads" CFR Expert Briefs, February 2011,  http://www.cfr.org/mexico/mexico-development-democracy-crossroads/p24089)//
Last year, Mexico celebrated as it claimed the top spot in Latin America in
AND
while its customs regulations and product standards introduce further pitfalls for foreign investors.

Brazil regional leadership is key to solve AIDS
Lee, Chagas, and Novotny, 10 (Kelley Lee, Luiz Carlos Chagas, and Thomas E. Novotny, 10 – (1) Centre on Global Change and Health, London School of Hygiene 26 Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, (2) Independent Researcher – Public Health and Trade Policies, London, United Kingdom, (3) Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America (Brazil and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Global Health Diplomacy as Soft Power," April 20, 2010, http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info3Adoi2F10.13712Fjournal.pmed.100023226representation=PDF)//
Brazil’s New Prominence in Global Health Brazil has become increasingly prominent in international relations in
AND
health and trade policy through its national HIV/AIDS policy ~12~. 

AIDS will kill hundreds of millions if not stopped. It threatens to extinguish life on the planet
Mathiu, 2K – (Mutuma, Africa News, July 15, 2000, "AIDS: Devastation21" LexisNexis)
Every age has its killer. But Aids is without precedent. It is comparable
AND
history when the survival of the human race was so hopelessly in jeopardy.

K

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12 *Blue Highlighting Only*
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

CP

Text: The United States federal government should:
-approve the tax reforms proposed by the bipartisan National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Tax Reform
-Create regional economic development partnerships 
-Create a program similar to the Department of Education’s Race to the Top
The United States federal government should pass House Resolution 1613. 

Key to Mexican economy- energy stats prove

Moreno-Bird and Ros 09- *Editorial Board Member at Economí, Aunam Deputy Director at ECLAC-Mexico, Decider Committee Member at Economic Culture Fund, worked at the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University, Professor Emeritus of Economics (Diploma in Economics, University of Cambridge, 1978), "Development and Growth in the Mexican Economy : A Historical Perspective", April 23, 2009, http://books.google.com/books?id=tibg4RKrFIIC26pg=PA24426lpg=PA24426dq=PEMEX+key+to+mexico~’s+economy26source=bl26ots=SIVLgwEdZk26sig=DgWcAozY2u3EWySQPsp44Y-TlyA26hl=en26sa=X26ei=cY7MUcOpL-S30gHomoGYAw26ved=0CEcQ6AEwAzgK~23v=onepage26q=PEMEX20key20to20mexico’s20economy26f=false-http://books.google.com/books?id=tibg4RKrFIIC26pg=PA24426lpg=PA24426dq=PEMEX+key+to+mexico's+economy26source=bl26ots=SIVLgwEdZk26sig=DgWcAozY2u3EWySQPsp44Y-TlyA26hl=en26sa=X26ei=cY7MUcOpL-S30gHomoGYAw26ved=0CEcQ6AEwAzgK**, pg. 244CJD)
With respect to reform of the energy sector, recent initiatives have focused on the
AND
resources allocated to the instituto Mexicano del petróleo (PEMEX’s technological research institute).

CP solves economic collapse
Figliola 2/9 (2/9/2012, Anthony Figliola is vice president of Empire Government Strategies, seen in San Francisco Chronicles, "Ways to improve U.S. chances in global economy", http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2012/02/08/ED9J1N4E1K.DTL)**
Step two, our leaders should adopt strategies that would help strengthen our national economic
AND

we just have to dust off our boots and get to work.

Airpower Bad

Airpower creates a mentality of casualty aversion that limits the use of ground forces but increases over all interventions because they are perceived as low-cost—this destroys U.S. credibility
Lacquement, 04 (Lt. Col. Richard, Naval War College Review, Winter)

Evocations of the casualty-aversion assertion by national leaders can, as we have
AND
the United States and its allies may require escalation to achieve success.50

B. The perception of casualty aversion causes war and terrorism
Rercord, 02 (Jeffrey, teaches strategy at the Air war College, Parameters, June 22)

The strategic consequences of elite casualty phobia as well as itsimplications for the military ethic
AND
American morale. This convinced us that the Americans are a paper tiger."

A switch to airpower undermines Hegemony – leads to prolif, China escalation, and WMD use

Collins, 06  ~Joseph J. Collins, is professor of national security studies at the National War College. He served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for stability operations from 2001 to 2004 "From the Ground Up"  http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2088164-http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2088164~~
Many of General Dunlap’s recommendations for the future are important. We need strong air
AND
unleash the dogs of interservice rivalry, lest we be consumed by them.

Tournament: JV Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sequoyah VF | Judge: Rachel Boroditsky

DA

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
AND
cover the entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

Cuban biotech industry is a model worldwide

Scheye, 11 – President, Scheye Group Ltd. Global Advisory Service (Elaine, "CUBAN HEALTHCARE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:  REFORM, A BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW  OR JUST WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED?" Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume21/pdfs/scheye.pdf)
While Cuba’s health care system continues to erode, Cuba’s biotechnology sector remains a bright
AND
modern apartment buildings, bus service to and from their homes, etc. 

Biotechnology solves bioterror

Collins, 6 – Press officer (Terry, "Experts: Expanding biotechnology research in developing countries key to countering bioterrorism," University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, 2/26, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php-http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php)
¶ ¶ Experts at the Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health warn that global
AND
transit riders or airport travelers to be alert to and report suspicious activities.
Extinction
Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

DA

Farm bill will pass – EPA decision gives it momentum

Wasson 11-19 – Staff writer at The Hill (Erik, "EPA ethanol decision pushes farm bill toward finish line", November 19 of 2013, http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/agriculture/190777-epa-ethanol-decision-pushes-farm-bill-toward-finish-line-http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/agriculture/190777-epa-ethanol-decision-pushes-farm-bill-toward-finish-line)
The Environmental Protection Agency’s preliminary decision to reduce renewable fuels blending requirements has increased momentum
AND
the first time the agency has lowered the target from the prior year.

Plan trades off
Susan Page 13, USA Today, "How Obama can avoid the second-term curse," 1-15-13, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/01/14/obama-second-term-curse/1834765/
"By the time a second term rolls around, the illusions about a president
AND
, but not everything. Fighting too many battles could mean winning none.

New farm bill key to prevent a food price spike

Nelson 10/17/13 ~Joe Nelson, writer for WEAU news, "Obama, ag industry waiting for new Farm bill," http://www.weau.com/home/headlines/Obama-ag-industry-waiting-for-new-Farm-Bill-228259521.html~~
With the government shutdown over, farmers are still waiting for a deal to be
AND
could cut down profits or even force some farmers to quit or retire.

Extinction

Brown 9 (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute "Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

T

"Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives

Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2
The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the
AND
shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.

That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo

De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct)
Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you
AND
run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.

Violation – the AFF isn’t a quid pro quo

Voting issue:

Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the NEG’s research burden and hurt competitiveness

Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy – those are key to clash and negative strategy on a large topic with few common linkages

K

Language produces a gap between reality and our understanding of it. The aff responds by envisioning a utopian vision of the world. This propts up the logic of scapegoating, justifying extermination

Stratavakis, 99 ~Yannis—visiting fellow University of Essex, Lacan and the Political~ pg 63-65

What constantly emerges from this exposition is that when harmony is not present it has
AND
will be excluded from its symbolization—without, however, ever disappearing.
In this regard, a vignette from the history of nature conservation can be revealing
AND
policy continued and expanded for years) (Worster, 1994:263).
What is this dialectic between the beatific fantasy of nature and the demonised vermin doing
AND
a negation of the generalised lack that crosses the field of the social.
But how is this done? If social fantasy produces the self-consistency of
AND
the play between the real and the symbolic/imaginary nexus producing reality.

Alternative text: Reject the affirmative and traverse the fantasy

Only identifying the impossibility of our representation avoids the exclusionary logic of the 1AC

Stratavakis, 99 ~Yannis—visiting fellow University of Essex, Lacan and the Political~ pg 63-65

By saying ’We are all Jews21’, ’We all live in
AND
to identify himself, his own lack, with the lack in the Other

CP

CP Text: The United States federal government should establish a policy of constructive engagement toward the Republic of Cuba by removing the Republic of Cuba from the State Department’s list of State Sponsors of Terrorism.

Terror list alone solves soft power

*Cuba’s presence on the list crushes soft power – confirms the narrative of American hostility and blocks cooperation between Cuba and the Inter-American Committee against Terrorism – it’s a symbol of American disrespect for sovereignty – allows radical nationalism to flourish which breeds mistrust and collapses democratic dialogue
Stephens 11 – (Sarah, Center for Democracy in the Americas, CIP/LAWG forum on Cuba and the State Sponsors of Terror List, "A Call for Cuba’s Removal from the List of State Sponsors of Terrorism" A conference sponsored by the Center for International Policy and the Latin America Working Group, December 11, 2011, http://www.lawg.org/storage/documents/Cuba/lawg_cip_dec_2011.pdf)//MM
Finally, the presence of Cuba on the States sponsors of terrorism list is harmful
AND
criteria for terrorist list designation. Cuba’s presence on the list must end.

Only terror list is needed to solve terror

*threat dilution – over-inclusive lists enforce economic sanctions on a litany of nations who are widely recognized as innocent
*impact is magnified – trivialization of the list means no country has an incentive to prevent state sponsored terrorism for counterbalancing purposes
Kayyem 4/29 – national security and foreign policy columnist for the Boston Globe, serves on the faculty at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government,  served for President Obama as Assistant Secretary for Intergovernmental Affairs at the Department of Homeland Security ("Diluting the terror watch lists", Juliette, 2013, http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2013/04/28/making-terror-lists-matter-cuba-not-state-sponsor-terrorism/X2NW0rfYm5A2eJT5VZEuHI/story.html) EL
SINCE THE attacks on the Boston Marathon, and the investigation of the Tsarnaev brothers
AND
we will do more damage to ourselves than any Castro brother ever did.

Tournament: JV Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: HoFlo LS | Judge: Stephanie Emerson

DA

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
AND
cover the entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

Cuban biotech industry is a model worldwide

Scheye, 11 – President, Scheye Group Ltd. Global Advisory Service (Elaine, "CUBAN HEALTHCARE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:  REFORM, A BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW  OR JUST WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED?" Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume21/pdfs/scheye.pdf)
While Cuba’s health care system continues to erode, Cuba’s biotechnology sector remains a bright
AND
modern apartment buildings, bus service to and from their homes, etc. 

Biotechnology solves bioterror

Collins, 6 – Press officer (Terry, "Experts: Expanding biotechnology research in developing countries key to countering bioterrorism," University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, 2/26, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php-http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php)
¶ ¶ Experts at the Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health warn that global
AND
transit riders or airport travelers to be alert to and report suspicious activities.
Extinction
Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

T

Interpretation - Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved

Crocker ’9 ~9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. "Terms of Engagement," http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=126~~
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
AND
realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Violation – The affirmative is not engagement – they (use private companies for engagement/engage private companies/use a 3rd party organization)

Voting Issue - 

1. Limits – they open the floodgates to involvement of  thousands of international organizations, non governmental actors, and private companies – hurts the negative’s ability to prepare, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – direct engagement with the government is necessary for links to international politics and relations based DAs as well as competition for privatization CPs – these generics are key to negative preparation on an international topic with few common linkages

K

Language can never fully describe the world, producing a gap between the Real and our conceptions of it—we repress what can’t be symbolized because it threatens the completeness of our Fantasy

Edkins, 03 ~Jenny—Senior Lecturer of International Politics at the University of Wales-Abserystwyth, Trauma and the Memory of Politics~ pg 11-14 

In the psychoanalytic account the subject is formed around a lack, and in the
AND
will have been. And the social order too shares this retroactive constitution.
The subject and the social order in which the subject finds a place are both
AND
the subject and the non-existence of any complete, closed social order

The affirmative addresses the gap by using political action to impose a certain view of reality—a utopian world devoid of problems. Achieving this fantasmatic, new world order facilitates the existence of scapegoat, which must be violently exterminated in order to stabilize our fragile notion of reality

Stratavakis, 99 ~Yannis—visiting fellow University of Essex, Lacan and the Political~ pg 63-65

What constantly emerges from this exposition is that when harmony is not present it has
AND
will be excluded from its symbolization—without, however, ever disappearing.
In this regard, a vignette from the history of nature conservation can be revealing
AND
policy continued and expanded for years) (Worster, 1994:263).
What is this dialectic between the beatific fantasy of nature and the demonised vermin doing
AND
a negation of the generalised lack that crosses the field of the social.
But how is this done? If social fantasy produces the self-consistency of
AND
the play between the real and the symbolic/imaginary nexus producing reality.

Alternative text: Reject the affirmative and traverse the fantasy

Only identifying the impossibility of our representation avoids the exclusionary logic of the 1AC

Stratavakis, 99 ~Yannis—visiting fellow University of Essex, Lacan and the Political~ pg 63-65

By saying ’We are all Jews21’, ’We all live in
AND
identify himself, his own lack, with the lack in the Other.

CP

CP Text: The United States federal government should end the War on Terror and close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay.

The War on Terror and policies like Guantanamo control the larger internal link to securitization-Only terror spills over internationally

Jorgensen 10- (Knud Erik, Professor of Political Science at University of Aarhus, Author of "International Relations Theory", June 15, 2010, Palgrave.com, Allowing Exceptions for the Sake of Security, http://www.palgrave.com/politics/jorgensen/resources/casestudies/casestudy6.html)**
The shock caused by the 9/11 terrorist attacks led many high-ranked
AND
have larger implications on our political communities than we would like to admit.

Trade liberalization with Cuba kicks away the ladder to prevent successful Cuban development – turns the AFF

Fanelli 8 (Carlo, SSHRC Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Department of Politics 26 Public Administration, Ryerson University, He received his PhD from the Department of Sociology 26 Anthropology at Carleton University, "’Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism", New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry Vol.2, No. 1 (November 2008) pgs. 7-16)
A closer look at the history of capitalism, however, reveals a much different
AND
productivity levels, efficiency, and quality had been more or less achieved.

They make all life disposable—turns their genocide impact

Giroux 8 ~Henry, PROF. OF CULTURAL STUDIES AND COMMUNICATION AT MCMASTER UNIVERSITY, "Beyond the biopolitics of disposability: rethinking neoliberalism in the New Gilded Age" Social Identities, September, 2008, CMR~

Needless to say, invoking hope must be connected to a version of biopolitics in
AND
apathy provide the conditions for political inaction and the atrophy of democratic politics.  

Bruckner

The aff reaffirms the notion of the indispensable West – as if all geopolitics revolves around its ills. This fails to create change, removes autonomy from the Other, and turns the kritik.

Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and philosopher, visiting Professor @ Texas A26M University, After studies at the university Paris I and Paris VII Diderot, and then at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, he became maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris, and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism, p. 33-35)
Nothing is more Western than hatred of the West, that passion for cursing and
AND
circumstances for them (which is a way of denying them all responsibility.)
?

Tournament: IHSA State | Round: 1 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Sawyer, Hernandez
Will be posted later, sorry I'm lazy

Tournament: IHSA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Friend, Some ME Guy that wasnt Wayne or Tim
See 1HSA 1nc Round 1

Tournament: Illinois JV State | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Niles West GH | Judge: Sawyer, Griesbach, Friend

Death Cult

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

T-G2G

Interpretation - Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved

Crocker ’9 ~9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. "Terms of Engagement," http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=126~~
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
AND
realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Violation – The affirmative is not engagement – they (use private companies for engagement/engage private companies/use a 3rd party organization)

Voting Issue - 

Limits – they open the floodgates to involvement of  thousands of international organizations, non governmental actors, and private companies – hurts the negative’s ability to prepare, which is key to competitiveness and clash

Ground – direct engagement with the government is necessary for links to international politics and relations based DAs as well as competition for privatization CPs – these generics are key to negative preparation on an international topic with few common linkages

Consumption

Their economy advantage uses a flawed epistemology to determine the success of the market – using consumer confidence and consumption ignores environmental limits to the economy and spurs collapse – only regulating the market with the environment as a hard limit can create sustainability
Harris 97
(Jonathan, Director, Theory and Education Program, Tufts University Global Development and Environment Institute, "Part VIII: Consumption and the Environment Overview Essay", in The Consumer Society, eds. Neva R. Goodwin, Frank Ackerman, and David Kiron, pgs. 272-273, http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/publications/frontier_series/Consum-Pt8.pdf)
Herman Daly puts the microeconomic rethinking of consumption into a macroeconomic perspective. He draws
AND
ecosystem and to higher social values for guidance in reforming and limiting consumption.
serious way; nor is it clear that governments are receiving much pressure to do so from the cultural mainstream.

The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity

It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position of the economic imaginary away from producers and towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity and de-growth
Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, "DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION", Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

NADBank PIC

Text: The United States federal government should commission a blue ribbon bipartisan panel of experts on infrastructure investment and US-Mexican politics tasked with finding the most efficient investment mechanisms for infrastructure toward Mexico. The United States federal government should implement these recommendations unless they require the North American Development Bank.

NADBank expansion crushes the BECC- causes massive water shortages.

George Kourous (directs the IRC’s BIOC program, Writer, Editor 26 Senior Program Associate at International Relations Center (IRC)) October 2000 "The Great NADBank Debate" ProQuest
 Smothering BECC
Because this debate started as a discussion focused solely on NADBank, little attention was
AND
the NADBank board should take no action until such full consultation is undertaken." 

Water Shortages Cause Global Destabilization

Gleick 12
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-h-gleick/time-for-a-21st-century-u_b_1920367.html "Time for a 21st Century U.S. Water Policy"
Water-related problems also threaten our national security. In our globally integrated economy
AND
should include an improved understanding and analysis of the threats associated with water.

Data Cooking

Public investment is manipulated by project managers who cook the data to win project approval – exaggerates AFF benefits and causes massive cost overruns
Flyvbjerg, 10 - Professor of Major Programme Management at Oxford University’s Saïd Business School
AND
, 2009, pp.344–367, Oxford Journals Online)DH
This situation may need some explication, because it may sound to many like an
AND
signi?cant social and environmental impacts, as is common with major infrastructure projects. 

Data cooking creates economic disasters – the worst projects are approved, and necessary infrastructure loses out – this turns the case
Flyvbjerg, 10 - Professor of Major Programme Management at Oxford University’s Saïd Business School
AND
, 2009, pp.344–367, Oxford Journals Online)DH
In sum, the UK study shows that strong interests and strong incentives exist at
AND
. They have been designed like that, as disasters waiting to happen.

Tournament: Illinois JV State | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles West BB | Judge: Zack Parker

1

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

2

Interpretation - Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved

Crocker ’9 ~9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. "Terms of Engagement," http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=126~~
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
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realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Violation – The affirmative is not engagement – they (use private companies for engagement/engage private companies/use a 3rd party organization)

Voting Issue - 

Limits – they open the floodgates to involvement of  thousands of international organizations, non governmental actors, and private companies – hurts the negative’s ability to prepare, which is key to competitiveness and clash

Ground – direct engagement with the government is necessary for links to international politics and relations based DAs as well as competition for privatization CPs – these generics are key to negative preparation on an international topic with few common linkages

3

Text: The United States federal government should commission a blue ribbon bipartisan panel of experts on infrastructure investment and US-Mexican politics tasked with finding the most efficient investment mechanisms for infrastructure toward Mexico. The United States federal government should implement these recommendations unless they require the North American Development Bank.

NADBank expansion crushes the BECC- causes massive water shortages.

George Kourous (directs the IRC’s BIOC program, Writer, Editor 26 Senior Program Associate at International Relations Center (IRC)) October 2000 "The Great NADBank Debate" ProQuest
 Smothering BECC
Because this debate started as a discussion focused solely on NADBank, little attention was
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the NADBank board should take no action until such full consultation is undertaken." 

Water Shortages Cause Global Destabilization

Gleick 12
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-h-gleick/time-for-a-21st-century-u_b_1920367.html "Time for a 21st Century U.S. Water Policy"
Water-related problems also threaten our national security. In our globally integrated economy
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should include an improved understanding and analysis of the threats associated with water.

Econ

Economic collapse is inevitable – it forces a transition to sustainable communities – we indict your authors

Brownlee 10 – This essay was adapted from a presentation at Xavier University in Cincinnati on Nov. 7, 2010, as part of a lecture series on Ethics, Religion, and Society (Michael, 11/30, "The Evolution Of Transition In The U.S," http://countercurrents.org/brownlee301110.htm)

Here, we need to know that economic decline will soon accelerate to inevitable collapse
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transition as a species, even as a planet in a larger Universe.

Growth causes worse wars with bio and nanoweapons

Zakaria 11 – Economic Consultant at Sageconsulting Sdn Bhd. Malaysia (Ahmad Zaki, 09/13, "The five generations of warfare," http://recognitia.blogspot.com/2011/09/five-generations-of-warfare.html)

Advances in warfare usually are a result of a confluence of changes unfolding in economics
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adapt to it, the less resources wasted on maintaining the status quo.

Bioweapons cause extinction

Broyles 5 – Senior editor (Janell, "Chemical and Biological Weapons in a Post-9/11 World," http://janellbroyles.com/chemical-and-biological-weapons-in-a-post-911-world/)

Weapons of mass destruction include nuclear weapons, which use atomic energy to create blasts
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can be used to infect innocent people who then spread them to others.

Nanoweapons outweigh

Vassar 6 – Head of the Long-Term Strategy Division (Michael, Robert A. Freitas Jr., Head of the Nanomedicine Division, with participation by Amara D. Angelica, Philippe Van Nedervelde, Mike Treder, and other Scientific Advisory Board members, "Lifeboat Foundation NanoShield Version 0.90.2.13," http://lifeboat.com/ex/nano.shield)

Molecular manufacturing also raises the possibility of horrifically effective nonreplicating nanoweapons. The difference in
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than ecophages, and can act much more rapidly because they need not waste
time replicating. As an example, the smallest insect is about 200 microns.
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of nuclear nations, increasing the chance of a regional conflict blowing up.

Turns Warming

Li 10 - Assistant Professor Department of Economics, University of Utah, (Dr. Minq, "The 21st Century Crisis: Climate Catastrophe or Socialism", Paper prepared for the David Gordon Memorial Lecture at URPE Summer Conference 2010)
The global average surface temperature is now about 0.8C (0.8 degree Celsius) higher than the pre-industrial time.  Under the current trend, the world is on track towards a long-term warming between 4C and 8C.  At this level of global warming, the world would be in an extreme greenhouse state not seen for almost 100 million years, devastating human civilization and destroying nearly all forms of life on the present earth (Conner and McCarthy 2009).
The scientific community has reached the consensus that the current global warming results from the
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fossil fuels burning have increased by about sixty times (see Figure 1).
At the United Nations conference on climate change concluded at Copenhagen in December 2009,
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more warming to come in the following centuries (Climate Action Tracker 2010).
In reality, all the major national governments are committed to infinite economic growth and
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of the means of production and society-wide planning (Section 6).

