Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien | Judge: Christina Tallungan
Advantage  is Energy Diplomacy – 

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico over hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico.

We solve two internal links – First, is foreign aggression
The plan sends a powerful global signal that balances aggressive energy monopolies from the Middle East and Russia – Also solves oil shocks that make global econ collapse inevitable
Houston Chronicle September 17, 2013 “Editorial: Domestic Energy can help Obama answer Putin” http://www.mywesttexas.com/news/opinion/article_f82615fe-2013-11e3-8c97-001a4bcf887a.html
About this we are certain. The Russian leader is up to nothing but mischief
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be a powerful topic on which to speak - with a global megaphone.

Economic crisis causes war-~--strong statistical support
Royal, 2010, Director of
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such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.  

Our aff is key to generate leverage and pressure against OPEC domineering
Clifford Krauss (writer for the International Herald Tribune) August 2013 “Mexico oil reform could benefit U.S. Presidential proposal would allow foreign firms greater exploration role”” Lexis
Currently, world oil markets are well supplied and several OPEC nations have expressed concerns
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pressure on the Saudis, Kuwaitis, the Venezuelans and Russia.''¶
Otherwise, a collapse in US hegemony and power projection is inevitable – independently solves Iran nuclearization
Flynt Leverett (senior fellow at the New America Foundation in Washington, D.C. and a professor at the Pennsylvania State University School of International Affairs. From March 2002 to March 2003, he served as the senior director for Middle East affairs on the National Security Council (NSC) former counterterrorism expert on the Policy Planning Staff of the U.S. State Department, former CIA senior analyst for eight year, former visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution’s Saban Center for Middle East Policy, director of the Geopolitics of Energy Initiative in the American Strategy Program at the New America Foundation) and Pierre Noel (Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Senior Fellow for Economic and Energy Security at International Institute for Strategic Studies, former Senior Research Associate in the Energy Policy Research Group (EPRG) of the Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge. His PhD is from Sciences-Po Grenoble former Research Fellow at IFRI in Paris, and Senior Policy Fellow at the ECFR in London) 2006 “The New Axis of Oil” http://newamerica.net/node/7966
While Washington is preoccupied with curbing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, avoiding
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its nuclear technology, while also nurturing its developing strategic partnership with Tehran.
Iran prolif causes domino prolif, conventional wars, terrorism, and global nuclear war
Shavit, senior correspondent for Haaretz, 2012,
3-21, Ari Shavit, a senior correspondent for Haaretz and a member of its editorial board, is completing a book about Israel. “The Bomb and the Bomber,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/22/opinion/the-bomb-and-the-bomber.html?_r=0
An Iranian atom bomb will force Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Egypt to acquire their
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ultimate weapon will imbue the world we live in with a hellish undertone.
Heg solves multiple scenarios for nuclear war
Brooks et al 13
Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
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that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85 

Specifically decline causes lashout
Goldstein ‘07
(Avery, Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 and 5 August)

Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for
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provides grounds for concern about the period prior to the possible crossover.19
Also, Your oil based offense is irrelevant – a transitions to renewables may be inevitable in the long term – but the plan is a key stopgap to maintain control over that process – otherwise hostile actors will hold us economically hostage
IBD (Investor’s Business Daily) August 2008 “The Axis Of Oil” http://herdgadfly.blogspot.com/2008/08/axis-of-oil.html
Wars aren't cheap, even when they go well. But Russia has plenty of
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, drill wherever oil in U.S. territory may be found.
The conflicts will escalate and go nuclear – the impact is extinction
HENDERSON 2007—frequent contributor to Countercurrents, an organization devoted to resolving climate change (Bill, 24 February 2007, “Climate Change, Peak Oil And Nuclear War,” http://www.countercurrents.org/cc-henderson240207.htm, DA: 7/19/2012
The awakening public now know that climate change is real and human caused but still
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weapons in space and even serious talk of pre-emptive nuclear attack.

The Second internal link is foreign diplomacy --
Proactive energy diplomacy is fading – we need a new approach within the hemisphere - the plan revitalizes energy diplomacy through both signal and function
David L. Goldwyn (served as Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's Special Envoy and Coordinator for International Energy Affairs where he created the Global Shale Gas Initiative, the Energy Governance and Capacity Initiative and led strategic energy dialogues with China, Mexico, India, Iraq, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Angola, as well as the U.S.-Brazil Biofuels Dialogue. David has also served in the U.S. Government as Assistant Secretary of Energy for International Affairs, Counselor to the Secretary of Energy, national security Deputy to the US Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Chief of Staff to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, and as an Attorney-Adviser in the Office of International Claims and Investment Disputes at the Department of State) April 2013 “House¶ Committee on Foreign Affairs¶ ;¶ Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere¶ ;¶ “¶ Energy Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean¶ ”http:docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20130411/100622/HHRG-113-FA07-Wstate-GoldwynD-20130411.pdf
The global energy economy is undergoing significant changes, and the unconventional oil and gas
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adaptation are mixed, providing opportunities for¶ U.S. energy diplomacy
Specifically – it energy diplomacy solves Chinese energy aggression – shifts behavior from competitive to cooperative
Rumley 10 ( Dr Dennis Rumley – FDI associate -  aka “ Dr. Dud Rumbles” is an Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the University of Western Australia, - Australia and the New Geopolitics of Energy    Thursday, 12 August 2010  - http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/energy-security/28-australia-and-the-new-geopolitics-of-energy.html
Energy diplomacy on the part of the world’s most energy import-dependent country,
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exploit this advantage with all energy import-dependent states, including China.
The model of the plan’s oil cooperation framework is key
Victor, 08 In the TankMaking the Most of Strategic Oil ReservesDavid G. Victor and Sarah Eskreis-Winkler, Foreign Affairs, http://irps.ucsd.edu/dgvictor/publications/Faculty_Victor_Article_2008_In20The20Tank_Foreign20Affairs.pdf
t’s a small world The better ¶ management of oil reserves in the United States
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more are better ways to improve their energy security than pursuing oil mercantilism¶
The impact is US-China war
KLARE 2010 (Michael Klare, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College, “Tomgram: Michael Klare, China Shakes the World,” September 19, 2010, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175297/tomgram3A_michael_klare2C_china_shakes_the_world
Already, China’s efforts to bolster its ties with its foreign-oil providers have
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Whatever its choices, however, China’s energy decisions will shake the world.
That escalates and goes nuclear
Campbell et al 8
(Kurt M, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Dr. Campbell served in several capacities in government, including as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asia and the Pacific, Director on theNational Security Council Staff, previously the Chief Executive Officer and co-founder of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), served as Director of the Aspen Strategy Group and the Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Washington Quarterly, and was the founder and Principal of StratAsia, a strategic advisory company focused on Asia, rior to co-founding CNAS, he served as Senior Vice President, Director of the International Security Program, and the Henry A. Kissinger Chair in National Security Policy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, doctorate in International Relation Theory from Oxford, former associate professor of public policy and international relations at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and Assistant Director of the Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, member of Council on Foreign Relations and  International Institute for Strategic Studies, “The Power of Balance: America in iAsia” June 2008, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatelSingh_iAsia_June08.pdf
Asian investment is also at record levels. Asian countries lead the world with unprecedented infra-structure projects. With over $3 trillion in foreign currency reserves, Asian nations and businesses are starting to shape global economic activity. Indian firms are purchasing industrial giants such as Arcelor Steel, as well as iconic brands of its once-colonial ruler, such as Jaguar and Range Rover. China’s Lenovo bought IBM’s personal computer
We call the transformations across the Asia-Pacific the emergence of “iAsia”
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which are all magnified by the risk of miscalculation or poor decision-making
Energy Diplomacy is an impact filter—it’s reverse casual and prevents the escalation of conflict
Clinton 12 former Secretary of State (Hillary Rodham Clinton, “ Energy Diplomacy in the 21st Century” October 18, 2012, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/10/199330.htm)
But let me start with the basics. Energy matters to America’s foreign policy for
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nations’ energy wealth back into their economies instead of hoarding it for themselves.
Independently, the plan boosts Mexico’s regional oil diplomacy – solves multiple scenarios for Latin American conflict
Isidore Morales (ProfessorMonterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM)Santa Fe Campus) April 29, 2011 “THEENERGYFACTOR INMEXICO–U.S.RELATIONS” http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf
By contrast, Mexico was more successful in articulating oil diplo¶ macy at the
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understanding with the cutoff appears in the text, not a typo
Latin American wars go global
Rochin 94 – Professor of Political Science
(James, Professor of Political Science at Okanagan University College, Discovering the Americas: the evolution of Canadian foreign policy towards Latin America, pp. 130-131)
While there were economic motivations for Canadian policy in Central America, security considerations were
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, such as Contadora, as will be discussed in the next chapter.

Biodiversity
Specifically, Gulf’s ecosystems on the brink—resilience is unraveling now
Craig ’11 – Attorneys’ Title Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs at Florida State University
(Robin Kundis, “Legal Remedies for Deep Marine Oil Spills and Long-Term Ecological Resilience: A Match Made in Hell”, Brigham Young University Law Review, 2011, http://lawreview.byu.edu/articles/1326405133_03craig.fin.pdf)
These results suggest that we should be very concerned for the Gulf ecosystems affected by
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that accomplish no less than a fundamental transformation of its safety culture.” 173

Pemex inexperience with deepwater drilling ensures catastrophic failure – US economic engagement is key
Will Rogers (Research Assistant at the CNAS, Center for New American Security) February 2012 “U.S.-Mexico Offshore Oil Agreement May Help Mexico Rejuvenate Oil Production” http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2012/02/us-mexico-offshore-oil-agreement-may-help-mexico-rejuvenate-oil-produc
The United States and Mexico have come to an agreement that would allow both countries
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if those revenues translate into government programs that help bring about that stability.

