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Page: Novice-Teams Aff
Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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University of Georgia | 1 | Woodward | Smith |
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University of Georgia | 2 | Woodward | Smith |
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Woodward Novice | 1 | Alpharetta | Bilbo Baggins |
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Woodward Novice | 1 | Opponent: Alpharetta | Judge: Bilbo Baggins Please consult each team before the debate because one or two cards might be added or subtracted although the main structure should be the same |
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Cuba 1AC Outline - Soft Power and Human RightsTournament: University of Georgia | Round: 2 | Opponent: Woodward | Judge: Smith The United States federal government should create a policy for constructive engagement toward the Republic of Cuba by lifting all economic sanctions placed on The Republic of Cuba.SOFT POWERFirst, the Cuban embargo undermines U.S.-Latin American relations.Hakim 13 — Peter Hakim, President Emeritus and Senior Fellow of the Inter-American Dialogue—a Washington-based think tank on Western Hemisphere affairs, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, has served on boards and advisory committees for the World Bank, Council on Competitiveness, Inter-American Development Bank, Canadian Foundation for Latin America, Partners for Democratic Change, and Human Rights Watch, holds a Master of Public and International Affairs degree from Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School, 2013 ("Post Chavez: Can U.S. rebuild Latin American ties?," The Great Debate—a Reuters blog, March 27th, Available Online at http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/03/27/post-chavez-can-u-s-rebuild-latin-american-ties/, Accessed 05-20-2013) Cuba policy is the lynchpin of weak relations — policy change on this issue is key.Thale and Boggs 13 — Geoff Thale, Program Director of the Washington Office on Latin America, has studied Cuba issues since the mid-1990s and traveled to Cuba more than a dozen times, including organizing delegations of academics and members of Congress, and Clay Boggs, Program Officer for Cuba and for Rights and Development at the Washington Office on Latin America, 2013 ("Cuba and the Terrorist List," Washington Office on Latin America, March 5th, Available Online at http://www.wola.org/commentary/cuba_and_the_terrorist_list, Accessed 07-21-2013) The embargo decimates U.S. soft power — it is universally opposed. Specifically, strong Latin American relations are vital to U.S. global influenceSabatini and Berger 12 — Christopher Sabatini, Adjunct Professor at the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, Editor-in-Chief of Americas Quarterly and Senior Director of Policy at Americas Society/Council of the Americas, former Director for Latin America and the Caribbean at the National Endowment for Democracy, holds Ph.D. in Government from the University of Virginia, and Ryan Berger, Policy Associate at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas, 2012 ("Why the U.S. can’t afford to ignore Latin America," Fareed Zakaria’s GPS blog, June 13th, Available Online at http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/13/why-the-u-s-cant-afford-to-ignore-latin-america/, Accessed 05-27-2013)
Policies are key to soft power.Nye 9 — Joseph S. Nye, Jr., University Distinguished Service Professor and Former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Chair of the National Intelligence Council, and Deputy Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard University, 2009 ("The U.S. can reclaim ’smart power’," Los Angeles Times, January 21st, Available Online at http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-nye21-2009jan21,0,3381521.story, Accessed 07-20-2013) Soft power is vital to address global challenges — hard power alone is not enough.Nye 9 — Joseph S. Nye, Jr., University Distinguished Service Professor and Former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Chair of the National Intelligence Council, and Deputy Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard University, 2009 ("The U.S. can reclaim ’smart power’," Los Angeles Times, January 21st, Available Online at http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-nye21-2009jan21,0,3381521.story, Accessed 07-20-2013) Strong U.S.-Latin American relations are vital to address a wide range of impacts including economic growth, climate change, proliferation, democracy, and human rights.Bachelet et al. 12 — Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile, head of UN Women, and Carla A. Hills, Co-chair of the Council on Foreign Relations, Chair of the National Committee on United States-China Relations, served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President Ford and as a U.S. Trade Representative under President Bush, co-chairs of the Sol M. Linowitz Forum of the Inter-American Dialogue—a non-partisan, 100-member group of politicians, academics, business leaders, and others from the United States and Latin America, et al., 2012 ("Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America," Report of the Sol M. Linowitz Forum of the Inter-American Dialogue, April, Available Online at http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf, Accessed 05-20-2013, p. 3-4) soft power is key to prevent every major impact including drugs and disease— power diffusion makes U.S. influence vital.Nye 9 — Joseph S. Nye, Jr., University Distinguished Service Professor and Former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Chair of the National Intelligence Council, and Deputy Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard University, 2009 ("American Power in the Twenty-First Century," Project Syndicate, September 10th, Available Online at http://www.project-syndicate.org/print/american-power-in-the-twenty-first-century, Accessed 05-27-2013) ====Soft Power key to food security, piracy, global pandemics, cyber war, and natural disasters. Hard power won’t solve. ==== He has developed those ideas into a concept he calls "open-source security," arguing that we can protect ourselves better from today’s threats—terrorism, piracy, cyber warfare, natural disasters, global pandemics—by collaborating and sharing information than we can through secrecy and force. "We will not deliver security solely from the barrel of a gun," he said in a recent TED talk. "My thesis of open-source security is about international, interagency, private-public connection, pulled together by this idea of strategic communication on the Internet." Future pandemics threaten human survivalCarpenter and Bishop 2009 (P. A., P. C., July 