Turns Terrorism.

Cronin 03 – (Audrey Kurth, Senior Associate at the Oxford Leverhulme Programme on the Changing Character of War "Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism", Project MUSE)
The objectives of international terrorism have also changed as a result of globalization. Foreign intrusions and growing awareness of shrinking global space have created incentives to use the ideal asymmetrical weapon, terrorism, for more ambitious purposes.
The political incentives to attack major targets such as the United States with powerful weapons
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are increasingly inclined to lash out against U.S.-led globalization.
As Christopher Coker observes, globalization is reducing tendencies toward instrumental violence (i.
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left behind by, the secular future that Western-led globalization brings.
According to a report recently published by the United Nations Development Programme, the region
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and a shift of focus away from more proximate targets within the region.
Of course, the motivations behind this threat should not be oversimplified: Anti-
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primary driver of the powerful forces resulting in globalization is the United States.
Analyzing terrorism as something separate from globalization is misleading and potentially dangerous. Indeed globalization
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global media outreach, or a diverse network of financial and information resources.

Development makes global pandemics inevitable—-causes extinction

Krepinevich 9 (Andrew, President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and Distinguished Visiting Professor @ George Mason’s School of Public Policy, Congressional Consultant on Military Affairs, PhD Harvard, "7 Deadly Scenarios," February)
Over the past several decades the world has experience a wave of globalization, far
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the "stealth" issues—-the ones that we failed to detect.

Extinction

Yu 9—Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science (Victoria, Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate, 22 May 2009, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)

A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed
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could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

Tournament: Illinois JV State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Whitney Young BF | Judge: Neil Patel

Framework

The affirmative’s failure to advance a topical defense of federal policy undermines debate’s transformative and intellectual potential

1. "Resolved" means debate should be a legislative forum

Army Officer School ’4
(5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
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resolved:"¶ Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. The United States is the country composed of the 50 states

Encarta ’7
~The Encarta Online Dictionary. "United States" 2007 encarta.msn.com~
U•nit•ed States ~ y? n?t?d stáyts-http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/Pronounce.aspx?search=United+States ~ country in central North America, consisting of 50 states. Languages: English. Currency: dollar. Capital: Washington, D.C.. Population: 290,342,550 (2001). Area: 9,629,047 sq km (3,717,796 sq mi.) Official name United States of America

3. The federal government is the government in Washington DC – not its individual members

AHD ’2
~The American Heritage Dictionary. 2002, Pg 647GBS-JV~ 
Of or relating to the central government of a federation as distinct from the governments of its member units.

4. "Should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means

Ericson ’3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
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compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

And independently a voting issue for limits and ground—-our entire negative strategy is based on the "should" question of the resolution—-there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote affirmative—- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action—-they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates

First, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Second, constraints are key to creativity—-challenging ourselves to innovate within the confines of rules creates far more creative responses than starting with a blank slate

Mayer 6 – Marissa Ann Mayer, vice-president for search products and user experience at Google, February 13, 2006, "Creativity Loves Constraints," online: http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/06_07/b3971144.htm?chan=gl-http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/06_07/b3971144.htm?chan=gl
When people think about creativity, they think about artistic work — unbridled, unguided
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be a clock) or constrained possibilities (a canvas that is marked).

Understanding trade-offs, budget decisions, and opportunity costs are vital to organizational decision making.

De Vita, et al, 1 (Carol J., senior research associate, with Cory Fleming, center administrator, and Eric C. Twombly, research associate @ Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy, The Urban Institute, Building Capacity in Nonprofit Organizations, The Urban Institute, ed. Carol J. De Vita and Cory Fleming, April, Chapter 2: Building Nonprofit Capacity: A Framework for Addressing the Problem, p. 5-33)
The literature on organizational and management theory emphasizes the operational decisions and trade-offs
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effective players, nonprofit organizations must build and sustain financial and political capacity.

That skill set is vital to actualizing change outside the confines of the debate space.

Algoso, 11 (Dave, Director of Programs at Reboot, MPA, International Development Blogger, "Why I got an MPA: Because organizations matter," 5/31, http://algoso.org/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/)
Because organizations matter. Forget the stories of heroic individuals written in your middle school
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right program for you and use your time well, can do both.

Solely exposing injustices fails – institutional participation is vital for social transformation.

Komesar 94 - professor of law at the University of Wisconsin
(Neil, "Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics, and Public Policy," p. 41-42)
Even the constitutions of totalitarian states have contained high-sounding announcements of rights.  
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from Boomer are even more appropriate with more complex definitions of the good.

There’s a youth crisis of civic engagement.

Zwarensteyn, 12 (Ellen, Masters of Science, Communications thesis, "High School Policy Debate as an Enduring Pathway to Political Education: Evaluating Possibilities for Political Learning," Grand Valley State University, August, http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=103426context=theses-http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=103426context=theses)
A lack of political learning opportunities reveals how difficult it may be for students to
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for enduring and thoughtful political engagement are dim in light of these facts.

Fragmenting social dialogue through the critique exacerbates social ills – destroying civic engagement.

Block, 5 (Peter, author of Flawless Consulting: A Guide to Getting Your Experience Used, Stewardship: Choosing Service over Self-Interest, and others, consultant at Designed Learning, Masters Degree in Industrial Administration from Yale University, "Civic Engagement and the Restoration of Community," http://www.peterblock.com/_assets/downloads/Civic.pdf-http://www.peterblock.com/_assets/downloads/Civic.pdf)
Civic engagement as used here is about a shift in the language and conversation we
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that creates the condition where traditional forms of action can make a difference.

Civic engagement is vital to solving collective action problems

Choi, 14 (Young Whan, Civic Engagement Coordinator @ Oakland Unified School District, BA in History from Brown University, Masters Degree in Education from the Teachers College of Columbia University, "Why Does Civic Engagement Matter in Schools?" 1/29, Educating for Democracy in the Digital Age, http://eddaoakland.org/2014/01/29/why-does-civic-engagement-matter-in-schools/-http://eddaoakland.org/2014/01/29/why-does-civic-engagement-matter-in-schools/)
These academic benefits cannot be overstressed, but there is still another compelling reason for
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in respectful dialogue with students and adults via their social issue research blogs.

Third, discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development—-we control uniqueness: university students already have preconceived notions about how the world operates—-government policy discussion is vital to force engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, however those outcomes may be defined

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
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quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on all the problems implied in the employment of the idea of justice we are granting the possibility of formulating an ideal of man and society, valid for all beings endowed with reason and accepted by what we have called elsewhere the universal audience.14
I think that the only discursive methods available to us stem from techniques that are
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city of man in which violence may progressively give way to wisdom.13
Whenever an individual controls the dimensions of" a problem, he or she can solve the problem through a personal decision. For example, if the problem is whether to go to the basketball game tonight, if tickets are not too expensive and if transportation is available, the decision can be made individually. But if a friend’s car is needed to get to the game, then that person’s decision to furnish the transportation must be obtained.
Complex problems, too, are subject to individual decision making. American business offers
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-to-day and even hour-to-hour decisions individually.
When President George H. W. Bush launched Operation Desert Storm, when President
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, debate is the only satisfactory way the exact issues can be decided:
A president, whoever he is, has to find a way of understanding the novel and changing issues which he must, under the Constitution, decide. Broadly speaking ... the president has two ways of making up his mind. The one is to turn to his subordinates—to his chiefs of staff and his cabinet officers and undersecretaries and the like—and to direct them to argue out the issues and to bring him an agreed decision…
The other way is to sit like a judge at a hearing where the issues to be decided are debated. After he has heard the debate, after he has examined the evidence, after he has heard the debaters cross-examine one another, after he has questioned them himself he makes his decision…
It is a much harder method in that it subjects the president to the stress of feeling the full impact of conflicting views, and then to the strain of making his decision, fully aware of how momentous it Is. But there is no other satisfactory way by which momentous and complex issues can be decided.16
John F. Kennedy used Cabinet sessions and National Security Council meetings to provide debate
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18 All presidents, to varying degrees, encourage debate among their advisors.
We may never be called on to render the final decision on great issues of
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in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Only portable skill—-means our framework turns case

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
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support the military action, and in the face of significant international opposition.
Meanwhile, and perhaps equally difficult for the parties involved, a young couple deliberated
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made. Each decision maker worked hard to make well-reasoned decisions.
Decision making is a thoughtful process of choosing among a variety of options for acting
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decision making, as do our school, community, and social organizations.
We all make many decisions even- day. To refinance or sell one’s home, to buy a high-performance SUV or an economical hybrid car. what major to select, what to have for dinner, what candidate CO vote for. paper or plastic, all present lis with choices. Should the president deal with an international crisis through military invasion or diplomacy? How should the U.S. Congress act to address illegal immigration?
Is the defendant guilty as accused? Tlie Daily Show or the ball game?
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do we sort through it and select the best information for our needs?
The ability of every decision maker to make good, reasoned, and ethical decisions relies heavily upon their ability to think critically. Critical thinking enables one to break argumentation down to its component parts in order to evaluate its relative validity and strength. Critical thinkers are better users of information, as well as better advocates.
Colleges and universities expect their students to develop their critical thinking skills and may require students to take designated courses to that end. The importance and value of such study is widely recognized.
Much of the most significant communication of our lives is conducted in the form of debates. These may take place in intrapersonal communications, in which we weigh the pros and cons of an important decision in our own minds, or they may take place in interpersonal communications, in which we listen to arguments intended to influence our decision or participate in exchanges to influence the decisions of others.
Our success or failure in life is largely determined by our ability to make wise
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customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
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their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
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navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
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searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
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cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
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to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
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with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

Fourth, switch-side is key—-Effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation

Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism¶ Arendt is probably most famous for her
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not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Effective decision-making outweighs—-

Tournament: Illinois JV State | Round: Semis | Opponent: GBS OS | Judge: Friend, Pipkin, Megan Johnson

Minimum Wage

Minimum Wage Will Pass Now, But PC is Key

Olson 3/10/14
(Minimum wage campaign gains White House, small biz support¶ March 10, 2014 Elizabeth G. Olson is a cnn white house correspondent http://management.fortune.cnn.com/2014/03/10/minimum-wage-increase/)
The push to increase the federal minimum wage is gathering steam as the White House
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on the benefits of higher wages for millions of low-paid workers."

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for Rubio  – Cuba policy is totally unique – this is the best link card you will ever read

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
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rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

And, the economy is on the brink – minimum wage is key to sustainable growth

Galbraith 2012
(How to Save the Global Economy: Raise the Minimum Wage. A Lot.¶ James Kenneth Galbraith is an American economist who writes frequently for mainstream and liberal publications on economic topics.¶ JANUARY 3, 2012 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/7_raise_the_minimum_wage_a_lot¶ )
Americans can’t spend, their government won’t spend, and the tax cuts of both
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crisis: the working population. It would be an act of justice.

Growth averts great power nuclear war

Mead 9
~Walter Russell, Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, New Republic, February 4, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f826p=2~~
If current market turmoil seriously damaged the performance and prospects of India and China,
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the world economy back on track, we may still have to fight.

Death Cult

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
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sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

Appeasement

Obama is a hard liner – new cabinet

Gray 13 – Managing Editor of Air Force Times at Army Times Publishing (Mel, "Senate Republicans: Obama’s Nominees Too Hard-Line", January 28 of 2013, Newsmax, http://www.newsmax.com/Politics/obama-liberal-cabinet-nominations/2013/01/28/id/487676)
¶ The GOP lawmakers, who play key roles in the confirmation process, contend
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the fact that he endorsed Obama over McCain in the 2008 presidential campaign. 

Plan is seen as Appeasement. This hurts U.S. credibility and encourages anti-Americanism in the region.

Brookes, 09  (Posted: 12:17 AM, April 15, 2009, KEEP THE EMBARGO, O STAND FOR CUBAN HUMAN RIGHTS,  PETER BROOKES, Senior Fellow in National Security Affairs at the Heritage Foundation, MA, Johns Hopkins University, BS, US Naval Academy. Former associate professor, Joint Military Intelligence College, Former instructor, National Defense University, Columnist, New York Post Contributing editor, Townhall Magazine)
Lifting the embargo won’t normalize relations, but instead legitimize — and wave the white
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communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Appeasement kills credibility – it shows countries that the US isn’t hard line - playing a weak hand doesn’t work

Weissberg 10 - Professor of Political Science-Emeritus, University of Illinois-Urbana (Robert, "President Obama’s Compulsive Appeasement Disorder", August 27 of 2010, American Thinker, http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/08/president_obamas_compulsive_ap.html)
There’s a simple explanation: we are no longer feared. Superpowers of yesteryear,
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it. Israel long ago learned this lesson, regardless of world outrage.

Obama’s strength is uniquely key to solve conflict

Ben Coes 11, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 26 author, "The disease of a weak president", The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are
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one or the other. The status quo is simply not an option.

Iran prolif causes nuclear war

Jeffrey Goldberg 12, Bloomberg View columnist and a national correspondent for the Atlantic, January 23, 2012, "How Iran Could Trigger Accidental Armageddon," online: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/how-iran-may-trigger-accidental-armageddon-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg.html
The experts who study this depressing issue seem to agree that a Middle East in
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must be stopped before it reaches fruition with a nuclear weapons delivery capability."

Cuba Meet CP

Text: The government of Cuba should meet the conditions necessary for the embargo to be lifted

Solves the AFF and doesn’t link to appeasement

PC 12 (pro-con.org, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit public charity Archived in 2012 and 2008 by the Library of Congress for having "materials of historical importance to the Congress and to the American people" and Won the "Top 25 Free Reference Websites of 2011" award from a division of the American Library Association along with TED, Google, and Wikileaks and Honored in the US Congressional Record on July 6, 2011 by Congressman Rob Andrews (D-NJ) who said our "unbiased and truthful presentation makes a tremendous contribution to the political system."Should the United States Maintain Its Embargo against Cuba?, http://cuba-embargo.procon.org/, from data cited has to be at least from 2012)
The United States should maintain the Cuba embargo because Cuba has not met the conditions
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in Cuba when he took power, will be tolerated. ~59~

NSA CP

Text – The United States National Security Agency should cease spying on multilateral partner countries.

CP solves multilateralism better in multiple regions -

Eliminating NSA spying on allies is vital to restore US credibility for multilateral alliances.

Zelizer, 10/28 (Julian, Professor of History and Public Affairs @ Princeton University, "NSA scandal highlights Obama’s unfulfilled promise," http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/28/opinion/zelizer-obama-nsa-world/)
The scandal over allegations about NSA surveillance overseas, including monitoring of the cell phone
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he, as a candidate, understood to be so devastating in 2008.

Gradualism

immediate removal causes instability

Zimmerman 10 – CHELSEA A. ZIMMERMAN, Georgetown Law, ’10, "Rethinking The Cuban Trade Embargo: An Opportune Time To Mend a Broken Policy," http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2010/Zimmerman.pdf, ACC. 6-13-2013)
Elimination of the trade embargo immediately is not a feasible solution, as such a
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pork and fish would result (U.S. International Trade Commission).

Cuban instability collapse causes terrorism and Latin American instability

Gorrell ’5 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" 3/18/5, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)
Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
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in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Extinction

Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
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may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

Tournament: Maine East | Round: 2 | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoor KS | Judge: Chris Callahan

DA

Nieto has to credibility to follow through with his reform efforts now – but he has to tread carefully

Thomson 4-24 - Adam Thomson is the FT’s Mexico and Central America correspondent (Adam, "President Enrique Peña Nieto works to soothe Mexico tensions", April 24 of 2013, Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/628aabae-acfa-11e2-9454-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2YVlziShn-http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/628aabae-acfa-11e2-9454-00144feabdc0.html)
Mexico’s four-month-old administration on Wednesday appeared to overcome its first political
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coming months as he seeks to bring his economic reform agenda to fruition.¶ 

Overwhelming opposition to the AFF – the plan is an insurmountable obstacle which kills Nieto’s credibility

Starr 12 - Director, U.S.-Mexico Network Associate Professor (NTT) University Fellow, Center on Public Diplomacy University of Southern California (Pamela, "U.S.-Mexico Relations and Mexican Domestic Politics", October 6 of 2012, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=326cad=rja26ved=0CD4QFjAC26url=http3A2F2Fcollege.usc.edu2Fusmexnet2Fwp-content2Fuploads2F20102F102FCamp-Oxford-paper-final.doc26ei=mTLYUZTDMbOLyQGT14GwCQ26usg=AFQjCNH_cqiYTQRo7SFmpfWugH9ABshhCg26sig2=_M2KmLNnt3e8v4vVshc_fQ-https://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=326cad=rja26ved=0CD4QFjAC26url=http3A2F2Fcollege.usc.edu2Fusmexnet2Fwp-content2Fuploads2F20102F102FCamp-Oxford-paper-final.doc26ei=mTLYUZTDMbOLyQGT14GwCQ26usg=AFQjCNH_cqiYTQRo7SFmpfWugH9ABshhCg26sig2=_M2KmLNnt3e8v4vVshc_fQ)
The final implication of Mexican nationalism for U.S.-Mexico relations is the
AND
being too willing to accept support and guidance from north of the border.

Nieto credibility is key the Mexican economy – loss of cred guarantees collapse

Ruelas-Gossi 12 - professor of strategy at the Santiago, Chile-based Universidad Adolfo Ibañez (Alejandro, "Peña Nieto’s Plans for Mexico’s Economy", October 15 of 2012, Harvard Business Review, http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/10/mexico_is_the_perfect_dictator.html-http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/10/mexico_is_the_perfect_dictator.html)
For one, Peña Nieto will likely bring about major reforms in the energy sector
AND
produced in the country — just like some other countries in Latin America.

Global war
Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict. Political science literature has contributed a moderate degree of attention to the impact of economic decline and the security and defence behaviour of interdependent states. Research in this vein has been considered at systemic, dyadic and national levels. Several notable contributions follow.
First, on the systemic level, Pollins (2008) advances Modelski and Thompson’s
AND
the causes and connections between global economic conditions and security conditions remain unknown.
Second, on a dyadic level, Copeland’s (1996, 2000) theory of
AND
on its own or because it triggers protectionist moves by interdependent states.4
Third, others have considered the link between economic decline and external armed conflict at a national level. Blomberg and Hess (2002) find a strong correlation between internal conflict and external conflict, particularly during periods of economic downturn. They write:
The linkages between internal and external conflict and prosperity are strong and mutually reinforcing. Economic conflict tends to spawn internal conflict, which in turn returns the favour. Moreover, the presence of a recession tends to amplify the extent to which international and external conflicts self-reinforce each other. (Blomberg 26 Hess, 2002. p. 89)
Economic decline has also been linked with an increase in the likelihood of terrorism (Blomberg, Hess, 26 Weerapana, 2004), which has the capacity to spill across borders and lead to external tensions.
Furthermore, crises generally reduce the popularity of a sitting government. "Diversionary theory
AND
popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.
In summary, recent economic scholarship positively correlates economic integration with an increase in the frequency of economic crises, whereas political science scholarship links economic decline with external conflict at systemic, dyadic and national levels.5 This implied connection between integration, crises and armed conflict has not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
This observation is not contradictory to other perspectives that link economic interdependence with a decrease in the likelihood of external conflict, such as those mentioned in the first paragraph of this chapter. Those studies tend to focus on dyadic interdependence instead of global interdependence and do not specifically consider the occurrence of and conditions created by economic crises. As such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

===T===

Interpretation – "Economic engagement" is limited to trade of goods and services -energy is a non-economic partnership

Rose, 8 — UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration ~Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, "Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties," April 2008, www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1-http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1~~
Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties We examine
AND
relations. The answer, in both theory and practice, is positive.

Violation – the AFF is an energy partnership

Voting issue – 

1. Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages 

3. Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

===K===

====Renewables fail and only promote more consumption by making energy cheaper per unit – reducing consumption first is a pre-requisite to solving environmental collapse====
Alexander 12
(Samuel, co-director of the Simplicity Institute and a lecturer in ’Consumerism and Sustainability’ at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, "Can renewable energy sustain consumer societies?", http://www.energybulletin.net/stories/2012-04-26/can-renewable-energy-sustain-consumer-societies-save-friday)
Most people, including many environmentalists, seem to believe that Western-style consumer
AND
who have enough, but who do not know it, are poor.

====You have an ethical obligation to refuse overconsumption and politicize production of waste – overconsumption drives "waste imperialism" – the First World uses the Third as a giant landfill, producing massive structural inequality while reproducing the myth of the "dirty, foreign" other====
Mannathukkaren 12 (Nissim, Associate Professor, International Development Studies, Dalhousie University, "Garbage as our alter ego", Nov 3, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/garbage-as-our-alter-ego/article4059003.ece)
If there is one thing that is symptomatic of the modern human condition, but
AND
be hidden under the carpet. It has to be confronted head on.
The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity
It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity
Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, "DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION", Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

CP

Text: The United States federal government should substantially reduce the number of illegal immigrants in the U.S. by enforcing that hiring illegal immigrants is illegal. The United States federal government should reform the immigration system to increase the future number of high skilled immigrants entering the U.S. while reducing the inflow of immigrants who are likely to be poor. The United States federal government should establish work requirements for able-bodied, non-elderly adults receiving Food Stamps or public housing benefits. The United States federal government should decrease out-of-wedlock childbearing by reducing the anti-marriage penalties in means-tested welfare programs and by offering voluntary life skills planning to young women at risk of non-marital pregnancy. The United States federal government should amend all relevant anti-discrimination statutes. The United States federal government should continue to support social science research on implicit bias and its implications for improved anti-discrimination legislation. The United States federal government should reverse the trend of reading the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment very narrowly to exclude race-conscious measures.

CP solves the root causes of poverty
Rector, 08- Senior Research Fellow at Heritage Foundation (Robert, "Understanding and Reducing Poverty in America", September 25th 2008, Testimony before Joint Economic Committee United States Senate, December 28th 2009, http://www.heritage.org/research/welfare/tst040209b.cfm, TSK)

Point ~237 Reducing poverty will require addressing the root causes, not the mere symptoms, of poverty.

