Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: 

1NC

Text: The United States Congress should establish an independent International Affairs Realignment Commission empowered to submit to Congress recommendations for Economic Engagement. Congress will allow 60 days to pass legislation overriding recommendations by a two-thirds majority.  If Congress doesn’t vote within the specified period, those recommendations will become law. The Commission should recommend to Congress that should make Cuban nationals eligible to play organized baseball in the United States. 

Commission Solves and avoids politics – eliminates poison pills

Norris ’12
(8/24/12, John Norris, Foreign Policy, "Please God, Not Another Blue-Ribbon Panel", www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/24/please_god_not_another_blue_ribbon_panelMBA-Aspomer)
The first item on a modern secretary of state’s to-do list these days
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yet another blue-ribbon panel that is all hat and no cattle.

Will pass and doesn’t drain capital
Mayer ’07 (Kenneth,- professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison  "THE BASE REALIGNMENT AND CLOSURE PROCESS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE RATIONAL POLICY?")
The conventional wisdom was that legislators, facing increasing deficits and budget rules that were
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taking opportunities. None of the disapproval resolutions came anywhere close to passing. 

1NC

Interpretation- In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks. – key to real world education

Helweg, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, 2000 (Diana, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145) 

Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
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of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other. 

Violation- the aff is not a quid pro quo

Vote neg:

Limits- comparative solvency advocates about say yes are key to prevent remove random part of the embargo aff’s.

1NC

Baseball diplomacy is not just a journalistic trope but an elaborate and insidious program of American neo-colonialism – Latin American countries are forcibly turned into baseball factories, blackmailed into exchanging local educational development and autonomy for MLB lottery tickets and drug-fueled violence
Alan M. Klein, Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Northeastern University, 1989; Baseball as Underdevelopment: The Political-Economy of Sport in the Dominican Republic, Sociology of Sport Journal, Volume 6, Issue 2

Studies of sport in the Third World are beginning to accumulate, giving sport sociology
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baseball as the Dominican passion. The game became very popular quite early.

Coloniality manifests itself in constant conquering of both nations and people

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ’8 ~Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21~ 

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
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such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested."

Our alternative is to decolonize education to build worlds in which many worlds can exist

Walter Mignolo, Director of the Institute for Global Studies in Humanities, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature and Romance Studies, and Professor of Cultural Anthropology at Duke University, The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options. 2011
The first reason involves distinguishing the historical experiences to which the term decolonization responded and
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right one" but to be clear on "the one I embody."

1NC

Text: Major League Baseball should align free agency eligibility and amateur draft status between American-born and foreign players, such that all players entering the league regardless of national residency are compelled to participate in Major League Baseball’s amateur draft and its relevant contract arbitration procedures.
The United States federal government should start a Track II process inducing and funding a prominent American university to host an academic forum to address the lack of visas for Cuban baseball players.  Members of the governments and militaries of Cuba and the United States will be invited in unofficial capacity.  Discussion of visas for Cuban baseball players will be raised as an item/s for discussion within the forum.

Solves the Bahamas advantage by closing the loophole that encourages the ’defection model’ – this is your author’s actual argument
Cwiertny 2K (Scott. Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review. THE NEED FOR A WORLDWIDE DRAFT: MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CUBAN EMBARGO AND UNITED STATES FOREIG N POLICY Loy. L.A. Ent. L. Rev. 391.)

The first Cuban baseball player defected to the U.S. in 1991
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expended his resources so the players could enter MLB as free agents. n255-http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true26rand=128998095753726returnToKey=20_T1063001014526parent=docview26target=results_DocumentContent26tokenKey=rsh-20.334711.56905934494

Solves for hemispheric cooperation and Latin American foreign policy coordination
Brookings 2008 (The Brookings Institution. November. Rethinking. U.S.–Latin American Relations: A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/1124_latin_america_partnership.aspx-http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/1124_latin_america_partnership.aspx

Consider the use of informal networks to facilitate hemispheric partnership and cooperation. To help
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and encourage consensus building and political agreement at the highest levels of government.

1NC

====Obama capital and pressure has held off vote on sanctions – but sustain pressure is key ====
Fox news 11/20/13 (  "Obama urges skeptical senators to holdoff on iran sanctions during talks" http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/11/20/obama-appeals-to-senators-to-hold-off-on-iran-sanctions-during-talks/-http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/11/20/obama-appeals-to-senators-to-hold-off-on-iran-sanctions-during-talks/**) 

President Obama personally appealed to senators on Tuesday to hold off on seeking additional sanctions while negotiations over Iran’s nuclear program are under way, but continued to face skeptical lawmakers worried that a proposed deal would go easy on Tehran.
The president, along with Secretary of State John Kerry and National Security Adviser Susan Rice, met with key senators for two hours to make their case on Iran. The president is dealing with restless lawmakers on both sides of the aisle who think additional sanctions could help make Iran more pliable at the negotiating table over its nuclear program.
According to Sen. Bob Corker, R-Tenn., Obama asked lawmakers to pause for "a period of time." Corker said he doesn’t anticipate Congress will act on Iran at least until after the Thanksgiving break. 

Political capital is key – new sanctions in advance of negotiations will wreck Rouhani’s ability to negotiate and collapse the deal

Cockburn, 11/11/13 - PATRICK COCKBURN is the author of Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq ("The Deal-Wreckers Why Iran’s Concessions Won’t Lead to a Nuclear Agreement", Counterpunch, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-to-a-nuclear-agreement/-http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-to-a-nuclear-agreement/

In Tehran President Hassan Rouhani has so far had a fairly easy ride because of his recent election and the support of the Supreme leader, Ali Khamenei. But if he is seen as offering too many concessions on the nuclear programme and not getting enough back in terms of a relaxation of economic sanctions then he and his supporters become politically vulnerable. There are some signs that this is already happening.
The Reformists in Iran will also be vulnerable to allegations that they have given the impression that they are negotiating from weakness because economic sanctions are putting unsustainable pressure on Iran. If this argument was true then Israel, France and Saudi Arabia can argue that more time and more sanctions will make the Iranians willing to concede even more.
There is no doubt that sanctions do have a serious impact on the Iranian economy
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to lead to an agreement, because the real objective is regime change.
On the other hand, the decision by President Obama not to launch airstrikes against
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extinguished by those who believe that confrontation with Iran works better than diplomacy.

Fiating a hostile Congress spills over to Iran negotiations

Alterman, 9/4/13 – holds the Zbigniew Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy and directs the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Prior to joining CSIS in 2002, he served as a member of the Policy Planning staff at the US Department of State and as a special assistant to the assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs. In addition to his policy work, he teaches Middle Eastern studies at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and George Washington University  (Jon, "US-Iran Nuclear Deal Hinges On Syria Vote" http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/us-iran-nuclear-deal-hinges-on-syria-vote.html)

To start, it is worth noting the extent to which foreign governments are sophisticated
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quite sophisticated discussion on congressional politics and their impact on US foreign relations.
The Iranian government is no exception. While former president Mahmoud Ahmedinejad was emotional and shrill in his opposition to the United States, there remains in Iran a cadre of Western-trained technocrats, fluent in English and nuanced in their understanding of the world. President Hassan Rouhani has surrounded himself with such people, and Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has charged them with investigating a different relationship between Iran and the United States.
As they do so, they cannot help but be aware that on the eve of Rouhani’s inauguration, the US House of Representatives voted 400–20 to impose stiff additional sanctions on Iran. The House saw Rouhani’s electoral victory as a call for toughness, not potential compromise.
If Iran were to make concessions in a negotiation with the United States, they would surely seek sanctions relief and other actions requiring congressional approval. To make such concessions to Obama, they would need some confidence that he can deliver. A president who cannot bring around a hostile Congress is not a president with whom it is worth negotiating.

A limited deal prevents Iranian weaponization – risks proliferation and an Israeli nuclear strike

Stephens, 11/14/13 – columnist for the Financial Times (Phillip, Financial Times, "The four big truths that are shaping the Iran talks" http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html~~23axzz2kkvx15JT-http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html

The first of these is that Tehran’s acquisition of a bomb would be more than
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This is not a region obviously susceptible to cold war disciplines of deterrence.
The second ineluctable reality is that Iran has mastered the nuclear cycle. How far
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known unknowns that have often wreaked havoc in this part of the world.
Israel points to an imminent threat. European agencies are more relaxed, suggesting Tehran is still two years or so away from a weapon. Western diplomats broadly agree that Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has not taken a definitive decision to step over the line. What Iran has been seeking is what diplomats call a breakout capability – the capacity to dash to a bomb before the international community could effectively mobilise against it.
The third fact – and this one is hard for many to swallow – is that neither a negotiated settlement nor the air strikes long favoured by Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel’s prime minister, can offer the rest of the world a watertight insurance policy.
It should be possible to construct a deal that acts as a plausible restraint – and extends the timeframe for any breakout – but no amount of restrictions or intrusive monitoring can offer a certain guarantee against Tehran’s future intentions.
By the same token, bombing Iran’s nuclear sites could certainly delay the programme, perhaps for a couple of years. But, assuming that even the hawkish Mr Netanyahu is not proposing permanent war against Iran, air strikes would not end it.
You cannot bomb knowledge and technical expertise. To try would be to empower those in Tehran who say the regime will be safe only when, like North Korea, it has a weapon. So when Barack Obama says the US will never allow Iran to get the bomb he is indulging in, albeit understandable, wishful thinking.
The best the international community can hope for is that, in return for a relaxation of sanctions, Iran will make a judgment that it is better off sticking with a threshold capability. To put this another way, if Tehran does step back from the nuclear brink it will be because of its own calculation of the balance of advantage.
The fourth element in this dynamic is that Iran now has a leadership that, faced with the severe and growing pain inflicted by sanctions, is prepared to talk. There is nothing to say that Hassan Rouhani, the president, is any less hard-headed than previous Iranian leaders, but he does seem ready to weigh the options.
Seen from this vantage point – and in spite of the inconclusive outcome – Geneva
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secretary of state understands that serious diplomacy demands a willingness to take risks.
The Geneva talks illuminated the shape of an interim agreement. Iran will not surrender
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with Tehran about the speed and scope of a run down of sanctions.

An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy

Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, "Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression" Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/~~23sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf-http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including a regional war, global economic collapse and a major power clash.
For an Israeli campaign to succeed, it must be quick and decisive. This requires an attack that would be so overwhelming that Iran would not dare to respond in full force.
Such an outcome is extremely unlikely since the locations of some of Iran’s nuclear facilities are not fully known and known facilities are buried deep underground.
All of these widely spread facilities are shielded by elaborate air defense systems constructed not only by the Iranians but also the Chinese and, likely, the Russians as well.
By now, Iran has also built redundant command and control systems and nuclear facilities, developed early warning systems, acquired ballistic and cruise missiles and upgraded and enlarged its armed forces.
Because Iran is well-prepared, a single, conventional Israeli strike—or even numerous strikes—could not destroy all of its capabilities, giving Iran time to respond.
Unlike Iraq, whose nuclear program Israel destroyed in 1981, Iran has a second-strike capability comprised of a coalition of Iranian, Syrian, Lebanese, Hezbollah, Hamas, and, perhaps, Turkish forces. Internal pressure might compel Jordan, Egypt and the Palestinian Authority to join the assault, turning a bad situation into a regional war.
During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, at the apex of its power, Israel was saved from defeat by President Nixon’s shipment of weapons and planes. Today, Israel’s numerical inferiority is greater, and it faces more determined and better-equipped opponents. After years of futilely fighting Palestinian irregular armies, Israel has lost some of its perceived superiority—bolstering its enemies’ resolve.
Despite Israel’s touted defense systems, Iranian coalition missiles, armed forces, and terrorist attacks would likely wreak havoc on its enemy, leading to a prolonged tit-for-tat.
In the absence of massive U.S. assistance, Israel’s military resources may quickly dwindle, forcing it to use its alleged nuclear weapons, as it had reportedly almost done in 1973.
An Israeli nuclear attack would likely destroy most of Iran’s capabilities, but a crippled Iran and its coalition could still attack neighboring oil facilities, unleash global terrorism, plant mines in the Persian Gulf and impair maritime trade in the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
Middle Eastern oil shipments would likely slow to a trickle as production declines due to the war and insurance companies decide to drop their risky Middle Eastern clients. Iran and Venezuela would likely stop selling oil to the United States and Europe.
From there, things could deteriorate as they did in the 1930s. The world economy would head into a tailspin; international acrimony would rise; and Iraqi and Afghani citizens might fully turn on the United States, immediately requiring the deployment of more American troops.
Russia, China, Venezuela, and maybe Brazil and Turkey—all of which essentially support Iran—could be tempted to form an alliance and openly challenge the U.S. hegemony.
Russia and China might rearm their injured Iranian protege overnight, just as Nixon rearmed Israel, and threaten to intervene, just as the U.S.S.R. threatened to join Egypt and Syria in 1973. President Obama’s response would likely put U.S. forces on nuclear alert, replaying Nixon’s nightmarish scenario.
Iran may well feel duty-bound to respond to a unilateral attack by its Israeli archenemy, but it knows that it could not take on the United States head-to-head. In contrast, if the United States leads the attack, Iran’s response would likely be muted.
If Iran chooses to absorb an American-led strike, its allies would likely protest and send weapons but would probably not risk using force.
While no one has a crystal ball, leaders should be risk-averse when choosing war as a foreign policy tool. If attacking Iran is deemed necessary, Israel must wait for an American green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Relations

1.No solvency: Low relations is a decision by the U.S. – the plan doesn’t change indifference in US policy AND Democratic transition impossible – China, Russia, Iran block

Cardenas 11– former assistant administrator for Latin America at the U.S. Agency for International Development (José R., "The U.S. is MIA in Latin America" , Foreign Policy, December 29 2011, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/29/the_us_is_mia_in_latin_america-http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/29/the_us_is_mia_in_latin_america)
An end-of-the-year assessment of U.S. policy
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them to support a democratic transition away from Chavismo, only a succession.  

Fundamental political differences prevent strategic relations

Hanson 9 - associate director and coordinating editor for the website of the Council on Foreign Relations (Stephanie, "U.S.-Cuba Relations", 4-14, Council on Foreign Relations, http://gees.org/documentos/Documen-03412.pdf)//-http://gees.org/documentos/Documen-03412.pdf)// ID
What is the main irritant in U.S.-Cuban relations? ¶ A
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-Americans, hard-line Cuban exiles still lobby for regime change. 

We’re stopping organized crime in the squo
UNODC 2010 (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime "The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment" http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tocta/TOCTA_Report_2010_low_res.pdf

Governments have realized the danger and decided to react. International conventions have been adopted
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into international strategies. This report is a contribution to the first effort.

Russian economy is resilient despite the 08 financial crisis
Heilprin 11 – AP Report
(John, "Putin says Russia economy recovering, still below pre-global financial crisis level"  June 15, 2011  http://www.startribune.com/world/123913759.html)

GENEVA - Russia’s economy is recovering, but remains well below the level it was
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young mothers, disabled workers and people with health problems as it recovers. 