Only the plan results in comprehensive marine environmental protection in key parts of the Gulf
David B. Sheinbein (University of Miami School of Law, LL.M. in Taxation, 2000, magna cum laudeTulane University School of Law, J.D., 1999, Business attorney in Houston) Spring 1998 “Delimitation of Western Gap Land in the Gulf of Mexico: A Need for Diplomatic Resolution” 6 Tul. J. Int'l and Comp. L. 583, Lexis
The American Petroleum Institute claims that the petroleum industry protects the environment in as many
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region on its side of the boundary against both malfeasant and negligent polluters.

This prevents widespread environmental disasters in the Gulf
John Broder and Clifford Krauss (writers for Hispanic Business) February 2012 “U.S.-Mexico Agreement Paves the Way for Drilling” http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2012/2/21/usmexico_agreement_paves_the_way_for.htm
In response, Mexico's national oil company, Petroleos Mexicanos, known as Pemex,
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, personnel, equipment and technology are essential for safe and productive drilling." 

The plan is a springboard for broader environmental protection in the Gulf
Brown and Meachem 13 (Neil Brown and Carl Meachem, Senior Advisor at Goldwyn Global Strategies and Director of CSIS, The Hill, 6-5-13, “Time for US- Mexico Transboundary Agreement”, http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/303739-time-for-us-mexico-transboundary-agreement)

The United States-Mexico Transboundary Agreement (TBA) would enable cooperation between our
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partners. That is good for Mexico and for the U.S.
The plans engagement spillsover to marine science research industries and fisheries
David B. Sheinbein (University of Miami School of Law, LL.M. in Taxation, 2000, magna cum laudeTulane University School of Law, J.D., 1999, Business attorney in Houston) Spring 1998 “Delimitation of Western Gap Land in the Gulf of Mexico: A Need for Diplomatic Resolution” 6 Tul. J. Int'l and Comp. L. 583, Lexis
As a subsidiary matter, this Comment focuses upon many of the key concerns of
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defined maritime boundary beyond each country's 200-nautical-mile coastal zone.

The plan’s engagement ensures enforcement of maritime environmental laws – solves unregulated poaching
David B. Sheinbein (University of Miami School of Law, LL.M. in Taxation, 2000, magna cum laudeTulane University School of Law, J.D., 1999, Business attorney in Houston) Spring 1998 “Delimitation of Western Gap Land in the Gulf of Mexico: A Need for Diplomatic Resolution” 6 Tul. J. Int'l and Comp. L. 583, Lexis
Part IV of this Comment illustrates the importance of such a deepwater boundary resolution as
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of malfeasant companies exploiting the land at levels the environment cannot naturally sustain.
Ocean biodiversity prevents extinction
Craig ‘03
Associate Prof Law, Indiana U School Law, 2003
(McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
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kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North | Judge: Noah Kramer
1AC
Plan Text

 Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico over hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico.
Mexico Advantage

Advantage one is Mexico
Aggressive natural gas plays from Mexico are inevitable – but all terrestrial means of production are tapped out and their technology and equipment are shoddy
Carlos Rodriguez (writer for Bloomberg News) September 4, 2012 “U.S. Shale Glut Means Gas Shortage for Mexican Industry: Energy” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-03/u-s-shale-glut-means-gas-shortage-for-mexican-industry-energy.html
Mexico has begun cutting natural gas supplies to some of its largest customers by as
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will be by pipelines, and they’re at their limit,” Shields said.
This ensures push for offshore development - PEMEX just discovered huge natural gas deposits
Stuart Hampton (Editor at Hoovers, specializes in oil and natural gas industry) May 26, 2011 “PEMEX’s big new natural gas discovery” http://bizmology.hoovers.com/2011/05/26/pemexs-big-new-natural-gas-discovery/
Now it appears to be Mexico’s turn to strike it rich. Last week,
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, stymying the Mexico-City based company’s plans to exploit the deposits.
The signal of increased maritime energy cooperation is key – otherwise business certainty is impossible
Curry L. Hagerty (Specialist in Energy and Natural Resources Policy at the Congressional Research Service) June 15, 2010 “Outer Continental Shelf Moratoria on Oil and Gas Development” http://crs.ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/10Jul/R41132.pdf
In the case of the marine boundary between the U.S. and Mexico
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it remains unclear what role this Congress will take in addressing these topics.
Specifically – there are investors on the sidelines right now waiting to begin joint projects
Dudley Althaus (writer for the Houston Chronicle) July  16, 2012 “Will Texas oil companies get a shot at Mexico investments?” http://fuelfix.com/blog/2012/07/16/will-texas-oil-companies-get-a-shot-at-mexico-investments/
The sense of urgency gripping Mexican energy policies could bring big cash to Texas oil
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former senior U.S. diplomat overseeing commercial affairs in Mexico City.
We’ll isolate two impacts
First is US-Mexico relations,
The plan gives Nieto momentum for energy reform, failure to ratify will break down relations
Goldwyn et al 8/14 (David L., president of Goldwyn Global Strategies, LLC, an international energy advisory consultancy, and a nonresident senior fellow with the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution. David Goldwyn served as the U.S. State Department’s special envoy and coordinator for international energy affairs from 2009-2011, reporting directly to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. In this position, Goldwyn conceived and developed the Global Shale Gas Initiative and the Energy Governance and Capacity Initiative, led ministerial-level energy dialogues with Angola, Canada, China, India, Iraq, Mexico, Nigeria and Brazil, and co-chaired a regional biofuels initiative with Brazil., Neil R. Brown,  Senior Advisor, Goldwyn Global Strategie, Cory R. Gill, Associate, Goldwyn Global Strategies; Brookings Institute, Time to Implement the U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement — Congress: Drop the Poison Pill, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/08/14-us-mexico-transboundary-hydrocarbon-goldwyn-brown-gill)
The United States and Mexico concluded a transboundary hydrocarbons agreement, officially titled the “
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the TBA are hurting their cause by encouraging the anti-transparency provision.
Otherwise, inevitable Gulf disputes destroy relations
BBC News 2/20/12 “US and Mexico agree Gulf of Mexico oil cooperation”                              http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-17108286
The US and Mexico have agreed to work together to develop deep-water oil
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is well behind the US in developing deep water fields in the Gulf.
Energy cooperation is key to a SUSTAINABLE partnership – action NOW is key
Reyes 13 – JD, member of the USA Today Board of Contributors
(Raul, April, “Opinion: President Obama has the chance to improve US/Mexico relations,” http://nbclatino.com/2013/04/29/opinion-president-obama-has-the-chance-to-improve-usmexico-relations/)
Obama will arrive in Mexico with good and bad news.  On the positive side
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foreign policy with Mexico based on its potential, not on its problems.
The plan puts energy at the forefront of the US-Mexico agenda – it shifts the national conversation
Roberta Rampton (writer for Reuters) April 29, 2013 “U.S.-Mexico deal on expanded Gulf oil drilling still in limbo” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/29/usa-mexico-oil-idUSL2N0DG0CV20130429
The deal, formally known as the Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement, provides legal guidelines for
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during the last Congress as lead Republican international energy aide in the Senate.
Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of CRS, 1/18/2006 “Mexico’s Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United States”, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf)//JG
Sharing a 2,000-mile border and extensive interconnections through the Gulf of
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, and border, terrorism,¶ health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND TERROR AT THE  SOUTHWEST BORDER,” UNITED STATES HOUSE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY, Lexis)BB
Terrorism remains a serious threat to the security of the United States. The Congressional
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on U.S. soil ¶ into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld)BB
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
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be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Independently, a US economic crisis is coming
DeLong 13 - Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, and a Visiting Fellow at the Kauffman Foundation (J. Bradford, “The Second Great Depression: Why the Economic Crisis is Worse Than You Think”, July/August 2013 Foreign Affairs)Beddow
Despite its many virtues, however, the book paints an overly optimistic portrait of
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States is likely to suffer another major economic crisis in the years ahead.
Latin energy connectivity is key to growth
Noriega and Cardenas 12 – *Former US State Dept Official,  director with Vision Americas
(“An action plan for US policy in the Americas,” December, http://www.aei.org/outlook/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/an-action-plan-for-us-policy-in-the-americas/)//BB
Key points in this Outlook:
America’s economic crisis and threats to US security have undermined its traditional global-leadership
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its own hemisphere. A prosperous hemisphere means a more prosperous United States.
US growth solves great power war
Khalilzad 11 – PhD, Former Professor of Political Science @ Columbia, Former ambassador to Iraq and Afghanistan
(Zalmay Khalilzad was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. "The Economy and National Security" Feb 8 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad)//BB
Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
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, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.
These wars go nuclear
Harris and Burrows 9 - *Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) , Jennifer, a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit
(“Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)//BB
Increased Potential for Global Conflict
Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and
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within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world. 