10, Graduate Program in Studies of the Future, School of Human Sciences and Humanities, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA, Graduate Program in Futures Studies, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. A review of previous mass extinctions and historic catastrophic events, ScienceDirect) The flu of 1890, 1918–1919 Spanish flu, 1957 Asian flu, 1968 Hong Kong flu, and 1977 Russian flu all led to mass deaths. Pandemics such as these remain major threats to human health that could lead to extremely high death rates. The 1918 pandemic is believed to have killed 50 million people ~27~. AIDS (HIV) has killed an estimated 23 million people from 1978 to 2001 ~15~. And there have been numerous other incidents of diseases such as cholera, dysentery, influenza, scurvy, smallpox, typhus, and plague that have caused the deaths of many millions throughout history. Clearly, these biological diseases are much greater threats to human survival than other natural or environmental disasters. Because bacterium and viral strains experience antigenic shifts (which are small changes in the virus that happen continually over time, eventually producing new virus strains that might not be recognized by the body’s immune system), another devastating pandemic could appear at any time. It should also be noted that the threat from biological weapons is quite real. In fact, scientists from the former Soviet Union’s bioweapons program claim to have developed an antibiotic-resistant strain of the plague ~26~. Agricultural instability leads to either mass starvation of a multitude of wars—untold death resultsIkerd ’02 Professor Emeritus, University of Missouri (John, "Small Farms: The Foundation for Long-Run Food Security" Presented at "A Time to Act: Providing Educators with Resources to Address Small Farm Issues," sponsored by University of Illinois, Agroecology/Sustainable Agriculture Program http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/IllSmall.html-http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/IllSmall.html//JC) But in times of crisis, a nation that can’t feed itself is no more secure than is a nation that can’t defend itself. Perhaps we won’t abandon agriculture completely, but we could easily become as dependent on the rest of the world for our food as we are today for our oil. Perhaps, we can keep our food imports flowing, as we do for oil, but how large a military force will it take, how many "small wars" will we have to fight, and how many people will be killed. Cybersecurity threats will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war The US uses the two-man rule to achieve a higher level of security in nuclear affairs. Under this rule two authorized personnel must be present and in agreement during critical stages of nuclear command and control. The President must jointly issue a launch order with the Secretary of Defense; Minuteman missile operators must agree that the launch order is valid; and on a submarine, both the commanding officer and executive officer must agree that the order to launch is valid. In the US, in order to execute a nuclear launch, an Emergency Action Message (EAM) is needed. This is a preformatted message that directs nuclear forces to execute a specific attack. The contents of an EAM change daily and consist of a complex code read by a human voice. Regular monitoring by shortwave listeners and videos posted to YouTube provide insight into how these work. These are issued from the NMCC, or in the event of destruction, from the designated hierarchy of command and control centres. Once a command centre has confirmed the EAM, using the two-man rule, the Permissive Action Link (PAL) codes are entered to arm the weapons and the message is sent out. These messages are sent in digital format via the secure Automatic Digital Network and then relayed to aircraft via single-sideband radio transmitters of the High Frequency Global Communications System, and, at least in the past, sent to nuclear capable submarines via Very Low Frequency (Greenemeier 2008, Hardisty 1985). The technical details of VLF submarine communication methods can be found online, including PC-based VLF reception. Some reports have noted a Pentagon review, which showed a potential "electronic back door into the US Navy’s system for broadcasting nuclear launch orders to Trident submarines" (Peterson 2004). The investigation showed that cyber terrorists could potentially infiltrate this network and insert false orders for launch. The investigation led to "elaborate new instructions for validating launch orders" (Blair 2003). Adding further to the concern of cyber terrorists seizing control over submarine launched nuclear missiles; The Royal Navy announced in 2008 that it would be installing a Microsoft Windows operating system on its nuclear submarines (Page 2008). The choice of operating system, apparently based on Windows XP, is not as alarming as the advertising of such a system is. This may attract hackers and narrow the necessary reconnaissance to learning its details and potential exploits. It is unlikely that the operating system would play a direct role in the signal to launch, although this is far from certain. Knowledge of the operating system may lead to the insertion of malicious code, which could be used to gain accelerating privileges, tracking, valuable information, and deception that could subsequently be used to initiate a launch. Remember from Chapter 2 that the UK’s nuclear submarines have the authority to launch if they believe the central command has been destroyed. Attempts by cyber terrorists to create the illusion of a decapitating strike could also be used to engage fail-deadly systems. Open source knowledge is scarce as to whether Russia continues to operate such a system. However evidence suggests that they have in the past. Perimetr, also known as Dead Hand, was an automated system set to launch a mass scale nuclear attack in the event of a decapitation strike against Soviet leadership and military. In a crisis, military officials would send a coded message to the bunkers, switching on the dead hand. If nearby ground-level sensors detected a nuclear attack on Moscow, and if a break was detected in communications links with top military commanders, the system would send low-frequency signals over underground antennas to special rockets. Flying high over missile fields and other military sites, these rockets in turn would broadcast attack orders to missiles, bombers and, via radio relays, submarines at sea. Contrary to some Western beliefs, Dr. Blair says, many of Russia’s nuclear-armed missiles in underground silos and on mobile launchers can be fired automatically. (Broad 1993) Assuming such a system is still active, cyber terrorists would need to create a crisis situation