To reduce poverty, the U.S. must:

1. Substantially reduce the number of illegal immigrants in the U.S. by enforcing, for the first time, the twenty year old law against hiring illegals.
      2. Reform the legal immigration system to increase the future number of high skill immigrants entering the U.S. and reduce the future inflow of low skill immigrants who are likely to be poor and welfare dependent.
      3. Increase work among welfare recipients by establishing work requirements for able-bodied, non-elderly adults receiving Food Stamp or public housing benefits.
      4. Decrease out-of-wedlock childbearing by reducing the anti-marriage penalties in means-tested welfare programs and by offering voluntary life skills planning to young adult women at risk of non-marital pregnancy.
   CP solves the root causes of racism- housing, education, employment and all discrimination policies
   Menedian et. al, 08 (Stephen, Marguerite Spencer, Lidija Knuth, John Powell, Sara Jackson, Fran Fajana, Andrew Grant-Thomas, Jason Reece, Eva Paterson, and Kimberly Rapp, "Structural Racism in the United States", A Report to the U.N. Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on the occasion of its review of the Periodic Report of the United States of America, February 2008, December 31st 2009, PDF, p.20-23 TSK)

UNDER ARTICLE 1 Retool the "intent doctrine." The Federal Government should amend all relevant anti-discrimination statutes, including Titles VI (housing) and VII (employment) to explicitly include cases in which plaintiffs can show disparate or discriminatory impacts. Additionally, the Government should pass legislation that would account for cases that violate the CERD, but cannot currently be brought under the equal protection clause because of the existing "intent doctrine." Continue to support social science research on implicit bias and its implications for improved anti-discrimination legislation The increasing judicial recognition of the existence and effects of unconscious bias, and the growing body of literature analyzing this phenomenon, provide guidance for litigation and legislation that will more effectively combat all types of discrimination. The Federal Government should continue to fund this body of research, as well as hold hearings to educate current legislators and members of the judiciary about the realities of implicit bias, and its relevance for crafting more effective antidiscrimination laws and policies. • Look to the laws of other countries and the international community 77 Id. at (¶ 91). Structural Racism 21 Requiring a showing of intent to prove discrimination appears to be somewhat of an American anomaly. For instance, Canada and South Africa both rejected intent as an element of discrimination claims, finding that it acted as an insuperable barrier to victims seeking a remedy. Likewise, the European Union recently recognized that discrimination includes direct acts by someone knowingly discriminating against another, as well as indirect acts not motivated by prejudice, but nevertheless resulting in discriminatory outcomes. Additionally, international treaties such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights prohibit all forms of discrimination. These laws and policies should inform future legislation and judicial opinions in the areas of racial and other discrimination. • Redress Indirect Discrimination The Federal Government should amend all relevant anti-discrimination statutes, including Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 USC § 2000d et seq., to outlaw direct and indirect discrimination on the basis of race, color or national origin, and explicitly reach the actions of federal, state and private actors. The primary purpose of the amended statutes shall be the eradication of social and economic inequities, especially those that are systemic in nature and deeply embedded in social structures, history, institutional practices and norms. In interpreting the amended statutes, courts shall further the stated purpose through special measures, legal and otherwise, that advance the interests of historically disadvantaged individuals, communities and social groups who were disposed, deprived of their human dignity and who continue to endure social and economic disadvantages. Address Disparities Across Domains and at Predictable Points of Institutional InteractionThe Federal government should affirmatively link housing, schools, employment, transportation, health care and other political and cultural opportunities. We have government programs in every domain and at every level of government, but they are not coordinated. Congress should reconsider reauthorization of HOPE VI, proposed in 2005, which would have linked the siting of affordable housing with a plan to improve public school conditions in the area.78 Structural Racism 21 The Federal and State Governments should provide legislative support andincentives for metropolitan-wide governing bodies to affirmatively link housing, schools, jobs and transportation, creating communities of opportunity. E.g., Jefferson County (Louisville) consolidated their city and suburban school districts after Milliken failed to link city and suburban school integration efforts. It then consolidated the city and county governments in 2001. On a metropolitan-wide scale, the governing body linked housing and education by using Projectbased Section 8 funding to locate affordable housing units in areas students of color wanted to go to school, until the funding dried up. Schools were released from busing orders once the neighborhood was integrated. These efforts went on politically, even after the federal court order to desegregate was lifted. UNDER ARTICLE 2 Coordinate and Involve All Levels of Government The Federal Government should determine how to coordinate institutional actions in situations in which authority is dispersed among many different levels of government and when concerted action could result in more racially just outcomes. All levels of government should acknowledge and address racial discrimination that arises from the interaction of race-neutral governmental policies and private decision-making. o All levels of government should conduct studies and monitor progress not of single decision points, but of the cumulative effects of many decision points over time that affect the distribution of life opportunities. E.g., To map out why so many elderly African Americans and Hispanics live at or below the poverty line, the government could retrace their lifelong relationship to the labor market, their relationship to the housing market, and to the educational and criminal justice systems. Support affirmative measures. The Federal Government should reverse the trend of reading the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment very narrowly to exclude raceconscious measures to end discrimination and achieve integration. It should seek to reverse the decision in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 to allow for race conscious student assignment plans in K-12 schools, at a minimum when other race-neutral policies have failed to integrate our schools. When the next lawsuit is filed raising this issue, the Solicitor General should defend the rights of the school districts to adopt race-conscious measures, contrary to the position it defended in Parents. It should recommit to the importance of achieving integration across domains in neighborhoods, schools, and places of employment and leisure.

Tournament: Maine East | Round: 4 | Opponent: Glenbrook South CR | Judge: Melanie Johnson

DA

Castro is implementing gradual economic reforms now - but – he must walk a fine line and avoid rocking the political boat

Sweig and Rockefeller, 2013 (Julia E. Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, and Michael Bustamante "Cuba After Communism The Economic Reforms That Are Transforming the Island"  http://www.cfr.org/cuba/cuba-after-communism/p30991-http://www.cfr.org/cuba/cuba-after-communism/p30991)

Small-time diaspora capital may prove easier to regulate and rely on than funds
AND
the black market or assistance from family abroad to acquire many daily necessities.
 

The Plan causes a political whirlwind in Cuba that decimates Castro’s ability to reform

Hernandez, 2012 (Cuba’s Leading Social Sciences professor and researcher at the University of Havana and the High Institute of International Relations; Director of U.S. studies at the Centro de Estudios sobre America; and a Senior Research Fellow at the Instituto cubano de Investigacion Cultural "Juan Marinello" in Havana. "Debating U.S-Cuban Relations") 

As far as costs are concerned, although many Cubans favor detente and appreciate its
AND
dealing effectively with "communist regimes" but its sense of superpower omnipotence.

This turns the Aff, makes armed conflict inevitable, and triggers a laundry list of impacts

Treto, 2012  (Carlos, Professor and Senior researcher at the University of Havana’s
AND

"Cuba’s National Security vis-à-vis the United States")

In the historical period preceding the one analyzed here, two opposite visions took shape
AND
to terrorist actors that have damaged the United States or any other country.¶ 

T

Interpretation – "Engagement" requires increasing long-term economic contacts and interdependence – distinct from appeasement

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ENGAGEMENT AND APPEASEMENT¶ In contrast to many prevailing conceptions of engagement,
AND
or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.

B. Violation – the AFF is a one-time appeasement – it doesn’t establish an interdependent relationship

C. Voting Issue - 

1. Limits – defining engagement as any positive action allows for too many short-term appeasement mechanisms that we can’t prepare for – hurts negative competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – guts links to perception DAs like China SOI, credibility, and politics based off of long-term relationships and jacks appeasement CP ground – generics like these are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages

DA

The plan causes economic overheating

Robert David Cruz 03 (current qualifications: PhD., Chief economist for Miami-Dade County) "Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Castro Cuba: Problems, Opportunities and Recommendations," University of Miami, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, Pg. 20, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/RDCruz.pdf
The appropriate U.S. role during an economic transition is not to promote
AND
infrastructure in ways that promote economic development that is spread across the island.

That causes democratic backsliding and regional prolif

Schulz 00 (Donald Schulz, Chairman of the Political Science Department at Cleveland State University, March 2000, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub31.pdf)
A second major interest is the promotion of democracy. At first glance, this
AND
heightened politico-military rivalry between different blocs or coalitions in the hemisphere.

Latin American prolif spills over

Beamont and Rubinsky 12 (Paul D. Beamont and Thomas Rubinsky, International Law and Policy Institute, "An Introduction to the Issue of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean," December, http://nwp.ilpi.org/?p=1851)
As the world continues to grapple with the issues of non-proliferation and disarmament
AND
efforts aimed at reaching the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.

Prolif causes extinction – escalation

Kroenig 12 – Matthew Kroenig is an Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow on the Council on Foreign Relations, May 26^th, 2012, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?" http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30
What’s Wrong with Proliferation Optimism?
The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major flaws
AND
war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

CP

Text: The United States Federal Government should provide all necessary funding for the construction and operation of all necessary water treatment facilities to increase the alkalinity of the oceans by removing hydrochloric acid via electrolysis, neutralizing it with silicate rock, and returning the products to the ocean.

CP solves warming and ocean acidity

House et al, 07- Doctoral candidate at Harvard in geosciences, Research Fellow at MIT (Kurt Zenz House, Christopher H. House, Daniel P. Schrag, and Michael J. Aziz, Envirnmental Science and Technology, "Electrochemical Acceleration of Chemical Weathering as an Energetically Feasible Approach to Mitigating Anthropogenic Climate Change" November 7, 2007)

We describe an approach to CO2 capture and storage from the atmosphere that involves enhancing
AND
point source or from the atmosphere prior to being returned to the ocean.

Agriculture:

Lifting the embargo destroys Cuban ag

Gonzalez 3 –  Assistant Professor at Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, "SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA", Summer of 2003, book p. 729-33)
Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
to the retention of an agricultural development model borne of crisis and isolation. 

Transition:

Taiwan war won’t escalate – it’s empirically denied – 1996 proved no major power will get drawn in and it won’t escalate to nuclear war

War is inevitable – now is key, prevents worse conflict later
O’Rourke 09 ~Ronald, specialist in Naval Affairs for Congressional Research Service, "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress", July 17, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf~~
Those who argue that relatively more emphasis should be placed on prog1     rams
AND
operations, anti-piracy operations, and other maritime-security operations.

Turn – CCP Collapse

A. War causes CCP to collapse
O’Hanlon, 00, Michael Senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and adjunct professor at Columbia University. "CAN CHINA CONQUER TAIWAN?" International Secutiy 2000 www.brookings.edu/views/articles/ohanlon/2000fall_IS.pdf
In broader political terms, attacking Taiwan would be extraordinarily risky for the ruling regime in Beijing. It would likely lose much of its elite military personnel, and a large fraction of its strategic transport capabilities, combat aircraft, and navy, in any such attack. A PRC government that attempted such an invasion could fall in its aftermath.

B. CCP collapse prevents nuclear war
McAdam, 05 Brian Former Canadian  diplomat. "Imminent collapse of Communism in China: Truth or Speculation" Prime Time 2005 www.primetimecrime.com/contributing/2005/20050805McAdam.htm
"The CCP’s main aim for the civilian economy is to support the building of modern millitary weapons and to support the aims of the PLA." The CCP has been posing an increasing threat to the rest of the world for a long time, with generals threatening nuclear
attacks to maintain control.  China can launch nuclear weapons that in thirty minutes could
AND
of Eastern Europe since 1989 and in Western Europe and Japan since 1945.

War with North Korea is inevitable—the US will win now
Manasan 10 – graduate student in the Master of Journalism program at Ryerson University (Althea, "Pressure to bolster North Korean leader makes war inevitable, analyst says," National Post, May 28, http://www.nationalpost.com/news/Pressure+bolster+Korean+leader+makes+inevitable+analyst/3085070/story.html, Crowe)
While some experts believe tensions on the Korean Peninsula will blow over, at least
AND
out war, I have no doubt that North Korea would lose it."

North Korea doesn’t have the "game" to win the war
Reuters, 10 (3/17/10, Jon Herskovitz, "North Korea may turn more menacing but options limited,"
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62G12T20100317-http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62G12T20100317, JMP)
SEOUL (Reuters) - Policy blunders and an economic crunch have put North Korean
AND
nuclear disarmament-for-aid talks, possibly within the next month.

They will lose the war horribly—we spend 1000 times more on our military and Russia and China won’t support their hostile action—
Feffer 9 (John Feffer Co-director of Foreign Policy In Focus North Korea Attacking Hawaii? http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-feffer/north-korea-attacking-haw_b_219837.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-feffer/north-korea-attacking-haw_b_219837.html)

US war with North Korea would guarantee the US take out all of North Korea’s nuclear weapons—this will solve an East Asian arms race and instability —
Robinson and Baker 3 (Colin RobinsonRear Adm. (Ret.) Stephen H. Baker
Senior Fellow Center for Defense Information CDI Research AnalystStand-off with North Korea: War Scenarios and Consequences http://www.cdi.org/north-korea/north-korea-crisis.pdf-http://www.cdi.org/north-korea/north-korea-crisis.pdf Donnie)

Asian instability causes nuclear war
Ahrari, 01- Professor of National Security and Strategy of the Joint and Combined Warfighting School at the Armed Forces Staff College (M. Ehsan, "Jihadi Groups, Nuclear Pakistan and the New Great Game," August, Questia)
South and Central Asia constitute a part of the world where a well-designed
AND
partners for the United States, thus representing a gain for all concerned.

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Maine East LP | Judge: Carly Watson, Christian Palacios, Nick Locke

Oil DA

Oil prices are on the rise – this evidence is predictive

The Gazette 7/16 (and#34;Crude oil prices hit three-month highand#34;, Originally an article on Reuters, http://thegazette.com/2013/07/16/crude-oil-prices-hit-three-month-high/  candle)
Brent crude oil rose towards 24110 per barrel on Tuesday, reaching a three
AND
week draw on record, Energy Information Administration data showed on July 10.
Development of alternative energy saves oil and causes prices to drop
DeCiantis  ’08 -  Masters candidate in Public Policy at Harvard’s JFK School of Government, specializing in development economics and international trade (Devin,  March, http://www.freedom24.org/rationalpost/2008/03/25/speculations-on-a-25-oil-tariff/-http://www.freedom24.org/rationalpost/2008/03/25/speculations-on-a-25-oil-tariff/)
In the mid-term, as industries and generators begin to shift away from
AND
excess supply-at least while total global oil reserves remain relatively plentiful.

That causes Saudi Arabia to flood the oil market and collapse prices

Morse and Richards 2 (Edward L. Morse is Executive Adviser at Hess Energy Trading Company and was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Energy Policy in 1979-81. James Richard is a portfolio manager at Firebird Management, an investment fund active in eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, Foreign Affairs, March/April)
A simple fact explains this conclusion: 63 percent of the world’s proven oil reserves
AND
lost in the preceding four years, mainly to non-OPEC countries.

Low oil prices wreck the Russian economy—high prices create a window for sustained growth

IMF, 11 - International Monetary Fund (9/27/11, and#34;Russia Should Leverage Commodity Boom to Boost Growthand#34;, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2011/int092711a.htm,   )
Russia’s economy grew by 4 percent in 2010, aided by the boom in commodity
AND
turn into a deficit fairly quickly, putting pressure on the exchange rate.

Causes multiple scenarios for CBW conflict
Oliker and Charlick-Paley 02 (Olga and Tanya, RAND Corporation Project Air Force, and#34;Assessing Russia’s Decline,and#34; www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1442/)

The preceding chapters have illustrated the ways in which Russia’s decline affects that country and
AND
rogue states and nonstate terrorist actors, increasing the risk of nuclear war.

T-Energy

Interpretation – and#34;Economic engagementand#34; is limited to trade of goods and services -energy is a non-economic partnership

Rose, 8 — UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration ~Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, and#34;Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties,and#34; April 2008, www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1-http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1~~
Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties We examine
AND
relations. The answer, in both theory and practice, is positive.

Violation – the AFF is an energy partnership

Voting issue – 

1. Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages 

3. Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

Death Cult

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, and#34;Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence,and#34; March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that and#34;the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

PIC Out of Biofuels

Plan: The United States federal government should negotiate a comprehensive renewable energy agenda with the government of Mexico emphasizing cooperation over development of solar, wind, nuclear, and jatropha biodiesel in the border region. The United States federal government should remove its subsides for corn and corn-based biofuel production and eliminate the renewable fuel standard.

====Plan includes the phrase and#34;renewable energies,and#34; which means sugarcane ethanol- it’d be included because that’s an area US investors are interested in putting money now- that jumpstarts sugarcane ethanol.====
Wood ’10 – senior associate in the Americas program at CSIS 
(Duncan, also director of the international relations program at Mexico’s Autonomous Institute of Technology, Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, December 2010, http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Renewable20Energy20report.pdf)
To date, however, there has been only minor cooperation between the United States
AND
as paper, textiles, and rope, and is common across Mexico.

Biofuels cause massive food price shocks- food vs. fuel dilemma

Runge 26 Senauer ’7(McKnight Univ. Prof. Applied Econ. 26 Law, Dir. Center for International Food 26 Agricultural Policy @ Univ. of MN. /26/ Prof. Applied Econ. 26 Co-dir. Food Industry Center at Univ. of MN) 2007
~C. Ford 26 Benjamin, and#34;How Biofuels Could Starve the Poorand#34; online @ http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070501faessay86305/c-ford-runge-benjamin-senauer/how-biofuels-could-starve-the-poor.html   Foreign Affairs, May/June 2007loghry~
The International Food Policy Research Institute, in Washington, D.C., has
AND
viable. But unless biofuel policies change significantly, neither development is likely.

That causes extinction

Trudell ’5 (Robert H., Fall, Trudell,  J.D. Candidate 2006, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int’l L. 26 Com. 277, Lexis)
2. But, Is It Really an Emergency?  In his study on environmental
AND
emergency and we must put that fuse out before it is too late.

Heg Bad

Collapse inevitable

Layne 10 (Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A26M’s George H.W. Bush School of Government 26 Public Service. and#34;Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americana-http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n54223596/and#34;. The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n54223596/-http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n54223596/) AK
China’s economy has been growing much more rapidly than the United States’ over the last
AND
with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue.

Retrenchment is best—solves our great power wars and maintains influence

MacDonald and Parent 11 (Paul, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami. and#34;Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchmentand#34;.  International Security Spring 2011, Vol. 35, No. 4, Pages 7-44.) AK
In this article, we question the logic and evidence of the retrenchment pessimists.
AND
none of the declining powers that failed to retrench recovered their relative position.

US withdrawal won’t cause power wars – forward deployment only encourages NATO growth and Russian expansionism

Gholz, Press, and Sapolsky, 97 (Eugene Gholz and Daryl Press, doctoral candidates in political science at MIT. Harvey Sapolsky, professor of public policy at MIT. International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4. Spring 1997)
Several prominent analysts favor a policy of selective engagement. These analysts fear that American
AND
would be German rather than American troops standing guard on the new borders.

Their authors have it backwards – countries will take advantage of U.S. security guarantees to provoke war

Eland, 02 (Director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute (Ivan, and#34;The Empire Strikes Out The and#34;New Imperialismand#34; and Its Fatal Flawsand#34;, Cato policy analysis no 459, nov 26)
Of course, one way to try to enhance American credibility would be to deploy
AND
can show progress in its efforts to mediate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: Octas | Opponent: Groves OR | Judge: Jon Voss, Rahim Shakoor, Rufus Coates-Welsh

1

The Affirmative’s call for state action fails to achieve its desired goals while directly reinforcing state power, increasing the legitimacy of State violence.

Martin 1990,  associate professor at the University of Wollongong, Australia, Brian, Uprooting War

What should be done to help transform the state system in the direction of self
AND
the state rather than appealing for state intervention and thereby reinforcing state power. 

First, calls for state recourse constructs social activism in such a way that condemns mechanisms for protest to comply with state structures, destroying any hope for powerful social change

Bookchin, 1998, Murray, Left Green Perspectives, Number 38

In the United States, as in other Western countries today, there is no
AND
need for a revolutionary transformation of society (which the system must resist). 

Second, demands for a change in state policy are an example of a State-centered conception of politics.  This fails to achieve its desired ends while destroying alternate mechanisms for change.

Magnusson 1990, Professor at the University of Victory, Canada, Contending Sovereignties: Redefining Political Community, Ed.  Walker and Mendlovitz  

Authur Bentley’s famous book, The Process of Government (1908), seemed to mark
AND
create new forms of political community, political identity, and political action. 

C. Impact- Reliance on state structures for social policy will result in extinction

Katsiaficas 1997, Professor at SUNY, The subversion of Politics, George 

Making ecologically responsible decisions already calls for rethinking the political power of nation-states
AND
rather a necessary form for the survival of the species and all life. 

D. Alternative- Reject the affirmative’s demand upon the United States Federal Government. Instead, vote negative to endorse a system of non-cooperation with the state. The goal of this non-cooperation will be expose the problems of the state.

Rejecting the demands of the affirmative opens of new political space for alternatives to state-centered activism.

Walker, professor at the University of Victoria, One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a just World Peace, Ed. RBJ, 1988
I do not claim in this book to give a conclusive insight into the major
AND
because they participate in a more far-reaching reinvention of political life. 

And non-cooperation challenges the state’s legitimacy and is critical to social change.

Bookchin, Murray, Left Green Perspectives, Number 38, http://lpg.social-ecology.org/, 1998
Without in any way ignoring the elementary insults that the present society inflicts on the
AND
state and the capitalist system and replace them with a libertarian communist society. 

2

A.  Interpretation – the affirmative must defend advantages based on the consequences of hypothetical enactment of their plan by the USFG.  They should win if the topical plan is better than any competitive advocacy.  The neg should win if the plan is worse than the status quo or an alternative competitive with the plan.

1. Resolved is used to introduce a policy resolution—limited to only the exact immediate question of the resolution

Robert 15 ~General Henry M. Robert, US Army, 1915,  http://www.bartleby.com/176/4.html~~
A motion is a proposal that the assembly take certain action, or that it
AND
, where possible to avoid it, nor to the motives of members. 

2. "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

B. Violation – The affirmative claims to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical USFG action. Their advocacy is insufficient—definitive stable and unconditionally topical action is key.

C. Standards — 

1) Stable and predictable ground – using their plan as a starting point for some other discussion or to access an advantage independent of the plan’s enactment undermines our ability to generate offense that’s stable and predictable. They could read a plan with any advantage that the neg could never predict or adequately prepare for.

Specifically, the resolution must be the focus of the debate. The resolution is the determined focus of debates, and it is the basis for aff and neg research. Any movement away from the resolution is arbitrary and makes it impossible for the negative to predict their research burden – the impact is effective clash and advocacy skills.

2) Judge evaluation – their framework will have no coherent criteria for how the judge should assess competing claims or weigh impacts.

3) Topic education – their framework is designed to dodge education about the core questions of transportation policy. The resolution is picked for a reason – their advocacy undermines our ability to learn about a central issue in American society at this moment.

D. Vote negative – their framework is unfair, and there’s in-round abuse. Extra-topicality is an independent voter because it proves the resolution insufficient and is outside the judge’s jurisdiction.

3

The Affirmative’s demand that seeing images is necessary for the audience, debaters, and critics to understand the situation of those at Guantanamo Bay prioritizes visualization as the primary means for liberation and agency. This choice excludes those with ocular disabilities and reinforces a vision based norm that

Hibbitts, 94 -Professor Bernard J. (University of Pittsburgh School of Law16 Cardozo Law Review 229 (1994); reprinted by permission of the Cardozo Law Review)
A. Seeing Culture ~2.2~ In Part I of this Article
AND
a general matter, not-so-smart people are "dimwits."