Even if terrorists have bioweapons, there’s no way they can disperse them
Smithson 05 (Amy E., PhD, project director for biological weapons at the Henry L. Stimson Center. "Likelihood of Terrorists Acquiring and Using Chemical or Biological Weapons". http://www.stimson.org/cbw/?SN=CB2001121259~~

Terrorists cannot count on just filling the delivery system with agent, pointing the device
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undergo mechanical stresses that can kill 95 percent or more of the microorganisms.

Cuba wouldn’t kill themselves

No cyberwar – multiple checks

Valeriano and Maness, 12 – Brandon, Lecturer in Social and Political Sciences at the University of Glasgow and Ryan, Ph.D. candidate at the University of Illinois at Chicago ("Why the Threat Doesn’t Live Up to the Hype," Foreign Affairs, 11/21/12, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138443/brandon-valeriano-and-ryan-maness/the-fog-of-cyberwar?page=show)Red
These two attacks generated substantial buzz in the media and among policymakers around the world
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an intensity scale to help determine what a proper international response might be.

China would still be able to attack

No nuclear war – no weapons – even if there is war, countries with nuclear weapons won’t intervene
Davydov ’12 – IAEA Division of Public Information (Jerry, "Latin American and Caribbean Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone Treaty Nears Half-Century," International Atomic Energy Agency, February 15, 2012, http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2012/tlatelolco.html)//SS

Forty-five years ago, the world’s first nuclear-weapons-free-
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to use nuclear weapons against the countries that are part of the zone.

Baseball diplomacy

No Link between soft power and US influence- ignores material interests of external actors.
Singh ’08 ~Robert, Professor of Politics in the School of Politics and Sociology at Birkbeck College, University of London "The Exceptional Empire: Why the United States Will Not Decline — Again", International Politics, 2008, 45, (571–593)~

Moreover, the ’squandered soft power’ thesis suffers from ignoring factors that realist scholars
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, seeks gradually to transform indigenous cultures worldwide into an homogenized American whole.

Zero risk of an uprising- no one in Russia cares- nihilism and government corruption has gripped the public.
Ames, 97 (Mark, Editor for The eXile, Exile No. 9, June 5-18 1997, http://www.exile.ru/ames/ames9.html) 

In order to rally even a vanguard to action, there has to be a
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arrived. We barely hear it asked today. The answer was nihil.

Baseball not key to solving credibility with Iran- negotiations now

Squo solves cooperation – grassroots movements and economic reform – their author
Brookings 2008 (The Brookings Institution. November. Rethinking. U.S.–Latin American Relations: A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/1124_latin_america_partnership.aspx-http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/1124_latin_america_partnership.aspx

Though the reforms enacted recently in Cuba have thus far been mostly cosmetic, they
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the effects of the U.S. embargo on trade with Cuba.

Other issues prevent engagement – human rights and Gitmo
Council on Foreign Relations 1-11-2010; "US-Cuba Relations" http://www.cfr.org/publication/11113/uscuba_relations.html~~23p6-http://www.cfr.org/publication/11113/uscuba_relations.html

Experts say the issues preventing normalization of U.S.-Cuba relations include the
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-Americans, hard-line Cuban exiles still lobby for regime change. 

Can’t solve organized crime – no Russia cooperation and no political will
Jonathan Freedland, 9-7-2010; regular columnist for the Guardian and the New York Times, 2008 winner of the David Watt prize for journalism, An economy kept afloat by mafia cash is not just the stuff of Le Carré thrillers http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/sep/07/mafia-cash-economy-le-carre

What can be done? A kind of defeatism stalks Le Carré’s novel, as
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the small ones. Ending the non-dom regime would help too.

No way to access hemispheric relations without total embargo retraction – your author
Doherty 2008 (Patrick, "An Obama Policy for Cuba," McClathy Newspapers, December 12,cuba.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2008/obama_policy_cuba_9301)

Our Cuba policy is also an obstacle to striking a new relationship with the nations
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Hugo Chavez, drugs, immigration, energy insecurity - will simply fester. 

No embargo change coming – GOP takeover
Anya Landau French, 11-3-2010; Director, US-Cuba Policy Initiative - New America Foundation and editor, What Do the Mid-terms Election Results Mean for U.S. Cuba Policy?-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anya-landau-french/what-do-the-mid-terms-ele_b_778382.html http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anya-landau-french/what-do-the-mid-terms-ele_b_778382.html

Let’s start with the obvious. With the Republican takeover of Congress, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen becomes the new Chairwoman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, the authorizing committee with jurisdiction over most of Cuba-related legislation. This means not only that no engagement-oriented Cuba bills will move through that committee, and that very possibly, Ros-Lehtinen might well choose to move legislation through her committee that would tighten the embargo. 

And GOP muscle comparatively outweighs Obama foreign policy initiatives
Financial Times 11-10-2010; US-Cuba relations face setback after midterms
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/01c2ba8a-ebf7-11df-b50f-00144feab49a.html~~23axzz15P84e4o2

But then came the US midterm elections-http://www.ft.com/indepth/us-midterm-elections-2010, in which some of the most visceral
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such thorny issues as doing business with the island and old property claims. 

No baseball diplomacy – Castro actively preventing defections
Havana Journal 2-28-2008; Cuban Baseball Federation may have a lot to offer after the Embargo
http://havanajournal.com/culture/entry/cuban-baseball-federation-may-have-a-lot-to-offer-after-the-embargo/-http://havanajournal.com/culture/entry/cuban-baseball-federation-may-have-a-lot-to-offer-after-the-embargo/

However, Contreras, who got a four-year, 2432 million contract
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the scouting was incomplete or out of date by the time they were fre 

Castro doesn’t want to remove the embargo anyway – too politically threatening
Reuters 4-9-2010; http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6385H220100409

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Cuba’s President Raul Castro and his brother, ex-
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happen at some point, but it may not happen any time soon."

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: 

/2NC

Our interp is that that the judge is an intellectual voting for the team that produces the best intellectual approach towards "Latin America"- the Aff should only be weighed if its epistemology is independent of colonialism, this is a prior question. This means that if we win a link they don’t get to weigh the 1AC

They pass a good plan for the wrong reasons- we’re not denying that the plan is a good idea, we just think that the epistemic underpinnings of the plan are bad, the plan can be passed with out colonialist justifications and lead to good things

Epistemology DA- Through pedagogical practices colonialism is becoming normalized, situating only those with colonial values in a position to succeed, we must resist this at all costs.
DeLisle 11 (DeLisle, Susan, Graduate Student in Geography and Critical Pedagogy at Queen’s University, "Locating Colonialism in Education, A paper for Audrey Kobayashi for Race 26 Racism", Queen’s University, October 2011, p. 1-6)

Most people are completely unaware that the form and content of contemporary education, including
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This follows them to the classroom as teachers and the system is perpetuated. 

Crowd out DA- The hegemony of western knowledge means that its inclusion pushes our knowledge to the margin and changes the nature of the dialogue

Lander, Central University of Venezuela Professor, 2k
(Edgardo, Sociologist, Venezuelan, professor at the Central University of Venezuela and a Fellow of the Transnational Institute, 2000, Nepantla: Views from South, Volume 1, Issue 3, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", jstor, accessed 7/7/13, sbl, p. 528-29)

It is not the same to assume that the historical patrimony of the social sciences
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, but also in the self-understanding of European and northern societies.
To recognize the colonial character of the hegemonic forms of knowledge in the contemporary world
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a fundamental metatheoretical premise in the disciplinary constitution of that field of knowledge.
The achievement of effective intercultural, horizontal democratic communications, noncolonial and thus free of
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differences of power that exist today between different cultures and between different peoples.

Predictable and Fair - they choice their impacts and evidence should be forced to defend it more predictable than multiple consult counterplans

Sequencing DA- Our understanding of Latin America matter – decolonializing the way we think about Latin America is a prerequisite to formulating effective policies ALSO this is a subject object link

Bertucci, 2013 (Mariano, Political Science and International Relations Ph.D. candidate at the University of Southern California, "Latin America Has Moved On: U.S. Scholarship Hasn’t", Americas Quarterly, Vol. 7 No. 2, Spring)

The bias in U.S. research on U.S. foreign policy
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to the shaping of common solutions to the shared problems in the hemisphere.

Discount affirmative knowledge claims- they are products of a flawed positivist epistemology – We ARE the Political.
Steve Smith,  professor at Aberystwyth, becoming Head of the Department of International Politics at the University of Wales  BSc in Politics and International Studies in 1973, an MSc degree in International Studies in 1974 and a PhD degree in International Relations in 1978, all from the University of Southampton. Power and truth: a reply to William Wallace Review of International Studies (1997), 23
My central claim is that Wallace has a very restricted notion of politics, such
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as either natural or a matter of common sense. (508-9 

Opportunity cost is not offense- we’re an opportunity cost to their epistemology and we’ll defend opportunity cost if they defend their epistemology

FIAT is illusory- obviously their policy is implemented and we aren’t going to become policy makers, the only thing we can take away from this debate is becoming better people

Assuming the role of the legislator lets us off the hook for our own responsibility in shaping social change and reinforces powerlessness—independent reason to reject the aff

Kappeler, 95  (Susanne, The Will to Violence, p. 10-11)

`We are the war’ does not mean that the responsibility for a war is
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our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence.

A2: Heg

They say mil. Decline innev. 

Colonial exceptionalism promotes bellicose behavior and hyper nationalism that culminates in the US being drawn into wars, that undermines hegemony- empirics prove
Mearsheimer, 2011, May 5, John J., Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago. He is on the Advisory Council of The National Interest, "Kissing Cousins: Nationalism and Realism," http://irworkshop.sites.yale.edu/sites/default/files/Mearsheimer_IRW.PDF-http://irworkshop.sites.yale.edu/sites/default/files/Mearsheimer_IRW.PDF, KHaze

To make the case that they are exceptional, nations invariably have to invent heroic
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, as their country broke apart in the wake of the Cold War.

2NC

They essentially read tears of the white man, it’s not your burden to do anything, western modernity just crowds out the same developments

1. Our alt doesn’t deny access to the benefits of the West, it just decenters the
   West’s flawed hegemonic control on knowledge production, we can still utilize the good parts of the West their evidence describes like _(PICK A PART OF THEIR EV HERE E.G. LEADERSHIP, ETC. THAT IS POSSIBLE IN DIFF WAY)while rejecting the colonialism of knowledge production.

2. Their flawed epistemology taints their claims - There is no pre-existing reality- perception is not a passive exercise, its an active process of trying to impose order onto the world, their colonial scholarship infects all of their descriptions and taints the outcome – facts aren’t reported they are produced – IR descriptions always serve someone and some purpose – imperial descriptions of _ serve to naturalize the projection of colonialism.

3. Perceptual blinders- scholarship infected by orientalism is self referential- it establishes the boundaries of legitimate academic inquiry protecting itself from critique. Their advantages seem true not because of "facts" but because of the hegemonic role of colonialism in our culture. "Try or die" arguments naturalize imperial scholarship by assuming there are no alternatives- Thats our 1NC Anand Evidence

4. Their impact turns are based on a flawed form of knowledge, only by decentering knowledge and bringing in non-european perspectives can we understand the effects of coloniality, especially for the "Americas"

Mignolo, Duke University Professor of Literature and Romance Studies 5 (Walter, "The Idea of Latin America", BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, pg.8-9 RRR) 

The idea of America, therefore, is a modern European invention and limited to
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borders, and not in territorial histories created by European and US expansionism.

5. No solvency- their evidence assumes an ideal colonialism, their exploitation prevents these benefits from existing- the colonial mentality pushes the West to exploit the "Latin America" rather than help it- 

6. Perceived necessity and inevitability of colonial depictions is a social construct. Voting negative reveals the ideologically loaded nature of their 1AC
Marandi 09—head of dept. of North American studies, U Tehran (Seyed, Western Media Representations, Iran, and Orientalist Stereotypes, January 2009, http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/western-media-representations.pdf, AMiles) ellipses in orig
Orientalism describes the various schools of thought and methods of investigation through which Europe came
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Camus suggested, not to be on the side of the executioner.8 

Colonialism

 Good for Colonized===

This argument is just racism – it postulates a culture permanently frozen and ignores examples of western society making things worse and causing devestation.
Memmi 13 (Albert Memmi, Sorbonne Graduate, teacher at the Practical School of Higher Studies, at HEC and at the University of Nanterre, "The Colonizer and the Colonized", July 2013, Google Books, http://books.google.com/books?id=_dZLmqVNjhUC26pg=PT6526lpg=PT6526dq=colonizer+suicide26source=bl26ots=8AnS1NwrBv26sig=ofMXSId0TQBELNVveGpDkB1RFCs26hl=en26sa=X26ei=465fUtPzK-WI2AXu-oDgCA26ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ~~23v=onepage26q=colonizer20suicide26f=false)

To this same spurious problem, the question which disturbs many people returns. Didn’t
AND
they remain disjointed boards from crates, with the nail holes still open.

Baseball Linkz

Their distinction is arbitrary- our alt solves links to the squo and they make colonialism easier
The historical legacy of baseball in Latin America mirrors institutions of colonial oppression – the neoliberal dream of free agency has created offshore plantations to sift through human capital with maximal efficiency
Alan M. Klein, Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Northeastern University, 1989; Baseball as Underdevelopment: The Political-Economy of Sport in the Dominican Republic, Sociology of Sport Journal, Volume 6, Issue 2

Intense competition among major league teams for the best Dominican talent began in earnest around
AND
in urban guest houses and one simply using cots underneath the stadium grandstand.

Don’t buy the Aff’s claims of benevolence – cloaked under the guise of baseball’s cultural exchange is a violent colonial enterprise focused on ensuring dependency and crippling opposition
Alan M. Klein, Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Northeastern University, 1989; Baseball as Underdevelopment: The Political-Economy of Sport in the Dominican Republic, Sociology of Sport Journal, Volume 6, Issue 2

Yet even at the level of baseball itself we document increased dependence. American major
AND
cultural resistance by the colonials while fostering North American cultural resistance particularly well.

Latin American baseball players are left without education or legal protection, mass processed by an organized multinational enterprise that exploits them on racialized grounds – the American Dream’s justifications for giving every young player a shot mask a horrifying system of disposable child labor hidden from view by a whitewashed national pastime
Jennifer Ring, 2009; professor of political science and former director of women’s studies at the University of Nevada, Reno Stolen Bases: Why American Girls Don’t Play Baseball, p 156-157

Instituting these rules effectively terminated the economics of the scouting system in professional baseball.
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but bodies destroyed by injuries and lack of proper medical and nutritional attention. 

Multilateralism

1st is the velvet glove- Multilateralism is the velvet glove of colonialism’s iron fist- masks implicit racism and violence.
Kaplan 2003 (Amy Kaplan, Prof. of English @ Univ. of Pennslyvania, American Quarterly 56.1, "Violent Belongings and the Question of Empire Today," project muse)

Another dominant narrative about empire today, told by liberal interventionists, is that of
AND
Indians and slaves to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

2nd is poisoning the well- colonialism ensures that the U.S. uses multilateral institutions for domineering, the expansion of multilateralism just gives the U.S. more platforms from which to spread it’s colonial agenda, this poisons the well because countries will have as much incentive to cooperate with the US multilateraly as they do the US unilaterally because it boils down to the SAME THING, this also outweighs their internal link because their plan is just a unilateral action that other countries don’t hate, only the alternative can access countries perception of the U.S.