in order to activate Perimetr, and then fool it into believing a decapitating strike had taken place. While this is not an easy task, the information age makes it easier. Cyber reconnaissance could help locate the machine and learn its inner workings. This could be done by targeting the computers high of level official’s—anyone who has reportedly worked on such a project, or individuals involved in military operations at underground facilities, such as those reported to be located at Yamantau and Kosvinksy mountains in the central southern Urals (Rosenbaum 2007, Blair 2008) Indirect Control of Launch Cyber terrorists could cause incorrect information to be transmitted, received, or displayed at nuclear command and control centres, or shut down these centres’ computer networks completely. In 1995, a Norwegian scientific sounding rocket was mistaken by Russian early warning systems as a nuclear missile launched from a US submarine. A radar operator used Krokus to notify a general on duty who decided to alert the highest levels. Kavkaz was implemented, all three chegets activated, and the countdown for a nuclear decision began. It took eight minutes before the missile was properly identified—a considerable amount of time considering the speed with which a nuclear response must be decided upon (Aftergood 2000). Creating a false signal in these early warning systems would be relatively easy using computer network operations. The real difficulty would be gaining access to these systems as they are most likely on a closed network. However, if they are transmitting wirelessly, that may provide an entry point, and information gained through the internet may reveal the details, such as passwords and software, for gaining entrance to the closed network. If access was obtained, a false alarm could be followed by something like a DDoS attack, so the operators believe an attack may be imminent, yet they can no longer verify it. This could add pressure to the decision making process, and if coordinated precisely, could appear as a first round EMP burst. Terrorist groups could also attempt to launch a non-nuclear missile, such as the one used by Norway, in an attempt to fool the system. The number of states who possess such technology is far greater than the number of states who possess nuclear weapons. Obtaining them would be considerably easier, especially when enhancing operations through computer network operations. Combining traditional terrorist methods with cyber techniques opens opportunities neither could accomplish on their own. For example, radar stations might be more vulnerable to a computer attack, while satellites are more vulnerable to jamming from a laser beam, thus together they deny dual phenomenology. Mapping communications networks through cyber reconnaissance may expose weaknesses, and automated scanning devices created by more experienced hackers can be readily found on the internet. Intercepting or spoofing communications is a highly complex science. These systems are designed to protect against the world’s most powerful and well funded militaries. Yet, there are recurring gaffes, and the very nature of asymmetric warfare is to bypass complexities by finding simple loopholes. For example, commercially available software for voice-morphing could be used to capture voice commands within the command and control structure, cut these sound bytes into phonemes, and splice it back together in order to issue false voice commands (Andersen 2001, Chapter 16). Spoofing could also be used to escalate a volatile situation in the hopes of starting a nuclear war. " ~they cut off the paragraph~ "In June 1998, a group of international hackers calling themselves Milw0rm hacked the web site of India’s Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) and put up a spoofed web page showing a mushroom cloud and the text "If a nuclear war does start, you will be the first to scream" (Denning 1999). Hacker web-page defacements like these are often derided by critics of cyber terrorism as simply being a nuisance which causes no significant harm. However, web-page defacements are becoming more common, and they point towards alarming possibilities in subversion. During the 2007 cyber attacks against Estonia, a counterfeit letter of apology from Prime Minister Andrus Ansip was planted on his political party website (Grant 2007). This took place amid the confusion of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments. Climate Change causes ExtinctionTickell 08 – (Oliver Tickell is an environmental Researcher. He is the founder of the Kyoto2 climate initiative, a researcher of the Oxford Climate Associates and specialized in international climate policy. Published August 11th, 2008 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange) Drug trafficking turns stability – makes suppressing violence impossibleKleiman, 4 Engagement with Cuba boosts overall U.S. soft power — the plan increases momentum and credibility.Dickerson 10 — Sergio M. Dickerson, Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army, 2010 ("United States Security Strategy Towards Cuba," Strategy Research Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the U.S. Army War College, January 14th, Available Online at http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518053, Accessed 05-20-2013, p. 21-22) Proliferation risks nuclear conflict—inexperienced nations will be more likely to use their nukesHorowitz 9¬¬—Professor of Political Science at University of Pennsylvania ~Michael Horowitz, "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?" Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volume 53 Number 2, April 2009 pg. 234-257~ Learning as states gain experience with nuclear weapons is complicated. While to some extent nuclear acquisition might provide information about resolve or capabilities, it also generates uncertainty about the way an actual conflict would go – given the new risk of nuclear escalation – and uncertainty about relative capabilities. Rapid proliferation may especially heighten uncertainty given the potential for reasonable states to disagree at times about the quality of the capabilities each possesses. 