OUR LINK MEANS THE AFF IS EPISTEMOLOGICALLY SUSPECT AND CAUSES MATERIAL VIOLENCE.

Bill Hughes, ’99 (Department of Social Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University , "The Constitution of Impairment: modernity and the aesthetic of oppression", Disability 26 Society, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1999, pp. 155± 172, EBSCO)
This binary marking out of the world, first, in the interests and `
AND
important in the material construction of disabling barriers. The impaired body is r

As students participating in political debates we have an obligation to put disability at the center of our discussion of democracy because what we debate about here says a lot about human conduct on a larger scale—this is not a meta-theoretical quibble but central to change the way that disability is represented and conceived writ large.

Michael Bérubé, ’3 (Paterno Family Professor in Literature at Pennsylvania State University, "Citizenship and Disability", Spring, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=506)
Of course, many of us would prefer to believe that our children have intrinsic
AND
don’t. (This is why the promise of disability rights is unspecifiable.)
LET ME EXPLAIN. First, the idea of participatory parity does double duty in
AND
"participatory parity" than that held by previously dominant groups and individuals.
Could anything make this clearer than the politics of disability? Imagine a building in
AND
kneeling buses, and buildings employing what is now known as universal design.
Leftists and liberals, particularly those associated with university humanities departments, are commonly charged
AND
disability, we can have no account of democracy worthy of the name.
Perhaps some of our fellow citizens with developmental disabilities would not put the argument quite
AND
, which is to say, for the good of all of us.

4

The Aff is anti-topical. The US remains at Guantanamo Bay because we lease that portion of the land from Cuba according to legal treaties. The plan TERMINATES THAT LEASE – meaning that it STOPS ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT.
Russia Today, 13 ("US Guantanamo lease with Cuba remains in dispute," http://rt.com/usa/usa-guantanamo-torture-cuba-633/-http://rt.com/usa/usa-guantanamo-torture-cuba-633/) Author and journalist Robert Naiman pointed to the initial treaty which granted the US government lease rights over Cuban territory."The agreement under which the US government has a base on Cuban soil, the GTMO military base, dates from the early years of the 20th century," Naiman said. The agreement was known as the Platt Amendment, initiated in 1903 after the Spanish-American War.However, the terms in which the US government acquired the treaty have always been in question. 

Violation – the affirmative close Guantanamo bay, which is not a form of economic engagement

Voting issue – 

1. Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages 

3. Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 1 | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoor GL | Judge: David McGinnis

DA

Chinese influence increasing in Latin America

Darlington, 12 (Shasta, international correspondent for CNN based in Brazil, and#34;China-Latam economic ties tightening,and#34; and#34;Latamand#34; is not my typo, that’s totes on CNN, November 19, 2012, Online, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/18/business/china-latam-ties-http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/18/business/china-latam-ties, accessed 7/17/13)
The rise of China in Latin America, long considered the United States’ and#34;backyard
AND
.5 billion in 2010 from 247.3 billion in 2009.

Increased US engagement challenges China in Latin America.

Dumbaugh et al 5. ~Kerry, specialist in Asian Affairs, Mark Sullivan, Specialist in Latin American affairs, and#34;China’s growing interest in Latin Americaand#34; CRS Report for Congress — April 20 — www.au.af.mil/AU/AWC/AWCGATE/crs/rs22119.pdf~

Some observers believe increased Chinese interest and economic linkages with Latin¶ America constitute a
AND
cooperative security relationshipsand#34; — in order to deflect the China challenge.16

Chinese influence key to secure Latin American resources – key to growth.

Lettieri 5. ~Michael, research associate, and#34;Bush goes to Beijing, China goes to Latin Americaand#34; Council on Hemispheric Affairs — November 14 — www.coha.org/bush-goes-to-beijing-china-goes-to-latin-america/~

Latin America’s Strategic Importance to China¶ As China’s economy has boomed, racking up
AND
to find an outside foreign partner capable of counterbalancing the U.S.

====Chinese growth prevents global economic collapse, war over Taiwan and CCP collapse====
Lewis 8. ~Dan, Research Director – Economic Research Council, and#34;The Nightmare of a Chinese Economic Collapse,and#34; World Finance, 5/13, http://www.worldfinance.com/news/home/finalbell/article117.html~~

In 2001, Gordon Chang authored a global bestseller and#34;The Coming Collapse of China
AND
by going to war with Taiwan – whom America is pledged to defend.

CCP collapse sparks nuclear lashout.

Rexing 5. (San – Epoch Times International – August 3^rd — http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html)

Since the Party’s life is and#34;above all else,and#34; it would not be surprising
AND
now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.

K

====Renewables fail and only promote more consumption by making energy cheaper per unit – reducing consumption first is a pre-requisite to solving environmental collapse====
Alexander 12
(Samuel, co-director of the Simplicity Institute and a lecturer in ’Consumerism and Sustainability’ at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, and#34;Can renewable energy sustain consumer societies?and#34;, http://www.energybulletin.net/stories/2012-04-26/can-renewable-energy-sustain-consumer-societies-save-friday)
Most people, including many environmentalists, seem to believe that Western-style consumer
AND
who have enough, but who do not know it, are poor.
The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity
It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity
Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, and#34;DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTIONand#34;, Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

T

Interpretation – and#34;Economic engagementand#34; is limited to trade of goods and services -energy is a non-economic partnership

Rose, 8 — UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration ~Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, and#34;Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties,and#34; April 2008, www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1-http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1~~
Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties We examine
AND
relations. The answer, in both theory and practice, is positive.

Violation – the AFF is an energy partnership

Voting issue – 

1. Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages 

3. Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

CP

Text: The president of the United States should invest in collaboration on cross-border transmission, electricity regulation, standardization, and grid integration with the United Mexican States.

The CP solves
Hsu 12 (David T. Hsu - Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Browne Center for International Politics, and#34;Executive Discretion, Domestic Constraints, and Patterns of Post-9/11 U.S. Foreign Economic Policyand#34;, September 2012, Pg 6, http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf-http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf) MaxL
The specific empirical puzzle, how to explain the pattern of U.S.
AND
an analytical focus on the president’s strategic motivations for manipulating foreign economic policies.

Unilateral executive policies let the president take credibility from Congress
Howell and Pevehouse 7 (William G. Howell - Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics in the Harris School And Jon C. Pevehouse - associate professor at the University of Chicago’s Irving B. Harris School of Public Policy, Princeton University Press, and#34;While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powersand#34;, 2007, Pg. 7) MaxL
There is, at present, a burgeoning body of work within American politics that
AND
take) positive action can either adjoining institution limit the presidents unilateral powers.

A strong presidency solves a laundry list of wars and outweighs your turns
South China Morning Post 2K (South China Morning Post, 12/11/2000, ProQuest | JJ) MODIFIED FOR GENDERED LANGUAGE
A weak president with an unclear mandate is bad news for the rest of the
AND
that the next US president will be in a position to do so.

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 4 | Opponent: Glenbrook South KV | Judge: Matt Olson

Consumption K

Plan is one step forward and two steps back – energy production exponentially compounds consumption – turns the case and results in extinction

Foster et al 10 (JOHN B. is editor of Monthly Review and professor of sociology, University of Oregon. BRETT CLARK is assistant professor of sociology, North Carolina State University. RICHARD YORK is co-editor of Organization 26 Environment and associate professor of sociology, University of Oregon, "Capitalism and the Curse of Energy Efficiency: The Return of the Jevons Paradox", Monthly Review, November 2010. Vol. 62, Iss. 6; pg. 1, 12 pgs, proquest)
The Jevons Paradox was forgotten in the heyday of the age of petroleum during the
AND
equality, human development, community, and sustainability are the explicit goals. 

The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity

It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity

Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, "DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION", Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

Advantage CP

====Text: The United States federal government should:====

====-approve the tax reforms proposed by the bipartisan National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Tax Reform====

====-Create regional economic development partnerships ====

====-Create a program similar to the Department of Education’s Race to the Top====

-The United States federal government should declare Negligence Doctrine that establishes a clear, publicized, retaliatory, threat proportionate to the damage from the attack against states responsible for terror against the United States.

====CP solves economic collapse====
Figliola 2/9 (2/9/2012, Anthony Figliola is vice president of Empire Government Strategies, seen in San Francisco Chronicles, "Ways to improve U.S. chances in global economy", http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2012/02/08/ED9J1N4E1K.DTL)**
Step two, our leaders should adopt strategies that would help strengthen our national economic
AND

we just have to dust off our boots and get to work.

Negligence Doctrine prevents nuclear terrorism—forces rogue states to secure stockpiles

Corr, 4 ~Anders- PhD Harvard, MA Yale Government, Harvard Business School "Retaliation Against Nuclear Terror: A Negligence Doctrine"~ PDF
The text of a Negligence Doctrine should read roughly as follows: No  state may
AND
and the negligence leading to such use should be  decisively and publicly deterred. 

T-Energy

Interpretation – "Economic engagement" is limited to trade of goods and services -energy is a non-economic partnership

Rose, 8 — UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration ~Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, "Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties," April 2008, www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1-http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1~~
Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties We examine
AND
relations. The answer, in both theory and practice, is positive.

Violation – the AFF is an energy partnership

Voting issue – 

1. Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages 

3. Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

Debt Ceiling DA

Compromise between Boehner and Democrats coming now – will avert crisis quickly well before the last minute

NYT 9/13 ("Boehner Seeking Democrats’ Help on Fiscal Talks", 9/13/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/13/us/politics/at-meeting-with-treasury-secretary-boehner-pressed-for-debt-ceiling-deal.html?pagewanted=126_r=0)
With Congress momentarily freed from the Syrian crisis, lawmakers plunged back into their bitter
AND
is large enough to thwart any compromise that does not attract Democratic support.

Plan will kill current bipartisanship and push negotiations to the last minute brink

Barnes 13 ~Fred Barnes Wall Street Journal 1/2 "Fred Barnes: The President Who Wants It All" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324374004578217433510552350.html?mod=googlenews_wsj~~
For that, Mr. Obama has mainly himself to blame. He faults congressional
AND
opportunities that other presidents seized, to their own benefit and the country’s. 

Waiting until the last minute causes credit turmoil and downgrade

Lew – Secretary of Treasury – 9-26 (Jacob Lew, US Secretary of the Treasury, Letter from Lew to John Boehner, http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/Documents/08261320Debt20Limit20Letter20to20Congress.pdf-http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/Documents/082613 Debt Limit Letter to Congress.pdf, 9-26-13)
I am writing to provide additional information regarding the Treasury Department’s ability to¶ continue
AND
consequences of miscalculation—Congress¶ must act before the middle of October.

Further downgrades cause T-bond flight—that creates a debt crisis which collapses the economy

Rowley 12 Charles Rowley, Professor Emeritus of Economics at George Mason University, 10/15/12, "Renewed threats to U.S. credit rating," Charles Rowley’s blog, http://charlesrowley.wordpress.com/2012/06/15/renewed-threats-to-u-s-credit-rating/
If Moody’s downgrades and if S 26 P further downgrades U.S. credit
AND
downgrades that accelerates an already worsening fiscal situation. Greece here we come.

Nuclear war and extinction

Harris and Burrows 9 - *Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) , Jennifer, a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit ("Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Increased Potential for Global Conflict
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world. 

Airpower Bad

Airpower fails to deter 26 insures conflict escalation, involvement, and civilian death.  It is the belief that air offers safe war that causes conflicts to start 26 escalate

Crane, 01 ~Conrad, Director of the U. S. Army Military History Institute at Carlisle Barracks, and fellow at the Strategic Studies Institute, 2001  , " Sky High: Illusions of Air Power."  The National Interest, Fall, ebsco~
Unfortunately, practice has let theory down. Though technology has continued to advance,
AND
villages, using the surrounding community and inhabitants as human shields.(n6)

A switch to airpower undermines Hegemony – leads to prolif, China escalation, and WMD use

Collins, 06  ~Joseph J. Collins, is professor of national security studies at the National War College. He served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for stability operations from 2001 to 2004 "From the Ground Up"  http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2088164-http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2088164~~
Many of General Dunlap’s recommendations for the future are important. We need strong air
AND
unleash the dogs of interservice rivalry, lest we be consumed by them.

Hegemony prevents multiple nuclear conflicts

Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13
(Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College "Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Tournament: Niles Township | Round: 6 | Opponent: Maine East AL | Judge: Christian Palacios
===Consumption K===
Renewables fail and only promote more consumption by making energy cheaper per unit – reducing consumption first is a pre-requisite to solving environmental collapse
Alexander 12
(Samuel, co-director of the Simplicity Institute and a lecturer in ’Consumerism and Sustainability’ at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, and#34;Can renewable energy sustain consumer societies?and#34;, http://www.energybulletin.net/stories/2012-04-26/can-renewable-energy-sustain-consumer-societies-save-friday)
Most people, including many environmentalists, seem to believe that Western-style consumer
AND
who have enough, but who do not know it, are poor.
You have an ethical obligation to refuse overconsumption and politicize production of waste – overconsumption drives and#34;waste imperialismand#34; – the First World uses the Third as a giant landfill, producing massive structural inequality while reproducing the myth of the and#34;dirty, foreignand#34; other
Mannathukkaren 12 (Nissim, Associate Professor, International Development Studies, Dalhousie University, and#34;Garbage as our alter egoand#34;, Nov 3, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/garbage-as-our-alter-ego/article4059003.ece)
If there is one thing that is symptomatic of the modern human condition, but
AND
be hidden under the carpet. It has to be confronted head on.
The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity
It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position of the economic imaginary away from producers and towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity and de-growth
Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, and#34;DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTIONand#34;, Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

Death Cult

Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, and#34;Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence,and#34; March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that and#34;the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.
Without the alt’s protest against militarization of the public sphere, continuously escalating spectacles of violence become desirable and necessary- all of their impact claims are produced to justify a constant state of domestic insecurity and the alt is the only way to solve any of them anyway. We are a pre-requisite to solve literally all of their offense, from fear of death good to political action good.
Giroux 3/14
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, and#34;Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence,and#34; March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
As the social is devalued along with rationality, ethics and any vestige of democracy
AND
in response to their protests will become impossible to recognize and act on.

T-Energy

Interpretation – and#34;Economic engagementand#34; is limited to trade of goods and services -energy is a non-economic partnership
Rose, 8 — UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration ~Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, and#34;Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties,and#34; April 2008, www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1-http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1~~
Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties We examine
AND
relations. The answer, in both theory and practice, is positive.

Violation – the AFF is an energy partnership

Voting issue – 

1. Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages 

3. Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

Terror Talk

The term terror is a rhetorical tool to paper over the violence of US militarism that occurs on a daily basis. The terror expert industry is not academic but political—view their evidence with skepticism.
Greenwald 8/15/12 (Glenn, Glenn Greenwald is a former Constitutional and civil rights litigator and is the author of three New York Times Bestselling books: two on the Bush administration’s executive power and foreign policy abuses, and his latest book, With Liberty and Justice for Some, an indictment of America’s¶ two-tiered system of justice. Greenwald was named by The Atlantic as one of the 25 most influential political commentators in the nation. He is the recipient of the first annual I.F. Stone Award for Independent Journalism, and is the winner of the 2010 Online Journalism Association Award for his investigative work on the arrest and oppressive detention of Bradley Manning. and#34;The sham and#34;terrorism expertand#34; industryand#34;, http://www.salon.com/2012/08/15/the_sham_terrorism_expert_industry/-http://www.salon.com/2012/08/15/the_sham_terrorism_expert_industry/) 

But the most pernicious attribute of this and#34;terror expertand#34; industry, the aspect
AND
is a fraud, as are those who profit from and within it.

Heg Bad

Collapse inevitable
Layne 10 (Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A26M’s George H.W. Bush School of Government 26 Public Service. and#34;Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americana-http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n54223596/and#34;. The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n54223596/-http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n54223596/) AK
China’s economy has been growing much more rapidly than the United States’ over the last
AND
with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue.

Retrenchment is best—solves our great power wars and maintains influence
MacDonald and Parent 11 (Paul, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami. and#34;Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchmentand#34;.  International Security Spring 2011, Vol. 35, No. 4, Pages 7-44.) AK
In this article, we question the logic and evidence of the retrenchment pessimists.
AND
none of the declining powers that failed to retrench recovered their relative position.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dexter MS | Judge: Andrew Hart
===Iran Politics===

New sanctions won’t pass – democrats

Hooper 12-4 – Capitol Hill reporter for the Hill (Molly, "House bill would bash Iran deal", December 4 of 2013, http://thehill.com/homenews/house/191986-house-bill-would-bash-tehran-deal)
"I think that we should have a sense of the House that we oppose
AND
is scheduled to adjourn for the year at the end of next week.

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for Rubio  – Cuba policy is totally unique

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

PC key

Woods 11-25 – Newsmax political correspondent (Amy, "Obama Mounts ’Aggressive’ Drive to Woo Congress on Iran Deal", November 25 of 2013, http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Obama-aggressive-Congress-Iran/2013/11/25/id/538641)
The White House is casting the nuclear agreement reached Sunday with Iran as part of
AND
punishment on the country that could threaten the treaty, NBC News reported. 

New sanctions cause Iran war

WORLD TRIBUNE 11 – 13 – 13 ~Obama said to suspend Iran sanctions without informing Congress, http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/-http://www.worldtribune.com/2013/11/13/obama-said-to-suspend-iran-sanctions-without-informing-congress/~~
The administration has also pressured Congress to suspend plans for new sanctions legislation against Iran
AND
for right now is a pause, a temporary pause, in sanctions."

Iran war escalates

White, July/August 2011 (Jeffrey—defense fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, What Would War With Iran Look Like, National Interest, p. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982-http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=982)
A U.S.-Iranian war would probably not be fought by the United
AND
beyond, complicating both U.S. military operations and coalition diplomacy.

===Appeasement===

Obama administration is hard-lining Cuba

Haven 13 (Paul, Associated Prices, NY Times, "Cuba, US try talking, but face many obstacles", 6/21/13 http://www.timesherald.com/article/20130621/NEWS05/130629930/cuba-us-try-talking-but-face-many-obstacles~~23full_story)
To be sure, there is still far more that separates the long-time
AND
against the Cuban people, and respect basic human rights," he said.

Plan is seen as Appeasement. This hurts U.S. credibility and encourages anti-Americanism in the region.

Brookes, 09  (Posted: 12:17 AM, April 15, 2009, KEEP THE EMBARGO, O-http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_Oul9gWKYCFsACA0D6IVpvL STAND FOR CUBAN HUMAN RIGHTS,  PETER BROOKES, Senior Fellow in National Security Affairs at the Heritage Foundation, MA, Johns Hopkins University, BS, US Naval Academy. Former associate professor, Joint Military Intelligence College, Former instructor, National Defense University, Columnist, New York Post Contributing editor, Townhall Magazine)
Lifting the embargo won’t normalize relations, but instead legitimize — and wave the white
AND
communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Appeasement kills credibility – it shows countries that the US isn’t hard line - playing a weak hand doesn’t work

Weissberg 10 - Professor of Political Science-Emeritus, University of Illinois-Urbana (Robert, "President Obama’s Compulsive Appeasement Disorder", August 27 of 2010, American Thinker, http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/08/president_obamas_compulsive_ap.html-http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/08/president_obamas_compulsive_ap.html)
There’s a simple explanation: we are no longer feared. Superpowers of yesteryear,
AND
it. Israel long ago learned this lesson, regardless of world outrage.

Obama’s strength is uniquely key to solve conflict

Ben Coes 11, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 26 author, "The disease of a weak president", The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are
AND
one or the other. The status quo is simply not an option.

Indo-Pak war escalates quickly to extinction—-no checks 
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

===Death Cult===

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

===Cuba Meet CP===
Text: The government of Cuba should meet the conditions necessary for the embargo to be lifted

Solves the AFF and doesn’t link to appeasement

PC 12 (pro-con.org, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit public charity Archived in 2012 and 2008 by the Library of Congress for having "materials of historical importance to the Congress and to the American people" and Won the "Top 25 Free Reference Websites of 2011" award from a division of the American Library Association along with TED, Google, and Wikileaks and Honored in the US Congressional Record on July 6, 2011 by Congressman Rob Andrews (D-NJ) who said our "unbiased and truthful presentation makes a tremendous contribution to the political system."Should the United States Maintain Its Embargo against Cuba?, http://cuba-embargo.procon.org/, from data cited has to be at least from 2012)
The United States should maintain the Cuba embargo because Cuba has not met the conditions
AND
in Cuba when he took power, will be tolerated. ~59~

Biotech DA

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
AND
cover the entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

Cuban biotech industry is a model worldwide

Scheye, 11 – President, Scheye Group Ltd. Global Advisory Service (Elaine, "CUBAN HEALTHCARE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:  REFORM, A BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW  OR JUST WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED?" Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume21/pdfs/scheye.pdf)
While Cuba’s health care system continues to erode, Cuba’s biotechnology sector remains a bright
AND
modern apartment buildings, bus service to and from their homes, etc. 

Biotechnology solves bioterror

Collins, 6 – Press officer (Terry, "Experts: Expanding biotechnology research in developing countries key to countering bioterrorism," University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, 2/26, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php-http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php)
¶ ¶ Experts at the Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health warn that global
AND
transit riders or airport travelers to be alert to and report suspicious activities.

De-Dev

Economic collapse is inevitable – it forces a transition to sustainable communities – we indict your authors
Brownlee 10 – This essay was adapted from a presentation at Xavier University in Cincinnati on Nov. 7, 2010, as part of a lecture series on Ethics, Religion, and Society (Michael, 11/30, "The Evolution Of Transition In The U.S," http://countercurrents.org/brownlee301110.htm)

Here, we need to know that economic decline will soon accelerate to inevitable collapse
AND
transition as a species, even as a planet in a larger Universe.

Growth causes warming – guarantees extinction
Li 10 - Assistant Professor Department of Economics, University of Utah, (Dr. Minq, "The 21st Century Crisis: Climate Catastrophe or Socialism", Paper prepared for the David Gordon Memorial Lecture at URPE Summer Conference 2010)
The global average surface temperature is now about 0.8C (0.8 degree Celsius) higher than the pre-industrial time.  Under the current trend, the world is on track towards a long-term warming between 4C and 8C.  At this level of global warming, the world would be in an extreme greenhouse state not seen for almost 100 million years, devastating human civilization and destroying nearly all forms of life on the present earth (Conner and McCarthy 2009).
The scientific community has reached the consensus that the current global warming results from the
AND
fossil fuels burning have increased by about sixty times (see Figure 1).
At the United Nations conference on climate change concluded at Copenhagen in December 2009,
AND
more warming to come in the following centuries (Climate Action Tracker 2010).
In reality, all the major national governments are committed to infinite economic growth and
AND
of the means of production and society-wide planning (Section 6).