3rd is Rescue fantasies, the affirmative’s belief that the multilateral system needs the U.S. to succeed justifies colonialism through roots in flawed Oriental scholarship – this constructs the US as a civilized protector needing to rescue the world.
Russo 2006 (Ann, Associate Professor, Women’s and Gender Studies, DePaul University, USA "The Feminist Majority Foundation’s Campaign to Stop Gender Apartheid: THE INTERSECTIONS OF FEMINISM AND IMPERIALISM IN THE UNITED STATES"  International Feminist Journal of Politics, 8:4 December 2006, 557–580, MT)

The gendered hypervisibility and spectacle of gender inequality in Islamic societies is not new;
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landmines, rape and massive dis- locations and migrations out of Afghanistan.

Relations

Coloniality turns relations
1st link is paternalism- their attitude towards relations never looks at the benefits for
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the system, their impacts are inevitable if they only deal with symptoms.

2^ND- Terror Representations justify violent American dominance – it is used to deny political legitimacy to other states
Knopf  2007- prof of Cultural Studies at University of Greifswald ~Kerstin Institute of British and Visiting Professor of North American Literature and Cultural Studies at the Institute of English, 2007, http://www2.brandonu.ca/library/CJNS/27.2/03knopf.pdf-http://www2.brandonu.ca/library/CJNS/27.2/03knopf.pdf, Accessed 8/1/13~ 

Terrorism in historical and contemporary discourses has many faces: from state terrorism of totalitarian
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poised to protect  western  capitalist, specifically American  interests  above all others." 23  

3^rd is eternal threats- they treat Cuba as if they are going to send over attacks even though there is not an incentive (explain), this is an excuse to spread paternalism

Their rhetoric of LA as a hotspot for crime is bad (explain)

Claims of Russian imperialism create a narrative closure that elevates the Russian threat to an ontological level and denies similar behavior by the West
VAN EFFERINK 2010 (Leonhardt, MSc in Financial Economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam and an MA in ’Geopolitics, Territory and Security’ at King’s College London. He is now working on a PhD with Royal Holloway’s (University of London), "Polar Partner or Poles Apart?" PSA Graduate Network Conference December 2010, http://www.psa.ac.uk/spgrp/51/2010/Ppr/PGC2_Van20EfferinkLeonhardt_Polar_Partners_or_Poles_Apart_PSA_2010.pdf)
To start with a depiction of the Arctic region, Cohen (2007, p
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Danger (Dalby 1990a) and the magazine Reader’s Digest (Sharp 1993).

Failed state rhetoric is a covert attack on anti colonial movements.
Morton 2005 (ADAM DAVID MORTON, School of Politics @ Univ. of Nottingham, ’5 ~Sept, New Political Economy 10.3, "The ’Failed State’ of International Relations," muse~

This policy-making approach represents a pathological view of conditions in  postcolonial states as
AND
both as self-defence and as humanitarian or  public-spirited’.22 

Perm Do Both

Inclusion of the plan ensures that the knowledge will be centered in the US and the alt will be viewed through a Eurocentric lens, smothers solvency- Franzki  

Decolonial projects must exist separate from discussions rooted in the genealogy of the North and West – a combination reinscribes projects in a European model and crushes the alt
Mignolo (Professor of Literature in Duke University, Joint Appointments in Cultural Anthropology and Romance Studies) 2012
Walter, "Epistemic Disobedience and the Decolonial Option: A Manifesto," Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 47-49, NDW 

The de-colonial epistemic shift is a consequence of the formation and founding of
AND
another world is possible" are metaphors that reveal where this door is.

Hegemonic forms of knowledge ensure that revolutions are co-opted

Mignolo, Duke University Professor of Literature and Romance Studies 5 (Walter, "The Idea of   Latin America", BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, pg.56-57 RRR)
You can hear the echoes of Kant’s statement today in daily conversations about freedom and
AND
determine the e of "emancipation" in the non-European world. 

Hold the AFF directly responsible for the 1ACs locus of enunciation—tacking on coloniality maintains the structures of wretchedness that require ethnocidal violence

Maldonado-Torres ’2 (Nelson, Associate Professor of Comparative Literature at Rutgers; "Postimperial Reflections on Crisis, Knowledge, and Utopia," Review XXV, 3, p227-315) DDI13

The European, however, is not alone in the world. Transgress­ topical
AND
to circumvent the temptation of innocence and violence (see Bruckner, 1995). 

No net benefit to the perm, war is inevitable under coloniality, risk of a link means you vote neg- Maldonado Torres

Timeframe perm

Clearly cheating, timeframe perms are bad
This doesn’t solve, they still include the plan
Our alternative is a question of epistemology- Mignolo
Really specific links to the aff 

No nuclear war – no weapons – even if there is war, countries with nuclear weapons won’t intervene
Davydov ’12 – IAEA Division of Public Information (Jerry, "Latin American and Caribbean Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone Treaty Nears Half-Century," International Atomic Energy Agency, February 15, 2012, http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2012/tlatelolco.html)//SS

Forty-five years ago, the world’s first nuclear-weapons-free-
AND
to use nuclear weapons against the countries that are part of the zone.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Robert Holmes
No nuclear war – no weapons – even if there is war, countries with nuclear weapons won’t intervene
Davydov ’12 – IAEA Division of Public Information (Jerry, “Latin American and Caribbean Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone Treaty Nears Half-Century,” International Atomic Energy Agency, February 15, 2012, http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2012/tlatelolco.html)//SS

Forty-five years ago, the world's first nuclear-weapons-free-
AND
to use nuclear weapons against the countries that are part of the zone.

Can’t solve organized crime – no Russia cooperation and no political will
Jonathan Freedland, 9-7-2010; regular columnist for the Guardian and the New York Times, 2008 winner of the David Watt prize for journalism, An economy kept afloat by mafia cash is not just the stuff of Le Carré thrillers http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/sep/07/mafia-cash-economy-le-carre

What can be done? A kind of defeatism stalks Le Carré's novel, as
AND
the small ones. Ending the non-dom regime would help too.

No baseball diplomacy – Castro actively preventing defections
Havana Journal 2-28-2008; Cuban Baseball Federation may have a lot to offer after the Embargo
http://havanajournal.com/culture/entry/cuban-baseball-federation-may-have-a-lot-to-offer-after-the-embargo/

However, Contreras, who got a four-year, $32 million contract
AND
the scouting was incomplete or out of date by the time they were fre 

1.No solvency: Low relations is a decision by the U.S. – the plan doesn’t change indifference in US policy AND Democratic transition impossible – China, Russia, Iran block
Cardenas 11– former assistant administrator for Latin America at the U.S. Agency for International Development (José R., “The U.S. is MIA in Latin America” , Foreign Policy, December 29 2011, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/29/the_us_is_mia_in_latin_america)
An end-of-the-year assessment of U.S. policy
AND
them to support a democratic transition away from Chavismo, only a succession.  

We’re stopping organized crime in the squo
UNODC 2010 (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime “The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment” http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tocta/TOCTA_Report_2010_low_res.pdf

Governments have realized the danger and decided to react. International conventions have been adopted
AND
into international strategies. This report is a contribution to the first effort.

Russian economy is resilient despite the 08 financial crisis
Heilprin 11 – AP Report
(John, “Putin says Russia economy recovering, still below pre-global financial crisis level”  June 15, 2011  http://www.startribune.com/world/123913759.html)

GENEVA - Russia's economy is recovering, but remains well below the level it was
AND
young mothers, disabled workers and people with health problems as it recovers. 

Even if terrorists have bioweapons, there’s no way they can disperse them
Smithson 05 (Amy E., PhD, project director for biological weapons at the Henry L. Stimson Center. “Likelihood of Terrorists Acquiring and Using Chemical or Biological Weapons”. http://www.stimson.org/cbw/?SN=CB2001121259

Terrorists cannot count on just filling the delivery system with agent, pointing the device
AND
undergo mechanical stresses that can kill 95 percent or more of the microorganisms.

Cuba wouldn’t kill themselves
No cyberwar – multiple checks
Valeriano and Maness, 12 – Brandon, Lecturer in Social and Political Sciences at the University of Glasgow and Ryan, Ph.D. candidate at the University of Illinois at Chicago (“Why the Threat Doesn’t Live Up to the Hype,” Foreign Affairs, 11/21/12, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138443/brandon-valeriano-and-ryan-maness/the-fog-of-cyberwar?page=show)Red
These two attacks generated substantial buzz in the media and among policymakers around the world
AND
an intensity scale to help determine what a proper international response might be.
Baseball diplomacy

No Link between soft power and US influence- ignores material interests of external actors.
Singh ’08 Robert, Professor of Politics in the School of Politics and Sociology at Birkbeck College, University of London “The Exceptional Empire: Why the United States Will Not Decline — Again”, International Politics, 2008, 45, (571–593)

Moreover, the ‘squandered soft power’ thesis suffers from ignoring factors that realist scholars
AND
, seeks gradually to transform indigenous cultures worldwide into an homogenized American whole.

Zero risk of an uprising- no one in Russia cares- nihilism and government corruption has gripped the public.
Ames, 97 (Mark, Editor for The eXile, Exile No. 9, June 5-18 1997, http://www.exile.ru/ames/ames9.html) 

In order to rally even a vanguard to action, there has to be a
AND
arrived. We barely hear it asked today. The answer was nihil.

Baseball not key to solving credibility with Iran- negotiations now

Squo solves cooperation – grassroots movements and economic reform – their author
Brookings 2008 (The Brookings Institution. November. Rethinking. U.S.–Latin American Relations: A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/1124_latin_america_partnership.aspx

Though the reforms enacted recently in Cuba have thus far been mostly cosmetic, they
AND
the effects of the U.S. embargo on trade with Cuba.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Robert Holmes
No nuclear war – no weapons – even if there is war, countries with nuclear weapons won’t intervene
Davydov ’12 – IAEA Division of Public Information (Jerry, “Latin American and Caribbean Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone Treaty Nears Half-Century,” International Atomic Energy Agency, February 15, 2012, http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2012/tlatelolco.html)//SS

Forty-five years ago, the world's first nuclear-weapons-free-
AND
to use nuclear weapons against the countries that are part of the zone.

Can’t solve organized crime – no Russia cooperation and no political will
Jonathan Freedland, 9-7-2010; regular columnist for the Guardian and the New York Times, 2008 winner of the David Watt prize for journalism, An economy kept afloat by mafia cash is not just the stuff of Le Carré thrillers http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/sep/07/mafia-cash-economy-le-carre

What can be done? A kind of defeatism stalks Le Carré's novel, as
AND
the small ones. Ending the non-dom regime would help too.

No baseball diplomacy – Castro actively preventing defections
Havana Journal 2-28-2008; Cuban Baseball Federation may have a lot to offer after the Embargo
http://havanajournal.com/culture/entry/cuban-baseball-federation-may-have-a-lot-to-offer-after-the-embargo/

However, Contreras, who got a four-year, $32 million contract
AND
the scouting was incomplete or out of date by the time they were fre 

1.No solvency: Low relations is a decision by the U.S. – the plan doesn’t change indifference in US policy AND Democratic transition impossible – China, Russia, Iran block
Cardenas 11– former assistant administrator for Latin America at the U.S. Agency for International Development (José R., “The U.S. is MIA in Latin America” , Foreign Policy, December 29 2011, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/29/the_us_is_mia_in_latin_america)
An end-of-the-year assessment of U.S. policy
AND
them to support a democratic transition away from Chavismo, only a succession.  

We’re stopping organized crime in the squo
UNODC 2010 (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime “The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment” http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tocta/TOCTA_Report_2010_low_res.pdf

Governments have realized the danger and decided to react. International conventions have been adopted
AND
into international strategies. This report is a contribution to the first effort.

Russian economy is resilient despite the 08 financial crisis
Heilprin 11 – AP Report
(John, “Putin says Russia economy recovering, still below pre-global financial crisis level”  June 15, 2011  http://www.startribune.com/world/123913759.html)

GENEVA - Russia's economy is recovering, but remains well below the level it was
AND
young mothers, disabled workers and people with health problems as it recovers. 

Even if terrorists have bioweapons, there’s no way they can disperse them
Smithson 05 (Amy E., PhD, project director for biological weapons at the Henry L. Stimson Center. “Likelihood of Terrorists Acquiring and Using Chemical or Biological Weapons”. http://www.stimson.org/cbw/?SN=CB2001121259

Terrorists cannot count on just filling the delivery system with agent, pointing the device
AND
undergo mechanical stresses that can kill 95 percent or more of the microorganisms.

Cuba wouldn’t kill themselves
No cyberwar – multiple checks
Valeriano and Maness, 12 – Brandon, Lecturer in Social and Political Sciences at the University of Glasgow and Ryan, Ph.D. candidate at the University of Illinois at Chicago (“Why the Threat Doesn’t Live Up to the Hype,” Foreign Affairs, 11/21/12, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138443/brandon-valeriano-and-ryan-maness/the-fog-of-cyberwar?page=show)Red
These two attacks generated substantial buzz in the media and among policymakers around the world
AND
an intensity scale to help determine what a proper international response might be.
Baseball diplomacy

No Link between soft power and US influence- ignores material interests of external actors.
Singh ’08 Robert, Professor of Politics in the School of Politics and Sociology at Birkbeck College, University of London “The Exceptional Empire: Why the United States Will Not Decline — Again”, International Politics, 2008, 45, (571–593)

Moreover, the ‘squandered soft power’ thesis suffers from ignoring factors that realist scholars
AND
, seeks gradually to transform indigenous cultures worldwide into an homogenized American whole.

Zero risk of an uprising- no one in Russia cares- nihilism and government corruption has gripped the public.
Ames, 97 (Mark, Editor for The eXile, Exile No. 9, June 5-18 1997, http://www.exile.ru/ames/ames9.html) 

In order to rally even a vanguard to action, there has to be a
AND
arrived. We barely hear it asked today. The answer was nihil.

Baseball not key to solving credibility with Iran- negotiations now

Squo solves cooperation – grassroots movements and economic reform – their author
Brookings 2008 (The Brookings Institution. November. Rethinking. U.S.–Latin American Relations: A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/1124_latin_america_partnership.aspx

Though the reforms enacted recently in Cuba have thus far been mostly cosmetic, they
AND
the effects of the U.S. embargo on trade with Cuba.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 9 | Opponent: Chattahoochee AP | Judge: Adam Grellinger

1NC

Text: The United States Federal Government should ease the blend rule.