3 Advantage Two is Human RightsThe Cuban embargo is the worst and most destructive of all policies enacted by the United States—it systematically denies Cubans of their most basic rightsWall, 97 contributing Editor of The Christian Century magazine (James M. Wall, June 1997, "Cruel squeeze on Cuba", Ebsco)EM IT IS HARD to think of any single foreign policy act by the United States that is meaner, more demeaning and altogether less defensible than the American embargo on medicine, medical supplies and food to Cuba." That stinging rebuke was delivered by Stephen S. Rosenfeld in the Washington Post. The embargo, first put in place in 1961 in an effort to topple Fidel Castro, is not only mean and demeaning; it is also a complete failure. Castro is still in power. In addition, by including medicine and food in the embargo, the U.S. is violating international human rights conventions which call for the free movement of food and medicine, even in wartime, to civilian populations. Seventeen years ago I spoke to a small Southern Baptist congregation in Havana. During the social hour a woman told me of her daughter’s need for a medication. At that time she could get drugs from Eastern Europe, but the particular drug she needed was available only from a U.S. company. Did I think, she asked, that after the upcoming presidential election her fellow Southern Baptist, Jimmy Carter, would lift the embargo on food and medicine? I told her that I had good reason to believe that Carter, if re-elected, would indeed lift that part of the ban. Three weeks later, Carter lost the presidency to Ronald Reagan. The embargo is not only still in place; it has been tightened. In 1992 George Bush signed the Cuban Democracy Act during a campaign stop in Florida, and in 1996 President Clinton signed the Helms-Burton Act during his re-election campaign. It is the Helms-Burton Act which is so stringent that it prevents foreign companies from doing business in the U.S. if they "traffic" with Cuban companies that hold properties that Castro nationalized in 1960. The U.S., which in recent years has turned to the United Nations to sanction its military actions in Iraq and in the former Yugoslavia, has ignored UN resolutions that condemn the Cuba embargo and which call for the U.S. to rescind provisions of the embargo that violate both the UN Charter and international law. The damage inflicted on the Cuban people by the ban on food and medicine has been documented in a recent year-long study conducted by the American Association for World Health. The medical investigators, directed by physician Peter Bourne, chair of the AAWH board and a former official in the Carter administration, interviewed medical professionals and government officials, surveyed 12 American medical and pharmaceutical companies, and documented the experience of Cuban import firms. AAWH concluded that the U.S. embargo is "taking a tragic human toll" on the Cuban people. Indeed, "the embargo has closed so many windows that in some instances Cuban physicians have found it impossible to obtain lifesaving machines from any source, under any circumstances. Patients have died." According to the report, until 1990 all Cuban women over the age of 35 received mammograms on a regular basis at no cost. Today, without adequate equipment, mammograms are no longer employed as a routine preventive procedure; they are used only for high-risk patients. In 1994 and 1995, the lack of X-ray film halted all mammograms in Havana institutions and in 15 mobile units. The AAWH found that "the embargo prevents the Eastman Kodak company or any subsidiary from selling the U.S.-produced Kodak Mini-R film—a product specifically recommended by the World Health Organization because it exposes women to less radiation." During the 1980s, as many as 15 mastectomies were performed daily; now, because of the lack of surgical supplies, the number has dropped to two or three a day. Cuba tried to buy X-ray film from third-party trading companies, but ran into two problems: markups priced the film out of the government’s reach, and these third-party intermediaries were reluctant to purchase sufficient quantities to sell to Cuba even at inflated prices because large purchases would call U.S. attention to sales that would be illegal under U.S. law. The AAWH team also reported that since 1992 Cuba has been unable to purchase parts for the chlorination system that treats 70 percent of the country’s drinking water. Morbidity rates from water-born diseases have doubled since 1989. A shortage of anesthetics and related equipment and of antibiotics has forced a drop in the number of surgeries from 885,790 in 1990 to 536,547 in 1995. When the AAWH team visited one pediatric ward, it found that 35 children were vomiting 28 to 30 times a day from their chemotherapy treatment, a reaction that is normally minimized with a drug readily available in the U.S. New drugs for breast cancer and children’s leukemia are denied to women and children in Cuba. The political logic behind a policy of deliberately blocking Cuba from access to medical supplies and drugs is quite simple: some U.S. politicians and their financial backers, most notably Cuban-Americans who live in South Florida and New Jersey and dream of one day returning to Cuba, don’t like Fidel Castro. Neither did Dwight Eisenhower, who began the embargo in 1961 at the height of the cold war when Castro nationalized the U.S. corporations in Cuba and declared his Marxist sympathies. That move brought him decades of financial support from the Soviet Union, but it also launched the U.S. embargo. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1989, its financial backing for Cuba ended. The U.S. embargo continues. Following the release of the AAWH report, the U.S. State Department quickly rejected "any allegation that the United States government is responsible for the deplorable state of health care in Cuba." A spokesman for Secretary of State Madeleine Albright maintained that a "loophole" in the embargo allows for U.S. humanitarian shipments to Cuba from nongovernmental agencies. According to AAWH, however, "donations from U.S. NGOs, international agencies and third countries do not compensate to any major degree for the hardships inflicted by the embargo on the health care system and the health of the Cuban people. Restrictions placed on charitable donations from the U.S. which are similar to those imposed on commercial trade have the same discouraging impact, severely limiting what might otherwise be contributed." The AAWH’s conclusions are supported by statistics and extensive interviews with medical professionals in Cuba and the U.S. But individual cases tell an even more powerful story. "In one instance," the AAWH reports, "Cuban cardiologists diagnosed a heart attack patient with a ventricular arrhythmia. He required an implantable defibrillator to survive. Though the U.S. firm CPI, which then held a virtual monopoly on the device, expressed a willingness to make the sale, the U.S. government denied a license for it. Two months later the patient died." Furthermore, it legitimizes the Castro regime, which destroys human rightsHRW, 8 (Human Rights Watch, 2/19/8, "Cuba: Fidel Castro’s Abusive Machinery Remains Intact", http://www.hrw.org/news/2008/02/18/cuba-fidel-castro-s-abusive-machinery-remains-intact)//EM Such sanctions are an immoral and calculative form of foreign policy that is evil and should be