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westminster DK | Judge: John Martin
China SOI DA

Chinese influence increasing in Latin America
Darlington, 12 (Shasta, international correspondent for CNN based in Brazil, "China-Latam economic ties tightening," "Latam" is not my typo, that’s totes on CNN, November 19, 2012, Online, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/18/business/china-latam-ties-http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/18/business/china-latam-ties, accessed 7/17/13)
The rise of China in Latin America, long considered the United States’ "backyard
AND
.5 billion in 2010 from 247.3 billion in 2009.

Increased US engagement challenges China in Latin America.
Dumbaugh et al 5. ~Kerry, specialist in Asian Affairs, Mark Sullivan, Specialist in Latin American affairs, "China’s growing interest in Latin America" CRS Report for Congress — April 20 — www.au.af.mil/AU/AWC/AWCGATE/crs/rs22119.pdf~

Some observers believe increased Chinese interest and economic linkages with Latin¶ America constitute a
AND
cooperative security relationships" — in order to deflect the China challenge.16

Chinese influence key to secure Latin American resources – key to growth.
Lettieri 5. ~Michael, research associate, "Bush goes to Beijing, China goes to Latin America" Council on Hemispheric Affairs — November 14 — www.coha.org/bush-goes-to-beijing-china-goes-to-latin-america/~

Latin America’s Strategic Importance to China¶ As China’s economy has boomed, racking up
AND
to find an outside foreign partner capable of counterbalancing the U.S.

Chinese growth prevents global economic collapse, war over Taiwan and CCP collapse
Lewis 8. ~Dan, Research Director – Economic Research Council, "The Nightmare of a Chinese Economic Collapse," World Finance, 5/13, http://www.worldfinance.com/news/home/finalbell/article117.html~~

In 2001, Gordon Chang authored a global bestseller "The Coming Collapse of China
AND
by going to war with Taiwan – whom America is pledged to defend.
CCP collapse sparks nuclear lashout.
Rexing 5. (San – Epoch Times International – August 3^rd — http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html)

Since the Party’s life is "above all else," it would not be surprising
AND
now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.

Death Cult

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

TPA Politics

A) Uniqueness – Trade Promotion Autohrity likely to pass but obstacles remain – it is vital to Obama’s trade agenda.

Politi, 12/6 (James, US economics and trade correspondent for the Financial Times, "Fast-track opens door for US TPP approval," http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ce008052-5dfd-11e3-8fca-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2miHER8ZD)
Senior US lawmakers have moved closer to a deal to grant President Barack Obama the
AND
Another said they were "working to have something as soon as possible".

B) Costs Capital, outweighs turns and ensures spillover derailing Obamas top UNRELATED agenda priorities – several reasons

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Republicans’ sweeping victory in the 2010 mid-term elections put the House back
AND
executive authority to selectively loosen the embargo for both commerce and travel.42

C) Political capital is essential for TPA, which maintains US trade leadership and global growth.

Riley and Kim, 13 (Bryan, Jay Van Andel senior policy analyst in trade policy for the Center for International Trade and Economics, and Anthony, senior policy analyst Center for International Trade and Economics, "Advancing Trade Freedom: Key Objective of Trade Promotion Authority Renewal," http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/advancing-trade-freedom-key-objective-of-trade-promotion-authority-renewal-http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/advancing-trade-freedom-key-objective-of-trade-promotion-authority-renewal)
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) has been a critical tool for advancing free trade
AND
that accrue from such policies. It should not let the opportunity pass.

D) Lack of US trade leadership causes world war from protectionist trade blocs.

Bergsten 97 – Peterson Institute for International Economics (Fred C., "Global Trade and American Politics", September 27, 1997, The Economist, http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/print.cfm?doc=pub26ResearchID=291
First, the United States remains the only plausible leader of far-reaching trade
AND
the Cold War, now places at the top of the international agenda.

Protectionism causes world war. 
Panzer 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)
The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

NSA CP

Text – The United States National Security Agency should cease spying on multilateral partner countries.

CP solves multilateralism better in multiple regions -  specifically the European Union

Eliminating NSA spying on allies is vital to restore US credibility for multilateral alliances.

Zelizer, 10/28 (Julian, Professor of History and Public Affairs @ Princeton University, "NSA scandal highlights Obama’s unfulfilled promise," http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/28/opinion/zelizer-obama-nsa-world/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/28/opinion/zelizer-obama-nsa-world/)
The scandal over allegations about NSA surveillance overseas, including monitoring of the cell phone
AND
he, as a candidate, understood to be so devastating in 2008.

Bioterror Good

====Bioterror spurs space colonization====
Britt 1 Roy, Senior Space Writer, Space.com  citing Rick Tumlinson, president and cofounder of the Space Frontier Foundation, which helped to privatize the Russian Mir space station; "Survival of the Elitist: Bioterrorism May Spur Space Colonies" Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space; October 30, 2001; http://www.space4peace.org/articles/moving.htm**
Plans to save civilization from doom by sending people and important documents into space in
AND
cataclysm the likes of which we had not experienced before," Gott said.

Extinction’s inevitable on earth – colonization’s key to survival.

====Matheny 07 (Jason G., Research Associate at the Future of Human Institute at Oxford University, 12/7, Risk Analysis, Vol 27, Iss 5, pg 1336, "Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction" Wiley Online Library) SE====
We have some influence over how long we can delay human extinction. Cosmology dictates
AND
2000; Leslie, 1996; Posner, 2004; Rees, 2003).
Farthest out in time are astronomical risks. In one billion years, the sun
AND
that "~t~here is infinite hope, but not for us."

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore Hoe Down | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Bishop Guertin ST | Judge: Flynn Makuch, Jordana Sternberg, James Pavur

Castro Cred

Castro is implementing gradual economic reforms now - but – he must walk a fine line and avoid rocking the political boat

Sweig and Rockefeller, 2013 (Julia E. Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, and Michael Bustamante "Cuba After Communism The Economic Reforms That Are Transforming the Island"  http://www.cfr.org/cuba/cuba-after-communism/p30991-http://www.cfr.org/cuba/cuba-after-communism/p30991)

Small-time diaspora capital may prove easier to regulate and rely on than funds
AND
the black market or assistance from family abroad to acquire many daily necessities.
 

The Plan causes a political whirlwind in Cuba that decimates Castro’s ability to reform

Hernandez, 2012 (Cuba’s Leading Social Sciences professor and researcher at the University of Havana and the High Institute of International Relations; Director of U.S. studies at the Centro de Estudios sobre America; and a Senior Research Fellow at the Instituto cubano de Investigacion Cultural "Juan Marinello" in Havana. "Debating U.S-Cuban Relations") 

As far as costs are concerned, although many Cubans favor detente and appreciate its
AND
dealing effectively with "communist regimes" but its sense of superpower omnipotence.

This turns the Aff, makes armed conflict inevitable, and triggers a laundry list of impacts

Treto, 2012  (Carlos, Professor and Senior researcher at the University of Havana’s
AND

"Cuba’s National Security vis-à-vis the United States")

In the historical period preceding the one analyzed here, two opposite visions took shape
AND
to terrorist actors that have damaged the United States or any other country.¶ 

T-Substantial

Substantial is that which grounds and shapes – not numerical minutiae. The primary substance that is the foundation for economic engagement toward Cuba is the embargo. The plan only changes an instance of the embargo – this is ACCIDENTAL NOT SUBSTANTIAL

Malaguti, 11 (Michael J., practices with the Concord firm of Ransmeier 26 Spellman, "Substantial Confusion: The Use and Misuse of the Word ’Substantial’ in the Legal Profession," August, 52 N.H.B.J. 6, p. l/n)
Aristotle’s definies substance as "that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present
AND
size of the diamond may change without affecting its "diamond-ness."

Prefer it 

1) Limits – Allowing any other definition is unpredictable. Justifies lifting the embargo for any commodity – infinitely delimits 

2) Ground – marginal changes to manifestations of the embargo NOT the embargo policy itself destroys negative link ground for trade DA’s and CP ground which also shifts the uniqueness debate  

Death Cult

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12 
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

Electrofuels CP

Text: The United States federal government should fund the development of electrofuels.

Electrofuels hugely more efficient than even sugar ethanol

Lovett 06/17
Richard A. Lovett. National Geographic: Electrofuels: Charged Microbes May "Poop Out" a Gasoline Alternative http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/06/130617-electrofuels-using-microbes-to-make-biofuel/-http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/06/130617-electrofuels-using-microbes-to-make-biofuel/ 06/17/13. Da-07/07/13
Conventional biofuel production, such as the refining of ethanol from corn or sugar cane
AND
existing pipelines. You can’t do that with ethanol because ethanol absorbs water." 

De-Dev

Economic collapse is inevitable – it forces a transition to sustainable communities – we indict your authors
Brownlee 10 – This essay was adapted from a presentation at Xavier University in Cincinnati on Nov. 7, 2010, as part of a lecture series on Ethics, Religion, and Society (Michael, 11/30, "The Evolution Of Transition In The U.S," http://countercurrents.org/brownlee301110.htm)

Here, we need to know that economic decline will soon accelerate to inevitable collapse
AND
transition as a species, even as a planet in a larger Universe.

Growth causes worse wars with bio and nanoweapons

Zakaria 11 – Economic Consultant at Sageconsulting Sdn Bhd. Malaysia (Ahmad Zaki, 09/13, "The five generations of warfare," http://recognitia.blogspot.com/2011/09/five-generations-of-warfare.html)

Advances in warfare usually are a result of a confluence of changes unfolding in economics
AND
adapt to it, the less resources wasted on maintaining the status quo.

Bioweapons cause extinction

Broyles 5 – Senior editor (Janell, "Chemical and Biological Weapons in a Post-9/11 World," http://janellbroyles.com/chemical-and-biological-weapons-in-a-post-911-world/)

Weapons of mass destruction include nuclear weapons, which use atomic energy to create blasts
AND
can be used to infect innocent people who then spread them to others.

Nanoweapons outweigh

Vassar 6 – Head of the Long-Term Strategy Division (Michael, Robert A. Freitas Jr., Head of the Nanomedicine Division, with participation by Amara D. Angelica, Philippe Van Nedervelde, Mike Treder, and other Scientific Advisory Board members, "Lifeboat Foundation NanoShield Version 0.90.2.13," http://lifeboat.com/ex/nano.shield)

Molecular manufacturing also raises the possibility of horrifically effective nonreplicating nanoweapons. The difference in
AND
than ecophages, and can act much more rapidly because they need not waste
time replicating. As an example, the smallest insect is about 200 microns.
AND
of nuclear nations, increasing the chance of a regional conflict blowing up.

Competitiveness Bad

Competitiveness sparks US-China war
Huang and Bates, 07 ~Gill, Huang—The Center for Strategic and International Studies, "China’s Expanding Role in Africa: Implications for the United States"~  www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/chinainafrica.pdf-http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/chinainafrica.pdf

Deepening U.S.-China interdependence and strong shared interests argue, at least
AND
the conscious political choice and exercise of political will by each government’s leaders.
Extinction
Straits Times, 00 ~"Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan," Jun 25, LN~

THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore Hoe Down | Round: 2 | Opponent: Glenbrook North CT | Judge: Shunta Jordan, Joseph Reyes

Overheat DA

The plan causes economic overheating

Robert David Cruz 03 (current qualifications: PhD., Chief economist for Miami-Dade County) "Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Castro Cuba: Problems, Opportunities and Recommendations," University of Miami, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, Pg. 20, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/RDCruz.pdf
The appropriate U.S. role during an economic transition is not to promote
AND
infrastructure in ways that promote economic development that is spread across the island.

That causes democratic backsliding and regional prolif

Schulz 00 (Donald Schulz, Chairman of the Political Science Department at Cleveland State University, March 2000, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub31.pdf)
A second major interest is the promotion of democracy. At first glance, this
AND
heightened politico-military rivalry between different blocs or coalitions in the hemisphere.

Latin American prolif spills over

Beamont and Rubinsky 12 (Paul D. Beamont and Thomas Rubinsky, International Law and Policy Institute, "An Introduction to the Issue of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean," December, http://nwp.ilpi.org/?p=1851)
As the world continues to grapple with the issues of non-proliferation and disarmament
AND
efforts aimed at reaching the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.

Prolif causes extinction – escalation

Kroenig 12 – Matthew Kroenig is an Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow on the Council on Foreign Relations, May 26^th, 2012, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?" http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30
What’s Wrong with Proliferation Optimism?
The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major flaws
AND
war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

Death Cult

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

Security K

A. Discourses of danger reproduces an American identity – that posits the US as a the defender of global freedom and liberty
Campbell, 98- Professor of International Politics University of Newcastle (David, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity) 

The crisis of representation the United States faces is unique only in the particularities of
AND
the idea that foreign policy/Foreign Policy is constitutive of political identity.

B. That makes extinction inevitable
Willson, 02- Ph.D New College San Fransisco, Humanities, JD, American University (Brian, "Armageddon or Quantum Leap? U.S. Imperialism and?Human Consciousness from?an Evolutionary Perspective", http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html-http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html)

Awaiting the impending U.S. government’s concocted "preventive" war against Iraq
AND
everything that contributes to their support" (General John Sullivan, 1779).
In a prominent history book published in 1906 (The History of the United States
AND
cyclical, indicate that we are dangerously near the end of our evolutionary branch

C. Alternative text – reject the affirmative to desecuritize the Political. Vote negative to challenge securitization itself in favor of a political ethic that approaches problems in non-security terms and exposes the limits of their methodology.

D. Framework – security is a communicative action that requires discursive justification – there is an ethical responsibility to justify securitization in political discussion. The role of the ballot is to interrogate methodologies – to weigh their case the Aff has to legitimize securitization first
Williams, 03 ~Michael – IR Prof @ University of Ottawa, "Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Dec., 2003), pp. 511-53, Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The International Studies Association, JSTOR~ http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693634-http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693634

A second major criticism of the Copenhagen School concerns the ethics of securitization. Simply
AND
questioning the policies, or by disputing the threat, or both.36

T-Substantial

Substantial is that which grounds and shapes – not numerical minutiae. The primary substance that is the foundation for economic engagement toward Cuba is the embargo. The plan only changes an instance of the embargo – this is ACCIDENTAL NOT SUBSTANTIAL

Malaguti, 11 (Michael J., practices with the Concord firm of Ransmeier 26 Spellman, "Substantial Confusion: The Use and Misuse of the Word ’Substantial’ in the Legal Profession," August, 52 N.H.B.J. 6, p. l/n)
Aristotle’s definies substance as "that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present
AND
size of the diamond may change without affecting its "diamond-ness."

Prefer it 

1) Limits – Allowing any other definition is unpredictable. Justifies lifting the embargo for any commodity – infinitely delimits 

2) Ground – marginal changes to manifestations of the embargo NOT the embargo policy itself destroys negative link ground for trade DA’s and CP ground which also shifts the uniqueness debate  

Chinese Steel Dominance Good

Chinese steel production key to its growth
Haley, ’9 – George T., PhD, Professor 26 Director, Center for International Industry Competitiveness, College of Business, University of New Haven, "Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing: China’s Industrial Policy and its Impact on U.S. Companies, Workers and the American Economy," March 24, 2009, http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/09_03_24_wrts/09_03_24_haley_statement.php
What impact has China’s support of its pillar industries had on U.S.
AND
. based capacity and shifted production and employment overseas to remain price competitive. 

Stalled Chinese growth causes CCP lashout

Shirk, ’7. director of the University of California system-wide Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation and Ho Miu Lam professor of China and Pacific Relations at IR/PS and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs (Susan, Fragile China, pg 3).
As China’s leaders well know, the greatest political risk lying ahead of them is
AND
because from their point of view not lashing out might endanger Party rule."

That causes biological and nuclear war

Renxing, ’5 (San, The Epoch Times "The CCP’s Last-ditch Gamble: Biological and Nuclear War. Hundreds of millions of deaths proposed", 8/5, http://en.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-5/30931.html)
Since the Party’s life is "above all else," it would not be surprising
AND
to cling to life. That is the main theme of the speeches.

Airpower Bad

Air power fails

Arkin, 02 (William, Senior Military Adviser, Human Rights Watch, NPR, July 24)
Mr. ARKIN: Well, I think it’s really fruitless at this point to
AND
used, over four and a half thousand of them, in Afghanistan.
So I think that really focusing on whether weapons do or do not work is
AND
don’t have the adequate intelligence information in order to implement our own strategies.

2. Turn – Casualty Aversion

A. Airpower creates a mentality of casualty aversion that limits the use of ground forces but increases over all interventions because they are perceived as low-cost—this destroys U.S. credibility

Lacquement, 04 (Lt. Col. Richard, Naval War College Review, Winter)
Evocations of the casualty-aversion assertion by national leaders can, as we have
AND
the United States and its allies may require escalation to achieve success.50

B. The perception of casualty aversion causes war and terrorism

Rercord, 02 (Jeffrey, teaches strategy at the Air war College, Parameters, June 22)
The strategic consequences of elite casualty phobia as well as itsimplications for the military ethic
AND
This convinced us that the Americans are a paper tiger." (35)

Tournament: St Marks Sophomore Hoe Down | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westwood HS | Judge: David Herman, Ethan Arsht

Biotech DA

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
AND
cover the entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

Cuban biotech industry is a model worldwide

Scheye, 11 – President, Scheye Group Ltd. Global Advisory Service (Elaine, "CUBAN HEALTHCARE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:  REFORM, A BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW  OR JUST WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED?" Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume21/pdfs/scheye.pdf)
While Cuba’s health care system continues to erode, Cuba’s biotechnology sector remains a bright
AND
modern apartment buildings, bus service to and from their homes, etc. 

Biotechnology solves bioterror

Collins, 6 – Press officer (Terry, "Experts: Expanding biotechnology research in developing countries key to countering bioterrorism," University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, 2/26, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php-http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php)
¶ ¶ Experts at the Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health warn that global
AND
transit riders or airport travelers to be alert to and report suspicious activities.
Extinction
Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

T-No Cultural/Political

Interpretation - "Economic" engagement is limited to trade and financial transactions – excludes political and cultural engagement

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in a third way by unnecessarily restricting the
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Violation – the AFF lifts the entire Cuban embargo – includes lifting restrictions on visas, tourism, student exchanges, diplomatic interactions, etc.

Voting issue – 

1. Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages 

3. Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

1. F-X topicality – they don’t increase trade or financial interaction with Cuba – crushes predictable limits because there are an infinite number of steps an AFF could take to do the plan

XO CP

Text: The president of the United States should lift the embargo on Cuba

Unilateral executive policies let the president take credibility from Congress
Howell and Pevehouse 7 (William G. Howell - Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics in the Harris School And Jon C. Pevehouse - associate professor at the University of Chicago’s Irving B. Harris School of Public Policy, Princeton University Press, "While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers", 2007, Pg. 7) MaxL
There is, at present, a burgeoning body of work within American politics that
AND
take) positive action can either adjoining institution limit the presidents unilateral powers.

Presidential powers is key to avert cyberwarfare
Kastenberg 9 (Lieutenant Colonel Joshua E, B.A. Kastenberg, the Staff Judge Advocate, 332d Air Expeditionary Wing, Balad Air Base, Iraq, 2009, "CYBERLAW EDITION: NON-INTERVENTION AND NEUTRALITY IN CYBERSPACE: AN EMERGING PRINCIPLE IN THE NATIONAL PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW", 64 A.F. L. Rev. 43, Lexis | JJ)
Of all the recent legal literature examining the role of nations and corporations in cyberspace
AND
when it is determined by that branch to be necessary to national policy. 

Cyberwar will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war

Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Consumption K

The aff’s market-based approach to sustainability exacerbates social inequality and drives environmental destruction – they block criticism of the market by making it the solution to environmental problems – that sanctions excessive consumption by externalizing blame onto producers for failing to create green energy technologies

Gunder 06 – (Michael, senior lecturer in the School of Architecture and Planning at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, President of the New Zealand Planning Institute, "Sustainability: Planning’s Saving Grace or Road to Perdition?", Journal of Planning Education and Research 2006; 26; 208)
This article begins by tracing sustainability’s rise to prominence in planning education and its emergence
AND
carrying capacities of the planet largely are overlooked, if not outright negated.

The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity

It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity

Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, "DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION", Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

Cuban Ag DA

Lifting the embargo destroys Cuban ag

Gonzalez 3 –  Assistant Professor at Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, "SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA", Summer of 2003, book p. 729-33)
Notwithstanding these problems, the greatest challenge to the agricultural development strategy adopted by the
AND
to the retention of an agricultural development model borne of crisis and isolation. 

Korean War Good

War with North Korea is inevitable—the US will win now
Manasan 10 – graduate student in the Master of Journalism program at Ryerson University (Althea, "Pressure to bolster North Korean leader makes war inevitable, analyst says," National Post, May 28, http://www.nationalpost.com/news/Pressure+bolster+Korean+leader+makes+inevitable+analyst/3085070/story.html, Crowe)
While some experts believe tensions on the Korean Peninsula will blow over, at least
AND
out war, I have no doubt that North Korea would lose it."

North Korea is modernizing now—they become more of a missile threat every day—they can’t hit the US now but they will be able to nuke us soon—
Klingner 10 (Bruce Klingner is Senior Research Fellow for Northeast Asia in the Asian Studies Center at The Heritage Foundation.
New North Korean Missile Unit Reflects Growing Missile Threat http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2010/03/New-North-Korean-Missile-Unit-Reflects-Growing-Missile-Threat-http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2010/03/New-North-Korean-Missile-Unit-Reflects-Growing-Missile-Threat)
North Korea has established an independent military division responsible for controlling and deploying its intermediate
AND
2 missile flew 2,300 miles during an April 2009 test flight.