The Counterplan destroys both Brazil and US Ethanol Industries

Financial Times 10/11/13 (US eyes cutting ethanol usage, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/112dcf14-31f4-11e3-a16d-00144feab7de.html~~23axzz2jJUEKSPJ-http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/112dcf14-31f4-11e3-a16d-00144feab7de.html, Accessed 10/31/13, RRR(
The Environmental Protection Agency’s preferred option would hit not only Brazilian sugarcane growers, who export ethanol to the US, but for the first time cut required volumes of ethanol refined from corn. Less than 13bn gallons of corn ethanol would have to be sold under the draft proposal, below levels in force in the past two years and well below the 14.4bn statutory mandate for 2014.
This would hit US ethanol refiners, such as Archer Daniels Midland and Poet as well as the farmers who sell them 35 per cent of the nation’s corn crop.
EPA has sent its draft proposal to the White House Office of Management and Budget for review and has not released it for public comment. The agency, largely closed owing to the federal government shutdown, did not respond to requests for comment.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wooster | Judge: EC Matthias

Canada can do microfinance – experience

CIDA 07
Canadian International Development Agency, 2007, "CIDA’S MICROFINANCE GUIDELINES:
SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIVE FINANCIAL SYSTEMS," http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/INET/IMAGES.NSF/vLUImages/Microfinance/24file/Microfinance-EN.pdf

Since its inception in 1968, CIDA has supported micro- finance and the development
AND
decreasing vulnerability to external shocks, and increasing empowerment, particularly for women. 

Finance Canada is the ~231 micr0-finance program in Mexico and is able to continue to increase – It’s the most successful program in Mexico
FINCA updated ’13 (Finance Canada, http://www.fincacanada.org/site/c.6pLILTPwEeLUH/b.6187897/k.BFC7/Home.htm~~23.UqNDmPRDuS//JC)
Mexico’s free market economy recently entered the trillion-dollar class, with a 24
AND
managerial, and programmatic-of the operation and deemed it "excellent."

The counterplan solves

Jeffs, ’12 - President of the Canadian International Council a non-partisan, membership-based research council focused on international affairs, Ph.D. in International Political Economy (IPE) from the University of Toronto, (Jennifer, Latin America: Land of Opportunity, March 22, 2012, http://opencanada.org/features/blogs/dispatch/latin-america-land-of-opportunity/-http://opencanada.org/features/blogs/dispatch/latin-america-land-of-opportunity/)//A-Berg
The recent Republican debates in the U.S. have demonstrated a staggering lack
AND
of areas that the U.S. and China have largely neglected.

Canada soft power is k/t UN cred and conflict prevention

Carment* and Marriott 2003, *is the Director of the Centre for Security and Defence Studies at Carleton University, where he is Associate Professor at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, is a graduate of the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton University, (David B. and Koren "Conflict Prevention in Canada A Survey of Canadian Conflict Prevention Professionals," September 2003, http://http-server.carleton.ca/~~dcarment/papers/conflictpreventionsurvey1.pdf)
According to IMPACS, "Canada has the resources and capability to play a lead
AND
These views are fairly representative of a major portion of the responses received.

Southeast Asia is on the track to collapse—-multiple regional and interstate hotspots are on the brink—-effective UN conflict prevention is key

Wainwright 10 - Elsina, Deputy Director for Personnel and a Senior Fellow in the Statebuilding Program at New York University’s Center on International Cooperation, Adjunct Associate Professor at the Centre for International Security Studies (CISS) at the University of Sydney, Australia. PhD at Oxford University in International Relations, Conflict Prevention in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific April 2010, http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/E9F30DCAFE830FC9492577140018C276-Full_Report.pdf)//A-Berg
The Asia Pacific region is in the most broadly peaceful era in its history –
AND
up new opportunities for functional cooperation between both Asia Pacific and outside actors.

South Asia tension causes nuclear war - low-intensity conflict, terrorism, cross-border spillover

Khan 09 – Director, Arms Control and Disarmament Affairs (ACDA), Strategic Plans Division, Joint Services Headquarters, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, fellow at Wilson Center (Feroz Hassan, Reducing the Risk of Nuclear War in South Asia, December 2009, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=cab359a3-9328-19cc-a1d2-8023e646b22c26lng=en26id=112786)//A-Berg
The new international environment has altered the concept of national security. Threats to international peace and security now emanate not from strategic confrontation between the major powers, but from regional conflicts and tensions and the spread of violent extremism by nonstate actors, threatening nation-states from within and transcending state boundaries and international security. In recent years, the levels of security enjoyed by various states have become increasingly asymmetric—some enjoy absolute security, others none at all. This environment of security imbalance has forced weaker states to adopt a repertoire of strategies for survival and national security that includes alliances and strategic partnerships, supporting low-intensity conflicts, and engaging in limited wars and nuclear deterrence. South Asia has witnessed increased regional tensions, a rise in religious extremism, a growing arms race, crisis stand-offs, and even armed conflict in recent years. Nuclear tests did not bring an era of genuine stability between India and Pakistan, though military crises in the region did not escalate into full-fledged wars, underscoring the need for greater imagination to rein in the risks due to the fragility of relations between two nuclear neighbors in an increasingly complex set of circumstances. Pakistan’s primary and immediate threat now is from within. Its western borderlands are rapidly converting into a battleground where ungoverned tribal space in proximity to the porous and disputed border is degenerating into insurgency both to its east into Pakistan as well as to its west into Afghanistan. The al Qaeda threat has now metastasized into a spreading insurgency in the tribal borderlands, which is taking a heavy toll on both Pakistan and Western forces in Afghanistan. The newly elected government in Pakistan has hit the ground running; but still mired in domestic politics, it has been unable to focus on the al Qaeda and Taliban threat that is rapidly expanding its influence and targeting strategy. The most tragic aspect of this conundrum is the success of al Qaeda in creating cracks of misunderstanding between Pakistan and the Western allies, while exacerbating tensions and mistrust between Pakistan’s traditional adversaries, India and Afghanistan.1 For example, Pakistan’s security nightmare which perceives India-Afghanistan collusion in squeezing Pakistan is exacerbated, while the Indian and Afghan security establishments perceive Pakistani Intelligence malfeasance as perpetuating the Afghan imbroglio. Worse, the outcome of this confusion and blame generates real advantage for al Qaeda and the Taliban. Any terrorist act that pits Kabul, New Delhi, and Islamabad against each other and intensifies existing tensions and crises also throws Washington off balance, allowing al Qaeda and its sympathizers the time and space to recoup, reorganize, and reequip, and continue to survive. The only silver lining in this unhealthy regional security picture is the slowly improving relationship between India and Pakistan, which has developed over the past 4 years. Though relations are tense and still fragile, there is a glimmer of hope in this overall crisis-ridden region. The dialogue process between India and Pakistan has been somewhat resilient in the face of significant setbacks and changing domestic, political, and international landscapes within each. It is very improbable that a nuclear war between Pakistan and India would spontaneously occur. The history of the region and strategic nuclear weapons theories suggest that a nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan would result from an uninhibited escalation of a conventional war vice a spontaneous unleashing of nuclear arsenals. However, this region seems to be the one place in the world most likely to suffer nuclear warfare due to the seemingly undiminished national, religious, and ethnic animosities between these two countries. Furthermore, lack of transparency in nuclear programs leaves room to doubt the security surrounding each country’s nuclear arsenal and the safeguards preventing accidental launches. Therefore, discussions aimed at mitigating a catastrophic nuclear war in South Asia should focus mostly on the unilateral and bilateral anti-escalation measures Pakistan and India can take regarding existing issues. Additionally, each country’s perception of its security is interwoven with the political, diplomatic, and strategic movements of the external powers that wield significant influence in the region. Coherent and consistent behavior that discourages conventional and nuclear escalation, although sometimes imperceptibly, is needed from the United States, China, and Russia. Without this, both Pakistan and India are unlikely to feel confident enough to reduce the aggressive posturing of their conventional forces over existing cross-border issues, leaving the escalation from conventional warfare to nuclear warfare a very real possibility.
?

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wooster | Judge: Adam Smiley

Eurocentrism shapes traditional policymaking knowledge production – the state, and democratic processes are universalized and spread with policies like the plan

Frankzi, University of London, Birkbeck College, School of Law, Graduate Student, 12
(Hannah, Center for InterAmerican Studies-http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/cias/, Bielefeld University, Universitat Bielefeld, and#34;Eurocentrism,and#34; http://elearning.uni-bielefeld.de/wikifarm/fields/ges_cias/field.php/Main/Unterkapitel52-http://elearning.uni-bielefeld.de/wikifarm/fields/ges_cias/field.php/Main/Unterkapitel52, Accessed: 7/3/13, LPS)

Researchers contributing to the Latin American Modernidad / Colonialidad research programme have drawn attention to
AND
violence inherent in the process which was a key part of European modernity.
Geopolitics of Knowledge
In contrast to more localised ethnocentrisms, Eurocentrism shapes the production of knowledge and its
AND
be recognised as valid and suggest that indigenous knowledge can inspire new methodologies. 

Coloniality manifests itself in constant conquering of both nations and people

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ’8 ~Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21~ 

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
AND
such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested.and#34;

Decolonial knowledge production is key to solve

Baker, Professor of Education and Human Development at the University of Rochester, 12
(Michael, October 31 - November 4, , American Educational Studies Association, Annual Conference Seattle, Washington, and#34;Decolonial Education: Meanings, Contexts, and Possibilities,and#34; http://academia.edu/3266939/Decolonial_Education_Meanings_Contexts_and_Possiblities-http://academia.edu/3266939/Decolonial_Education_Meanings_Contexts_and_Possiblities, Accessed: 7/7/13, LPS.)

¶ What do decoloniality and decolonial education mean?  Where does this movement come from
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that had no relation to the languages and histories of the native peoples.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wooster | Judge: Adam Smiley
Commission Solves and avoids politics – eliminates poison pills
Norris ’12

(8/24/12, John Norris, Foreign Policy, and#34;Please God, Not Another Blue-Ribbon Paneland#34;, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/24/please_god_not_another_blue_ribbon_panelMBA-Aspomer)

The first item on a modern secretary of state’s to-do list these days
AND
yet another blue-ribbon panel that is all hat and no cattle.

Will pass and doesn’t drain capital
Mayer ’07 (Kenneth,- professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison  and#34;THE BASE REALIGNMENT AND CLOSURE PROCESS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE RATIONAL POLICY?and#34
The conventional wisdom was that legislators, facing increasing deficits and budget rules that were
AND
taking opportunities. None of the disapproval resolutions came anywhere close to passing.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Roseville YM | Judge: Rahim Shakoor

The United States Supreme Court should rule that compliance orders from federal enforcement agencies regarding ~insert aff restriction~ unconstitutional.

The Supreme Court has the constitutional authority to strike down the Cuban embargo:

BENJAMIN MANCHAK, 2010 (staff writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, "NOTE: COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTITUTIONALLY IMPERMISSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,"  30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417, Lexis, Accessed 2/24/2013, rwg)
The judiciary possesses the constitutional authority to overturn the Cuban embargo as unconstitutional by virtue
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norm of customary international law to which the United States is bound. n127

This solves and competes – it doesn’t ’reduce’ a legal restriction – it just makes it unenforceable

William Treanor (associate professor of law at Fordham University) and Gene Sperling (Deputy assistant to the president for economic policy University of Minnesota) 1993 "Prospective overruling and the revival of Unconstitutional statutes" JSTOR
Unlike the Supreme Court, several state courts have explicitly addressed the revival issue.
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a statute did not revive does not offer a convincing rationale for nonrevival.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster BL | Judge: Elyse Conklin
Growth unsustainable because resource depletion from water to minerals to oil – tech can’t solve
Trainer 11 ~real-world economics review, issue no. 57 "The radical implications of a zero growth economy", Ted Trainer, Lecturer, University of New South Wales, Australia, 2011~

Before offering support for these claims it is important to sketch the general "limits
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the overshoot, nor therefore about the enormous reductions that must be made. 

Collapse inevitable – key to avert extinction – delay causes exponentially more deaths
McPherson 10 ~Guy McPherson is professor emeritus of natural resources and the environment at the University of Arizona, where he taught and conducted research for 20 years. His scholarly efforts have produced nine books and well over 100 articles, and have focused for many years on conservation of biological diversity, 8-16-10, "A review before the exam," http://guymcpherson.com/2010/08/a-review-before-the-exam/-http://guymcpherson.com/2010/08/a-review-before-the-exam/~~

I’ve written all this before, but I have not recently provided a concise summary
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to prevent the extinction of our species at the hand of the latter.
Global climate change threatens our species with extinction by mid-century if we do not terminate the industrial economy soon. Increasingly dire forecasts from extremely conservative sources keep stacking up. Governments refuse to act because they know growth of the industrial economy depends (almost solely) on consumption of fossil fuels. Global climate change and energy decline are similar in this respect: neither is characterized by a politically viable solution.
There simply is no comprehensive substitute for crude oil. It is the overwhelming fuel of choice for transportation-http://www.jeffrubinssmallerworld.com/2010/08/11/boone-pickensE28099s-plan-full-of-hot-air/, and there is no way out of the crude trap at this late juncture in the industrial era. We passed the world oil peak in 2005, which led to near-collapse of the world’s industrial economy several times between September 2008 and May 2010. And we’re certainly not out of the economic woods yet.
Crude oil is the master material on which all other depend. Without abundant supplies
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western civilization. Civilizations grow or die. Western civilization is done growing.
Not only is there no comprehensive substitute for crude oil, but partial substitutes simply do not scale. Solar panels on every roof? It’s too late for that. Electric cars in every garage? It’s too late for that. We simply do not have the cheap energy requisite to propping up an empire in precipitous decline. Energy efficiency and conservation will not save us, either, as demonstrated by the updated version of Jevons’ paradox, the Khazzoom-Brookes postulate-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KhazzoomE28093Brookes_postulate.
Unchecked, western civilization drives us to one of two outcomes, and perhaps both
AND
with later. In this case, "deal with" means murder.
Shall we reduce Earth to a lifeless pile of rubble within a generation? Or shall we heat the planet beyond human habitability within two generations? Or shall we keep procreating as if there are no consequences for an already crowded planet? Pick your poison, but recognize it’s poison. We’re dead either way.
Don’t slit those wrists just yet. This essay bears good news.
Western civilization has been in decline at least since 1979, when world per-
AND
in this country, is the quality of service in the dining car.
When the price of crude oil exhibits a price spike, an economic recession soon
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world combined with all the gold mined in the history of the world.
Although it’s all coming down, as it has been for quite a while, it’s relatively clear imperial decline is accelerating. We’re obviously headed for full-scale collapse of the industrial economy, as indicated by these 40 statistics-http://www.pakalertpress.com/2010/08/10/40-bizarre-statistics-that-reveal-the-horrifying-truth-about-the-collapse-of-the-u-s-economy/. Even Fortune and CNN agree economic collapse will be complete soon-http://money.cnn.com/2010/08/11/news/economy/economic_collapse_GDP_unemployment.fortune/index.htm, though they don’t express any understanding of how we arrived at this point or the hopelessness of extracting ourselves from the morass.