Second is Mexican stability,
PEMEX’s production is approaching rapid decline, key to Mexican stability
Wood et al 12 (Ernesto Marcos David Shields David Enríquez Miriam Grunstein Lourdes Melgar Juan Eibenschutz Javier Estrada Marcelo Mereles Enrique Hidalgo Fluvio Ruiz Carlos Berdeja Juan Pardinas Josefina Cortés Tania Ortiz Isidro Morales Eduardo Andrade John Padilla Duncan Wood; Wilson Center Mexico Institute, A New Beginning for Mexican Oil:  principles and recommendations for a reform in  Mexico’s national interest, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wood_new_beginning_mexico.pdf)
Although the purpose of this paper is not to provide a comprehensive diagnosis of the
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granting the Mexican state the fiscal resources it needs to reduce inequity and  poverty
Mexico collapse tanks hegemony, power projection, and diplomacy globally
Isidore Morales (Professor¶ Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM)¶ Santa Fe Campus) April 29, 2011 “T¶ HE¶ E¶ NERGY¶ F¶ ACTOR IN¶ M¶ EXICO¶ –¶ U.S.¶ R¶ ELATIONS” http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-MoralesFactor-04292011.pdf
With the commercial and¶ security partnerships created by NAFTA and SPP, Mexico’s¶ geopolitical position is in some ways reminiscent of the military, commercial, and labor alliances¶ of World War II that were intended to support American leadership during the military¶ confrontation.¶ At the turn of the 21st¶ -¶ century, amid territorialized and de¶ -¶ territorialized enemies¶ and a mix of conventional and non¶ -¶ conventional weapons and tactics, Mexican space is once¶ again geopolitically and economically important to¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ interests. A military al¶ liance has not yet¶ been established, but¶ with¶ the creation of a¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ Northern Command, and the re¶ structuring of¶ U.S.¶ security policies under the aegis of the De¶ partment of Homeland Security,¶ Mexican territory¶ has become a de facto part of the¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ homeland¶ to protect; a sort of thick and extended border,¶ though which potential or suspicious enemies, illegal goods, and people, ought to be detected¶ and deterred in order to prevent harm to the¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ (Morales 2008¶ a¶ , 147¶ -¶ 68).¶ 26¶ Similar to the¶ situation witnessed during WWII, oil and energy resources are part of this renewed geopolitical¶ alliance, but not necessarily its core. Once again, Mexico is functioning as a sort of buffer¶ space¶ —¶ providing strategic resources to the¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ wh¶ ile helping to filter and deter threats and¶ possible attacks.¶ Since the implementation of NAFTA, however, some American scholars prefer to consider¶ Mexico a “pivotal” or “critical” state rather than a simple buffer zone. Pivotal states are to be¶ understood as those nations that are not “great powers,” per se, but rat¶ her emerging or¶ developing economies that are critical to U S interests. They are strategic and important for¶ 26¶ Established Oct. 1, 2002, the U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) provides command and control of¶ Department of Defense (DOD) homeland defense efforts and coordinates defense support of civil authorities.¶ USNORTHCOM’s area¶ of monitoring includes air, land and sea approaches and encompasses the continental United¶ States, Alaska, Canada, Mexico and the¶ surrounding water out to approximately 500 nautical miles. It also includes¶ the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida, porti¶ ons of the Caribbean region to include The Bahamas, Puerto Rico¶ and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Furthermore, the commander of USNORTHCOM is responsible for theater security¶ cooperation with Canada, Mexico, and The Bahamas (See:¶ http://www.northcom.mil/home.html¶ ). It is in this sense,¶ that Canada, Mexico and the Bahamas have become a critical surrounding of the U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ homeland to be protected¶ .¶ The Energy Factor in Mexico¶ -¶ U.S.¶ Relations¶ 31¶ American interests and regional and international stability due to a confluence of factors, not all¶ of which have to be present, such as: 1) geos¶ trategic importance; 2) uncertain evolution; 3)¶ potentially conveying significant beneficial or harmful¶ effects on their regions; and 4¶ ) the¶ possibilities for playing a key role on cross¶ -¶ cutting multilateral negotiations (Chase et al. 1999,¶ 6¶ -¶ 7).¶ Mexican¶ scholars and practitioners prefer to conceive of Mexico as a “middle power” or a¶ “commercial power” (Rico 2010, 112; González 2010; Espinosa 2010), but in recent decades, the¶ country has become pivotal for enhancing or jeopardizing American interests. NAFT¶ A has¶ transformed Mexico’s economy and the pattern of trade specialization with the¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ and Canada,¶ and the SPP has made the country a strategic¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ partner for combating old and new foes. While¶ Mexico’s geopolitical and geo¶ -¶ economical positions of the c¶ ountry were evident, there was¶ uncertainty about how the country would develop and what the impact on the region would be.¶ Pivots are by definition “wobbly” or “tippy,” that is, they could evolve toward confident, stable¶ regional powers or, to the contrary¶ , become unstable, unable to maintain local or regional order,¶ and lapse into chaos (Chase et al. 1999, 7). Unfortunately, since the inception of SPP, Mexico¶ has moved to an unstable and problematic scenario, which has prompted the¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ to treat security¶ w¶ ith its southern neighbor on a bilateral basis.¶ Indeed, the trilateral approach envisioned by SPP in both energy issues and security concerns¶ faded out with the Obama administration (2008¶ -¶ 2012). Trade, energy, and security concerns¶ remain on the North Ame¶ rican agenda but not as a trilateral policy issue, as originally envisioned¶ by SPP. A new era of bilateralism has emerged in which the violence and security concerns¶ related to the activities of transnational criminal organizations dominate the¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ -¶ Mexico¶ agenda.¶ For the past two years, “border security” has been the top priority between the two countries,¶ while trade and energy issues have become secondary.¶ Today, Mexico is an unstable and uncertain pivot. At risk is not only the decline of Mexico’s oil¶ output and consequently of exports, but the proliferation of “lawless spaces” ruled by local and¶ international organized crime organizations. During WWII and the Cold War years, Mexico¶ became a reliable buffer to¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ interests, despite government nationa¶ listic and revolutionary¶ The Energy Factor in Mexico¶ -¶ U.S.¶ Relations¶ 32¶ rhetoric, which the¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ accepted and tolerated even when it transcended Mexico’s international¶ and regional positions. At present, the domestic political situation of the country seems to be¶ more fragile and complicated, and the e¶ ntanglement of the country with¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ international¶ interests and concerns much more complex. As Peter Smith, a respected American scholar on¶ Mexico, put it some years ago: If Mexico functions as a “critical state” to¶ U¶ .¶ S¶ .¶ interests, the¶ ultimate goal of Wa¶ shington is to support development and political stability south of the border.¶ This could be done¶ —¶ as hypothesized by Smith¶ —¶ by lifting all cross¶ -¶ borders restrictions to labor¶ migration and by legalizing the sale and consumption of drugs. Smith, of course,¶ realizes that¶ these two policy options are not feasible at present times, so he envisions a cooperative scenario¶ between the two nations building on NAFTA and other bilateral commitments (Smith 2009, 240¶ -¶ 243). The worst scenario would be, of course, an es¶ calation of violence and instability in the¶ country, with a more aggressive capture of political elites by organized crime interests, and with¶ the cancelation of Mexico’s democratic and civic liberties. Amid such pessimism, there is hope¶ in that both Mexic¶ an and American civil societies share the same interests, since neither desires a¶ further degradation of the political situation in Mexico. The challenge is to construct new¶ institutional architecture through which the two countries can work for both their¶ own and¶ mutual interests in the near future.
Heg solves multiple scenarios for nuclear war
Brooks et al 13
Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85 

Specifically decline causes lashout
Goldstein ‘07
(Avery, Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 and 5 August)

Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for
AND
provides grounds for concern about the period prior to the possible crossover.19

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North | Judge: Noah Kramer
Oil Spills Advantage
Specifically, Gulf’s ecosystems on the brink—resilience is unraveling now
Craig ’11 – Attorneys’ Title Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs at Florida State University
(Robin Kundis, “Legal Remedies for Deep Marine Oil Spills and Long-Term Ecological Resilience: A Match Made in Hell”, Brigham Young University Law Review, 2011, http://lawreview.byu.edu/articles/1326405133_03craig.fin.pdf)
These results suggest that we should be very concerned for the Gulf ecosystems affected by
AND
that accomplish no less than a fundamental transformation of its safety culture.” 173

Pemex inexperience with deepwater drilling ensures catastrophic failure – US economic engagement is key
Will Rogers (Research Assistant at the CNAS, Center for New American Security) February 2012 “U.S.-Mexico Offshore Oil Agreement May Help Mexico Rejuvenate Oil Production” http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2012/02/us-mexico-offshore-oil-agreement-may-help-mexico-rejuvenate-oil-produc
The United States and Mexico have come to an agreement that would allow both countries
AND
if those revenues translate into government programs that help bring about that stability.
This prevents widespread environmental disasters in the Gulf
John Broder and Clifford Krauss (writers for Hispanic Business) February 2012 “U.S.-Mexico Agreement Paves the Way for Drilling” http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2012/2/21/usmexico_agreement_paves_the_way_for.htm
In response, Mexico's national oil company, Petroleos Mexicanos, known as Pemex,
AND
, personnel, equipment and technology are essential for safe and productive drilling." 

The plan is a springboard for broader environmental protection in the Gulf
Brown and Meachem 13 (Neil Brown and Carl Meachem, Senior Advisor at Goldwyn Global Strategies and Director of CSIS, The Hill, 6-5-13, “Time for US- Mexico Transboundary Agreement”, http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/303739-time-for-us-mexico-transboundary-agreement)

The United States-Mexico Transboundary Agreement (TBA) would enable cooperation between our
AND
partners. That is good for Mexico and for the U.S.¶
This model spillsover globally
Nick Snow (writer for the Oil and Gas Journal) May 2013 “House panel begins US-Mexico Trans-boundary treaty discussions” http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-111/issue-5/general-interest/house-panel-begins-us-mexico-trans.html
Lamborn also said he was disappointed that the Obama administration took more than 1 year
AND
an expensive decision, in turn reducing opportunities for new jobs for Americans."
Ocean biodiversity prevents extinction
Craig ‘03
Associate Prof Law, Indiana U School Law, 2003
(McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Desert Vista | Judge: Michael Klinger
Our epistemology based on rational choice theory is best – pre requisite to effective knowledge production
Schotter, 06 Andrew, Professor of Economics at New York University and the Director of the Center for Experimental Social Science, “Strong and Wrong : The Use of Rational Choice Theory in Experimental Economics” Journal of Theoretical Politics 2006 18: 498, Sage
2. The Rational Choice Debate I must admit that I am always confused when
AND
empirical support is the only way to gather knowledge in the social sciences.