US war with North Korea would guarantee the US take out all of North Korea’s nuclear weapons—this will solve an East Asian arms race and instability —
Robinson and Baker 3 (Colin RobinsonRear Adm. (Ret.) Stephen H. Baker
Senior Fellow Center for Defense Information CDI Research AnalystStand-off with North Korea: War Scenarios and Consequences http://www.cdi.org/north-korea/north-korea-crisis.pdf-http://www.cdi.org/north-korea/north-korea-crisis.pdf Donnie)
The United States, not any longer engaged in heavy combat with Iraq, may raise the bar of urgency for the North to give up its nuclear ambitions. Some intelligence analysts have been predicting that North Korea could make one nuclear weapon per month by late summer, adding to the fear that surplus bomb fuel could be sold to countries like Iran, already a certified North Korean weapons customer. Asia is still digesting the magnitude of the threat presented by North Korea’s nuclear program, but current positions could rapidly change – perhaps even starting an arms race involving Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Japan is said to be planning to defend itself with Patriot Advanced Capability-2 missiles, which it believes can intercept North Korea’s Ro-dong missiles in their descent phase.16 The ongoing negotiations will not be easy. If the United States decides to play diplomatic hardball with North Korea, Washington could demand a permanent halt in long-range missile construction, as well as re-adherence to the NPT with intrusive verification to confirm Pyongyang’s compliance. If an urgent security crisis exists for the United States, and diplomatic efforts result in an unacceptable situation, then certainly military action will be seriously considered. The precedent for such action has already been established this year in Iraq. Conflict could very well break out, especially if the United States decides to destroy the DPRK’s nuclear ambitions by force. II. Surgical Air Strike on Nuclear Facilities U.S. air strikes upon the North Korean nuclear facilities at Yongbyon were under consideration during the 1993-1994 crises and again the last few months. At the present time, the main objective of such an attack would probably be to stop DPRK use of the plutonium-using reactor at the site, and to prevent its capability to reprocess into weapons grade material the large number of spent plutonium fuel rods stored there. U.S. officials, citing satellite photographs, said on Feb. 26, 2003, that North Korea had restarted the Yongbyon reactor, though there was no evidence the DPRK was reprocessing spent fuel rods. A surgical air strike on the reactor or re-processing facilities would be possible with a high likelihood of success. It is less certain what the long-term consequences of the attack in terms of possible radiation release would be. There is a concern that hitting the reprocessing facility and spent fuel rods could create radioactive fallout over China, Japan, Russia or the Korean Peninsula itself.17 Lockheed Martin F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighters and Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit stealth bombers, using Korean or Japanese staging bases and Andersen Air Force Base in Guam to launch the aircraft, would probably mount the attacks. (Both types are normally stationed only in the continental United States.) If the F-117 were used, staging areas in Korea would be required, as the aircraft only has a 650-mile un-refueled radius of action.18 Six F-117s were deployed by the U.S. Air Force to Kunsan Air Base in South Korea on March 13, 2003. This move was viewed by Pyongyang as a major escalation and a rehearsal for invasion.19 Another possibility, given the F-117s’ relatively limited weapons load – two 2,000-lb (907-kg) precision-guided or unguided bombs – and short range, is the B-2 Spirit bomber. However, given the successful B-2 and F-117 forward deployments directed against Iraq, stealth aircraft could play a key role for any mission in North Korea. The B-2s have an average range over 5,000 miles, with a 16-weapon load out of precision-guided 2,000-lb bombs, and so could operate either from their home base in the United States or from Guam for the mission. The key advantage given by stealth aircraft is that they can penetrate almost any air defense without the electronic warfare jamming and surface-to-air-missile suppression support that would be otherwise required, involving the use of up to 50 other aircraft in some alternative plans. Therefore, it is likely that stealth aircraft and cruise missiles would be a significant part of any initial military confrontation with North Korea. North Korea’s air defenses around the Yongbyon site include 22 anti-aircraft gun batteries, and North Korea has its most advanced MiG-29 fighters, a total of 16 aircraft, stationed at the Onchon airbase within the same province.20 However given the overwhelming advantages that U.S. aircrews possess in training, equipment, flying time and experience, it is extremely unlikely that the North Korean military could hinder an attack to any great extent. Attacking a nuclear site where radioactive material might be spread in the course of the bombing is an inherently risky process. However, William Perry, U.S defense secretary during the earlier 1994 crisis, said plans produced at that time for an attack on the Yongbyon facility would have seen the plant destroyed without releasing radiation into the air through the use of precisionguided bombs.21 Furthermore, the plutonium reprocessing plant, where reactor fuel was converted into weapons material, would have been destroyed as well. If radiation were released during a strike, the prevailing winds from the north and north-west during the winter would push it and any fall-out toward the North Korea capital and largest city, Pyongyang, only 60 miles to the south.22 Pyongyang has a population of over 2.5 million people. 

Asian instability causes nuclear war
Ahrari, 01- Professor of National Security and Strategy of the Joint and Combined Warfighting School at the Armed Forces Staff College (M. Ehsan, "Jihadi Groups, Nuclear Pakistan and the New Great Game," August, Questia)
South and Central Asia constitute a part of the world where a well-designed
AND
partners for the United States, thus representing a gain for all concerned.

Tournament: UMich Juniors RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek RX | Judge: Mike Fannon

CIR

CIR will pass – new GOP momentum. 
Bloomberg News, 10/30 ("Immigration reform isn’t dead. It’s trapped in the House," http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/57057950-82/bill-immigration-republican-legislation.html.csp)
It’s hard to dispute Cole’s low opinion of the House’s competence. But House leaders
AND
, and a single package would emerge for both chambers to vote on.

It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR

Scher 10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~
The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come
AND
than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven– Cuba policy is totally unique

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Comprehensive reform is key to prevent food insecurity

Gaskill ’10 (Ron Gaskill is director of congressional relations for the American Farm Bureau Federation. Worker shortage urges immigration reform efforts April 9, 2010 Season Right for Meaningful Immigration Reform By Ron Gaskill)

Even in these times of higher-than-usual unemployment, most farmers and
AND
healthy food, as well as renewable fuels and fiber for our nation. 

====And food scarcity leads to World War 3====
Calvin 98- William H. Calvin, Theoretical Neurophysiologist @ the University of Washington, January 1998, "The great climate flip-flop," The Atlantic Monthly 281(1):47-64, http://williamcalvin.com/1990s/1998AtlanticClimate.htm, ACC: 6.28.07, p. online
The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields will
AND
longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic. 

T-No Culture

Interpretation - "Economic" engagement is limited to trade and financial transactions – excludes political and cultural engagement

Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco
Scholars have limited the concept of engagement in a third way by unnecessarily restricting the
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

Violation – the AFF lifts the entire Cuban embargo – includes lifting restrictions on visas, tourism, student exchanges, diplomatic interactions, etc.

Voting issue – 

1. Limits – opening the floodgates to other types of engagement make the topic massive and unpredictable – this hurts NEG preparation, which is key to competitiveness and clash

2. Ground – gives them unique advantage areas and guts generics like the politics DA and Neolib K that are key to negative strategy on a topic with few common linkages 

3. Extra-topicality – using diplomatic/political/cultural mechanisms gives them unpredictable advantage areas and solvency mechanisms that we can’t prepare for

1. F-X topicality – they don’t increase trade or financial interaction with Cuba – crushes predictable limits because there are an infinite number of steps an AFF could take to do the plan

XO CP

Text: The president of the United States should substantially increase the United States’ economic engagement towards Cuba

Executive orders should be first steps to lifting restrictions against Cuba
Richardson 10 (Bill Richardson – Governor and former UN ambassador, The Washington Post, "Time for Western Hemisphere countries to collaborate", 8-14-10, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/13/AR2010081304982.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/13/AR2010081304982.html) MaxL
— Second, as a first step to changing our policy toward Cuba, the
AND
interests and would be a bold move toward normalization of relations with Cuba.

Death Security

A. Discourses of danger reproduces an American identity – that posits the US as a the defender of global freedom and liberty
Campbell, 98- Professor of International Politics University of Newcastle (David, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity) 

The crisis of representation the United States faces is unique only in the particularities of
AND
the idea that foreign policy/Foreign Policy is constitutive of political identity.

B. That makes extinction inevitable
Willson, 02- Ph.D New College San Fransisco, Humanities, JD, American University (Brian, "Armageddon or Quantum Leap? U.S. Imperialism and?Human Consciousness from?an Evolutionary Perspective", http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html-http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html)

Awaiting the impending U.S. government’s concocted "preventive" war against Iraq
AND
everything that contributes to their support" (General John Sullivan, 1779).
In a prominent history book published in 1906 (The History of the United States
AND
cyclical, indicate that we are dangerously near the end of our evolutionary branch

Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

C. Alternative text – reject the affirmative to desecuritize the Political. Vote negative to challenge securitization itself in favor of a political ethic that approaches problems in non-security terms, exposes the limits of their methodology, and embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.

D. Framework – security is a communicative action that requires discursive justification – there is an ethical responsibility to justify securitization in political discussion. The role of the ballot is to interrogate methodologies – to weigh their case the Aff has to legitimize securitization first
Williams, 03 ~Michael – IR Prof @ University of Ottawa, "Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Dec., 2003), pp. 511-53, Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The International Studies Association, JSTOR~ http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693634-http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693634

A second major criticism of the Copenhagen School concerns the ethics of securitization. Simply
AND
questioning the policies, or by disputing the threat, or both.36

China Influence Bad

Chinese influence key to secure Latin American resources – key to growth.
Lettieri 5. ~Michael, research associate, "Bush goes to Beijing, China goes to Latin America" Council on Hemispheric Affairs — November 14 — www.coha.org/bush-goes-to-beijing-china-goes-to-latin-america/~

Latin America’s Strategic Importance to China¶ As China’s economy has boomed, racking up
AND
to find an outside foreign partner capable of counterbalancing the U.S.

Chinese growth prevents global economic collapse, war over Taiwan and CCP collapse
Lewis 8. ~Dan, Research Director – Economic Research Council, "The Nightmare of a Chinese Economic Collapse," World Finance, 5/13, http://www.worldfinance.com/news/home/finalbell/article117.html~~

In 2001, Gordon Chang authored a global bestseller "The Coming Collapse of China
AND
by going to war with Taiwan – whom America is pledged to defend.

CCP collapse sparks nuclear lashout.
Rexing 5. (San – Epoch Times International – August 3^rd — http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html)

Since the Party’s life is "above all else," it would not be surprising
AND
now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.

Iran Prolif Good

1. Too late to stop Iranian prolif
   Broad and Sanger, 09 – *Author and a Senior Writer at The New York Times AND Chief Washington Correspondent for The New York Times (*William J., AND David E., 6/5/09, "Iran Has Centrifuge Capacity for Nuclear Arms, Report Says", http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/06/world/middleeast/06nuke.html?_r=1-http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/06/world/middleeast/06nuke.html?_r=1, KONTOPOULOS)

A week before Iran’s presidential election, atomic inspectors reported Friday that the country has
AND
verify design information about the sprawling project, as the agency’s statutes require.

2. Iran proliferation is slow
Riedel and Samore, 08 – *Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy of the Brookings Institution AND Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair at the Council on Foreign Relations (*Bruce AND Gary, December 2008, "Managing Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East", Galileo, KONTOPOULOS)

Barring a breakthrough, the next U.S. president will need to develop
AND
strategy, but we recommend several additional features to enhance prospects for success. 

3. Iranian proliferation stabilizes the region
Kaye and Wehrey, 07 – *Political Scientist at RAND AND International Policy Analyst at RAND (*Dalia Dassa AND Frederic M., 2007, "A Nuclear Iran: The Reactions of Neighbours", Survival, Vol. 42, No. 2, p. 111-128, KONTOPOULOS) PDF

Public opinion in the Arab world is largely sympathetic to an Iranian nuclear option,
AND
, to counter the anticipated spike in Iranian black-market activity.61

Tournament: Umich Juniors RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pace LS | Judge: Jeremy Hammond

CIR

CIR will pass – new GOP momentum. 
Bloomberg News, 10/30 ("Immigration reform isn’t dead. It’s trapped in the House," http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/57057950-82/bill-immigration-republican-legislation.html.csp)
It’s hard to dispute Cole’s low opinion of the House’s competence. But House leaders
AND
, and a single package would emerge for both chambers to vote on.

It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR
Scher 10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~
The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come
AND
than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven– Cuba policy is totally unique 
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Comprehensive immigration reform is key to the economy and highly skilled workers 
Farrell 12/13/12 (Chris, a contributing editor for Bloomberg Businessweek. From 1986-97, he was on the magazine’s staff, as a corporate finance staff and department editor and then as an economics editor. Farrell wrote Right on the Money: Taking Control of Your Personal Finances and Deflation: What Happens When Prices Fall? Among Farrell’s many awards are a National Magazine Award, two Loeb Awards, and the Edward R. Murrow Award. Farrell is a graduate of the London School of Economics and Stanford University. "Obama’s Next Act: Immigration Reform" http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform-http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform) 

Washington won’t get much of a reprieve from verbal pyrotechnics once the drama of the
AND
legality offers Washington a rare twofer: a just move that’s economically efficient.

Economic decline risks multiple global nuclear wars
O’Hanlon 12 Kenneth G. Lieberthal, Director of the John L. Thornton China Center and Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution, former Professor at the University of Michigan ~"The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt," Los Angeles Times, July 10th, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon-http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon~~
Alas, globalization and automation trends of the last generation have increasingly called the American
AND
really possible if that fundamental prerequisite to effective foreign policy is not reestablished.

T-QPQ

"Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2
The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the
AND
shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.

That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct)
Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you
AND
run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.

Violation – the AFF isn’t a quid pro quo

Voting issue:

Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the NEG’s research burden and hurt competitiveness 

Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy – those are key to clash and negative strategy on a large topic with few common linkages 

Consumption K

Renewables fail and only promote more consumption by making energy cheaper per unit – reducing consumption first is a pre-requisite to solving environmental collapse
Alexander 12
(Samuel, co-director of the Simplicity Institute and a lecturer in ’Consumerism and Sustainability’ at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, "Can renewable energy sustain consumer societies?", http://www.energybulletin.net/stories/2012-04-26/can-renewable-energy-sustain-consumer-societies-save-friday)
Most people, including many environmentalists, seem to believe that Western-style consumer
AND
who have enough, but who do not know it, are poor.

The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity

It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity 
Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, "DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION", Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

NSA CP

Text: The United States National Security Agency should cease all spying operations on multilateral partner countries.

NSA spying guts all US credibility for multilateral influence – the CP removes that impediment solving the biggest roadblock.
Riechmann, 10/26 (Deb, staff writer for AP, "NSA Spying Threatens U.S. foreign policy efforts," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/26/nsa-spying-foreign-policy_n_4166076.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/26/nsa-spying-foreign-policy_n_4166076.html)
Secretary of State John Kerry went to Europe to talk about Mideast peace, Syria
AND
to maintain alliances, influence world opinion and maybe even close trade deals.

CP solves-sends a stronger international signal to allies and makes the US seem willing to co-op
Brenner 13- (Michael, Senior Fellow, the Center for Transatlantic Relations; Professor of International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, "NSA Does the Grand Tour", Huffington Post, 10/28/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-brenner/nsa-does-the-grand-tour_b_4169807.html?utm_hp_ref=politics)**
Last Tuesday Barack Obama called President Francois Hollande of France to explain the National Security
AND
examine why Washington has undertaken so extensive a project in the first place. 

There are three intersecting and mutually reinforcing vectors at play. One is technological determinism
AND
prompts redoubled efforts to prove that the world in fact is not changing.

Russian Food Prices

High food prices key to Russian growth
AP NEWSWIRE 08 (www.newsday.com/business/investing/wire/sns-ap-Russian-breadbasket,0,5647019.story-http://www.talkingnature.com/2010/02/biodiversity/biodiversity-what-and-why/ 9-10-08)
An American-made combine harvests barley doing the job of five Soviet tractors on
AND
least five tons of wheat out of the same plot, he said.

Russian economy is strong now but agriculture is critical to keep it diverse—that’s key to the global economy
DELANEY 11 (Martin, "Russia: The Wild East," Investment And Pensions Europe 1-26-11)
However, many would argue they are wrong. "There are important reforms going
AND
is the time that the great fortunes of the future are being made.

Causes multiple scenarios for CBW conflict
OLIKER AND CHARLICK-PALEY 02 (Olga and Tanya, RAND Corporation Project Air Force, "Assessing Russia’s Decline," www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1442/)
The preceding chapters have illustrated the ways in which Russia’s decline affects that country and
AND
rogue states and nonstate terrorist actors, increasing the risk of nuclear war.

Tournament: UMich Juniors RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Niles West CM | Judge: Morgan Titcher

CIR

CIR will pass – new GOP momentum. 
Bloomberg News, 10/30 ("Immigration reform isn’t dead. It’s trapped in the House," http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/57057950-82/bill-immigration-republican-legislation.html.csp)
It’s hard to dispute Cole’s low opinion of the House’s competence. But House leaders
AND
, and a single package would emerge for both chambers to vote on.

It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR
Scher 10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~
The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come
AND
than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.

The plan puts border security before the rest of immigration reform – kills the deal
Grant, 13 (4-27, David, Politics for the Christian Science Monitor, "How border security ’trigger’ could stop immigration reform." The CSM, 4/27/13 ln)
Congressional negotiators say immigration reform will need a border security ’trigger’ to pass. But
AND
"there will be no uncertainty about their ability to become US citizens."

Comprehensive reform is key to prevent food insecurity
Gaskill ’10 (Ron Gaskill is director of congressional relations for the American Farm Bureau Federation. Worker shortage urges immigration reform efforts April 9, 2010 Season Right for Meaningful Immigration Reform By Ron Gaskill)

Even in these times of higher-than-usual unemployment, most farmers and
AND
healthy food, as well as renewable fuels and fiber for our nation. 

And food scarcity leads to World War 3
Calvin 98- William H. Calvin, Theoretical Neurophysiologist @ the University of Washington, January 1998, "The great climate flip-flop," The Atlantic Monthly 281(1):47-64, http://williamcalvin.com/1990s/1998AtlanticClimate.htm, ACC: 6.28.07, p. online
The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields will
AND
longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic. 

T-QPQ

"Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives
Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2
The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the
AND
shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo
De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct)
Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you
AND
run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Violation – the AFF isn’t a quid pro quo
Voting issue:
Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the NEG’s research burden and hurt competitiveness
Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy – those are key to clash and negative strategy on a large topic with few common linkages 

Consumption

Their AFF is rooted in a production-oriented approach to the economy – the root cause of demand problems is overconsumption, not lack of supply – their attempts to stimulate demand expand growth unsustainably and cause ecological overshoot
Princen 01 – (Thomas, Assoc. Prof. of University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, "Consumption and its Externalities: Where Economy Meets Ecology", Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001)
All of these production-oriented measures fall within the realm of "environmental improvement
AND
net social welfare gain, the implicit assumption in the production angle?30

The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity

It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity 
Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, "DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION", Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

SSS CP

CP Text: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its short sea shipping capability for NAFTA trade opportunities towards Mexico
SSS leads to new job growth
MARAD ’11 ~U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime inistration~, America’s Marine Highway Report to Congress, Prepared in Consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency, April 2011, p. 12-13~
Expanded use of Marine Highway services has the potential to generate orders for new vessels
AND
growth are the chief sources of new demand for workers throughout the economy.
Solves trade- SSS can solve congestion and leads to reliable transfer of cargo
MARAD ’11 ~U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime inistration~, America’s Marine Highway Report to Congress, Prepared in Consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency, April 2011, p. 17~
America’s Marine Highway can play a role in alleviating this congestion on some of our
AND
and to facilitate the transition to greater use of this underutilized national asset.

Case

Trade causes war
Saul, 99- President of International PEN, Award-Winning Essayist and Novelist, General Editor of the Penguin Extraordinary Canadians Project, President of Canadian Pen from 1990-1992, Co-Chair of the Institute for Canadian Citizenship (John Ralston, "Globalisation", Free Trade and Protectionism, 1999, January 5th 2010, http://www.abc.net.au/specials/saul/fifth.htm,)
A very famous lobbyist courtier said last year that history shows us quite clearly that
AND
did he do it? It was about the wheat trade of course.

Competitiveness Bad

Competitiveness sparks US-China war
Huang and Bates, 07 ~Gill, Huang—The Center for Strategic and International Studies, "China’s Expanding Role in Africa: Implications for the United States"~  www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/chinainafrica.pdf-http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/chinainafrica.pdf

Deepening U.S.-China interdependence and strong shared interests argue, at least
AND
the conscious political choice and exercise of political will by each government’s leaders.
Extinction
Straits Times, 00 ~"Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan," Jun 25, LN~

THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.

Tournament: UMich | Round: 1 | Opponent: Calhoun KW | Judge: Garrett Abelkop

1^st Off

Interpretation- "Increase" means a net increase

Rogers 5 (Judge – New York, et al., Petitioners v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondent, NSR Manufacturers Roundtable, et al., Intervenors, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, ; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, 6/24, Lexis)

~48~  Statutory Interpretation. HN16-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=1fe428155fdfc9074f3623f0dae9d78a26docnum=1426_fmtstr=FULL26_startdoc=126wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAW26_md5=0ebd338d6a7793de8561db53b915effd26focBudTerms=term20increase26focBudSel=allWhile the CAA defines a "modification" as
AND
car five or ten years ago when the engine was in perfect condition.

Violation-The Aff shifts Status Quo engagement with Cuba from a prison to a medical facility, but doesn’t net increase engagement

Voting Issue-

Ground-They can functionally spike out of DAs because they advocate the status quo level of engagement-guts generics and neg ground

====Limits-They explode the topic by allowing for affs that simply shift economic engagement, without mandating an increase====

2^nd Off

Interpretation-Guantanamo Bay is U.S. territory —- strongest legal arguments are Neg

Richey 2 – Warren Richey, Staff Writer of The Christian Science Monitor, "Detainees’ Future May Hinge on Cuba Lease", The Christian Science Monitor, 3-20, http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0320/p03s01-usju.html

Simply put, the issue is whether the naval base is sovereign US territory or
AND
States. To say it is equivalent to a foreign country is preposterous."

"Toward" means in the direction of —- most predictable interpretation

Taylor 6 – CJ Taylor, Supreme Court Justice on the Supreme Court of Michigan, "Supreme Court of Michigan. Grievance Administrator, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Geoffrey N. Fieger, Respondent-Appellee", 7-31, http://faculty.law.wayne.edu/henning/ProfResp/Grievance20Administrator20v20Fieger.pdf
MRPC 3.5(c) provides that a lawyer shall not "engage
AND
in the direction of" and "with respect to; as regards."

====Violation-The AFF doesn’t increase engagement toward Cuba, only toward US territory ====

Voter

1. Ground-Guts core generics like neolib or the appeasement DA, can’t run Cuba Das if the AFF doesn’t engage towards Cuba
   2. Limits-They explode the topic by allowing for affs that simply engage near Cuba, not toward or with them

3^rd Off

Substantial is that which grounds and shapes – not numerical minutiae. The primary substance that is the foundation for economic engagement toward Cuba is the embargo. The plan only changes an instance of Cuba policy– this is ACCIDENTAL NOT SUBSTANTIAL

Malaguti, 11 (Michael J., practices with the Concord firm of Ransmeier 26 Spellman, "Substantial Confusion: The Use and Misuse of the Word ’Substantial’ in the Legal Profession," August, 52 N.H.B.J. 6, p. l/n)
Aristotle’s definies substance as "that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present
AND
size of the diamond may change without affecting its "diamond-ness."