rejectedAddis, 3 William Ray Forrester Professor of Public and Constitutional Law at Tulane University Law School. He received his B.A. and LL.B. (Honours) from Macquarie University (Australia), and an LL.M. and a J.S.D from Yale. (Adeno Addis, 2003, "Economic Sanctions and the Problem of Evil", Human Rights Quarterly 25.3, Project Muse)EM As sanctions have proliferated, however, their use has come under intense challenge from various sources. The reasons for such challenges are as diverse as the critics themselves, but one could group the critics into three general categories. One group of critics simply challenges that sanctions do in fact achieve the purpose for which they are often adopted. Proponents of sanctions often state that sanctions are imposed for purposes of persuading or forcing the regime of the target state to change its conduct or policy in relation to a particular area of concern by making the cost of pursuing that policy greater than the benefit to be gained from it. Critics of this line of reasoning argue that sanctions, whether unilateral or multilateral, often fail to bring about the desired behavioral or policy change. 12 The challenge here is, by and large, empirical not normative. Other critics may concede that more often than not such measures would lead to the desired behavior modification, but at a cost that is often unacceptably high. Economic sanctions deprive citizens of the target state many of the basic necessities of life, leading to massive disruption and even destruction of life. The often high cost in life, liberty, and property that economic sanctions exact on innocent citizens and sectors of the target state are, to these critics, simply unacceptable even if at the end there was to be a change in the action and behavior of the regime of the target state. The moral and material costs that sanctions entail are, to these critics, simply too high to bear. Actually, there are two versions of the moral argument. The weak version is utilitarian in nature. It claims that often the cost in innocent human life and infrastructural damage is far greater than the benefit that is gained by imposing these sanctions. 13 The strong version of the moral argument is Kantian in its outlook. It objects to economic sanctions on the ground that often, if not always, sanctions target innocent civilians for suffering as a means to achieving a foreign policy objective, contrary to Kant’s categorical imperative that we treat "humanity, whether in ~our~ person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end." 14 The argument here is that it is morally ~End Page 576~ unacceptable to impose suffering on innocent sectors of the target state, as economic sanctions do, for an objective that does not involve the prevention of the deaths of other innocent persons. 15 Maintaining a moral order that respects human rights is crucial for human survival.Annas et al. 2 — George J. Annas, Edward R. Utley Professor and Chair of the Health Law Department at the Boston University School of Public Health, Professor of SocioMedical Sciences and Community Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine, Professor of Law at Boston University School of Law, holds a J.D. from Harvard Law School and an M.P.H. from Harvard School of Public Health, et al., with Lori B. Andrews, Distinguished Professor of Law at the Chicago-Kent College of Law, Director of the Institute for Science, Law, and Technology at the Illinois Institute of Technology, holds a J.D. from Yale Law School, and Rosario M. Isasi, Health Law and Bioethics Fellow in the Health Law Department at the Boston University School of Public Health, holds a J.D. from Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru and an M.P.H. from the Boston University School of Public Health, 2002 ("Protecting the Endangered Human: Toward an International Treaty Prohibiting Cloning and Inheritable Alterations," American Journal of Law and Medicine (28 Am. J. L. and Med. 151), Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Lexis-Nexis) Dehumanization is the worst comprehensible impact: it outweighs everythingMontagu and Matson, anthropologist and professor of American Studies, 83 This book is concerned with an invisible disease, an affliction of the spirit, which has been ravaging humanity in recent times without surcrease and virtually without resistance, and which has now reached epidemic proportions in the Western world. The contagion is unknown to science and unreckognized by medicine (pyschiatry aside); yet its wasting symptoms are plain for all to see and its lethal effects are everywhere on display. It neither kills outright nor inflicts apparent physical harm, yet the extent of its destructive toll is already greater than that of any war, plague, famine, or natural calamity on record-and it’s potential damage to the quality of human life and the fabric of civilized society is beyond calculation. For that reason the sickness of the soul might well be called the "Fifth horseman of the apocalypse." It’s more conventional name, of course, is dehumanization. SolvencyWant change in Cuba? End U.S. embargo nowPerez Jr. 10 Louis A. Perez Jr. is the J. Carlyle Sitterson professor of history and the director of the Institute for the Study of the Americas at the University -http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/09/20/perez.cuba.embargo/index.html?iref=allsearchof North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He holds a M.A. from the University of Arizona, 1966 and a | 3/17/14 |
Cuba Aff 1AC OutlineTournament: University of Georgia | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodward | Judge: Smith SOFTPOWER US influence is on the brink – multiple states and international groups are forming to counter-balance American interests. Soft Power collapses in 2015.Suver, research associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 2012 The increasingly vocal and adamant calls for Cuba’s inclusion by Latin America, and the The embargo decimates U.S. soft power — it is universally opposed. Strong relations are vital to address a wide range of impacts including economic growth, climate change, proliferation, democracy, and human rights. Relations only get worse, now is key.Bachelet et al. 12 — Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile, head of UN Women, and Carla A. Hills, Co-chair of the Council on Foreign Relations, Chair of the National Committee on United States-China Relations, served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President Ford and as a U.S. Trade Representative under President Bush, co-chairs of the Sol M. Linowitz Forum of the Inter-American Dialogue—a non-partisan, 100-member group of politicians, academics, business leaders, and others from the United States and Latin America, et al., 2012 ("Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America," Report of the Sol M. Linowitz Forum of the Inter-American Dialogue, April, Available Online at http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf, Accessed 05-20-2013, p. 3-4) soft power is key to prevent every major impact including drugs and disease— power diffusion makes U.S. influence vital.Nye 9 — Joseph S. Nye, Jr., University Distinguished Service Professor and Former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Chair of the National Intelligence Council, and Deputy Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard University, 2009 ("American Power in the Twenty-First Century," Project Syndicate, September 10th, Available Online at http://www.project-syndicate.org/print/american-power-in-the-twenty-first-century, Accessed 05-27-2013) ====Soft Power key to food security, piracy, global pandemics, cyber war, and natural disasters. Hard power won’t solve. ==== He has developed those ideas into a concept he calls "open-source security Future pandemics threaten human survivalCarpenter and Bishop 2009 (P. A., P. C., July 10, Graduate Program in Studies of the Future, School of Human Sciences and Humanities, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA, Graduate Program in Futures Studies, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. A review of previous mass extinctions and historic catastrophic events, ScienceDirect) The flu of 1890, 1918–1919 Spanish flu, 1957 Asian flu, Agricultural instability leads to either mass starvation of a multitude of wars—untold death resultsIkerd ’02 Professor Emeritus, University of Missouri (John, "Small Farms: The Foundation for Long-Run Food Security" Presented at "A Time to Act: Providing Educators with Resources to Address Small Farm Issues," sponsored by University of Illinois, Agroecology/Sustainable Agriculture Program http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/IllSmall.html-http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/IllSmall.html//JC) But in times of crisis, a nation that can’t feed itself is no more Cybersecurity threats will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war The US uses the two-man rule to achieve a higher level of Climate Change causes ExtinctionTickell 08 – (Oliver Tickell is an environmental Researcher. He is the founder of the Kyoto2 climate initiative, a researcher of the Oxford Climate Associates and specialized in international climate policy. Published August 11th, 2008 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange) Natural Disasters are seven times more dangerous than war.Terradaily citing WMO ’2 Global statistics continue to highlight an increasing number of people who are affected by weather- and climate- related disasters while records show a corresponding increase in the number of such hazards, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) on the occasion of Friday’s World Meteorological Day. Drug trafficking turns stability – makes suppressing violence impossibleKleiman, 4 Engagement with Cuba boosts overall U.S. soft power — the plan increases momentum and credibility.Dickerson 10 — Sergio M. Dickerson, Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army, 2010 ("United States Security Strategy Towards Cuba," Strategy Research Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the U.S. Army War College, January 14th, Available Online at http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518053, Accessed 05-20-2013, p. 21-22) TERRORISMFirst, enforcing the embargo diverts attention and resources from urgent counter-terrorism priorities.Johnson et al. 10 — Andy Johnson, Director of the National Security Program at Third Way—a public policy think tank, former Staff Director of the Senate Intelligence Committee, et al., with Kyle Spector, Policy Advisor in the National Security Program at Third Way, and Kristina Lilac, Policy Advisor in the National Security Program at Third Way, 2010 ("End the Embargo of Cuba," Memorandum issued by Third Way—a public policy think tank, September 16th, Available Online at http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf, Accessed 07-20-2013) Second, Cuba’s inclusion on the Terror List independently undermines U.S. anti-terrorism credibility.Kayyem 13 — Juliette Kayyem, Lecturer in Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Pacific Council on International Policy, Columnist for the Boston Globe, former Assistant Secretary for Intergovernmental Affairs in the United States Department of Homeland Security, holds a J.D. from Harvard Law School, 2013 ("Diluting the terror watch lists," Boston Globe, April 29th, Available Online at http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2013/04/28/making-terror-lists-matter-cuba-not-state-sponsor-terrorism/X2NW0rfYm5A2eJT5VZEuHI/story.html, Accessed 05-14-2013) FIRST SCENARIORussian growth unsustainable- decline inevitableGoldstone, 12-2-11, Jack A., Hazel professor of public policy at George Mason University and a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. He blogs on global trends at NewPopulationBomb. "Rise of the TIMBIs," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/02/rise_of_the_timbis?page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/02/rise_of_the_timbis?page=full Compared with much-hyped China, Russia’s problems are well known. Its population With a weakened Russian economy, Russia will sell nukes to terrorists and a nuclear war is inevitable in the status quoPatrick F. Speice, 2006 (staff, William and Mary Law Review), February 1, 2006. Retrieved Apr. 22, 2013 from Lexis. SECOND SCENARIOIran-sponsored terrorism is an urgent threat — large-scale attacks against Israel and the U.S. are likely.Jenkins 12 — Brian Michael Jenkins, Senior Adviser to the President of the RAND Corporation, formerly served as chair of the Political Science Department at RAND, former member of the National Commission on Terrorism, holds an M.A. in History from the University of California-Los Angeles, 2012 ("An Assessment of the Current Terrorist Threat: A Resurgence of Iranian-Sponsored Terrorism," RAND Corporation — Excerpt from Congressional Testimony, July 23rd, Available Online at http://www.rand.org/blog/2012/07/an-assessment-of-the-current-terrorist-threat-a-resurgence.html, Accessed 07-20-2013) These attacks will be effective and use weapons of mass destruction.Walker and Golestani 9 — Justin Walker, Intelligence Analyst at the Urban Warfare Analysis Center, and Leila Golestani, Intelligence Analyst at the Urban Warfare Analysis Center, 2009 ("Threat Analysis: Hamas and Hezbollah Sleeper Cells in the United States," Report Prepared by the Urban Warfare Analysis Center, March 18th, Available Online at http://www.scribd.com/doc/76745623/Threat-Analysis-Hamas-and-Hezbollah-Sleeper-Cells-in-the-United-States-Urban-Warfare-Analysis-Center, Accessed 