Predictions fail doesn’t indict the reason to vote aff
Green, 02 Rational Choice Theory: An Overview by Steven L. Green Professor of Economics and Statistics Chair, Department of Economics Baylor University, Prepared for the Baylor University Faculty Development Seminar on Rational Choice Theory May 2002 © 2002, Steven L. Green, p. google
I do believe, however, that a less strict interpretation of Friedman’s argument is
AND
conformity with real-world data. There is no single magic bullet.  

A focus on rational choice theory creates useful predictive insight – complete knowledge is impossible, but partial knowledge is still productive
Green, 02 Rational Choice Theory: An Overview by Steven L. Green Professor of Economics and Statistics Chair, Department of Economics Baylor University, Prepared for the Baylor University Faculty Development Seminar on Rational Choice Theory May 2002 © 2002, Steven L. Green, p. google
7. Concluding Remarks In this paper I have tried to give the reader a
AND
with religious fervor. The approach can be useful, or it can be 

Critical economic theory fails – it is important, but insufficient – the perm is best
Farrands and Worth 2k5 (Christopher, lecturer in IR @ nottingham U and Owen, lecturer in IR @ limerick U “Critical theory in Global Political Economy: Critique? Knowledge? Emancipation?” Capital and• Class #85)
Global political economy needs to be both critical and practical at the same time.
AND
too idealist, or of remaining too much within the liberal status quo.
Postmodern critique doesn’t solve real economic problems
Sokal 2k9 (Alan, prof physics @ NYU, “Sokal Hoax - 'A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies'
http://libcom.org/library/sokal-hoax-physicist-experiments-cultural-studies-alan-sokal)
Social Text's acceptance of my article exemplifies the intellectual arrogance of Theory -- meaning postmodernist
AND
arguments, or even the relevance of the arguments to the purported conclusion.

Economics is not socially constructed and acting like it is collapses the economy
Foss, 11 (Nicolai prof business/strategy @ Copenhagen U “The Performative Effects of Social Constructionist Professors in Business School” http://organizationsandmarkets.com/2011/02/04/the-performative-effects-of-social-constructionist-professors-in-bschools/)
Many European business schools praise disciplinary diversity. Some style themselves as “business universities
AND
contracts suffer. Negative implications for productivity and firm-level performance follow.

Economics is good – we should act on economic data even if it isn’t totally accurate
Farrands and Worth 2k5 (Christopher, lecturer in IR @ nottingham U and Owen, lecturer in IR @ limerick U “Critical theory in Global Political Economy: Critique? Knowledge? Emancipation?” Capital and• Class #85)
This paper has set out to analyse forms of critical theory that have been applied
AND
because they are sufficient for the grounding of a critical, elaborated radicalism.

Casting out elite economic jargon fails.  We have an obligation to take large scale consequences seriously
Barnhizer 2006 – law professor at Cleveland State University (David, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government”, http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development-leadership/4077913-1.html, WEA)
Grand utopian visions, and even smaller Utopias based on an ideal of pastoral communities
AND
failing to take prompt and effective action will produce even more catastrophic consequences.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Desert Vista | Judge: Michael Klinger
Our epistemology based on rational choice theory is best – pre requisite to effective knowledge production
Schotter, 06 Andrew, Professor of Economics at New York University and the Director of the Center for Experimental Social Science, “Strong and Wrong : The Use of Rational Choice Theory in Experimental Economics” Journal of Theoretical Politics 2006 18: 498, Sage
2. The Rational Choice Debate I must admit that I am always confused when
AND
empirical support is the only way to gather knowledge in the social sciences.

Predictions fail doesn’t indict the reason to vote aff
Green, 02 Rational Choice Theory: An Overview by Steven L. Green Professor of Economics and Statistics Chair, Department of Economics Baylor University, Prepared for the Baylor University Faculty Development Seminar on Rational Choice Theory May 2002 © 2002, Steven L. Green, p. google
I do believe, however, that a less strict interpretation of Friedman’s argument is
AND
conformity with real-world data. There is no single magic bullet.  

A focus on rational choice theory creates useful predictive insight – complete knowledge is impossible, but partial knowledge is still productive
Green, 02 Rational Choice Theory: An Overview by Steven L. Green Professor of Economics and Statistics Chair, Department of Economics Baylor University, Prepared for the Baylor University Faculty Development Seminar on Rational Choice Theory May 2002 © 2002, Steven L. Green, p. google
7. Concluding Remarks In this paper I have tried to give the reader a
AND
with religious fervor. The approach can be useful, or it can be 

Critical economic theory fails – it is important, but insufficient – the perm is best
Farrands and Worth 2k5 (Christopher, lecturer in IR @ nottingham U and Owen, lecturer in IR @ limerick U “Critical theory in Global Political Economy: Critique? Knowledge? Emancipation?” Capital and• Class #85)
Global political economy needs to be both critical and practical at the same time.
AND
too idealist, or of remaining too much within the liberal status quo.
Postmodern critique doesn’t solve real economic problems
Sokal 2k9 (Alan, prof physics @ NYU, “Sokal Hoax - 'A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies'
http://libcom.org/library/sokal-hoax-physicist-experiments-cultural-studies-alan-sokal)
Social Text's acceptance of my article exemplifies the intellectual arrogance of Theory -- meaning postmodernist
AND
arguments, or even the relevance of the arguments to the purported conclusion.

Economics is not socially constructed and acting like it is collapses the economy
Foss, 11 (Nicolai prof business/strategy @ Copenhagen U “The Performative Effects of Social Constructionist Professors in Business School” http://organizationsandmarkets.com/2011/02/04/the-performative-effects-of-social-constructionist-professors-in-bschools/)
Many European business schools praise disciplinary diversity. Some style themselves as “business universities
AND
contracts suffer. Negative implications for productivity and firm-level performance follow.

Economics is good – we should act on economic data even if it isn’t totally accurate
Farrands and Worth 2k5 (Christopher, lecturer in IR @ nottingham U and Owen, lecturer in IR @ limerick U “Critical theory in Global Political Economy: Critique? Knowledge? Emancipation?” Capital and• Class #85)
This paper has set out to analyse forms of critical theory that have been applied
AND
because they are sufficient for the grounding of a critical, elaborated radicalism.

Casting out elite economic jargon fails.  We have an obligation to take large scale consequences seriously
Barnhizer 2006 – law professor at Cleveland State University (David, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government”, http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development-leadership/4077913-1.html, WEA)
Grand utopian visions, and even smaller Utopias based on an ideal of pastoral communities
AND
failing to take prompt and effective action will produce even more catastrophic consequences.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Shawnee East | Judge: Maria Liu
Look at the Neolib K answers- mostly applied from there

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Desert Vista | Judge: Michael Klinger
thumper card/PC low, Nieto winners win

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Desert Vista | Judge: Michael Klinger
thumper card/PC low, Nieto winners win

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: New Trier | Judge: Brad Meloche
Your epistemology is flawed
Conway 97—philosophy, Penn State (Daniel, Nietzsche and the political, 135-6)
This preference is clearly political in nature, and Haraway makes no pretense of aspiring
AND
at the expense of the greater objectivity that they might otherwise have gained. 

Permutation – Pass the aff as an instance of transfeminism, it’s comparatively better than the Neg’s K
Hansen 2k7 (Brock, Shame and Anger page 53)
Furthermore, opening one drawer in the mental filing cabinet tends to affect your access
AND
at the moment the feelings of love cannot be experienced the same way. 

Perm do both- do the plan and have their separatist rejection- they aren’t mutually exclusive. 

Overemphasis on gender excludes other perspectives- makes the alternative fail
Noel Sturgeon, Cultural Critic and Activist 1997  “Ecofeminist Natures”, p 120
One perception among Native American women is that the emphasis on the masculinism of the
AND
the two anthologies under consideration, it has been on strand within ecofeminism.

The k happened in the 70s—it got shut down—we have a peer-reviewed rhetorical study on this question
Tate 5—associate vice president for Academic Affairs at Georgia Southwest State University
(Helen, “The Ideological Effects of a Failed Constitutive Rhetoric: The Co-option of the Rhetoric of White Lesbian Feminism”, Women's Studies in Communication28.1 (Spring 2005): 1-31, dml)

Attempts by white lesbian feminists of the second wave to define feminism resulted in a
AND
play out in the larger public arena in which that social movement operates.

This card is super long but is specific to their alt, they got coopted and shut down
Tate 5—associate vice president for Academic Affairs at Georgia Southwest State University
(Helen, “The Ideological Effects of a Failed Constitutive Rhetoric: The Co-option of the Rhetoric of White Lesbian Feminism”, Women's Studies in Communication28.1 (Spring 2005): 1-31, dml)

In response to the question "what is a lesbian?" the Radicalesbians positioned the
AND
co-opted and popularized in antifeminist discourse as the face of feminism.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: UC Lab | Judge: Jordana Sternberg
The role of the ballot is to determine if the action advocated in the 1AC is a good idea. The Aff only needs to justify the plan, not its underlying assumptions.
Discussing the merits of the plan is key to substantive education
McClean 2001, David E, Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm 

There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."  

The affirmative should win if the results of the imagined plan action are good—that’s specifically true in the context of trade in Latin America
Giordano and Li 12 – *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB (“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still   relatively
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.   

Perm do both
The perm solves best --- ensures practical feasibility
Eriksson, 99 (Johan, PhD, Sodertorn University College, and Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm, “Observers or Advocates?: On the Political Role of Security Analysts,” Cooperation and Conflict)
In sum, scholars representing all three perspectives have addressed the political role of security
AND
what circumstances security analysts are likely to have an impact on political practice.
Perm do the alt and all mutually exclusive parts of the plan

Alternative fails—state coopts it. Only perm solves
Tara McCormack, 10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 137-138)

In chapter 7 I engaged with the human security framework and some of the problematic
AND
Values must be joined with engagement with the material circumstances of the time.