Collapse now forces a transition to sustainable communities
Lewis 2000 – PhD, University of Colorado at Boulder (Chris H, "The Paradox of Global Development and the Necessary Collapse of Global Industrial Civilization" http://www.cross-x.com/archives/LewisParadox.pdf) 

With the collapse of global industrial civilization, smaller, autonomous, local and regional
AND
as modern people so often do, will themselves face collapse and ruin.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 9 | Opponent: Chattahoochee AP | Judge: Adam Grellinger

The Congress of the United States should create a National Security Court structured under Article III of the United States’ Constitution for the purposes of judicial review of United States’ indefinite detention policy.

Court oversight of detention policy solves credibility and soft power

Sulmasy ’9
 (Glenn, Associate Professor of Law at the United States Coast Guard Academy and was a National Security and Human Rights Fellow at the Carr Center, Harvard Kennedy School, April 13, "THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL SECURITY COURT SYSTEM", PDF)
THE WAY FORWARD¶ The President, Secretary Gates and Secretary Rice have all declared
AND
dedicated to the administration of justice and to upholding the rule of law.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster HH | Judge: Tucker Boyce
ERROR

Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wayzata GN | Judge: Jordana Sternberg
New Mexico energy reforms passed, secondary ones coming but political capital is key
Power Engineering 12/18 (Former U.S. Ambassador Antonio Garza on Mexico's Energy Reforms, http://www.power-eng.com/marketwired/2013/12/18/former-u-s-ambassador-antonio-garza-on-mexico-s-energy-reforms.html)
¶ Mexico took a giant leap toward a new economic future last week with Congressional passage of a remarkably bold energy reform bill. Both euphoria and hand wringing ensued as Mexico observers and the Mexican people began contemplating the significance to the country of opening its long-protected oil and gas industry.¶ These emotional reactions, though deeply felt, will soon subside; giving way to the realization that there's much hard work ahead and that the road to reform is long and potentially strewn with obstacles.¶ But there's every reason to believe that President Enrique Peña Nieto's administration is attuned to the challenges. After all, there's been quite a lot of discussion -- albeit largely of the academic sort -- about how to revamp the sector. And Mexico surely stands to benefit from the examples of previous reform efforts in the hemisphere and beyond, namely in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Norway.¶ The measure that emerged from Congress last week barely resembled the initial, cautious, proposal presented in August by the governing Party of the Institutional Revolution (PRI). That middle-of-the-road effort, which would have introduced profit-sharing agreements, was judged unappealing by the foreign firms whose investment and expertise Mexico's energy sector desperately needs to overcome its woes.¶ And so a new, more transformative piece of legislation was produced by what is known as "the art of political compromise." It's a craft that has been evident throughout Peña Nieto's first year in office, facilitated by the three-party accord known as the Pact for Mexico. But with the leftist Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) unwilling to negotiate meaningful change for the energy sector, the Pact inevitably dissolved. The PRI and the conservative National Action Party (PAN) remained at the bargaining table and together produced a reform more far-reaching than many analysts had thought possible. ¶ The approved legislation reforms Mexico's constitution by ending the oil and electricity monopolies (PEMEX and CFE, the Federal Electricity Commission); allowing private oil companies to explore for and produce oil and gas under a variety of contracts, including services, production or profit-sharing, and licenses; creating a sovereign fund to manage oil revenues; and, revising the nature and governance of the PEMEX board.

Increasing cooperation with the US hurts Nieto
Long, 13 – American University international relations professor
Tom, PhD in International Relations focusing on US-Latin America relations, American University Center for Latin American and Latino Studies research fellow, "Will tensions over security spoil the Obama-Peña Nieto Summit?," AULA Blog, American University Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, 4-16, 14, aulablog.net/2013/04/16/will-tensions-over-security-spoil-the-obama-pena-nieto-summit/

Peña Nieto’s political incentives do not point to the same, high-profile cooperation with the United States that occurred under President Felipe Calderón, who had already begun shifting priorities last year.  Despite the major turnaround signified by the PRI’s signing NAFTA almost 20 years ago, Peña Nieto’s PRI still contains elements more skeptical of U.S. “intervention” than Calderón’s PAN.  Materially, moreover, most of the U.S. aid planned under the Mérida Initiative has been disbursed, and Congress exhibits little appetite for major new appropriations.  (Even at its height, U.S. spending was a fraction of Mexico’s contribution to the drug war.)  That reduction, coupled with growing awareness that the Calderón strategy actually fueled violence, diminishes the enthusiasm in and outside of government for continuing his policies.   Frustration from the left in both countries regarding persisting human rights violations and the slow pace of judicial reform could also grow more serious.

Mexico key to global renewables- reforms key
Huacuz, 7 -- Electrical Research Institute
Jorge, "Renewable Energy in Mexico," Towards a Cleaner Planet, google books

Mexico is at cross-roads regarding renewable energy. On the one hand, this country has all the necessary elements to become a major user and developer of the technology. Because of its geographical position and foreign policy instruments in place, such as NAFTA and the Puebla-Panama Plan (between Mexico and the Central American countries), Mexico could also become an important exporter of this technology to its neighbouring mar- kets. On the other hand, however, the big oil paradigm is too deeply imprinted in the minds of` many people, energy officials and industry leaders included. Hence, unless a quick and conscious effort is made to alter this situation, the opportunities ahead (economic, social, political, environ- mental and otherwise) can be lost, as the window of opportunity to close the gap is too narrow. The effort to be made includes the implementation of aggressive renewable energy policies and a variety of technical and non- technical changes in the energy market. Barriers that could inhibit progress need to be identified and strategies to remove them in the short to medium terms must be developed; new capabilities and infrastructure (human, technical and physical) to identify and tap niches of opportunity where green power is technically and economically viable must be created, so that enough experience is gained within the country in this new field of the energy business; finally, mechanisms to assure a level enough playing field for renewables to compete with other alternatives, under equitable and transparent rules of game, must be introduced. Consumer awareness has to be raised, new capacities of the public, private and social entities have to be built, technology intermediation centers have to be strengthened or cre- ated, and new financing services have to be established. Above all, a new energy culture must be created.
Extinction
Kader, 10 -- Gulf News staff citing scientists
(Binsal and Rayeesa Absal, "Renewable energy sources may save precious humanity from extinction," Gulf News (United Arab Emirates), 10-3-10, l/n)

Renewable energy sources may save precious humanity from extinction green drive mitigates the devastating effects of deforestation Abu Dhabi Scientists estimate that between 150 and 200 species of life become extinct every 24 hours - a phenomenon threatening the very survival of human beings on Earth. However, renewable energy can save biodiversity and mitigate the threat to humanity, according to a presentation delivered at the 11th World Renewable Energy Congress held in Abu Dhabi recently. An estimated 40 per cent of the global economy is based on biological products and processes, according to the United Nations (UN). The world's forests, wetlands, coral reefs and other precious ecosystems and the rich biodiversity they harbour provide trillions of dollars worth of benefits each year. They feed and clothe human population, control floods and pollinate crops. Promoting renewable energy in deprived and remote areas is an important step to reduce the loss of biodiversity through community mobilisation, according to a presentation delivered by M. Abbaspour of the Graduate College of Environment and Energy, Science and Research at Iran's Islamic Azad University. One important outcome of introducing renewable energy is that it mitigates deforestation caused by the felling of trees for firewood.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame JC | Judge: Sara Sanchez
AS A COORDINATE CONSTITUTIONAL AGENT, THE EXECUTIVE IS ABLE TO OVERRULE SUPREME COURT PRECEDENT.
David A. Strauss, Harry N. Wyatt Professor of Law, University of Chicago, "PRESIDENTIAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION," Cardozo Law Review, v.15, October 1993, p. 120.

The principal reason to reject this view is that the executive branch is not hierarchically
AND
and limit Supreme Court precedents in ways that the lower courts may not.

Executive decisions are just as predictable and thus set the same precedent.
David A. Strauss, Harry N. Wyatt Professor of Law, University of Chicago, "PRESIDENTIAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION," Cardozo Law Review, v.15, October 1993, p. 120.

To some extent, of course, the duty to follow Supreme Court precedent (
AND
way, the executive should be free to make that determination for itself.

If the President refuses to enforce a judgment, it is in effect erased from the Law
Joel K. Goldstein ~Prof. Of Law, St. Louis Univ~., "The Presidency and the Rule of Law: Some Preliminary Explorations", 43 St. Louis L.J. 791, Summer 1999)

The Constitution creates three part government. But the work of the judiciary, deciding cases, is not self-executing. Judgments need enforcement, yet courts cannot provide it. As Hamilton argued, the judiciary has "neither FORCE nor WILL but merely judgment; and must ultimately depend upon the aid of the executive arm even for the efficacy of its judgments." 

Finally, the counterplan is the only way to solve judicial tyranny—anything other than completely autonomous executive rejection will ultimately lead back to judicial tyranny and undermine democracy
Michael Stokes Paulsen ~Assoc. Prof. Of Law, Univ. Of Minn. Law School~, "The Merryman Power And The Dilemma of Autonomous Executive Branch Interpretation", 15 Cardozo L. Rev. 81, October, 1993)

Lincoln’s words upon becoming President in his First Inaugural strike the same theme even more
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was thus a vigorous advocate of what we today would call "nonacquiescence."

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame JC | Judge: Sara Sanchez
AS A COORDINATE CONSTITUTIONAL AGENT, THE EXECUTIVE IS ABLE TO OVERRULE SUPREME COURT PRECEDENT.
David A. Strauss, Harry N. Wyatt Professor of Law, University of Chicago, "PRESIDENTIAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION," Cardozo Law Review, v.15, October 1993, p. 120.

The principal reason to reject this view is that the executive branch is not hierarchically
AND
and limit Supreme Court precedents in ways that the lower courts may not.

Executive decisions are just as predictable and thus set the same precedent.
David A. Strauss, Harry N. Wyatt Professor of Law, University of Chicago, "PRESIDENTIAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION," Cardozo Law Review, v.15, October 1993, p. 120.

To some extent, of course, the duty to follow Supreme Court precedent (
AND
way, the executive should be free to make that determination for itself.

If the President refuses to enforce a judgment, it is in effect erased from the Law
Joel K. Goldstein ~Prof. Of Law, St. Louis Univ~., "The Presidency and the Rule of Law: Some Preliminary Explorations", 43 St. Louis L.J. 791, Summer 1999)

The Constitution creates three part government. But the work of the judiciary, deciding cases, is not self-executing. Judgments need enforcement, yet courts cannot provide it. As Hamilton argued, the judiciary has "neither FORCE nor WILL but merely judgment; and must ultimately depend upon the aid of the executive arm even for the efficacy of its judgments." 

Finally, the counterplan is the only way to solve judicial tyranny—anything other than completely autonomous executive rejection will ultimately lead back to judicial tyranny and undermine democracy
Michael Stokes Paulsen ~Assoc. Prof. Of Law, Univ. Of Minn. Law School~, "The Merryman Power And The Dilemma of Autonomous Executive Branch Interpretation", 15 Cardozo L. Rev. 81, October, 1993)

Lincoln’s words upon becoming President in his First Inaugural strike the same theme even more
AND
was thus a vigorous advocate of what we today would call "nonacquiescence."

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Law AL | Judge: Derek Ziegler

The USFG Should

The resolution indicates affs should advocate topical government change

Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Dialogue

Competition through fair play is a dialogical process that encourages argumentative testing and mutual recognition of personhood

Rawls 58 – a leading figure in moral and political philosophy (John, Justice as Fairness, Philosophical Review, April, JSTOR)

Similarly, the acceptance of the duty of fair play by participants in a common
AND
the principles of justice and the acknowledgment of the duty of fair play. 

Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Galloway 7 – professor of communications at Samford University (Ryan, "Dinner And Conversation At The Argumentative Table: Reconceptualizing Debate As An Argumentative Dialogue", Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007), ebsco)

Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
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substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Game spaces like debate are distinct from other forms of education and public speaking.  There has to be a balance of ground or else one side claims the moral high ground and creates a de facto monologue

Hanghoj 2008 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark (Thorkild, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
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dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Policy debates require positions that upset ideologies—side switching as a model for deliberation is valuable because it’s distinct from pure discussion

Gutmann and Thompson 1996 – *president of Penn, former professor at Princeton,  Alfred North Whitehead Professor of Political Philosophy at Harvard (Amy and Dennis, "Democracy and disagreement", p. 1)

OF THE CHALLENGES that American democracy faces today, none is more formidable than the problem of moral disagreement. Neither the theory nor the practice of democratic politics has so far found an adequate way to cope with conflicts about fundamental values. We address the challenge of moral disagreement here by developing a conception of democracy that secures a central place for moral discussion in political life.
Along with a growing number of other political theorists, we call this conception deliberative
AND
that is possible and desirable in the face of moral disagreement in democracies.
Some scholars have criticized liberal political theory for neglecting moral deliberation. Others have analyzed
AND
, where moral argument regularly appears but where theoretical analysis too rarely goes.
Deliberative democracy involves reasoning about politics, and nothing has been more controversial in political
AND
we offer some preliminary remarks about the scope and method of this book.
The aim of the moral reasoning that our deliberative democracy pre-scribes falls between
AND
sake; they try to find mutually acceptable ways of resolving moral disagreements.
The precise content of reciprocity is difficult to determine in theory, but its general
AND
make arguments consistent with reciprocity suggests that a deliberative perspective is not Utopian.
To clarify what reciprocity might demand under non-ideal conditions, we develop a
AND
theory and practice, it is essential to a morally robust democratic life.
Although both of us have devoted some of our professional life to urging these ideas
AND
help solve political problems. But such a complaint would misrepresent our aims.
To begin with, we do not think that academic discussion (whether in scholarly
AND
between the application of each in the non-ideal circumstances of politics.
We do not assume that politics should be a realm where the logical syllogism rules
AND
philosophers along with citizens and public officials better appreciate its value in politics.
Some readers may still wonder why deliberation should have such a prominent place in democracy
AND
means for deciding what means are morally required to pursue our common ends.

Simulation

Scenario simulation lets students test decisions and strategies without the real stakes of having to implement them—this process is more transformative than the content of the 1ac

Hanghoj 2008 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark (Thorkild, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity"
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios. 

We impact turn their accusations of sophistry—skills unique to our model like constructing 1ACs, simulating policies, and researching positions we disagree with grounds decisions in dialogical, argumentative heuristics instead of decisionistic formulas or speculation.  Takes out aff solvency and impacts

Mitchell 2010 – associate professor and director of graduate studies in the Department of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh (Gordon, Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs, 13.1, "SWITCH-SIDE DEBATING MEETS DEMAND-DRIVEN RHETORIC OF SCIENCE")

The watchwords for the intelligence community’s debating initiative— collaboration, critical thinking, collective
AND
meaning in inverted rhetorical situations characterized by an endemic surplus of heterogeneous content.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Yao Yao Chen

2. Slow transition through pragmatism in Cuba now. Diaz-Canel means the embargo gets lifted by 2018 and reforms in the mean-time solve the whole aff.

Estes 13 – attended Harvard College where he was an editor at the Harvard Crimson and president of Current Magazine (Adam Clark, "Can You Imagine Cuba Without a Castro?", The Atlantic Wire, 2/24/13, http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/02/can-you-imagine-cuba-without-castro/62461
Raul Castro announced in a speech on Sunday that he plans to step down as
AND
nation through the gradual and orderly transfer of key roles to new generations."