Prefer it 

1) Limits – Allowing any other definition is unpredictable. Justifies marginally shifting engagement over one industry

2) Ground – marginal changes to Cuba policy NOT the embargo policy or EVEN GITMO policy itself destroys negative link ground for trade DA’s and CP ground which also shifts the uniqueness debate  

4^th Off

CIR will pass now but it will be tough

Nowicki, 10-30 — Arizona Republic’s national political reporter
~Dan, and Erin Kelly, "Fleeting Hopes for Immigration Reform," AZ Central, 10-30-13, www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20131029fleeting-hopes-immigration-reform.html?nclick_check=1, accessed 10-31-13, mss~

However, reform backers point to encouraging signs in addition to the intense push by
AND
is not like renaming a post office. It’s going to be tough."

It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR

Scher 10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~
The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come
AND
than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.

Plan is unpopular – the House just voted to keep Guantanamo Bay open

McAuliff 6/14 (Michael, Washington Correspondent for the Huffington Post, Guantanamo Bay To Stay Open As House Blocks Bill To Close Infamous Prison, 6/14/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/14/guantanamo-bay-close_n_3438347.html)

WASHINGTON — A worsening hunger strike and a fresh plea by President Barack Obama to
AND
to U.S. soil, but we can stop these terrorists."

Comprehensive immigration reform is key to the economy and highly skilled workers

Farrell 12/13/12 (Chris, a contributing editor for Bloomberg Businessweek. From 1986-97, he was on the magazine’s staff, as a corporate finance staff and department editor and then as an economics editor. Farrell wrote Right on the Money: Taking Control of Your Personal Finances and Deflation: What Happens When Prices Fall? Among Farrell’s many awards are a National Magazine Award, two Loeb Awards, and the Edward R. Murrow Award. Farrell is a graduate of the London School of Economics and Stanford University. "Obama’s Next Act: Immigration Reform" http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform-http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform) 

Washington won’t get much of a reprieve from verbal pyrotechnics once the drama of the
AND
legality offers Washington a rare twofer: a just move that’s economically efficient.

Economic decline risks multiple global nuclear wars

O’Hanlon 12 Kenneth G. Lieberthal, Director of the John L. Thornton China Center and Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution, former Professor at the University of Michigan ~"The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt," Los Angeles Times, July 10th, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon-http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon~~
Alas, globalization and automation trends of the last generation have increasingly called the American
AND
really possible if that fundamental prerequisite to effective foreign policy is not reestablished.

5^th Off

A. Discourses of danger reproduces an American identity – that posits the US as a the defender of global freedom and liberty
Campbell, 98- Professor of International Politics University of Newcastle (David, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity) 

The crisis of representation the United States faces is unique only in the particularities of
AND
the idea that foreign policy/Foreign Policy is constitutive of political identity.

B. That makes extinction inevitable
Willson, 02- Ph.D New College San Fransisco, Humanities, JD, American University (Brian, "Armageddon or Quantum Leap? U.S. Imperialism and?Human Consciousness from?an Evolutionary Perspective", http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html-http://www.brianwillson.com/quantum.html)

Awaiting the impending U.S. government’s concocted "preventive" war against Iraq
AND
everything that contributes to their support" (General John Sullivan, 1779).
In a prominent history book published in 1906 (The History of the United States
AND
cyclical, indicate that we are dangerously near the end of our evolutionary branch

C. Alternative text – reject the affirmative to desecuritize the Political. Vote negative to challenge securitization itself in favor of a political ethic that approaches problems in non-security terms and exposes the limits of their methodology.

D. Framework – security is a communicative action that requires discursive justification – there is an ethical responsibility to justify securitization in political discussion. The role of the ballot is to interrogate methodologies – to weigh their case the Aff has to legitimize securitization first
Williams, 03 ~Michael – IR Prof @ University of Ottawa, "Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Dec., 2003), pp. 511-53, Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The International Studies Association, JSTOR~ http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693634-http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693634

A second major criticism of the Copenhagen School concerns the ethics of securitization. Simply
AND
questioning the policies, or by disputing the threat, or both.36

6^th Off

Text: The president of the United States should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cuba by transforming the United State Naval Station at Guantanamo Bay into a biomedical disease research facility.

Executive orders should be first steps to lifting restrictions against Cuba
Richardson 10 (Bill Richardson – Governor and former UN ambassador, The Washington Post, "Time for Western Hemisphere countries to collaborate", 8-14-10, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/13/AR2010081304982.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/13/AR2010081304982.html) MaxL
— Second, as a first step to changing our policy toward Cuba, the
AND
interests and would be a bold move toward normalization of relations with Cuba.

Disease:

Plan can’t solve economic factors-huge solvency deficit to disease

No disease can kill us all – it would have to be everything at once

Gladwell, 95 (Malcolm, The New Republic, 7/17/95 and 7/24/95, "The Plague Year", Lexis)

What would a real Andromeda Strain look like? It would be highly infectious like
AND
, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.

3. Multiple alternate causalities to disease

Brower, 03 (Jennifer, science/technology policy analyst, and Peter Chalk, political scientist, Summer 2003, Rand Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, "Vectors Without Borders,"  http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html-http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/summer2003/vectors.html)
This year’s outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Beijing, Hong
AND
increase the likelihood that people will come into contact with potentially fatal diseases.

We control uniqueness – all indicators of human well being are increasing

Goklany, 04- Property and Environment Research Center, Julian Simon Fellow, Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Former Chief of Technical Assessment Division at National Commission on Air Quality (Indur, "It’s Getting Better", Ed. Terry Anderson, http://members.cox.net/igoklany/Economic20Growth20Tech20Change20and20Human20Well-being202004.pdf-http://members.cox.net/igoklany/Economic Growth Tech Change and Human Well-being 2004.pdf, KONTOPOULOS)
With this Neo-Malthusian vision of the future, the Global 2000 Report to
AND
had life expectancies of approximately 69 and 62 years (World Bank 1999).

Systemic threats do not outweigh extinction—the availability heuristic causes us to underestimate both magnitude and probability

YUDKOWSKY 2006  (Eliezer, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, "Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks," forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, August 31)
A general principle underlying the heuristics-and-biases program is that human beings
AND
since, obviously, humanity has never yet encountered an extinction event.2

Terror

Risk and impact of terrorism declining now

Silver ’10
Nate. Found of FiveThirtyEight.com. Crunching the Risk Numbers. Wall Street Journal. 1/8/10. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703481004574646963713065116.html~~23printMode.
Overall, academic and governmental databases report, terrorist attacks killed a total of about
AND
flight over Lockerbie, Scotland,—have become dormant or de-radicalized. 

No risk of terrorism on US soil

-their evidence speaks to popular imaginsation
-9/11 upped the stakes to every attack has to be large
-no al-qaeda in the US
-can’t sneak into the US
Schneier ’10
Bruce, internationally renowned security technologist and author. Described by The Economist as a "security guru," May 5, Schneier on Security, http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2010/05/why_arent_there.html
Why Aren’t There More Terrorist Attacks? As the details of the Times Square car
AND
the people, and you’re probably going to slip up and get caught. 

Terrorism is not an existential threat – at most it will kill a few hundred people a year – the fear of WMD terrorism is overblown.
Mueller ’11
John Mueller is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. He is the author of Atomic Obsession. "The truth about al Qaeda". August 5, 2011. CNN’s Global Public Square. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/05/the-truth-about-al-qaeda/
Outside of war zones, the amount of killing carried out by al Qaeda and
AND
terrorism is the wave of the future. No elephants there, either.
Claims of an existential risk from terrorism are irrational
Fettweis, Professor of Political Science, ’10
Chris, Professor of Political Science @ Tulane,Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy, Survival, 52:2
Conventional war, much less outright assault, is not the leading security challenge in
AND
the United States, it does not possess the capability to do so.
Low risk of retaliation– the US would not indiscriminately lash out
Bleek ’6
Philipp. doctoral candidate in international relations at Georgetown University. Would ’Deterrence of Negligence’ Reduce the Risk of Catastrophic Terrorism?. August 2006. Online.
But it is not so clear that a devastating military response is so likely in
AND
those behind the attacks responsible and to ensure that further attacks were prevented.
New analysis proves Americans do not have a high psychological fear and believe we can handle terrorism pragmatically – won’t call for outlash.
Shambaugh et al. ’10
George Shambaugh, School of Foreign Service and Department of Government, Georgetown University;
AND
33, Issue 1 January 2010 , pages 55 – 91. InformaWorld.
The American policy landscape during the George W. Bush administration was shaped by a
AND
personal lives, and optimistic that the new security challenges can be managed.

Tournament: UMich | Round: 3 | Opponent: Glenbrook North CS | Judge: Morgan Titcher

Maduro Cred

Maduro lacks credibility

Sanchez 9/30 (Fabiola, writer for ABC News, "Venezuela Expels Top US Diplomat, 2 Other Envoys", ABC News, 9/30/2013, http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/maduro-venezuela-expelling-us-diplomats-20424644?singlePage=true-http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/maduro-venezuela-expelling-us-diplomats-20424644?singlePage=true**, ZX)
President Nicolas Maduro announced Monday the expulsion of the top U.S. diplomat
AND
freedom groups of cracking down on free speech and independent media political activity.

The Plan increases Maduro’s credibility – provides political cover to pursue his agenda
Christy 6-13 (Patrick Christy, Senior Policy Analyst, Foreign Policy Initiative, experience in foreign policy and politics, previously the Senior Policy Analyst for the Republican National Committee (RNC), focusing on energy, foreign affairs, and national security issues, worked at the National Republican Congressional Committee as an Analyst, "U.S. Overtures to Maduro Hurt Venezuela’s Democratic Opposition," article, US News, June 13, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/06/13/us-overtures-to-chavez-successor-maduro-hurt-venezuelas-opposition-http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/06/13/us-overtures-to-chavez-successor-maduro-hurt-venezuelas-opposition)
While Secretary Kerry said that his meeting with his Venezuelan counterpart included discussion of human
AND
support. It’s time the Obama administration rethink this hasty reset with Maduro. 

Legitimacy is key – strong opposition curtails his agenda
Espinoza 5-9 (Ocarina Espinoza, reporter, El Universal, "Expert: Opposition dictated Maduro’s agenda for Latin American tour," article, El Universal, Venezuelan news source, May 9, 2013, http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/130509/expert-opposition-dictated-maduros-agenda-for-latin-american-tour-http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/130509/expert-opposition-dictated-maduros-agenda-for-latin-american-tour)
¶ The Venezuelan opposition is touring the same countries as President Nicolás Maduro visited in
AND
Maduro. However, the opposition has gained support from the international community.

Maduro will follow Chavez – strengthens the relationship with Iran
IRNA 4-17 (Islamist Republic News Agency, Pakistani news source, "Iran-Venezuela relations will continue to grow: Educationist," April 17, 2013, http://www3.irna.ir/en/News/80619033/Politic/Iran-Venezuela_relations_will_continue_to_grow__Educationist)
 Islamabad, April 17, IRNA – A Pakistani educationist said here Wednesday relationship
AND
and is witness to the close relationship between Nicolas Maduro and Hugo Chavez.

Key to Iran’s nuclear program – triggers terrorism Iranian and Venezuelan prolif
Suchlicki 12 (Jaime Suchlicki, reporter, Miami Herald, "Iran’s influence in Venezuela: Washington should worry," article, Miami Herald, August 5, 2012, http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/08/05/2930050/irans-influence-in-venezuela-washington.html~~23storylink=cpy)
¶ The same week that President Obama downplayed the threat to U.S.
AND
, would the Iranians smuggle a nuclear weapon into the U.S.?

Cross Apply Noriega/

T-QPQ

"Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives

Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2
The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the
AND
shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.

That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo

De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct)
Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you
AND
run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.

Violation – the AFF isn’t a quid pro quo

Voting issue:

Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the NEG’s research burden and hurt competitiveness

Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy – those are key to clash and negative strategy on a large topic with few common linkages

Neolib

Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition crushes them – the alternative is to de-link from Latin America

Vattimo 26 Zabala 11 (Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)
The "Bolivarian Revolution" is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism."
AND
and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world."

The plan crushes those movements – it purports a neoliberal economic system which devastates the envionrment

Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi­ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). "Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization," http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
model of uneven and inequitable development that has pillaged most of the region. 

Extinction—-tech and reforms fail

Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research 26 Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, "The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith," Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43
In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003
AND
"endless technical adjustments;" thus no further theoretical thought is required."27

Fair Trade CP

CP Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Venezuela on non energy fair trade

Fair trade is distinct and solves better – stresses the importance of helping the producer which reduces environmental degradation and political violence

Barlow 9/3- (George, Writer for "Economy in Crisis: America’s Economic Report-Daily", September 3, 2013, "Free Trade, Fair Trade: What’s The Difference?", EconomyinCrisis.org, http://economyincrisis.org/content/free-trade-fair-trade-whats-the-difference-http://economyincrisis.org/content/free-trade-fair-trade-whats-the-difference**, WK)
Often times the terms "free trade" and "fair trade" are used
AND
while at the same time taking away jobs from the U.S.

Free trade is neoliberal, imperialist, and embodies everything Venezuela hates about the US, only fair trade protects Venezuela’s resistance to neoliberalism

Burbach 13- Roger, Author of "Latin America’s Turbulent Transitions: The Future of Twenty-First-Century Socialism", March 6, 2013, "Chavez Renewed Latin America and Revived Socialism", The Progressive, http://progressive.org/chavez-renewed-latin-america-http://progressive.org/chavez-renewed-latin-america, WK)
Hugo Chavez cut a wide swath on the international scene, more than that of
AND
and environmental projects, and ending illiteracy in every country in three years.

Tournament: UMich | Round: 6 | Opponent: LaSalle HG | Judge: Erin Collins

CIR

CIR will pass – new GOP momentum. 
Bloomberg News, 10/30 ("Immigration reform isn’t dead. It’s trapped in the House," http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/57057950-82/bill-immigration-republican-legislation.html.csp)
It’s hard to dispute Cole’s low opinion of the House’s competence. But House leaders
AND
, and a single package would emerge for both chambers to vote on.

It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR
Scher 10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~
The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come
AND
than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven– Cuba policy is totally unique 
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Comprehensive immigration reform is key to the economy and highly skilled workers 
Farrell 12/13/12 (Chris, a contributing editor for Bloomberg Businessweek. From 1986-97, he was on the magazine’s staff, as a corporate finance staff and department editor and then as an economics editor. Farrell wrote Right on the Money: Taking Control of Your Personal Finances and Deflation: What Happens When Prices Fall? Among Farrell’s many awards are a National Magazine Award, two Loeb Awards, and the Edward R. Murrow Award. Farrell is a graduate of the London School of Economics and Stanford University. "Obama’s Next Act: Immigration Reform" http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform-http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform) 

Washington won’t get much of a reprieve from verbal pyrotechnics once the drama of the
AND
legality offers Washington a rare twofer: a just move that’s economically efficient.

Economic decline risks multiple global nuclear wars
O’Hanlon 12 Kenneth G. Lieberthal, Director of the John L. Thornton China Center and Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution, former Professor at the University of Michigan ~"The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt," Los Angeles Times, July 10th, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon-http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon~~
Alas, globalization and automation trends of the last generation have increasingly called the American
AND
really possible if that fundamental prerequisite to effective foreign policy is not reestablished.

Neolib

Movements in Latin America are successfully producing alternatives to global neoliberalism – the plan’s economic imposition crushes them – the alternative is to de-link from Latin America

Vattimo 26 Zabala 11 (Gianni, Prof. of Theoretical Philosophy @ U of Turin, Santiago, Prof. of Philosophy @ U of Barcelona, Hermeneutic Communism, pgs. 124-131)
The "Bolivarian Revolution" is Chavez’s commitment to twenty first- century socialism."
AND
and democratic model is again summoning the specter of communism throughout the world."

Extinction—-tech and reforms fail

Richard A. Smith 7, Research Associate at the Institute for Policy Research 26 Development, UK; PhD in History from UCLA, June 2007, "The Eco-suicidal Economics of Adam Smith," Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 22-43
In the midst of the record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2003
AND
"endless technical adjustments;" thus no further theoretical thought is required."27

T-QPQ

"Engagement" requires the provision of positive incentives

Haass 00 – Richard Haass 26 Meghan O’Sullivan, Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies Program, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, p. 1-2
The term engagement was popularized amid the controversial policy of constructive engagement pursued by the
AND
shape the behavior of countries with which the United States has important disagreements.

That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo

De LaHunt 6 - Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science direct)
Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you
AND
run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.

Violation – the AFF isn’t a quid pro quo

Voting issue:

Limits —- it functionally narrows the topic because few cases can defend conditioning —- the alternative is hundreds of single import or export cases that explode the NEG’s research burden and hurt competitiveness

Ground —- QPQ locks in core generics like soft power and foreign politics DAs, counterplans to add or remove a condition, and critiques of diplomacy – those are key to clash and negative strategy on a large topic with few common linkages

Biotech DA

US embargo key to preserving innovation of Cuban biotechnology industry

Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, "The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care," Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
AND
cover the entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

Cuban biotech industry is a model worldwide

Scheye, 11 – President, Scheye Group Ltd. Global Advisory Service (Elaine, "CUBAN HEALTHCARE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:  REFORM, A BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW  OR JUST WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED?" Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume21/pdfs/scheye.pdf)
While Cuba’s health care system continues to erode, Cuba’s biotechnology sector remains a bright
AND
modern apartment buildings, bus service to and from their homes, etc. 

Biotechnology solves bioterror

Collins, 6 – Press officer (Terry, "Experts: Expanding biotechnology research in developing countries key to countering bioterrorism," University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics, 2/26, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php-http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/uotj-eeb022006.php)
¶ ¶ Experts at the Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health warn that global
AND
transit riders or airport travelers to be alert to and report suspicious activities.
Extinction
Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, "How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

XO CP

Text: The president of the United States should
- SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE The United States Federal Governments ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT TOWARD CUBA BY REPEALING THE CUBAN DEMOCRACY ACT, THE LIBERTAD ACT , AND THE CACR.  
-REMOVE CUBA FROM THE TRADING WITH THE ENEMY ACT.
-AMEND THE FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT TO INCORPORATE CUBA INTO THE US SPONSORED ECONOMIC AID PROGRAMS.
The CP solves
Hsu 12 (David T. Hsu - Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Browne Center for International Politics, "Executive Discretion, Domestic Constraints, and Patterns of Post-9/11 U.S. Foreign Economic Policy", September 2012, Pg 6, http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf-http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf) MaxL
The specific empirical puzzle, how to explain the pattern of U.S.
AND
an analytical focus on the president’s strategic motivations for manipulating foreign economic policies.

Tournament: UMich | Round: 7 | Opponent: Niles West LS | Judge: Daryl Burch

1

CIR will pass – new GOP momentum.
Bloomberg News, 10/30 ("Immigration reform isn’t dead. It’s trapped in the House," http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/57057950-82/bill-immigration-republican-legislation.html.csp)
It’s hard to dispute Cole’s low opinion of the House’s competence. But House leaders
AND
, and a single package would emerge for both chambers to vote on.

It’s now or never – forcing "must-pass" legislation like the aff destroys CIR

Scher 10/16 ~Bill, Online Campaign Manager at Campaign for America’s Future, 2013, "The Time To Push Immigration Reform Is Now," http://ourfuture.org/20131016/the-time-to-push-immigration-reform-is-now~~
The window is limited. New rounds of deadlines to keep the government open come
AND
than confront. It’d be way too dicey to aim for next year.

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven – Cuba policy is totally unique

LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Comprehensive immigration reform is key to the economy and highly skilled workers

Farrell 12/13/12 (Chris, a contributing editor for Bloomberg Businessweek. From 1986-97, he was on the magazine’s staff, as a corporate finance staff and department editor and then as an economics editor. Farrell wrote Right on the Money: Taking Control of Your Personal Finances and Deflation: What Happens When Prices Fall? Among Farrell’s many awards are a National Magazine Award, two Loeb Awards, and the Edward R. Murrow Award. Farrell is a graduate of the London School of Economics and Stanford University. "Obama’s Next Act: Immigration Reform" http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform-http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform) 

Washington won’t get much of a reprieve from verbal pyrotechnics once the drama of the
AND
legality offers Washington a rare twofer: a just move that’s economically efficient.

Economic decline risks multiple global nuclear wars

O’Hanlon 12 Kenneth G. Lieberthal, Director of the John L. Thornton China Center and Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution, former Professor at the University of Michigan ~"The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt," Los Angeles Times, July 10th, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon-http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon~~
Alas, globalization and automation trends of the last generation have increasingly called the American
AND
really possible if that fundamental prerequisite to effective foreign policy is not reestablished.

2

====Simulating images of death and violence anesthetizes us to real death and produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable- vote neg to embrace a pedagogy of debate outside of violent spectacles.====
Giroux ’12
Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

3

Substantial is that which grounds and shapes – not numerical minutiae. The primary substance that is the foundation for economic engagement toward Cuba is the embargo. The plan only changes an instance of the embargo – this is ACCIDENTAL NOT SUBSTANTIAL

Malaguti, 11 (Michael J., practices with the Concord firm of Ransmeier 26 Spellman, "Substantial Confusion: The Use and Misuse of the Word ’Substantial’ in the Legal Profession," August, 52 N.H.B.J. 6, p. l/n)
Aristotle’s definies substance as "that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present
AND
size of the diamond may change without affecting its "diamond-ness."

Prefer it 

1) Limits – Allowing any other definition is unpredictable. Justifies lifting the embargo for any commodity – infinitely delimits 

2) Ground – marginal changes to manifestations of the embargo NOT the embargo policy itself destroys negative link ground for trade DA’s and CP ground which also shifts the uniqueness debate  

4

Cuban economy strong now

Ted Piccone, 12 (Ted Piccone is a senior fellow and deputy director for Foreign Policy at Brookings. Piccone specializes in U.S.-Latin American relations; global democracy and human rights; and multilateral affairs. Piccone serves as an advisor to the Club of Madrid and has served on the National Security Council, at the State Department and Pentagon), Brookings, "Cuba Is Changing, Slowly but Surely," January 19, 2012, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/19-cuba-piccone
A closer look, however, reveals something more profound—a wholesale mental shift
AND
, with time, make long overdue reconciliation with the United States inevitable.

The plan causes economic overheating

Robert David Cruz 03 (current qualifications: PhD., Chief economist for Miami-Dade County) "Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Castro Cuba: Problems, Opportunities and Recommendations," University of Miami, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, Pg. 20, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/RDCruz.pdf
The appropriate U.S. role during an economic transition is not to promote
AND
infrastructure in ways that promote economic development that is spread across the island.

That causes democratic backsliding and regional prolif

Schulz 00 (Donald Schulz, Chairman of the Political Science Department at Cleveland State University, March 2000, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub31.pdf)
A second major interest is the promotion of democracy. At first glance, this
AND
heightened politico-military rivalry between different blocs or coalitions in the hemisphere.

Latin American prolif spills over

Beamont and Rubinsky 12 (Paul D. Beamont and Thomas Rubinsky, International Law and Policy Institute, "An Introduction to the Issue of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean," December, http://nwp.ilpi.org/?p=1851)
As the world continues to grapple with the issues of non-proliferation and disarmament
AND
efforts aimed at reaching the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.