Securitizing in the context of Mexican economic engagement is good---their generic evidence doesn’t apply
Acosta et al. ‘12 April 1st, 2012, Mariaclaire, Project Director, Freedom House – Mexico, Bill Bratton, Chairman, Kroll Advisory Solutions, former Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department and former New York City Police Commissioner, Geo¬rey Cowan, President, The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands, John Engler, President, Business Roundtable, former Governor of Michigan, Rafael Fernández de Castro Chair, Department of International Studies,  Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, former Foreign Policy Advisor to President Calderón Michael Govan, CEO and Wallis Annenberg Director,  Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Jane Harman, Director, President, and CEO, Wilson Center,  former Member of Congress, Carlos Heredia, Director of International Studies, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, CIDE, former Member of Congress, Phil Heymann, James Barr Ames Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, former Deputy Attorney General, Barry Jackson, Chief of Staff to the Speaker of the House John Boehner, Enrique Krauze, Historian and Essayist, Founder and Editor-in-Chief of Letras Libres, Isaac Lee, President, News, Univision Communications Inc., Emilio Lozoya, Chairman, JFH Lozoya Investments, Mel Martinez, Chairman, Florida, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean for JPMorgan Chase and Co., Chairman,  JPMorgan Chase Foundation, Doris Meissner, Senior Fellow, Migration Policy Institute, former Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization Service “Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations” Annenberg Retreat with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, http://sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf
The U.S.-Mexico relationship is among the most important and complex bilateral
AND
since the last time the two countries had simultaneous election years in 2000.

The critique locks in the war system—infinite number of possible ‘root causes’ means that only incentives theory solves
Moore 4—chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State (John, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis,)

If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased? 

No link --- the 1ac doesn’t say deterrence solves every single war, just that it is the best way to mitigate the risk

Deterrence is true
 Moore 4—chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State (John, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis,)

Running the hypothesis for the principal wars of the twentieth century does seem to provide
AND
five centuries - coincides with the powerful increase in deterrence from nuclear forces. 

Deterrence is moral
Elbridge 7 (Colby, Summer 2007. Former staff member in the Of?ce of the Director of National Intelligence and on the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. He is currently an adjunct staff member at the RAND Corporation. “Restoring Deterrence” Orbis, Science Direct. Note: Cite from Pace KS

In between these two extremes, deterrence is a security policy that offers a way
AND
rather, narrows our pro?le, and thereby reduces our exposure to risk.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: UC Lab | Judge: Jordana Sternberg
The role of the ballot is to determine if the 1AC’s political action is a good idea. The Aff should not be rejected because it operates within a flawed system.
Discussing the merits of the plan is key to substantive education
McClean 2001, David E, Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm 

There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."  

Energy profits are re-allocated as social assistance – prevents corporate takeover
Wood 12 - PhD in Political Studies @ Queen’s, Professor @ ITAM in Mexico City
(Duncan, Wilson Center, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RE_Energizing_Border_Wood.pdf)//BB
But the potential positive benefits of   wind energy development go far beyond   investment and employment
AND
subsidy has prevented potential   criticism of encouraging excessive energy   use or being regressive.

Perm—do the plan and all non-mutually exclusive parts of the alternative—if the alt overcomes the status quo, the perm overcomes the link

The alt doesn’t solve capitalism – the perm is key
Wolfenstein 2k—PhD in politics from Princeton, professor of political science at UCLA, PhD in psychoanalysis (Victor, Inside/outside Nietzsche, p 235-6, AG)

As to the matter of political aims, we have no choice but to live
AND
politics must be both dialectically self-unifying and perspectivally self-differentiating.  

Adaptability takes out the alt and makes capitalism sustainable.
Kaletsky ’10
Anatole, Masters in Economics from Harvard, Honour-Degree Graduate at King’s College and Cambrdige, editor-at-large of The Times of London, founding partner and chief economist of GaveKal Capital, He is on the governing board of the New York– based Institute for New Economic Theory (INET), a nonprofit created after the 2007– 2009 crisis to promote and finance academic research in economics outside the orthodoxy of “efficient markets.” From 1976 to 1990, Kaletsky was New York bureau chief and Washington correspondent of the Financial Times and a business writer on The Economist, “Capitalism 4 0: The Birth of a New Economy in the Aftermath of Crisis,” AM

The world did not end. Despite all the forebodings of disaster in the 2007
AND
Napoleonic Wars of 1803– 15. Hence the title of this book.

The alternative ensures extinction- Cap solves everything
Rockwell, 6 (chairman of the Ludwig von Mises Institute. Formerly served as Ron Paul's congressional chief of staff. Adjunct scholar with the Mackinac Center for Public Policy (Llewellyn, “Why They Attack Capitalism,” October 2002, http://mises.org/freemarket_detail.aspx?control=418) 

If you think about it, this hysteria is astonishing, even terrifying. The
AND
by defenses of freedom in every generation. Our lives depend on it.  

Turn - Alternatives and the transition cause war and genocide
Rummel 4 – prof. emeritus of political science at the University of Hawaii
Rudolph, The Killing Machine that is Marxism, Online

Of all religions, secular and otherwise, that of Marxism has been by far
AND
and society, the more likely it is to kill its own citizens.

PERMS

C. Disease –

Capitalism best ensures value to life
Tracinski 8 – editor of the Intellectual Activist
Robert, The Moral and the Practical, http://www.moraldefense.com/Philosophy/Essays/The_Moral_and_the_Practical.htm

Stated in more fundamental terms, capitalism is practical because it relies on the inexhaustible
AND
protects and encourages them—is an ever-increasing wealth and prosperity. 

Capitalism solves disease – free trade and IPR encourage tech transfer that lowers cost of solutions
Goklany 4 – Julian Simon Fellow at the Political Economy Research Center
Indur, You have to Admit It’s Getting Better, pg. 76

Notably, improvements in well-being have not yet run their full course.
AND
, the rule of law, and transparent government and bureau- cractes.

Disease causes extinction
Steinbruer 98 – Senior fellow at the Brookings institute
(John D. Steinbruner, “Biological Weapons: A Plague Upon All Houses,” FOREIGN POLICY n. 109, Winter 1997/1998, pp. 85-96, ASP.)

It is a considerable comfort and undoubtedly a key to our survival that, so
AND
health, but a fundamental security problem for the species as a whole. 

Key to space colonization and other approaches fail
Garmong, 05 – PhD in philosophy
(Richard, Cap Mag, “Privatize Space Exploration,” http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=4327)

As NASA scrambles to make the July 31 window for the troubled launch of space
AND
government project, with home-district congressmen to lobby on their behalf. 

Saves trillions – now is key
Bostrom ’04
(Nick,-, philosophy professor at Yale and Oxford,” http://www.nickbostrom.com/astronomical/waste.htmJ
"As I write these words, suns are illuminating and heating empty rooms,
AND
lost for every second of postponement of colonization of our supercluster.6"

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pace | Judge:
Sino/Russo alliance will not counter-balance
Brooks and Wohlforth, 8—*Stephen G., Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth and William C., Professor of  Government at Darmouth
(World Out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy, “Counterbalancing Constraint”, page  42-45) 

In sum, while rapid economic growth makes China an increasingly important actor in world
AND
experts on the two countries’ foreign policies, describe the partnership in such terms

IMPACT DEFENSE

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pace | Judge:
Climate change will be fast
Carey 8/1 (Bjorn, science writer, Stanford News; Climate change on pace to occur 10 times faster than any change recorded in past 65 million years, Stanford scientists say, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.html)
The planet is undergoing one of the largest changes in climate since the dinosaurs went
AND
55 million years ago, such as urbanization and air and water pollution."

AND IMPACT DEFENSE

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Maine East | Judge: I cant remember
Inclusion of wind energy is key to offshore negotiations that catalyze ratification of the Law of the Sea treaty
Reilly, 11 “Wind Farms And The Law Of The Sea”By John J. Reilly, Squire Sanders and Dempsey LLP John Reilly (john.reilly@ssd.com) is a partner in Squire Sanders' New York office with particular expertise in the maritime industry. He serves as chairman of the Maritime Committee of the Public Utility, Communications and Transportation Law Section of the American Bar Association and is a former chairman of the New York County Lawyers’ Association Committee on Admiralty and Maritime Law. http://www.squiresanders.com/files/Publication/7a5e6f2b-ebe7-48c4-bd3e-752b5495a53b/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/e8a171fa-0fa6-45b8-8e12-776f89fa9e1a/Law36020-20Wind20Farms20And20The20Law20Of20The20Sea.pdf
Wind Farms And The Law Of The Sea ¶ Law360, New York (February
AND
the rights of coastal nations to develop wind energy in their EEZs. --
LOST ratification is key to US naval mobility, readiness, and effectiveness and resolving international maritime disputes—solves global armed conflict
David Sandalow 2004 (scholar in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution) "Law of the Sea Convention: Should the U.S. Join?," http://www.brookings.edu/comm/policybriefs/pb137.htm)
U.S. military operations depend on naval mobility. By codifying navigational and
AND
a day and seven days a week, without a permission slip.''