Plan in the short term risks upsetting this and sparks Cuban civil war

Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/18 cuba feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)
Some in the United States have long supported severe sanctions  intended to starve the Cuban regime of resources and thereby precipitate a political breakdown . Yet, within the national security bureaucracy of the U .S . Executive Branch, notwithstanding occasional  presidential rhetoric, there is a strong preference for gradual, peaceful evolution in Cuba . A sudden breakdown, it is feared, would entail  substantial risks for U .S . interests, including an immigration crisis right  off of our shores, and in the worst case, irresistible pressures for intervention to quell a bloody civil  war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.

?

This turns every part of the aff

NAÍM, 1 – editor of Foreign Policy (MOISÉS, "When Countries go Crazy", MARCH 1, 2001, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2001/03/01/when_countries_go_crazy-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2001/03/01/when_countries_go_crazy)
Some countries can drive other countries crazy. When people have this effect on one
AND
, the powerful interest groups that blinded him to the lessons of experience.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: GBN MT | Judge: Forslund
CP Text: The United States Federal Government should offer Mexico to facilitate a substantial increase in United States’ importation of Mexican non-corn biofuels if and only if Mexico agrees to meet human rights conditions established by the Merida Initiative.

US should withhold future aid unless Mexico meets human rights conditions

Roth, 09 – executive director of the Human Rights Watch (Kevin Roth, JULY 13, 2009, "Mexico: US Should Withhold Military Aid-http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/07/13/mexico-us-should-withhold-military-aid Rights Conditions in Merida Initiative Remain Unmet", Human Rights Watch)GPastor
The Merida Initiative provides the Obama administration with an important opportunity to strengthen US-
AND
administration should vigorously enforce the human rights requirements included in the aid package." 

US credibility in LA low now—only a commitment to promote human rights solves

Sikkink 04 political science professor at the University of Minnesota, PhD from Columbia (Kathryn A Sikkink, 2004, "Mixed Signals: U.S. Human Rights Policy and Latin America", book) KY
This is just one example of many where the U.S. government has
AND
an article of faith that anticommunism required strong support for authoritarian military regimes.

Increased regional influence is key to heg

Carlsen, IRC Americas program of the International Relations Center director, and Barry, IRC’s policy director, 6
(Laura, Tom, 2/10/06, Americas Program, "U.S. Hegemony Or Global Good Neighbor Policy," http://www.countercurrents.org/sa-carlsen100206.htm-http://www.countercurrents.org/sa-carlsen100206.htm, accessed 7/6/13, IC)

Over the past few years we have faced two major challenges in conceiving of a new foreign policy in Latin America. The first is the relative lack of attention to the region, by both the U.S. government and public. The second is the increasing friction between the current U.S. administration’s strategies for global U.S. hegemony and Latin American elected governments and grassroots trends toward greater independence and new models.
The following policy review of U.S.-Latin American relations examines the salient new developments in Latin America and the Caribbean and U.S. policy in the region. It concludes with general guidelines for a more coherent and constructive U.S. Latin American policy in the region, along the lines of the "Global Good Neighbor Ethic for U.S. Foreign Policy."
I. Why Latin America Matters
Over the past five years, the United States had paid relatively little attention to Latin America. Since September 11, policymakers, media, and the U.S. public have kept the focus on the Middle East and Muslim countries. With the invasion of Iraq in 2003, foreign policy, while gaining greater public attention, has become nearly synonymous with the debate over the occupation of that country and the deteriorating conditions for peace in the Middle East.
The United States still retains a special sense of hegemony over its "near abroad" or backyard. But in an age of the global war on terror, global economic integration, and global communication, geographical proximity has reduced relevance in prioritizing international relations. As the only remaining superpower since the disintegration of the Soviet bloc, Washington has come to regard the entire globe as its natural domain.
One result of this global reach is that less importance is attached to relations with Latin America than to nations with more strategic resources, especially oil, more profitable investment locations, geopolitical importance, and those that offer expanding consumer markets.
The problem for Latin America is that the lack of coherent policymaking has led to stopgap and piecemeal policies, far more reactive than pro-active. These policies, while generally falling under the erroneous framework of the National Security Doctrine, are not based on a comprehensive and careful analysis of the region; nor do they take into account the needs of the countries themselves. Moreover, between the distinct policy areas—counternarcotics operations, development aid, anti-terrorism, immigration restriction, trade liberalization—they frequently contradict each other and fail to consider broader policy objectives in the region.
Historically, the reasons for Latin America ’s relevance to U.S. interests
AND
keep other countries out. This served both security interests and economic objectives.
The Cold War dictated a new set of objectives oriented toward eliminating what were defined as communist threats. But since the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the "global war on terrorism," Latin America has taken a back seat in U.S. foreign policy in relation to other parts of the world. The former rationales of proximity, defeating communism, and maintaining regional hegemony have fallen away to new, more complex forms of involvement.
For many who have analyzed or experienced firsthand the U.S. policies that fomented civil wars, supported military dictators, or helped overthrow elected governments, neglect may seem a positive development in U.S.-Latin American relations.
But the United States continues to exercise strong hegemonic ties in the region, whether
AND
reflect the reality of the region and have increasingly protested the neoliberal model.
At this juncture, to base alternative U.S. policy in the region
AND
rich and the poor, we too must develop a more comprehensive agenda.
What’s clear is that in today’s globalized world, the United States and Latin America remain inextricably linked—and in some ways even more so. The large U.S. market, expanding Latin American markets for U.S. goods, the international drug trade, immigration—all underline the strategic relationship that exists between the two regions.
It is also clear that many countries in Latin America are taking bold steps toward addressing some of the worst inequities of corporate-led globalization and their colonial heritage. A U.S. foreign policy that supports, rather than counters, these initiatives and that resolutely respects the right to self-determination could bring our nations into a shared community of values based on sustainable development, inclusive democracy and peace.
II. Continental Drift: Trends in Latin America
Despite the more dramatic developments in other parts of the world, Latin America has
AND
and unexpected political leadership that in some cases extends to the global stage.

Hegemony key to stable global order – international agreements, diplomacy and trade

Brooks, Dartmouth government professor, et al., 13
~Brooks, Stephen G., Ikenberry, G. John, Wohlforth, William C., STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, Foreign Affairs, "Lean Forward", Jan/Feb2013, Vol. 92, Issue 1, Academic Search Complete, accessed 7-2-13, AFB~

In Defense of American Engagement
Since the end of World War II, the United States has pursued a single
AND
guard in allied countries such as Germany, Japan, and South Korea.
The details of U.S. foreign policy have differed from administration to administration
AND
partnerships to foster the cooperation necessary for a stable and open international order.
Now, more than ever, Washington might be tempted to abandon this grand strategy
AND
ties, and give up its efforts to lead the liberal international order.
Proponents of retrenchment argue that a globally engaged grand strategy wastes money by subsidizing the
AND
only save blood and treasure but also make the United States more secure.
They are wrong. In making their case, advocates of retrenchment overstate the costs of the current grand strategy and understate its benefits. In fact, the budgetary savings of lowering the United States’ international profile are debatable, and there is little evidence to suggest that an internationally engaged America provokes other countries to balance against it, becomes overextended, or gets dragged into unnecessary wars.
The benefits of deep engagement, on the other hand, are legion. U
AND
world in which the country was less secure, prosperous, and influential.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Robert Holmes
1nc
Obama capital and pressure has held off vote on sanctions – but sustain pressure is key
Fox news 11/20/13 (  “Obama urges skeptical senators to holdoff on iran sanctions during talks” http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/11/20/obama-appeals-to-senators-to-hold-off-on-iran-sanctions-during-talks/)
¶ President Obama personally appealed to senators on Tuesday to hold off on seeking additional
AND
anticipate Congress will act on Iran at least until after the Thanksgiving break. 

Political capital is key – new sanctions in advance of negotiations will wreck Rouhani’s ability to negotiate and collapse the deal
Cockburn, 11/11/13 - PATRICK COCKBURN is the author of Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq (“The Deal-Wreckers Why Iran’s Concessions Won’t Lead to a Nuclear Agreement”, Counterpunch, http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/11/11/why-irans-concessions-wont-lead-to-a-nuclear-agreement/

In Tehran President Hassan Rouhani has so far had a fairly easy ride because of
AND
extinguished by those who believe that confrontation with Iran works better than diplomacy.

Obama pushing for Cuban engagement picks a fight with GOP heavyweights and collapses foreign policy support
Anya Landau French, 11-3-2010; Director, US-Cuba Policy Initiative - New America Foundation and editor, What Do the Mid-terms Election Results Mean for U.S. Cuba Policy? http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anya-landau-french/what-do-the-mid-terms-ele_b_778382.html

The real impact is in how the elections do or don't affect the administration's Cuba
AND
hostage situation fester, the harder it is to come out a winner.

Fiating a hostile Congress spills over to Iran negotiations
Alterman, 9/4/13 – holds the Zbigniew Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy and directs the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Prior to joining CSIS in 2002, he served as a member of the Policy Planning staff at the US Department of State and as a special assistant to the assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs. In addition to his policy work, he teaches Middle Eastern studies at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and George Washington University  (Jon, “US-Iran Nuclear Deal Hinges On Syria Vote” http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/us-iran-nuclear-deal-hinges-on-syria-vote.html)

To start, it is worth noting the extent to which foreign governments are sophisticated
AND
a hostile Congress is not a president with whom it is worth negotiating.
A limited deal prevents Iranian weaponization – risks proliferation and an Israeli nuclear strike
Stephens, 11/14/13 – columnist for the Financial Times (Phillip, Financial Times, “The four big truths that are shaping the Iran talks” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af170df6-4d1c-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2kkvx15JT

The first of these is that Tehran’s acquisition of a bomb would be more than
AND
with Tehran about the speed and scope of a run down of sanctions.
An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy
Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

2nc

And Iranian prolif causes nuclear war
Edelman, 11 - Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9 (Eric, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, proquest)

The reports of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States and
AND
would retaliate against the wrong party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.

Obama is investing capital to delay a new Senate sanctions on Iran– he’ll hold off the vote now
Gerstein, 11/12/13 (Josh, Politico, “Iran talks delay puts White House on defense”
http://www.politico.com//story/2013/11/iran-talks-delay-white-house-99707.html)

A ten-day delay in talks aimed at negotiating an interim halt to Iran’s
AND
interim deal signed before the debate heated up in Congress again on sanctions.

The cockburn evidence indicates that the success or failur of the deal relies on obamas capital
 Pressure key to keep sanctions off the table
Landler 11/19/13 (Mark Landler and Jonathan Weismna, “Bipartisan Assent to hold off New Iran Sanctions”, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/world/middleeast/senators-press-obama-for-a-tougher-iran-nuclear-deal.html?_r=0) 

In a meeting with Senate leaders on Tuesday, President Obama failed to sway critics
AND
negotiations is troublesome, and we’ve made that clear to the White House.”

Even McCain agress to give leeway – but continue obama pressure and negotiation key
Landler 11/19/13 (Mark Landler and Jonathan Weismna, “Bipartisan Assent to hold off New Iran Sanctions”, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/world/middleeast/senators-press-obama-for-a-tougher-iran-nuclear-deal.html?_r=0)
¶ In the letter to Mr. Obama, senators expressed concern that the deal
AND
have to do to persuade lawmakers to support any comprehensive deal with Iran.

2nc – PC key

Political capital is key – Obama’s mounting a full-court press on the Senate to forestall sanctions pressure from the Israel lobby
Warner, 11/14/13 – chief foreign affairs correspondent for PBS (Margaret, “As negotiators ready for Iran talks, Obama asks Congress not to step up pressure” PBS News Hour,
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec13/iran_11-14.html)
¶ GWEN IFILL: The behind-the-scenes struggle between the White House
AND
sanctions until you get a deal that ends all, all Iranian enrichment.
Obama is pushing to delay new Iranian sanctions, but it will be a huge fight and Congress could scuttle a deal
CBS News, 11/13/13 (“Obama administration seeks time from Congress for Iran diplomacy”
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57612230/obama-administration-seeks-time-from-congress-for-iran-diplomacy/

The Obama administration is pleading with Congress to allow more time for diplomacy with Iran
AND
However, the administration is worried Congress could make an agreement more difficult. 

2NC - Sanctions Kill the Deal
New sanctions would kill the negotiations
LA Times 11/17/13 ( “No New Iran Sanctions Now”, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed~-~-iran-house-sanctions-20131117,0,6728477.story#axzz2lOUNcszJ)
The House members argue that because existing sanctions brought Iran to the negotiating table,
AND
— the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and Germany.
Secretary of State John F. Kerry, who has been overseeing those negotiations for the U.S., has no doubt that new sanctions would have that effect. This week he warned that "if Congress were to unilaterally move to raise sanctions, it could break faith with those negotiations and actually stop them and break them apart."

AT: Winners Win

Wrong political strategy --- commitment to cooperation is key to securing passage

Collinson, 13 (Stephen, 3/7/2013, Agence France Presse, “Obama tries new tack -- talking to Republicans,” Factiva))

President Barack Obama has hit on a novel antidote to Washington's endless cycle of political
AND
spectacle in Washington these days -- political foes actually talking to one another.

Offense
Wins don’t spill over- bruising effort doesn’t generate capital- their author

Michael Hirsch, Daily Beast, 1-19-2010 http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/01/19/the-politics-of-hubris.html

There was nothing new about this, of course. It falls into the age
AND
a long time before anyone has the stomach to set it right legislatively.

Regardless of general capital, the plan pushes immigration off the agenda—Hirsch concedes this matters even if capital isn’t true

Michael Hirsh, National Journal, 2/7/13, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207

Presidents are limited in what they can do by time and attention span, of
AND
was sucking all the oxygen out of the room, the aides said.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Caddo Magnet CC | Judge: Paul Johnson

Critiques of debate praxis are commodified within the discursive economies which produce them – the aff invites more violence into debate by guaranteeing opponents will develop tactical approaches to destroy their advocacy

Mann, Professor at Pomona, 1994
~Paul, Professor at Pomona College, Philosopher, PhD from UC Santa Cruz, Masocriticism, 1994~
Now autopsies of the putative corpse of the avant-garde usually reveal a predictable
AND
of discourse. It talked, wrote, and painted itself to death.

Their argument assumes one can separate themselves from violent debate praxis or  ~whatever they critique~, but in every round as you speak your 1AC there are debaters and coaches aggressively prepping against your affirmative – the starting point of the aff produces more conflict within debate, and turns their case

Mann, Professor at Pomona, 1994
~Paul, Professor at Pomona College, Philosopher, PhD from UC Santa Cruz, Masocriticism, 1994~
Without exception, all positions are oriented toward the institutional apparatus. Marginality here is
AND
not an exception. Effective resistance must be located in other tactical forms.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West BN | Judge: Kirk Gibson

1NC

Increased U.S. Manufacturing decreases Chinese Exports

Manzella Report 11/23/12
(John Manzella, "Energy Revolution Could Supercharge U.S. Manufacturing, Hurt China," pg online @ ~~http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/manufacturing/543-energy-revolution-could-supercharge-u-s-manufacturing-hurt-china-http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/manufacturing/543-energy-revolution-could-supercharge-u-s-manufacturing-hurt-china~~~~ um-ef)
As a result of a projected increase in American manufacturing, U.S.
AND
model needs to be revised to accommodate for today~’s new challenges.