07-20-2013, p. 19) THIRD SCENARIONorth Korea terrorist risk is high. If North Korea successfully sponsored terrorists, the US would surely retaliate.Millen, LTC Raymond, Director of Regional Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute; (2005) "Welcome Iran and North Korea to the Nuclear Club: You’re Targeted." Strategic Studies Institute 1. But is directed nuclear deterrence unnecessarily provocative? The response is ¶ simply that the North Korea proliferation and U.S. retaliation would cause extinctionHayes 26 Hamel-Green, 10 – *Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainable Development, AND Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development act Victoria University (1/5/10, Executive Dean at Victoria, "The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia," http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf) The international community is increasingly aware that cooperative diplomacy is the most productive way to nuclear terrorism is an existential threat — don’t underestimate the probability.Saga 8 — Saga Foundation—a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to raising awareness and creating models for action to increase nuclear safety and security, 2008 ("Nuclear Terrorism: Local Effects, Global Consequences," White Paper — Saga Foundation, July, Available Online at http://www.sagafoundation.org/SagaFoundationWhitePaperSAGAMARK7282008.pdf, Accessed 07-20-2013, p. 1-2) SOLVENCYNow is the key time for constructive engagement — the plan establishes a new paradigm for U.S.-Cuba relations.Piccone 13 — Ted Piccone, Senior Fellow and Deputy Director for Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, served eight years as a senior foreign policy advisor in the Clinton Administration, holds a J.D. from Columbia University, 2013 ("Time to Bet on Cuba," The Hill, March 18th, Available Online at http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/03/18-cuba-piccone, Accessed 05-20-2013) Unconditional engagement is key —Huddleston and Pascual 10 — Vicki Huddleston, Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution and PLAN: The United States federal government should lift the Cuban embargo and remove the Republic of Cuba from the State Department’s list of state sponsors of terrorism. SOFTPOWER US influence is on the brink – multiple states and international groups are forming to counter-balance American interests. Soft Power collapses in 2015.Suver, research associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 2012 The increasingly vocal and adamant calls for Cuba’s inclusion by Latin America, and the The embargo decimates U.S. soft power — it is universally opposed. Strong relations are vital to address a wide range of impacts including economic growth, climate change, proliferation, democracy, and human rights. Relations only get worse, now is key.Bachelet et al. 12 — Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile, head of UN Women, and Carla A. Hills, Co-chair of the Council on Foreign Relations, Chair of the National Committee on United States-China Relations, served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President Ford and as a U.S. Trade Representative under President Bush, co-chairs of the Sol M. Linowitz Forum of the Inter-American Dialogue—a non-partisan, 100-member group of politicians, academics, business leaders, and others from the United States and Latin America, et al., 2012 ("Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America," Report of the Sol M. Linowitz Forum of the Inter-American Dialogue, April, Available Online at http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf, Accessed 05-20-2013, p. 3-4) soft power is key to prevent every major impact including drugs and disease— power diffusion makes U.S. influence vital.Nye 9 — Joseph S. Nye, Jr., University Distinguished Service Professor and Former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Chair of the National Intelligence Council, and Deputy Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard University, 2009 ("American Power in the Twenty-First Century," Project Syndicate, September 10th, Available Online at http://www.project-syndicate.org/print/american-power-in-the-twenty-first-century, Accessed 05-27-2013) ====Soft Power key to food security, piracy, global pandemics, cyber war, and natural disasters. Hard power won’t solve. ==== He has developed those ideas into a concept he calls "open-source security Future pandemics threaten human survivalCarpenter and Bishop 2009 (P. A., P. C., July 10, Graduate Program in Studies of the Future, School of Human Sciences and Humanities, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA, Graduate Program in Futures Studies, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. A review of previous mass extinctions and historic catastrophic events, ScienceDirect) The flu of 1890, 1918–1919 Spanish flu, 1957 Asian flu, Agricultural instability leads to either mass starvation of a multitude of wars—untold death resultsIkerd ’02 Professor Emeritus, University of Missouri (John, "Small Farms: The Foundation for Long-Run Food Security" Presented at "A Time to Act: Providing Educators with Resources to Address Small Farm Issues," sponsored by University of Illinois, Agroecology/Sustainable Agriculture Program http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/IllSmall.html-http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/IllSmall.html//JC) But in times of crisis, a nation that can’t feed itself is no more Cybersecurity threats will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war The US uses the two-man rule to achieve a higher level of Climate Change causes ExtinctionTickell 08 – (Oliver Tickell is an environmental Researcher. He is the founder of the Kyoto2 climate initiative, a researcher of the Oxford Climate Associates and specialized in international climate policy. Published August 11th, 2008 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange) Natural Disasters are seven times more dangerous than war.Terradaily citing WMO ’2 Global statistics continue to highlight an increasing number of people who are affected by weather- and climate- related disasters while records show a corresponding increase in the number of such hazards, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) on the occasion of Friday’s World Meteorological Day. Drug trafficking turns stability – makes suppressing violence impossibleKleiman, 4 Engagement with Cuba boosts overall U.S. soft power — the plan increases momentum and credibility.Dickerson 10 — Sergio M. Dickerson, Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army, 2010 ("United States Security Strategy Towards Cuba," Strategy