Solves conflict over Taiwan
Wagner and Lofrumento, fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1999  (Brett and Philip, The Salt Lake Tribune, 9/19, factiva
A crisis looms in the Taiwan Straits. An American aircraft carrier battle group stationed
AND
crisis, such a delay could mean the difference between war and peace.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Maine East | Judge: I cant remember
Inclusion of wind energy is key to offshore negotiations that catalyze ratification of the Law of the Sea treaty
Reilly, 11 “Wind Farms And The Law Of The Sea”By John J. Reilly, Squire Sanders and Dempsey LLP John Reilly (john.reilly@ssd.com) is a partner in Squire Sanders' New York office with particular expertise in the maritime industry. He serves as chairman of the Maritime Committee of the Public Utility, Communications and Transportation Law Section of the American Bar Association and is a former chairman of the New York County Lawyers’ Association Committee on Admiralty and Maritime Law. http://www.squiresanders.com/files/Publication/7a5e6f2b-ebe7-48c4-bd3e-752b5495a53b/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/e8a171fa-0fa6-45b8-8e12-776f89fa9e1a/Law36020-20Wind20Farms20And20The20Law20Of20The20Sea.pdf
Wind Farms And The Law Of The Sea ¶ Law360, New York (February
AND
the rights of coastal nations to develop wind energy in their EEZs. --
LOST ratification is key to US naval mobility, readiness, and effectiveness and resolving international maritime disputes—solves global armed conflict
David Sandalow 2004 (scholar in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution) "Law of the Sea Convention: Should the U.S. Join?," http://www.brookings.edu/comm/policybriefs/pb137.htm)
U.S. military operations depend on naval mobility. By codifying navigational and
AND
a day and seven days a week, without a permission slip.''

Solves conflict over Taiwan
Wagner and Lofrumento, fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1999  (Brett and Philip, The Salt Lake Tribune, 9/19, factiva
A crisis looms in the Taiwan Straits. An American aircraft carrier battle group stationed
AND
crisis, such a delay could mean the difference between war and peace.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata | Judge: David Heidt
Deploying apocalypticism effectively spurs action to save the environment – even if our rhetoric gets coopted it still solves
Schatz 12 – director of debate at Binghamton University, not a flesh eater
(Joe Leeson, “The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of-The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism”, Journal of Ecocriticism 4(2) July 2012, dml)

Any hesitancy to deploy images of apocalypse out of the risk of acting in a
AND
where multitudes, and not governments, guide the fate of the planet.
Only the perm removes critique from insulation – key to motivate action
Schatz 12 – (Joe Leeson, “The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of-The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism”, Journal of Ecocriticism 4(2) July 2012, dml)

There are three things ecocriticism must keep in mind to retain its effectiveness in the
AND
though their rhetoric might get co-opted when specific policies get enacted.

Environmental security challenges state legitimacy and lead to a paradigm shift away from militarism
BARNETT, RESEARCH COUNCIL FELLOW IN THE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENQUIRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, 2001 JON, THE MEANING OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: ECOLOGICAL POLITICS AND POLICY IN THE NEW SECURITY ERA, CHAPTER 9, 137-41

The question of whether it is valid to understand environmental problems as security problems recurs
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real failure that is likely to ensue from the project of environmental security.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa City West | Judge: John Voss
Energy cooperation key to prevent arctic conflict
Legvold 10
(Robert Legvold, Ph.D. Professor of Political Science at Columbia, “U.S.-Russ ia Relations: Policy Challenges for the Congress”, February 2010, http://www.amacad.org/russia/russiaConference.pdf//GH-Aspomer)

Angela Stent, professor of government and director of the Center for Eurasian, Russian
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to Arctic resources beyond its exclusive (200-mile) economic zone.

Recent developments mean it will escalate to nuclear war – it’s not hype
Wallace and Staples ‘10
(Michael Wallace, Professor Emeritus of the University of British Columbia; Steven Staples, President of the Rideau Institute; “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: a task long overdue,” Canadian Pugwash Group, Rideau Institute, March 2010, http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
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-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change.” 62

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Leland | Judge: Pramanik
Advantage 1: Grid Collapse
Plan: The United States Federal Government should jointly construct a transmission grid system with Mexico.
Obama approved a presidential permit in November
Platts 11/12 (US FERC approves permit for gas export facilities at Mexican border, http://www.platts.com/latest-news/natural-gas/washington/us-ferc-approves-permit-for-gas-export-facilities-21813412)
The US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has approved a presidential permit allowing a subsidiary of
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County, Texas, to the export facility, according to the order.
Development of a hemispheric energy partnership insulates the US from inevitable energy shocks that would collapse the new and critical infrastructure –
Alison Terry, 2012, International Affairs Review, Vol. 20, No. 3., "Policy and Practice in North American Energy Security," http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/North20American20Energy20Security.pdf

The United States, Canada, and Mexico each has a unique history in the
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face of tenuous ¶ import-export relationships in the international energy trade.
The Electric grid is extremely unstable- anything can cause a shut down.
Tollefson, Jeff 8/26/13 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/us-electrical-grid-on-failure/AY
The electric grid, which operates as a series of networks that are defined by
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others question whether the team’s conclusions can really be extrapolated to the real world

And, additional Transmission lines are critical to U.S. grid stability
AND
in building a green, prosperous, and vibrant low-carbon economy.
Grid collapse causes massive nuclear meltdowns
Caldicott 5
(Helen, Australian physician who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985 and is the president of the Nuclear Policy Research Institute based in Washington. She spoke with UPI National Security Correspondent Martin Sieff., Titel: Nuclear-war threat still very real, http://www.airpower.at/forum/viewtopic.php?t=900)
And if you detonate a
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outcome, and it would be very easy to do.
And, even a Small grid failure brings down the entire system – impact is chemical plant explosions which are worse than atomic bombs

Latynina 2003
Yulia Latynina, journalist for Novaya GazetaWorld Press Review (VOL. 50, No. 11) www.worldpress.org/Americas/1579.cfm
The scariest thing about the cascading power
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from the actions of a drunken dispatcher or random lightning.
Statistics prove diversionary war theory
Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Advantage 2: Clean Tech
US-Mexico collaboration creates an expertise bank – spurs global modeling –
Bennett 11 (Nicholas, Regional Sales Representative – Terryberry Company, “Smart Grid Technology – Mexico’s Upcoming Market Boon,” University of Arizona, http://next.eller.arizona.edu/courses/BusinessInternationalEnvironments/Fall2011/student_papers/finalnicholasbennett.pdf)

The lack of synchronicity and communication between competing smart grid providers is possibly the most
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grid systems is a proactive response to an emerging and exciting new market. 

This is integral for scaling up transmission connectivity and renewable tech –creates anticipatory planning processes that solves status quo deficiencies
Marcelino Madrigal (senior energy specialist in the World Bank’s Energy Anchor Unit of the Sustainable Energy Department (SEGEN). He has previously held positions at the Inter-American Development Bank and the Ministry of Energy, Energy Regulatory Commission, and Morelia Institute of Technology in Mexico. He holds a B.Sc, M.Sc, and Ph.D in Electrical Engineering with emphasis in Power Systems and Markets’ Operations and Planning) and  Steven Stoft (consulted for PJM Interconnection and ISO New England and is now a member of the Market Surveillance Committee of the California ISO. He holds a Ph.D. in economics and a B.S. in engineering from the University of California at Berkeley) June 2011 “Transmission Expansion for Renewable Energy Scale-Up Emerging Lessons and Recommendations” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTENERGY2/Resources/Transmission-Expansion-and-RE.pdf
Scaling up renewable energy, such as wind and solar, goes hand in hand
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transmission and, ideally, a value of renewable energy determined by policy makers 

Global grid is feasible – status quo innovation solves tech gaps – plan kick-starts global conversation
Peter Ruegg (studied Biology at ETH Zurich with focus on Ecology, Phytogeography and Biosystematics) 2013 “Green super power grid for the world” https://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/130312_global_grid/index_EN
 If we want to obtain power on a large scale from renewable energy sources
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discussion on a global network fed from renewable energy sources with their project.

The global ‘transmission diplomacy’ de-escalates conflict and solves global instability
Daniel Kammen (Distinguished Professor of Energy at UC-Berkeley - directs the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory. From 2010 to 2011, he was the inaugural Chief Technical Specialist for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at the World Bank. ) November 20, 2013 “Good electricity grids make good neighbors” http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2013/11/20/good-electricity-grids-make-good-neighbors/
Today we face a different situation, where “front lines” of conflict have
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be well to make transmission diplomacy and development a centerpiece of foreign policy.
Troops realigning in Africa, flashpoint developing in South Sudan
Klapper 1/9 (Bradley, The Globe and Mail, U.S. scrambles to prevent civil war in South Sudan, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/us-scrambles-to-prevent-civil-war-in-south-sudan/article16273917/)
Three years after midwifing South Sudan’s birth, the United States is desperately trying to
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, their disruption of oil exports has worsened South Sudan’s already miserable economic condition
That escalates to great power war status
Sachs 8 (Jeffrey, Dir. Earth Institute – Columbia U., National Interest, “A User’s Guide to the Century”, July/August, L/N)

THE NEW world order is therefore crisis prone. The existence of rapidly emerging regional
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South Africa of late, and even to war, as in Darfur.
Afghan instability goes global causing nuclear war
Morgan in ‘7
(Stephen, Former Member of the British Labour Party Executive committee, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?” http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)
However events may prove him sorely wrong. Indeed, his policy could completely backfire
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in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.   
Advantage 3: Mexico
Oil-based cooperation is unsustainable – the plan is key to sustainable US-Mexico relations
-currently happening
Donnelly, Program Associate, Mexico Institute, ‘10
(Robert, 5/24/10, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda”, js)
Wood cited recent developments that have encouraged renewable energy investment in Mexico. Mexico's oil
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, and specifically suggested that energy attaches be assigned to the embassy and consulates
Energy infrastructure integration is key to broader border cooperation
Sweedler et al 5 (Alan, *Assistant Vice President for International Programs at San Diego State University, Director of the Center for Energy Studies and the Environmental Sciences Program and Professor of Physics, Founder of SDSU's program on International Security and Conflict Resolution, Congressional Science Fellow in the US Senate, and a Carnegie Science Fellow at Stanford University in the area of arms control and international security, Margarito Quintero Núñez, Kimberly Collins, “Energy Issues in the U.S.-Mexican
Binational Region: Focus on California-Baja California,” http://scerp.org/pubs/m11/chapter201-5.pdf)

Energy is an indispensable lifeblood of the U.S.-Mexican border region and
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responsible for regulating the energy sector in both the United States and Mexico.
SEQUENCING is vital – Focusing on renewables spills over to the rest of the relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)//BB
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic
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S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
This outweighs alternate causes
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Mexico Institute), May, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)

This study examines one of the most important and potentially lucrative dimensions of the growth
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that have had a significant impact on both Mexico and on bilateral relations.