Prolif causes extinction – escalation

Kroenig 12 – Matthew Kroenig is an Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow on the Council on Foreign Relations, May 26^th, 2012, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?" http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30
What’s Wrong with Proliferation Optimism?
The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major flaws
AND
war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

5

Text – 
The United States federal government should commit all necessary funding to expand the United States Naval operations in the areas surrounding China.
The United States National Security Agency should cease spying on multilateral partner countries

China war inevitable absent strong navy power projection in the Pacific

Seth Cropsey, Deputy undersecretary of the Navy in the Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations and served as an officer in the Navy Reserve, 2006
~"The Global Trident," Armed Forces Journal, December, http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/12/2307414~~

East Asia, with its huge populations and growing economic strength, is in the
AND
the world that Beijing’s principles are different from those of the modern democracies.

That solves
Maurer 7 – Their evidence Stephen M. Maurer, J.D. -http://violet.berkeley.edu/~gspp/iths/maurercv.htmDirector of the Goldman School Project-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/index.html at the University of California, Berkeley-http://www.berkeley.edu/ on Information Technology and Homeland Security-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/academics/affiliates/maurer.html LIFEBOAT FOUNDATION BIOSHIELD http://lifeboat.com/ex/bio.shield-http://lifeboat.com/ex/bio.shield

Regulations Rules and regulations can slow down development of any bioweapons until the BioShield is
AND
million times more sensitive than conventional antibody-based techniques for detecting prions.

CP solves multilateralism better in multiple regions -

Eliminating NSA spying on allies is vital to restore US credibility for multilateral alliances.

Zelizer, 10/28 (Julian, Professor of History and Public Affairs @ Princeton University, "NSA scandal highlights Obama’s unfulfilled promise," http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/28/opinion/zelizer-obama-nsa-world/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/28/opinion/zelizer-obama-nsa-world/)
The scandal over allegations about NSA surveillance overseas, including monitoring of the cell phone
AND
he, as a candidate, understood to be so devastating in 2008.

Protectionism Good

Protectionism Solves War

Saul, 99- President of International PEN, Award-Winning Essayist and Novelist, General Editor of the Penguin Extraordinary Canadians Project, President of Canadian Pen from 1990-1992, Co-Chair of the Institute for Canadian Citizenship (John Ralston, "Globalisation", Free Trade and Protectionism, 1999, January 5th 2010, http://www.abc.net.au/specials/saul/fifth.htm,)
A very famous lobbyist courtier said last year that history shows us quite clearly that
AND
did he do it? It was about the wheat trade of course.

Protectionism Solves Disease-Turns the Advantage

Sciencedaily 11 (Sciencedaly.com, cites study done by researchers at the UK research councils’ Rural Economy and Land use programme, June 9, "Is Free Global Trade Too Great a Threat to Food Supplies, Natural Heritage and Health?", http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110609083226.htm)
Researchers from the UK Research Councils’ Rural Economy and Land Use Programme say that we
AND
recognise that free trade could, in some cases, pose unacceptable risks."

EU-Relations Bad

1. Offshore balancing—

Collapse causes isolationism- freeing the US from the Asian security guarantee, economic interdependence, and offshore balancing.

Goldgeir 8, (James- Researcher at Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "America Without Euopre? If the West Collapses: Implications for American Policy")

American engagement with Europe has been a core component of its international engagement since the
AND
offshore balancer that the realists have become nostalgic for in recent years.19
 

Offshore balancing saves the US economy.

Mearshimer 8, (John- professor of International Relations at University of Chicago, "A Return to Offshore Balancing")
http://www.newsweek.com/id/177380

The relative inexpensiveness of this approach is particularly attractive in the current climate. The
AND
move it quickly—but would be a lot cheaper than the alternative.

Nuclear war and extinction

Frank, 8 ~A. Nicholas- Holigent.org, not-for-profit offering programs for sustainable living~
 http://www.holigent.org/Site/The_Dark_Scenario.html 

Over the years, the U.S. government has spent 2410 trillion
AND

Conflict, Stress, Hope and Peace Correlations)    Collapse of Carrying Capacity 

2. NMD—

Relations enable NMD.

Malone and Thakur 1,(David, president of the International Peace Academy, Ramesh- vice Director of the United Nations University, The Japan Times March 11, 

There can be little doubt that the Bush administration does not incline naturally toward multilateral
AND
can also be exchanged against concessions from Washington on related or different issues. 

NMD is a pretext for space militarization that results in global NBC war and destruction.

Mitchell and Helwich 1, Gordon- Associate Professor of Communication, Kevin- Teaching Fellows in the Department of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html

Since any US attempt to overtly seize military control of outer space would likely stir
AND
space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.

3. Russia—

Relations integrate Russia’s economy with the west.

Haass, 2 (Richard- director of policy planning at the US state department)

The US-European relationship remains vital to the management of traditional geostrategic issues such as Russia’s reform. It is in our interest to reach out to Russia and integrate it into the West politically and economically in order to bring greater stability to Europe and Russia itself. We also share a common goal in working with Russia to encourage continued progress on human rights, religious and press freedom, the rule of law and economic reform. 

Russian economic westernization collapses their economy—this is empirically proven.

Kagarlitsky, 2  (Boris- contributing editor of Links, May-August, , http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue21/Kagarlitsky.htm

Until 1998, in line with the neo-liberal ideology that prevailed in the
AND
the group of "young reformers", the bearers of progressive Western values.

Russian economic collapse causes civil war – escalates and goes nuclear

David, 99 (Prof. of political science at Johns Hopkins. Foreign Affairs, lexis)

If internal war does strike Russia, economic deterioration will be a prime cause.
AND
. No nuclear state has ever fallen victim to civil war, but even
without a clear precedent the grim consequences can be foreseen. Russia retains some 20
AND
this threat more than the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: Traverse City Central TJ | Judge: Andrew Lockwood

Syria

Syria strikes will be authorized – Obama actively pushing – key to undecided voters  
WSJ 9/5
and#34;Push Intensifies for House Backing on Strikesand#34; ~http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323623304579057261014938756.html~~
WASHINGTON—The White House and its allies intensified efforts to win backing for a
AND
even Mr. Paul said he expects the measure to pass the Senate.

Congressional approval boosts Obama’s cred – an XO would kill it
Luce 9-1 – Washington bureau chief of the Financial Times (Edward, and#34;Barack Obama risks more than just his credibility on Syriaand#34;, September 1 of 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8c1b8faa-128b-11e3-8336-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2dtdrJg26-http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8c1b8faa-128b-11e3-8336-00144feabdc0.html)
First, the positive side. Mr Obama’s request, which Congress will debate only
AND
to respond to the barbaric gassing of hundreds of innocent foreign children. 

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for Rubio  – Cuba policy is totally unique – this is the best link card you will ever read
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Obama’s cred solves south china sea conflict

Ben Coes 11, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 26 author, and#34;The disease of a weak presidentand#34;, The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are
AND
on behalf of our allies. And our allies are Israel and India.

South China Sea conflicts cause extinction

Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace 26 Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, and#34;Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?and#34;,  www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
AND
—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction. 

Anthro

The 1AC’s anthropocentric lens creates a value system that collapses on itself

Henning 09 (Brian; Associate Professor of Philosophy at Gonzaga University; and#34;Trusting in the ’Efficacy of Beauty: A Kalocentric Approach to Moral Philosophyand#34;; Ethics 26 the Environment- Volume 14, Number 1)RSW
Final truths (whether in religion, morality, or science) are unattainable not
AND
world, how we relate to and interact with every form of existence.

The distinction between and#34;living and non-livingand#34; is meaningless and extinction is inevitable.  Only accepting these truths allows us to transcend consciousness

Seed 88 (John; Australian environmentalist and director of the Rainforest Information Centre; THINKING LIKE A MOUNTAIN - TOWARDS A COUNCIL OF ALL BEINGS; http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/deep-eco/Anthropo.htm)
and#34;But the time is not a strong prison either. A little scraping of
AND
beneficial for all life on the planet as a whole.and#34; (9)

The alternative is to reject the AFFs appeal to solve extinction in order to endorse the thought experiment of a global suicide.

Kochi and Ordan 8 (Tarik, lecturer in the School of Law, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, and Noam, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, Israel, ’An argument for the global suicide of humanity’, Borderlands, December)RSW
The version of progress enunciated in Hawking’s story of cosmic colonization presents a view whereby
AND
human species. The moral act would be the global suicide of humanity.

Castro Credibility

Castro is implementing gradual economic reforms now - but – he must walk a fine line and avoid rocking the political boat

Sweig and Rockefeller, 2013 (Julia E. Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, and Michael Bustamante and#34;Cuba After Communism The Economic Reforms That Are Transforming the Islandand#34;  http://www.cfr.org/cuba/cuba-after-communism/p30991-http://www.cfr.org/cuba/cuba-after-communism/p30991)

Small-time diaspora capital may prove easier to regulate and rely on than funds
AND
the black market or assistance from family abroad to acquire many daily necessities.
 

The Plan causes a political whirlwind in Cuba that decimates Castro’s ability to reform

Hernandez, 2012 (Cuba’s Leading Social Sciences professor and researcher at the University of Havana and the High Institute of International Relations; Director of U.S. studies at the Centro de Estudios sobre America; and a Senior Research Fellow at the Instituto cubano de Investigacion Cultural and#34;Juan Marinelloand#34; in Havana. and#34;Debating U.S-Cuban Relationsand#34 

As far as costs are concerned, although many Cubans favor detente and appreciate its
AND
dealing effectively with and#34;communist regimesand#34; but its sense of superpower omnipotence.

This turns the Aff, makes armed conflict inevitable, and triggers a laundry list of impacts

Treto, 2012  (Carlos, Professor and Senior researcher at the University of Havana’s
AND

and#34;Cuba’s National Security vis-à-vis the United Statesand#34

In the historical period preceding the one analyzed here, two opposite visions took shape
AND
to terrorist actors that have damaged the United States or any other country.

Ice Age

Ice age is coming now — solar modeling proves, it devastates crop production

Aym 10 - Individual Investor Magazine staff writer (Terrence and#34;Experts: Food and fuel shortages imminent as new ice age dawnsand#34;, Helium.com, December 30, http://www.helium.com/items/2051424-food-and-fuel-shortages-imminent-as-new-ice-age-dawns?page=2)//KL
Other scientists concur and some see the speed at which the temperatures will drop as
AND
predictions based on the RC Theory climate model, all three are occurring. 

Greenhouse gasses are key to sustaining Earth’s atmosphere — history and models prove that reduction leads to global icing

Lacis et al 10 - Ph.D. and NASA scientist (Andrew, and#34;Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperatureand#34;, Science Magazine, October 15, accessed online)KL
If the global atmospheric temperatures were to fall to as low as TS = TE
AND
and by inference, that escape from the snowball Earth condition is also achievable

Ice age causes extinction—it comparatively outweighs warming

Chapman 8 (Phil, geophysicist and astronautical engineer, bachelor of science degree in Physics and Mathematics from Sydney University, a master of science degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and#34;Sorry to ruin the fun, but an ice age cometh,and#34; 4/23/08, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873-http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sorry-to-ruin-the-fun-but-an-ice-age-cometh/story-e6frg73o-1111116134873)
What is scary about the picture is that there is only one tiny sunspot.
AND
in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken.and#34;

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Appleton East KS | Judge: Tyler Salathe

Politics

Syria strikes will be authorized – Obama actively pushing – key to undecided voters  
WSJ 9/5
and#34;Push Intensifies for House Backing on Strikesand#34; ~http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323623304579057261014938756.html~~
WASHINGTON—The White House and its allies intensified efforts to win backing for a
AND
even Mr. Paul said he expects the measure to pass the Senate.

Congressional approval boosts Obama’s cred – an XO would kill it
Luce 9-1 – Washington bureau chief of the Financial Times (Edward, and#34;Barack Obama risks more than just his credibility on Syriaand#34;, September 1 of 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8c1b8faa-128b-11e3-8336-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2dtdrJg26-http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8c1b8faa-128b-11e3-8336-00144feabdc0.html)
First, the positive side. Mr Obama’s request, which Congress will debate only
AND
to respond to the barbaric gassing of hundreds of innocent foreign children. 

Drains capital – Backlash and hostage taking on unrelated priority legislation is empirically proven, likely in future and specifically true for Rubio  – Cuba policy is totally unique – this is the best link card you will ever read
LeoGrande, 12
William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf

The Second Obama Administration Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie
AND
rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Obama cred key to Middle East stability

Noah Beck, Covers current geopolitical issues in the Middle East for American Thinker, 7/16/13 (Apocalyptic Threats Cannot be Hoped Away: Iranian Nukes Must Be Stopped, www.americanthinker.com/2013/07/apocalyptic_threats_cannot_be_hoped_away_iranian_nukes_must_be_stopped.html)
President Obama’s Middle East policy has been an ever-worsening train wreck because it
AND
surgical airstrikes to prevent Syria from transferring game-changing weapons to Hezbollah. 

Middle East conflict escalates and goes nuclear

Russell 09
James A. Russell, senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, and#34;Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East,and#34; Institut Français des Relations Internationales, Spring 2009, http://www.analyst-network.com/articles/141/StrategicStabilityReconsideredProspectsforEscalationandNuclearWarintheMiddleEast.pdf
Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

K

The AFF is grounded in a production-oriented economic imaginary – movement of goods and people assumes and generates expanding consumer demand, creating a society that relentlessly strives for greater levels of growth resulting in serial policy failure

Princen et al 02 (Thomas, Professor at the School of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan, Ken Conca, Associate Professor of Government and Politics and Director of the Harrison Program on the Future Global Agenda at the University of Maryland, Michael Maniates, Professor of Environmental Science and Political Science Allegheny College, Confronting Consumption, pgs. 4-8)
How might ordinary people living in high-consumption societies begin to clarify and act
AND
again, would be to enter into the forbidden territory of consumer sovereignty.

The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity

It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity

Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, and#34;DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTIONand#34;, Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

CP

Text: The United States federal government should declare Negligence Doctrine that establishes a clear, publicized, retaliatory, threat proportionate to the damage from the attack against states responsible for terror against the United States. The United States Federal Government should provide all necessary funding for the construction and operation of all necessary water treatment facilities to increase the alkalinity of the oceans by removing hydrochloric acid via electrolysis, neutralizing it with silicate rock, and returning the products to the ocean.

Negligence Doctrine prevents nuclear terrorism—forces rogue states to secure stockpiles

Corr, 4 ~Anders- PhD Harvard, MA Yale Government, Harvard Business School and#34;Retaliation Against Nuclear Terror: A Negligence Doctrineand#34;~ PDF
The text of a Negligence Doctrine should read roughly as follows: No  state may
AND
and the negligence leading to such use should be  decisively and publicly deterred. 

CP solves Coral Reefs and Bio-D

Mongabay, 07 (and#34;Ocean CO2 collector could fight global warming and ocean acificationand#34; http://news.mongabay.com/2007/1120-geoengineering.html , November 20, 2007)

Researchers have proposed a geoengineering solution to global warming that involves building a series of
AND
on them as a food source and could spell trouble for other species.

Protectionism Good

Protectionism won’t spiral out of control—interdependence

Marshall, 09 (Andrew – asia political risk correspondent, Assault on free trade a key political risk, Reuters, 1/21/2009, p. lexis)
PREVENTING DISASTER Despite the risks, many analysts argue that a wholesale retreat into protectionism
AND
markets that are highly dependent on exports,and#34; the Economist Intelligence Unit said.

Interdependence causes war and protectionism solves this

Friedman and Friedman, 96 – *Founder of STRATFOR AND Senior Writer for Strategic Forecasting (*George AND Meredith, The Future of War, Google Books, p. 7-9,)
The argument that interdependence gives rise to peace is flawed in theory as well as
AND
not only possible but, as a simple statistical matter, highly likely.

China Instability Good

Instability spurs democratic transition

Lui, 8 — UC Santa Barbara Chinese political culture professor
(Alan P., University of California Santa Barbara political science professor emeritus specializing in contemporary Chinese political culture and development, China Review International,and#34; 3-22-8, China’s Democratic Future: How It Will Happen and Where It Will Lead,and#34; l/n)

At the same time, Chinese society has been undergoing rapid changes because of increasing
AND
and civil service examination to the usual legislative-judiciary-executive model).
~Matt note: Gilley = Bruce Gilley, New School University international affairs professor~

Chinese democracy solves global democratic peace

Gilley, 5 - New School international affairs professor
(Bruce, New School University, former contributing editor at the Far Eastern Economic Review, China’s Democratic Future, 2005, 246-8, mss)

If it has not already been brought into serious question by the continued spread of
AND
with that global movement, the possibilities for positive change will be immense.

Solves nuclear war and extinction

Diamond, Hoover Institution Senior Fellow, 95
(Larry, Stanford Univ. Political Science and Sociology professor, former Baghdad CPA senior adviser, 1995,
and#34;Promoting Democracy in the 1990s,and#34; http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/fr.htm)

This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harker SX | Judge: Jacob Hurwitz

Syria DA

Syria strikes will be authorized – Obama actively pushing – key to undecided voters  
WSJ 9/5
and#34;Push Intensifies for House Backing on Strikesand#34; ~http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323623304579057261014938756.html~~
WASHINGTON—The White House and its allies intensified efforts to win backing for a
AND
even Mr. Paul said he expects the measure to pass the Senate.

Congressional approval boosts Obama’s cred – an XO would kill it
Luce 9-1 – Washington bureau chief of the Financial Times (Edward, and#34;Barack Obama risks more than just his credibility on Syriaand#34;, September 1 of 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8c1b8faa-128b-11e3-8336-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2dtdrJg26-http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8c1b8faa-128b-11e3-8336-00144feabdc0.html)
First, the positive side. Mr Obama’s request, which Congress will debate only
AND
to respond to the barbaric gassing of hundreds of innocent foreign children. 

Economic engagement with Mexico is controversial – specifically unconditioned aid.

Seelke 2013 Claire Ribando Seelke - Specialist in Latin American Affairs, and#34;Mexico and the 112th Congressand#34;, January 29th, 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf
There have been ongoing concerns about the human rights records of Mexico’s federal, state
AND
torture and other mistreatment; and strengthening protection for human rights defenders.97
Obama’s cred solves south china sea conflict
Ben Coes 11, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 26 author, and#34;The disease of a weak presidentand#34;, The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are
AND
on behalf of our allies. And our allies are Israel and India.
South China Sea conflicts cause extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace 26 Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, and#34;Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?and#34;,  www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
AND
—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction. 

K

The AFF is grounded in a production-oriented economic imaginary – movement of goods and people assumes and generates expanding consumer demand, creating a society that relentlessly strives for greater levels of growth

Princen et al 02 (Thomas, Professor at the School of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan, Ken Conca, Associate Professor of Government and Politics and Director of the Harrison Program on the Future Global Agenda at the University of Maryland, Michael Maniates, Professor of Environmental Science and Political Science Allegheny College, Confronting Consumption, pgs. 4-8)
How might ordinary people living in high-consumption societies begin to clarify and act
AND
again, would be to enter into the forbidden territory of consumer sovereignty.

====You have an ethical obligation to refuse overconsumption and politicize production of waste – overconsumption drives and#34;waste imperialismand#34; – the First World uses the Third as a giant landfill, producing massive structural inequality while reproducing the myth of the and#34;dirty, foreignand#34; other====
Mannathukkaren 12 (Nissim, Associate Professor, International Development Studies, Dalhousie University, and#34;Garbage as our alter egoand#34;, Nov 3, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/garbage-as-our-alter-ego/article4059003.ece)
If there is one thing that is symptomatic of the modern human condition, but
AND
be hidden under the carpet. It has to be confronted head on. 

The judge should vote negative to embrace an aesthetics of voluntary simplicity

It’s try-or-die for the alternative – current consumption practices make extinction inevitable – shifting the subject position of the economic imaginary away from producers and towards consumers creates a shift towards creative strategies for simplicity and de-growth

Alexander 12 Samuel, lecturer at the Office for Environmental Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia, and#34;DEGROWTH IMPLIES VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTIONand#34;, Simplicity Institute Report 12b, 2012)
The global economy is exceeding the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet, and it
AND
in the hope that the existing barriers to sustainable consumption can be overcome.

CP

Text: The United States Federal Government will do the plan if and only if Mexico agrees to:
- Enhance transparency by protecting the free flow of information,
- Expand targeted performance-based funding to the Mexican states,
- Allow monitoring and reporting of crimes directly to a federal body,
- And increase police wages, training, and equipment.

Conditioning aid on transparency and police reform works—creates a police force independent of political pressures
Velez-Green, Reyes, and Ramicone Sep-12 (Alex, Robin, and Anthony, The Institute of Politics is a non-profit organization located in the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and#34;GOVERNMENTAL, JUDICIAL AND POLICE CORRUPTION,and#34; http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf-http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf)

Thirdly, recognizing that functioning police forces are essential to ensure the safety of noncorrupt
AND
remain independent of local political pressures by reporting directly to a federal agency.

That’s key to solve corruption and security in Mexico
Sabet May-10 (Daniel, and#34;Police Reform in Mexico: Advances and Persistent Obstacles,and#34; Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Mexico Institute, University of San Diego Trans-Border Institute, Daniel Sabet is a visiting professor at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/dms76/policefiles/Sabet_police_reform.pdf-http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/dms76/policefiles/Sabet_police_reform.pdf)

At no time in Mexico’s history has there been a greater need for professional police
AND
creating an effective police force operating ¶ within the confines of the law.

Trade Bad

Trade causes war

Saul, 99- President of International PEN, Award-Winning Essayist and Novelist, General Editor of the Penguin Extraordinary Canadians Project, President of Canadian Pen from 1990-1992, Co-Chair of the Institute for Canadian Citizenship (John Ralston, and#34;Globalisationand#34;, Free Trade and Protectionism, 1999, January 5th 2010, http://www.abc.net.au/specials/saul/fifth.htm,)
A very famous lobbyist courtier said last year that history shows us quite clearly that
AND
did he do it? It was about the wheat trade of course.

Increased trade leads to increased pathogen spread- multiple reasons

Sciencedaily 11 (Sciencedaly.com, cites study done by researchers at the UK research councils’ Rural Economy and Land use programme, June 9, and#34;Is Free Global Trade Too Great a Threat to Food Supplies, Natural Heritage and Health?and#34;, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110609083226.htm)
Researchers from the UK Research Councils’ Rural Economy and Land Use Programme say that we
AND
recognise that free trade could, in some cases, pose unacceptable risks.and#34;

Disease spread causes extinction

Discover, 00 (and#34;Twenty Ways the World Could Endand#34; by Corey Powell in Discover Magazine, October 2000, http://discovermagazine.com/2000/oct/featworld)
If Earth doesn’t do us in, our fellow organisms might be up to the
AND
disease, which humans helped transport as they migrated into the New World.