Research Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the U.S. Army War College, January 14th, Available Online at http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518053, Accessed 05-20-2013, p. 21-22) TERRORISMFirst, enforcing the embargo diverts attention and resources from urgent counter-terrorism priorities.Johnson et al. 10 — Andy Johnson, Director of the National Security Program at Third Way—a public policy think tank, former Staff Director of the Senate Intelligence Committee, et al., with Kyle Spector, Policy Advisor in the National Security Program at Third Way, and Kristina Lilac, Policy Advisor in the National Security Program at Third Way, 2010 ("End the Embargo of Cuba," Memorandum issued by Third Way—a public policy think tank, September 16th, Available Online at http://content.thirdway.org/publications/326/Third_Way_Memo_-_End_the_Embargo_of_Cuba.pdf, Accessed 07-20-2013) Second, Cuba’s inclusion on the Terror List independently undermines U.S. anti-terrorism credibility.Kayyem 13 — Juliette Kayyem, Lecturer in Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Pacific Council on International Policy, Columnist for the Boston Globe, former Assistant Secretary for Intergovernmental Affairs in the United States Department of Homeland Security, holds a J.D. from Harvard Law School, 2013 ("Diluting the terror watch lists," Boston Globe, April 29th, Available Online at http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2013/04/28/making-terror-lists-matter-cuba-not-state-sponsor-terrorism/X2NW0rfYm5A2eJT5VZEuHI/story.html, Accessed 05-14-2013) FIRST SCENARIORussian growth unsustainable- decline inevitableGoldstone, 12-2-11, Jack A., Hazel professor of public policy at George Mason University and a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. He blogs on global trends at NewPopulationBomb. "Rise of the TIMBIs," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/02/rise_of_the_timbis?page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/02/rise_of_the_timbis?page=full Compared with much-hyped China, Russia’s problems are well known. Its population With a weakened Russian economy, Russia will sell nukes to terrorists and a nuclear war is inevitable in the status quoPatrick F. Speice, 2006 (staff, William and Mary Law Review), February 1, 2006. Retrieved Apr. 22, 2013 from Lexis. SECOND SCENARIOIran-sponsored terrorism is an urgent threat — large-scale attacks against Israel and the U.S. are likely.Jenkins 12 — Brian Michael Jenkins, Senior Adviser to the President of the RAND Corporation, formerly served as chair of the Political Science Department at RAND, former member of the National Commission on Terrorism, holds an M.A. in History from the University of California-Los Angeles, 2012 ("An Assessment of the Current Terrorist Threat: A Resurgence of Iranian-Sponsored Terrorism," RAND Corporation — Excerpt from Congressional Testimony, July 23rd, Available Online at http://www.rand.org/blog/2012/07/an-assessment-of-the-current-terrorist-threat-a-resurgence.html, Accessed 07-20-2013) These attacks will be effective and use weapons of mass destruction.Walker and Golestani 9 — Justin Walker, Intelligence Analyst at the Urban Warfare Analysis Center, and Leila Golestani, Intelligence Analyst at the Urban Warfare Analysis Center, 2009 ("Threat Analysis: Hamas and Hezbollah Sleeper Cells in the United States," Report Prepared by the Urban Warfare Analysis Center, March 18th, Available Online at http://www.scribd.com/doc/76745623/Threat-Analysis-Hamas-and-Hezbollah-Sleeper-Cells-in-the-United-States-Urban-Warfare-Analysis-Center, Accessed 07-20-2013, p. 19) THIRD SCENARIONorth Korea terrorist risk is high. If North Korea successfully sponsored terrorists, the US would surely retaliate.Millen, LTC Raymond, Director of Regional Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute; (2005) "Welcome Iran and North Korea to the Nuclear Club: You’re Targeted." Strategic Studies Institute 1. But is directed nuclear deterrence unnecessarily provocative? The response is ¶ simply that the North Korea proliferation and U.S. retaliation would cause extinctionHayes 26 Hamel-Green, 10 – *Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainable Development, AND Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development act Victoria University (1/5/10, Executive Dean at Victoria, "The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia," http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf) The international community is increasingly aware that cooperative diplomacy is the most productive way to nuclear terrorism is an existential threat — don’t underestimate the probability.Saga 8 — Saga Foundation—a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to raising awareness and creating models for action to increase nuclear safety and security, 2008 ("Nuclear Terrorism: Local Effects, Global Consequences," White Paper — Saga Foundation, July, Available Online at http://www.sagafoundation.org/SagaFoundationWhitePaperSAGAMARK7282008.pdf, Accessed 07-20-2013, p. 1-2) SOLVENCYNow is the key time for constructive engagement — the plan establishes a new paradigm for U.S.-Cuba relations.Piccone 13 — Ted Piccone, Senior Fellow and Deputy Director for Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, served eight years as a senior foreign policy advisor in the Clinton Administration, holds a J.D. from Columbia University, 2013 ("Time to Bet on Cuba," The Hill, March 18th, Available Online at http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/03/18-cuba-piccone, Accessed 05-20-2013) Unconditional engagement is key —Huddleston and Pascual 10 — Vicki Huddleston, Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution and | 3/17/14 |
Grid 1AC Novices WoodwardTournament: Woodward Novice | Round: 1 | Opponent: Alpharetta | Judge: Bilbo Baggins PTPlan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Mexico through the joint construction of a transmission grid system.Advantage 1: Grid CollapseDevelopment of a hemispheric energy partnership insulates the US from inevitable energy shocks that would collapse the new and critical infrastructure –Alison Terry, 2012, International Affairs Review, Vol. 20, No. 3., "Policy and Practice in North American Energy Security," http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/North20American20Energy20Security.pdf-http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/North American Energy Security.pdf The United States, Canada, and Mexico each has a unique history in the The Electric grid is extremely unstable- anything can cause a shut down.Tollefson, Jeff 8/26/13 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/us-electrical-grid-on-failure/AY** Grid collapse causes massive nuclear meltdowns | 3/21/14 |
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