B. That collapses CCP Stability, the Global Economy and Causes War with Taiwa

Lewis 2k7
(Research Director of the Economic Research Council (Dan, April 19, 2007, "The nightmare of a Chinese economic collapse," World Finance, ~~http://www.economicpolicycentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/The-nightmare-of-a-Chinese-economic-collapse.pdf-http://www.economicpolicycentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/The-nightmare-of-a-Chinese-economic-collapse.pdf~~~~ )
A reduction in demand for imported Chinese goods would quickly entail a decline in China
AND
by going to war with Taiwan – whom America is pledged to defend.

C. Collapse of the CCP control triggers a nuclear civil war and regional conflicts (green highlight)

Yee and Storey 2k2
(Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, p. 5.)
The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Roseville YM | Judge: Rahim Shakoor
Their use of the state produces a mediated relationship that makes true ethics impossible 

Zupancic, 2k Research – Institute of philosophy – Ljubljana, 2000.  ~Alenka, Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan, March, pg 10-11~

In other words, one cannot attain the realm of the ethical by means of
AND
is never simply the result of an ’improvement’ or a ’reform’. Thus:
If a man is to become not merely legally, but morally, a good man this cannot be brought about through gradual reformation so long as the basis of the maxims remains impure, but must be effected through a revolution in the man’s disposition. ... He can become a new man only by a kind of rebirth, as it were ~through~ a new creation.⁵
This passage from Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone is especially important for grasping
AND
of desiring - it refers to the faculty of desire as a priori.

The displacement of our ethics onto external political institutions culminates in genocidal violence. Once we accept that our ethics are contingent on the political all atrocities becomes possible.
Zupancic, 2000 Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan, March 2000, p. 96-7

Another problem still remains, however: the question of the possibility of (
AND
as something that is `essentially a by-product’ of our actions.

If the mediation of our ethics is the source of our ethical impoverishment and the
AND
," World Congress of The International Society for Universal Dialogue in Pyrgos, Greece
on May 18-22, 2003 http://www.isud.org/papers/pdfs/Santilli.pdf

If we retain this original sense of "radical evil" as it appears in
AND
, for both philosophers, we find no truth and no genuine morality.
One would like to reverse this with a blunt assertion: The annihilation of people
AND
Nazi. But what would it mean to say, "Do not cause
suffering like that experienced by the Jews"? Suffering like that is an abyss,
AND
is that once one looks into the heart and mind of evil doers and
finds boring, trivial idiots, that is people like us, who are us
AND
of it typologically or imagine it as regulating nature and natural bodies.17
The subject in other words has to be reinscribed into the world of suffering and
AND
moral prohibition of torture must recognize torture as an offense against the person.
How would reason know, for example, that it would be madness to torture
AND
says, "Man is a being of needs, so far as he
belongs to the world of sense…his reason certainly has an inescapable responsibility from
AND
the facts that encircle the void inaccessible to deliberation and practical reason.30

Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wayzata GN | Judge: Jordana Sternberg
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its Automatic Exchange of Information and Trade Transparency Units with Canada, Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its border protection

The CP solves- their 1AC evidence

Sheppard, 1/31/13 – Lawyer and widely-read commentator on tax issues
(Lee, Tax Analysts, "Will U.S. Hypocrisy on Information Sharing Continue," http://www.taxanalysts.com/www/features.nsf/Articles/0C26B2CFD92F1FBE85257AFC004E8B38?OpenDocument-http://www.taxanalysts.com/www/features.nsf/Articles/0C26B2CFD92F1FBE85257AFC004E8B38?OpenDocument)
In Rev. Proc. 2012-24, IRB 2012-20, the
AND
have been to appease these customers, their bankers, and their advisers.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West BN | Judge: Kirk Gibson

1NC

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase its infrastructure investment toward Mexico through the Coordinated Border Infrastructure program.

CBI solves infrastructure improvements

Valdez 11 (Diana Washington, 05/15/11, El Paso Times, "Diana Washington Valdez: Federal aid fund vital to Borderland", ~~http://www.elpasotimes.com/sunbowlmania/ci_18065578-http://www.elpasotimes.com/sunbowlmania/ci_18065578~~~~ SW)

The Border Trade Alliance is urging its members and other interested parties to convey to
AND
name of fiscal restraint, we could be doing more harm than good."

Net Benefit –

Using NADBank for TI crushes environmental infrastructure programs

George Kourous (directs the IRC~’s BIOC program, Writer, Editor 26 Senior Program Associate at International Relations Center (IRC)) October 2000 "The Great NADBank Debate" ProQuest
 The charter that created BECC and NADBank requires the institutions to support projects that
AND
many of whom still lack basic services like running water and sewage disposal. 

Those are key to environmental cooperation

Taj, 06 (Mitra, "Possible shutdown of NADBank worries some U.S. lawmakers," Tucson Citizen, 3/16/06, http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue2/2006/03/16/152961-possible-shutdown-of-nadbank-worries-some-u-s-lawmakers/)Red

 "I don~’t want to see the NADBank go away," she
AND
responsive to the environmental needs of border citizens would be a welcome move.

Prevents massive biodiversity loss

Van Schoik, 04 – Rick, teaches international environmental security, science, and policy at San Diego State University, California ("Biodiversity on the U.S.-Mexican Border," World Watch Institute, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/567)Red

The U.S.-Mexican border region has the highest rate of species endangerment
AND
-that the border is starkly visible to people flying over in airliners.

Extinction

Nabhan, 00 – Gary Paul, writer, lecturer and world-renown conservation scientist ("Biodiversity: The Variety of Life that Sustains Our Own," Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, January 2000, http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_biodiversity.php)Red

An excerpt from A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert There is a place in
AND
only if a broad spectrum of society is involved in endorsing their protection.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Octas | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Carswell etc

1NC

CP: The United States Federal Government should repeal the Helms-Burton Act.

Normal Trade and MFN are the same thing

H.R. 97 (House of Representative, U.S.-CHINA TRADE RELATIONS AND RENEWAL OF CHINA’S MOST-FAVORED-NATION STATUS, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-105hhrg51705/html/CHRG-105hhrg51705.htm-http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-105hhrg51705/html/CHRG-105hhrg51705.htm, Accessed 11/21/13, RRR)
Although everyone is familiar, it is worth noting that MFN is nothing more than normal trade status, as the Chairman said in his opening statement. It is not preferential trade status as some would portray it. Indeed, we grant MFN trade status to almost every country on Earth with the exception of half a dozen countries, including North Korea and Cuba.

The MFN clause would lead to Cuban Economic Collapse, collusion and competition

Mckeown 5/7/13 (James, Writer for Mondaq, United States: Most Favored Nation ("MFN") Pricing Draws Scrutiny As Potential Anticompetitive Practice, http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/237384/Antitrust+Competition/Most+Favored+Nation+MFN+Pricing+Draws+Scrutiny+As+Potential+Anticompetitive+Practice-http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/237384/Antitrust+Competition/Most+Favored+Nation+MFN+Pricing+Draws+Scrutiny+As+Potential+Anticompetitive+Practice, Accessed 11/21/13, RRR)
So with these benefits, what is the antitrust concern? Typically the antitrust issues
AND
under the lower price and make the cheating easier to detect and police.

Cuban economic collapse leads to extinction

Gorrell ’5 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" 3/18/5, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074, Accessed 11/22/13, RRR)
Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Law AL | Judge: Derek Ziegler

Research centered at the subjugation of the oppressed increases colonization.  Identity is reduced to a people’s who identity is centered in lacking wholeness

Tuck and Yang ’14 – A. Prof of Educational Foundations @ State U. of New York at New Paltz  and A. Prof in Ethnic Studies @ U.C. San Diego ( Eve and K. Wayne, " R-Words: Refusing Research", Humanizing Research, p.226-231JC )
Similarly, at the center of the analysis in this chapter is a concern with
AND
Only speak your pain" (hooks, 1990, p. 343).

This legitimizes and reinscribes existing power structures, props-up and reproduces state violence, and devalues existence to a question of ’pain’

Tuck and Yang ’14 – A. Prof of Educational Foundations @ State U. of New York at New Paltz  and A. Prof in Ethnic Studies @ U.C. San Diego ( Eve and K. Wayne, " R-Words: Refusing Research", Humanizing Research, p.226-231JC )

The costs of a politics of recognition that is rooted in naming pain have been
AND
merely a reinscription of subjugation and pained existence?" (p. 55).

We must reject the affirmative as an example of Pain-centered research.  The alternative of desire-based research solves the case and avoids the pitfall of pain-centered research

Tuck and Yang ’14 – A. Prof of Educational Foundations @ State U. of New York at New Paltz  and A. Prof in Ethnic Studies @ U.C. San Diego ( Eve and K. Wayne, " R-Words: Refusing Research", Humanizing Research, p.226-231JC )

Craig Gingrich-Philbrook (2005) articulates a related critique of autoethnography, positioning
AND
. 14). Desire interrupts this metanarrative of damaged communities and White progress.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Yao Yao Chen

1NC Ports DA

US ports are set to become trans-shipment hubs, but competition between ports is heavy – lifting the embargo allows Mariel port to dominate the market instead

Wyss, 12 (Jim, with Jacqueline Charles and Mimi Whitefield, "Latin American ports ready for Panama Canal expansion," Miami Herald, 11/23/12, http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/11/23/v-fullstory/3110087/latin-american-ports-ready-for.html-http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/11/23/v-fullstory/3110087/latin-american-ports-ready-for.html Red)

The industry "doesn’t care what ports need to do to be ready or what
AND
it would be like going back to the 1950s,’’ he added.

Only lifting the embargo allows the Mariel project to succeed

The Cuba Standard, 10 ("Brazil: Mariel investment aiming at post-embargo trade," 12/8/10, http://www.cubastandard.com/2010/12/08/brazil-mariel-investment-aiming-at-post-embargo-trade/-http://www.cubastandard.com/2010/12/08/brazil-mariel-investment-aiming-at-post-embargo-trade/ Red)

Brazilian government officials told National Security Advisor Gen. James L. Jones that Brazil’s
AND
," the economic counselor at the Interests Section quoted the Brazilians as saying.

Competitive ports are key to the US economy and heg

Kiefer et al, 2k – principal investigator for Planning and Management Consultants– study authorized by Section 401 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, report to the US Army Corps of Engineers (Jack, Planning and Management Consultants, "The National Dredging Needs Study of Ports and Harbors Implications to Cost-Sharing of Federal Deep Draft Navigation Projects Due to Changes in the Maritime Industry", May 2000, http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/docs/iwrreports/00-R-8.pdf-http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/docs/iwrreports/00-R-8.pdf)  CB

Some benefits of harbor improvements are difficult or impossible to quantify. For individual projects
AND
trade are widespread and are not limited to a handful of coastal states. 

Nuke war

Mandelbaum, 5 – Professor and Director of the American Foreign Policy Program at Johns Hopkins – 2005 ~Michael, The Case for Goliath: How America Acts As the World’s Government in the Twenty-First Century, p. 224~

At best, an American withdrawal would bring with it some of the political anxiety
AND
and because of the presence, in large numbers, of nuclear weapons.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Chattahoochee PW | Judge: Lane Bearden

1NC

Competition between Caribbean ports is heavy – embargo repeal means Mariel gets the bulk of that business

Gonzalez, 13 (Pedro Monreal, "Postpanamax era: an opportunity for Cuba?," On Cuba, 5/26/13, http://www.oncubamagazine.com/economy-business/postpanamax/-http://www.oncubamagazine.com/economy-business/postpanamax/ )

Although apparently many candidates may exist in the Caribbean to become mega-ports,
AND
it graphically, to a, global and central contemporary capital accumulation dynamics.

Only lifting the embargo allows the Mariel project to succeed

The Cuba Standard, 10 ("Brazil: Mariel investment aiming at post-embargo trade," 12/8/10, http://www.cubastandard.com/2010/12/08/brazil-mariel-investment-aiming-at-post-embargo-trade/-http://www.cubastandard.com/2010/12/08/brazil-mariel-investment-aiming-at-post-embargo-trade/ )

Brazilian government officials told National Security Advisor Gen. James L. Jones that Brazil’s 24300 million investment in the expansion of a Cuban port only makes sense in a post-embargo scenario. According to a cable sent by the U.S. embassy in September 2009 and published this week by Wikileaks, Jones talked with presidential foreign policy advisor Marco Aurelio García and his deputy, Ambassador Marcel Biato, as well as other Brazilian during an Aug. 4-5 visit to Brasilia last year. "They noted that their plans to help Cuba construct a deep-water port at Mariel only make sense on the assumption that Cuba and the United States will eventually develop a trading relationship," the cable said about the meeting with García and Biato. During a meeting at the U.S. Interests Section in Havana in January, Brazilian diplomats cited similar views by Cuban partners in the Mariel project. "The Cubans involved in the Mariel Port project have said that the project is in preparation for the day when U.S.-Cuba economic relations normalize," the economic counselor at the Interests Section quoted the Brazilians as saying.

Mariel will compete with Kingston port

Alfonso, 13 (Haroldo Dilla, "Cuba’s Mariel Port: New Opportunities for the Island," Havana Times, 6/18/13, http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=94835-http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=94835 /)

The article, which I suggest everyone read, discusses how Cuba, for the
AND
the eastern coast of the United States, are competing for this opportunity.

Absent that, Kingston is set to become the major hub – that will boost the Jamaican economy

Osman, 13 – Mohammed, advisor on container leasing and shipping container investment opportunities ("Caribbean Ports Race to Meet the Demands of the Panama Canal," Container Leasing, 1/27/13, http://container-leasing.info/caribbean-ports-race-to-meet-the-demands-of-the-panama-canal/-http://container-leasing.info/caribbean-ports-race-to-meet-the-demands-of-the-panama-canal/ )

Regions all around the world compete to meet the demands of the Panama Canal in
AND
to economic growth, as well as; the ever expanding shipping industry.

Jamaican growth is key to combat gangs – the impact is organized crime and state collapse

Manwaring, 11 – Max G., Professor of Military Strategy in the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College ("Three Lessons from Contemporary Challenges to Security," Prism, vol. 2, no. 3, June 2011, http://www.ndu.edu/press/contemporary-challenges.html-http://www.ndu.edu/press/contemporary-challenges.html /)

Similar to other countries in the Circum-Caribbean and elsewhere, Jamaican posses (
AND
international security institutions, they dominate community life, territory, and politics.