Energy cooperation’s key to the overall relations and US leadership
Roberts and Walser 13 (James M., Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics – The Heritage Foundation, and Dr. Ray, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, “The Hagel, Kerry, and Brennan Senate Confirmation Hearings: U.S. Policy for the Western Hemisphere,” Heritage Foundation, 1-18, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/kerry-hagel-and-brennan-senate-confirmation-hearings-us-policy-for-the-western-hemisphere)

Mexico’s fight against organized crime has cast a doleful shadow over U.S.–
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to project global leadership without a democratic, prosperous, and stable Mexico.
Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign
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, and border,terrorism,  health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND
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assembled on U.S. soil  into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies
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be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

And our unsustainable reliance on oil crushes the Mexican economy – oil revenues are critical to public spending
Villarreal ’12 M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance @ CRS, “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations:  Trends, Issues, and Implications,” Congressional Research Service, 8/9/2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf
Mexico’s long-term economic recovery and stability partially depend upon what happens in the
AND
wells and also lacks resources for investment in increasing engineering capacity and exploration.
Grid investment will boost both the US and Mexican economies
Wood, Director of the Mexico Institute, 8/31
(Duncan, 2013, Wilson Center, "Growing Potential for U.S-Mexico Energy Cooperation,"http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wood_energy.pdf, p 41, Accessed 8/31/13)
Mexico’s electricity sector has gone through significant changes over the past twenty years since the
AND
, which has seen ¶ and rapid growth in capacity in recent years.
Mexican economic collapse kills US and Mexico’s manufacturing sectors
Villarreal ’10 9/16/10, M. Angeles Villarreal is an Analyst in International Trade and Finance in the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of the Congressional Research Service. “The Mexican Economy After the Global
Financial Crisis,” Congressional Research Service http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41402.pdf¶)
Manufacturing industries have been severely affected by the decline in external demand,particularly in
AND
, a loss of 268,647 jobs (14 decrease).28

Manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. deterrence
O’Hanlon et al 12 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O'Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012,” pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon um-ef)
The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
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civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.
Credible deterrence stops conflict escalation and prevents nuke war.
Robinson 2001 – Director of Sandia National Laboratories (C. Paul, 3/22/01, "A White Paper: Pursuing a Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21 st Century," http://www.mindfully.org/Nucs/Nuclear-Weapons-Policy-21stC.htm)
Additionally, throughout the Cold War and ever since, there has been a steady
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, and urge that we do so in the upcoming Nuclear Posture Review.
Nuclear deterrence becomes in my view a "countervailing" force and, in fact, a potent antidote to military aggression on the part of nations. But to succeed in harnessing this power, effective nuclear weapons strategies and policies are necessary ingredients to help shape and maintain a stable and peaceful world.
Defense industrial base deters war with Russia
Watts 2008 (Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, “The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future,” CBA, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__)

Since the 1950s, the US defense industrial base has been a source of long
AND
term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s.
That’s the only scenario for Extinction
Bostrom, 2002  
Nick, Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios  and Related Hazards," 38,  www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul | Judge: Sean Kennedy
Counter interpretation: Energy is economic engagement -- they tie the two economies together
 Jacobson 13      ROBERTA S. JACOBSON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR WESTERN HEMISPHERE AFFAIRS  JUNE 18, 2013    WRITTEN TESTIMONY  BEFORE SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE WESTERN HEMISPHERE SUBCOMMITTEE http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/06/20130618276661.html#axzz2awqrwS5F
ECONOMIC AND ENERGY ENGAGEMENT The United States and Mexico share one of the world’s most
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look forward to working with the Senators to move this important legislation forward.
Engagement is bilateral technical assistance
Kane, 8 – US Marine Corps Major, thesis SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF OPERATIONAL STUDIES for the USMC School of Advanced Warfighting (Brian, “Comprehensive Engagement: A Winning Strategy “ http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA504901) NSS = National Security Strategy
Engagement strategies are not new. Since the end of the Cold War, engagement
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.10  This definition of engagement has been the most successful historically.11
Tech assistance is under the umbrella of Economic Engagement
Stensland 13 (Jeff is an Associate Director of News and Internal Communications at the University of Soutch Carolina. “USC launches Office of Economic Engagement” http://www.sc.edu/news/newsarticle.php?nid=6181#.UeWm0WS4G3C Apr 29, 2013) SC

The mission of Office of Economic Engagement is to coordinate and replicate those successes.
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Economic Engagement, a group consisting of representatives from USC’s eight campus system.

Economic Engagement is fostering local personnel and technical capacities in countries- China and Africa Prove
GAO 13 (The GAO is the Governmental Accountability Office. “SUB-SAHARAN   AFRICA  Trends in U.S. and   Chinese Economic   Engagement” http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/652041.pdf February 2013) SC

China’s published policy on foreign aid, released in 2011, specifies goals   that include
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• attending to reform and innovation to improve the outcomes of foreign   aid.

Trade includes services like Technical Assistance
GAO 13 (The GAO is the Governmental Accountability Office. “SUB-SAHARAN   AFRICA  Trends in U.S. and   Chinese Economic   Engagement” http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/652041.pdf February 2013) SC

The United States is the world’s largest trader in goods—that is, total   
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use of the aid to   procure goods or services from the United States.

last line of the above card can be used in answering T-Conditional.

Excluding tech assistance excludes one of the top 3 US exports- Africa Proves
GAO 13 (The GAO is the Governmental Accountability Office. “SUB-SAHARAN   AFRICA  Trends in U.S. and   Chinese Economic   Engagement” http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/652041.pdf February 2013) SC

Estimates on U.S. trade in services indicate that the United States had
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of the   combined value of the U.S. firms’ contracts.54

Economic Engagement includes Tech Assistance—IMF proves
Keroe et al13 (Ms. Lydia Heroe  Administrative Assistant   IMF Resident Representative Office, Dr. Francis Y. Kumah   IMF Resident Representative, Mr. Mathew Sandy  Economist  IMF Resident Representative Office. “Sierra Leone and  the International   Monetary Fund  (IMF)” http://www.imf.org/external/country/SLE/rr/pdf/060713.pdf May 2013) SC

In the medium term, economic management will be shaped by six  key policy issues
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c) economic policy advice to sustain macroeconomic stability and   support inclusive growth.

Economic Engagement includes Tech Assistance- China and Ghana Prove
Aidoo 10 (Richard has a PhD in Poly Sci from the University of Miami. “China-Ghana Engagement:An Alternative Economic Liberalization in SubSaharan Africa” https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap:10:0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:miami1279069734 2010) SC

This makes China’s economic engagement with Ghana fundamental as well as strategic. Economic cooperation
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the “Beijing Consensus”, China’s approach to aiding economic development are discussed. 

Economic Engagement includes Energy and Renewable energy
Hormats 13 (Robert is the undersecretary of Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment. “U.S. Economic Engagement with the Asia Pacific” June 12, 2013 http://www.state.gov/e/rls/rmk/210563.htm) S
But U.S. economic engagement with the Asia-Pacific region is not
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priority areas of interconnectivity, natural gas, renewables, and sustainable development.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westminster | Judge: Lincoln Garrett
Mexico Economy
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico through a transmission grid system.
Obama’s desire to increase renewable energy investment shows American commitment and thumps all DA’s
Daly 12/5 (Matthew, Huffington Post, Obama Orders Federal Government To Triple Its Use Of Renewable Energy, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/05/obama-renewable-energy_n_4390256.html)
Saying the government should lead by example, President Barack Obama is ordering the federal
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Air Force installations by 2025 — enough to power 750,000 homes.

Domestic Mexican energy production is falling rapidly and a shift to reliance on US imports is unsustainable. Mexico needs a new and reliable source of power
Petroleum Economist 7/18 “Mexico relies on US as oil supply falls and gas demand rises,” Petroleum Economist, 7/18/2013, http://www.petroleum-economist.com/Article/3232708/Mexico-relies-on-US-as-oil-supply-falls-and-gas-demand-rises.html
As its oil production keeps falling, Mexico is turning to natural gas to diversify
AND
supplies or open its upstream to investors that could unlock more domestic energy.
This crushes the Mexican economy – oil revenues are critical to public spending
Villarreal ’12 M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance @ CRS, “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations:  Trends, Issues, and Implications,” Congressional Research Service, 8/9/2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf
Mexico’s long-term economic recovery and stability partially depend upon what happens in the
AND
wells and also lacks resources for investment in increasing engineering capacity and exploration.
Grid investment will boost both the US and Mexican economies
Wood, Director of the Mexico Institute, 8/31
(Duncan, 2013, Wilson Center, "Growing Potential for U.S-Mexico Energy Cooperation,"http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wood_energy.pdf, p 41, Accessed 8/31/13)
Mexico’s electricity sector has gone through significant changes over the past twenty years since the
AND
, which has seen ¶ and rapid growth in capacity in recent years. 