Caribbean drug trafficking facilitates terrorism – multiple impacts (military space program, bauxite and alumina supply)

McDavid, 11 – Hilton A., Adjunct Professor of National Security Affairs at the National Defense University ("The Caribbean: The third U.S. border," FOCALPoint, Feb. 2011, http://www.focal.ca/en/publications/focalpoint/394-february-2011-hilton-a-mcdavid-http://www.focal.ca/en/publications/focalpoint/394-february-2011-hilton-a-mcdavid /)

Caribbean and North American security challenges are intertwined. The basin has become a major
AND
in North American security planning —perhaps more aware than their American counterparts.
That convergence uniquely risks WMD terrorism – it outweighs
Stavridis, 13 – dean of the Fletcher School at Tufts University and former supreme allied commander at NATO ("The dark side of globalization," Washington Post, 5/31/13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-terrorists-can-exploit-globalization/2013/05/31/a91b8f64-c93a-11e2-9245-773c0123c027_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-terrorists-can-exploit-globalization/2013/05/31/a91b8f64-c93a-11e2-9245-773c0123c027_story.html /)

I am often asked what keeps me awake at night after nearly 40 years as
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That is the convergence we must do all in our power to prevent.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Eric Oddo

1NC Shell

The ethical endorsement of the 1AC establishes a new order for humanity. Their methodology shapes a world that requires the production of a violent other and the extermination of that other. Instead of an inclusive or utopian society, the affirmative will justify wars of annihilation in the name of difference.

Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, "Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan," Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008

In The Concept of the Political Schmitt had already indicted the increased usage of the
AND
lines articulated by Foucault under the heading of ’self government’(2007b).

Alternative: Only rejecting the ethics of obligation prevents the annihilation of difference and unending violence. We should embrace the space of the political through the endorsement of enmity.

Our obligation lies in the openness of the political order. Liberalized politics is too limited in scope and ignores the pluriversal nature of the political. That’s critical to real inclusion.

Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, "Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan," Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008

The paper ends with a discussion of obligation. Outlining the contours of a notion of political, rather, than ethical obligation, however, may require some explicit distancing from the now-familiar accounts that have oriented critical ’ethical’ endeavours for some time. So we ask again the ethical question which has haunted us: from whence does obligation originate? Were we to be still enthralled by a Levinasian or generally any ’other-beholden’ thought of being ’hostage’ to the other, we might say that the face to face encounter installs obligation before representation, knowledge and other ’Greek’ relationalities (Levinas 1989: 76–77; Odysseos 2007a: 132-151).Caputo, however, warns us off this kind of commitment to a notion of perfectible or total obligation. He asks that we recognise that ’one is always inside/outside obligation, on its margins. On the threshold of foolishness. Almost a perfect fool for the Other. But not quite; nothing is perfect’ (1993: 126). The laudable but impossible perfectibility of ethics and ethical obligation to the other must be rethought. This is because ’one is hostage of the Other, but one also keeps an army, just in case’ (ibid.).Caputo is not speaking as a political realist in this apparently funny comment. He is pointing, I suggest, to the centrality of politics and enmity. Obligation is not to the other alone; it is also to the radical possibility of openness of political order, which allows self and other to be ’determined otherwise’ (Prozorov 2007a). Analytically, we also want to know the tactics and subjective effects of being directed towards enforced freedom. In this way, we might articulate a political and concrete act obligation that is inextricably tied to freedom that is not ’enforced’, that is not produced for us, or as ’us’.nWith Schmitt, one might say that obligation points practically (i.e. politically) to the ’relativisation of enmity’. Obligation may not, however, be towards the enemy as such, for the enemy is the pulse of the political – so long as the enemy is relative (yet can be killed) in the order, the openness of the order can be vouched safe in the disruption of the absolutism of its immanence (Ojakangas 2007; Schmitt 1995a). We might, then, recast Schmitt’s conception of the political (which he regards as coming into being in the decision which distinguishes between friend and enemy) through his later emphasis in Theory of the Partisan on the politically normative significance of the relativisation of enmity. In other words, we might say that what needs to remain possible is the constant struggle ’between constituent and constituted power’(Beasley-Murray 2005: 221) in both society and also world order. It is important to identify the ethical and governmental project of enforced freedom because doing so allows us to think of obligation as related to a different freedom: freedom as resistance (not freedom as an attribute). Prozorov suggests that an ’ontology of concrete freedom’ relies on ’freedom of potentiality of being other wise, of being able to ’to assert one’s power as a living being against the power, whose paradigm consists in the "care of the living"’ (2007a: 210-211). This assumes, however, first, that resistance lies in the ’refusal of biopolitical care that affirms the sovereign power of bare life’ ((Prozorov 2007a: 20) and, second, that there is a sort of ’radical freedom of the human being that precedes governmental care’ (Prozorov2007a: 110). I argue in conclusion, however, that freedom as resistance is still too limited; it may still be, despite all attempts, lured back to a thinking of an essence: of that prior state of pre-governmental production of subjectivity, which in actuality does not exist. Rather, Foucault’s brief intervention on the issue of obligation (2001b) through the International Committee against Piracy points to ’a radically interdependent relationship with practices of governmentality’ (Campbell 1998: 516) to which we are all subjected, here understood in the proper Greek sense of our subjectivity being predicated on governmental practice (cf. Odysseos 2007a: 4). ’We are all members of the community of the governed and thereby obliged to show mutual solidarity’, Foucault had argued, as against obligation understood within modern humanism (Foucault 2001b: 474; emphasis added). This obligation which he invokes simply exists (es gibt), as Heidegger might say. We would add that Schmitt’s account of the transition from ’real’ to ’absolute’ enmity in the twentieth century and his demand that ’the enemy is not something to be eliminated out of a particular reason, something to be annihilated as worthless..’ must be read in this way (Schmitt2004: 61): as speaking for the need to ward off the shutting down of politics. That is why Schmitt’s two iconographies rest precisely on two extremes: the mythic narratives of an order open to enmity as its exteriority, which guarantees pluriversal openness, on the one hand, and the absolute immanence of order where ’absolute enmity driv~es~ the political universe’ on the other hand (Goodson 2004b: 151).This is a notion of a world-political obligation that ’is a kind of skandalon for ethics, which makes ethics blush, which it must reject or expel in order to maintain its good name…’ (Caputo 1993: 5). This obligation is articulated for the openness that enmity brings; it attends to the other as enemy by allowing, against ethics, for the continued but changeable structurations of the field of politics, of politics as pluriverse.

The affirmatives attempt at developing a utopian and inclusive society results in crusades against the other. That results in extermination camps and biopolitical conflict.

Thorup 06, Mikkel Thorup, lecturer and researcher at the Institute of Philosophy and History of Ideas at the University of Aarhus in Denmark, In Defense of Enmity – Critiques of Liberal Globalism, Ph.D. Dissertation, January 2006, http://rudar.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/2068/1/In_defence_of_enmity_-_pdf.pdf-http://rudar.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/2068/1/In_defence_of_enmity_-_pdf.pdf

Another register in which the lines are blurred or rather non-existent is in
AND
the internal racism of permanent purification (Foucault 2003: 61-2)

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: New Trier BK | Judge: Bagwell

Science Diplomacy CP 1NC

Text: The United States federal government should:

Appoint a senior-level ambassador for science and technology cooperation within the State Department instructed to convene an interagency group on science diplomacy

Remove the cap on H-1B Visas

Increase professional aid in disease surveillance, clean technology development, environmental adaptation, and natural disaster preparedness with relevant nations

Globally publicize its successful international scientific partnerships

CP is key to create and sustain effective science diplomacy – alt causes turn aff solvency

Turekian and Lord, Director, Center for Science Diplomacy, 2009
~5/5/09, Vaughan, Chief International Officer for the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Director of the AAAS’s Center for Science Diplomacy, former Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs, Nonresident Fellow in Foreign Policy at Brookings, MA and PhD in Atmospheric Geochemistry from the University of Virginia, graduated from Yale with degrees in Geology and Geophysics and International Studies, Kristin M., Executive Vice President at the United States Institute of Peace, non-resident Fellow at Brookings, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, former Executive VP and Director of Studies at the Center for a New American Security, former Fellow in Foreign Studies at Brookings who directed the science and technology initiative of the Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World,  MA and PhD in Government from Georgetown, BA magna cum laude in International Studies from American University, "The Science of Diplomacy," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/05/04/the_science_of_diplomacy-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/05/04/the_science_of_diplomacy~~ Idriss
As he recommits resources to this most important field, Obama must remember that science
AND
she could convene an interagency group coordinating the strategic use of science diplomacy.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster MO | Judge: Li Quinn
CP Text: Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California should facilitate improved efficiency and reduced congestion at ports of entry along the U.S.-Mexico border.

Border States solve – corridor planning

Shapleigh, Texas Senator, 8
~10/08, Eliot, "Texas Borderlands 2009 The State of Border Transportation and Security," http://shapleigh.org/system/reporting_document/file/238/81st_Transportation_Chapter.pdf, date accessed: 07/12/13, LV~

Key U.S.-Mexico border ports-of-entry are located on
AND
allow us to synchronize investment ¶ plans with the Mexican Ministry of Transport.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wooster | Judge: Adam Smiley

1NC

Interpretation

a. and#34;Substantialand#34; most commonly means of real worth or considerable value as opposed to merely nominal

Words and Phrases 2
(Volume 40A, p. 458)

D.S.C. 1966.  The word and#34;substantialand#34; within Civil Rights Act providing that a place is a public accommodation if a and#34;substantialand#34; portion of food which is served has moved in commerce must be construed in light of its usual and customary meaning, that is, something of real worth and importance; of considerable value; valuable, something worthwhile as distinguished from something without value or merely nominal

b. Increase must be a net increase

Rogers, judge, 5 (Judge – New York, et al., Petitioners v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondent, NSR Manufacturers Roundtable, et al., Intervenors, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, ; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, 6/24, Lexis)

~48~  Statutory Interpretation. HN16-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=1fe428155fdfc9074f3623f0dae9d78a26docnum=1426_fmtstr=FULL26_startdoc=126wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkAW26_md5=0ebd338d6a7793de8561db53b915effd26focBudTerms=term increase26focBudSel=allWhile the CAA defines a and#34;modificationand#34; as
AND
car five or ten years ago when the engine was in perfect condition.

2. Violation – due to separate sanctions, Cuba would not get access to more goods when removed from the SST

Carone, Executive Director of Cuba Democracy Advocates, 13
~Mauricio Claver, 4-2-13, The American, and#34;Cuba Sees an Opening,and#34; http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-http://www.american.com/archive/2013/april/cuba-should-remain-designated-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism, accessed 6-26-13, PR~

Kerry supported unilaterally easing sanctions on Cuba during his Senate career, and speculation that
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Congress and lead to an unconditional lifting of sanctions in the near future.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wooster | Judge: Adam Smiley

Interpretation- In the US context, economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks.

Helweg, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, 2000 (Diana, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145) 

Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright has argued that a U.S.
AND
of the traditional carrot and stick approach rather than one or the other.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington KF | Judge: Christian Bata
And, more evidence - The Bank’s charter is highly restrictive – A legislative mandate suggesting expansion of the charter would be needed for the directors to even consider it.
Rodriguez 09 – Chair of the Board of Advisors for the North American Center for Transborder Studies @ Arizona State University Raul Rodriguez (Chair and professor in Banking and Finance @ University of the Incarnate Word and the President of RMI, an investment and trade consulting firm in Mexico. He served as CEO and Managing Director of the North American Development Bank (NADBank) until October 2005. Prior to joining the NADBank, he was Executive Director of the Mexican Foreign Trade Bank; the Bank’s Director for Asia; Mexico’s Trade Commissioner in Canada during the NAFTA negotiation; and Secretary of Economic Development for the Mexican border State of Tamaulipas), “The Future of the North American Development Bank” The Wilson Center Mexico Institute and El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Policy Brief, June 2009, pg. http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RODRIGUEZ20NADBANK.pdf

Below are ten of the actions and policy initiatives that have been debated in recent years with regard to achieving an expanded and more effective role for NADB: A. Expand the mandate to include additional infrastructure sectors: The Bank requires a more flexible mandate that takes into account a broader set of criteria that do not focus excessively on quantifiable environmental benefits. Currently the Board sets very high environmental benefit thresholds on projects. Factors relating to the broader goals of infrastructure improvement and economic development should be considered in addition to environmental criteria in a balanced way. Some sectors are more amenable than others for bilateral cooperation. Water— and environmental infrastructure in general—has been a must in view of its strategic importance as a shared and scarce resource on both sides of the border and given its growing complexity. Transportation and logistics, among other areas, is a natural choice: fostering the corridors concept, linking inland port projects and facilities on both sides, helping address the tradeoffs with security measures, promoting customs systems and bridge and road projects that have faced endless delays. Maximizing the use of current infrastructure and addressing mismanagement, coordination and harmonization issues should continue to be part of NADB’s focus. The Bank should become more fully engaged with the development and expansion of ports of entry and border crossings. In the context of security imperatives, investments aimed at facilitating the construction and improvement of crossings through public-private partnerships might be the most important contribution to the border’s development today. The need for legislation to authorize further expansion into other infrastructure sectors has been debated. Some suggest it is simply an issue for the governments to resolve. However, given the restrictive interpretations of the charter, if a favorable legislative climate develops its amendment would be advisable if broad mandate expansion were to be considered.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West BN | Judge: Kirk Gibson

1NC

Increasing border delays prevent perishable good trade

U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 11 ("Steps to a 21st Century U.S.-Mexico Border"
~~http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/2011_us_mexico_report.pdf-http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/2011_us_mexico_report.pdf~~~~ SW)

Border delays have a dramatic impact on the way businesses operate. They build these
AND
put at risk due to the perishable nature of the product~’s life span.

Efficient Mexico trade kills Florida tomato growers

NYT, 12/26/12 ("Mexico has friends in U.S. amid tomato tiff with Florida," http://www.mysanantonio.com/business/article/Mexico-has-friends-in-U-S-amid-tomato-tiff-with-4147532.php)Red
As tomato growers in Florida and some other states fight a 16-year-
AND
address the unfair trade that exists," he said in a recent statement.

Low tomato prices kill the Florida industry – leads to rollback of 1996 price deal

PRI, 12/19/12 ("NAFTA, 20 years later: Florida tomato farmers struggling with competition," http://www.pri.org/stories/business/nafta-20-years-later-florida-tomato-farmers-struggling-with-competition-12426.html)Red
Mexico~’s tomato farmers have found great success sending their products to the United States since
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, also known as predatory pricing, to run them out of business.

Turns case and causes war with Mexico

Strom and Malkin, 12 (Stephanie and Elisabeth, "Ammunition for a Trade War Between U.S. and Mexico," 9/27/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/28/business/global/tomatoes-are-ammunition-for-a-trade-war-between-us-and-mexico.html?pagewanted=all)Red
The United States Department of Commerce signaled then that it might be willing to end
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Mexico could also jeopardize talks over other trade disputes between the two countries.

Protectionism promotes widespread domestic and external war

Brooks 1999 (Jason Brooks, Department of Journalism at Carleton University, 1999 ed. Independent Institute "Make Trade, Not War" http://www.independent.org/tii/students/GarveyEssay99Brooks.html)

What is trade? It is the natural, voluntary interaction of people for mutual
AND
country survives by looting; a free country survives through production and trade.