Mexican economic collapse kills US and Mexico’s manufacturing sectors
Villarreal ’10 9/16/10, M. Angeles Villarreal is an Analyst in International Trade and Finance in the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of the Congressional Research Service. “The Mexican Economy After the Global
Financial Crisis,” Congressional Research Service http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41402.pdf¶)
Manufacturing industries have been severely affected by the decline in external demand,particularly in
AND
, a loss of 268,647 jobs (14 decrease).28

It spills over – a strong manufacturing base is key to advanced manufacturing and technological innovation
Lind ’12 - Policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation (Michael, “Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future,” http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,20Michael20and20Freedman,20Joshua20-20NAF20-20Value20Added20America27s20Manufacturing20Future.pdf )
Manufacturing, RandD and the ¶ U.S. Innovation Ecosystem¶
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S. multinational corporations is taking place outside of ¶ the United States.¶ 

Advanced manufacturing technology makes war obsolete – it’s the ultimate deterrent
Paone ’09 - 66th Air Base Wing Public Affairs for the US Air Force (Chuck, 8-10-09, “Technology convergence could prevent war, futurist says,”http:www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123162500)
The convergence of "exponentially advancing technologies" will form a "super-intelligence
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robotics;" those he expects to converge in so powerful a way. ¶ 

Manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. deterrence
O’Hanlon et al 12 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O'Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012,” pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon um-ef)
The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
AND
civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.

Defense industrial base deters war with Russia
Watts 2008 (Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, “The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future,” CBA, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__)

Since the 1950s, the US defense industrial base has been a source of long
AND
term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s.

That’s the only scenario for Extinction
Bostrom, 2002  
Nick, Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios  and Related Hazards," 38,  www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.
Loss of manufacturing Risks a China-Taiwan War
Steven Mosher 2/14/06 (President of the Population Research Institute, CQ Congressional Testimony, “Chinese Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy” pg lexis)
The ruthless mercantilism practiced by the CCP is thus a form of economic warfare.
AND
American military assets in the Asian- Pacific will have to be neutralized.

Extinction.
The Strait Times, 2000
“No one gains in war over Taiwan”, June 25, Lexis   
The high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.   

Gulf oil reliance increases the risk of oil shocks that escalate globally
Lahn et al 13 (Glada Lahn, Paul Stevens and Felix Preston, August 2013, Chatham House Report, http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/193884)
The systemic waste of oil and gas in the Gulf is eroding economic resilience to
AND
60 local institutions with a critical interest in and influence over domestic energy.
Energy shocks cause great power nuke war
Islam YasinQasem 7, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of PompeuFabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia, July 9, 2007, “The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage,” online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm
Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate
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the chances of using nuclear weapons in pursues of national interests are high. 

Clean Tech
New energy reforms passed, opens electricity sector to the US
Power Engineering 12/18 (Former U.S. Ambassador Antonio Garza on Mexico's Energy Reforms, http://www.power-eng.com/marketwired/2013/12/18/former-u-s-ambassador-antonio-garza-on-mexico-s-energy-reforms.html)
¶ Mexico took a giant leap toward a new economic future last week with Congressional
AND
revenues; and, revising the nature and governance of the PEMEX board.

Oil-based cooperation is unsustainable – the plan is key to sustainable US-Mexico relations
Donnelly, Program Associate, Mexico Institute, ‘10
(Robert, 5/24/10, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda”, js)
Wood cited recent developments that have encouraged renewable energy investment in Mexico. Mexico's oil
AND
, and specifically suggested that energy attaches be assigned to the embassy and consulates
That’s key to broader border cooperation
Sweedler et al 5 (Alan, *Assistant Vice President for International Programs at San Diego State University, Director of the Center for Energy Studies and the Environmental Sciences Program and Professor of Physics, Founder of SDSU's program on International Security and Conflict Resolution, Congressional Science Fellow in the US Senate, and a Carnegie Science Fellow at Stanford University in the area of arms control and international security, Margarito Quintero Núñez, Kimberly Collins, “Energy Issues in the U.S.-Mexican
Binational Region: Focus on California-Baja California,” http://scerp.org/pubs/m11/chapter201-5.pdf)

Energy is an indispensable lifeblood of the U.S.-Mexican border region and
AND
responsible for regulating the energy sector in both the United States and Mexico. 

Obama and Nieto want to cooperate with energy and the economy
Rueda, Latin American Correspondent for ABC  News, 2013 (Manuel, May 3rd, ABC News, “Here’s What Obama Promised During His Trip to Mexico”, http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/obama-achieve-trip-mexico/story?id=19104905, accessed 7/6/13, J.Y.)
Repeatedly during this visit, Obama and Peña Nieto said that the U.S
AND
are passed by Mexico's Congress since this is a sensitive issue in Mexico.
Focusing on renewables spills over to the rest of the relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building
AND
S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
This outweighs alternate causes
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Mexico Institute), May, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)

This study examines one of the most important and potentially lucrative dimensions of the growth
AND
that have had a significant impact on both Mexico and on bilateral relations.

Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign
AND
, and border,terrorism,  health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND
AND
assembled on U.S. soil  into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

There is currently a race for clean energy development
Shaun Tandon, 7/19/2010, Phys.org, "nations to seek clean energy cooperation," http://phys.org/news198745778.html

Major economies have been at loggerheads over the shape of the next climate treaty,
AND
get something done together, that could improve the mood," he said.

Grid increases clean tech for the US
Fehrenbacher 11 (October 5, Katie, Senior Writer and Features Editor for GigaOM and has been covering cutting-edge technology, startups and innovators in Silicon Valley for close to a decade. She launched GigaOM’s greentech channel in 2007 and closely tracks energy entrepreneurs and investors., Smart grid: Obama pushes for speedier transmission lines, GIGAOM, http://gigaom.com/2011/10/05/smart-grid-obama-pushes-for-speedier-transmission-lines/)
If there’s one thing the Department of Energy and the Obama administration can do to
AND
like clean power is almost a dirty word now, post-Solyndra.

Specifically, US-Mexico collaboration creates an expertise bank – spurs global modeling
Bennett 11 (Nicholas, Regional Sales Representative – Terryberry Company, “Smart Grid Technology – Mexico’s Upcoming Market Boon,” University of Arizona, http://next.eller.arizona.edu/courses/BusinessInternationalEnvironments/Fall2011/student_papers/finalnicholasbennett.pdf)

The lack of synchronicity and communication between competing smart grid providers is possibly the most
AND
grid systems is a proactive response to an emerging and exciting new market. 

Clean tech leadership averts global war – independently turns warming and economy
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

The evidence overwhelming supports hegemony being good
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy---best statistical studies prove key to the economy
John M. Owen 11, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Impact turns inevitable- 

a. Anti-Americanism
Drezner, 9 (prof. of international politics at Tufts, 7/15/09, The False Hegemon http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=21858
The rest of the world certainly seems to treat America as the hegemonic power,
AND
causes everything, however, then the attempt at modesty will inevitably fail. 

The plan jumpstarts global ‘transmission diplomacy’ – this de-escalates conflict and solves global instability
Daniel Kammen (Distinguished Professor of Energy at UC-Berkeley - directs the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory. From 2010 to 2011, he was the inaugural Chief Technical Specialist for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at the World Bank. ) November 20, 2013 “Good electricity grids make good neighbors” http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2013/11/20/good-electricity-grids-make-good-neighbors/
Today we face a different situation, where “front lines” of conflict have
AND
be well to make transmission diplomacy and development a centerpiece of foreign policy.

State failure risks global war

Rotberg in ‘2

(Robert, Dir. Program on Intrastate Conflict @ Harvard’s JCK School and President of the World Peace Foundation, Foreign Affairs, “Failed States in a World of Terror”, July/August, 81:4, Proquest)
Today's failed states, such as Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, and Somalia, are
AND
threatens the lives and livelihoods of their own peoples but endangers world peace.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westminster | Judge: Lincoln Garrett
Mexico Economy
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico through a transmission grid system.
Obama’s desire to increase renewable energy investment shows American commitment and thumps all DA’s
Daly 12/5 (Matthew, Huffington Post, Obama Orders Federal Government To Triple Its Use Of Renewable Energy, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/05/obama-renewable-energy_n_4390256.html)
Saying the government should lead by example, President Barack Obama is ordering the federal
AND
Air Force installations by 2025 — enough to power 750,000 homes.

Domestic Mexican energy production is falling rapidly and a shift to reliance on US imports is unsustainable. Mexico needs a new and reliable source of power
Petroleum Economist 7/18 “Mexico relies on US as oil supply falls and gas demand rises,” Petroleum Economist, 7/18/2013, http://www.petroleum-economist.com/Article/3232708/Mexico-relies-on-US-as-oil-supply-falls-and-gas-demand-rises.html
As its oil production keeps falling, Mexico is turning to natural gas to diversify
AND
supplies or open its upstream to investors that could unlock more domestic energy.
This crushes the Mexican economy – oil revenues are critical to public spending
Villarreal ’12 M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance @ CRS, “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations:  Trends, Issues, and Implications,” Congressional Research Service, 8/9/2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf
Mexico’s long-term economic recovery and stability partially depend upon what happens in the
AND
wells and also lacks resources for investment in increasing engineering capacity and exploration.
Grid investment will boost both the US and Mexican economies
Wood, Director of the Mexico Institute, 8/31
(Duncan, 2013, Wilson Center, "Growing Potential for U.S-Mexico Energy Cooperation,"http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wood_energy.pdf, p 41, Accessed 8/31/13)
Mexico’s electricity sector has gone through significant changes over the past twenty years since the
AND
, which has seen ¶ and rapid growth in capacity in recent years. 

Mexican economic collapse kills US and Mexico’s manufacturing sectors
Villarreal ’10 9/16/10, M. Angeles Villarreal is an Analyst in International Trade and Finance in the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of the Congressional Research Service. “The Mexican Economy After the Global
Financial Crisis,” Congressional Research Service http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41402.pdf¶)
Manufacturing industries have been severely affected by the decline in external demand,particularly in
AND
, a loss of 268,647 jobs (14 decrease).28

It spills over – a strong manufacturing base is key to advanced manufacturing and technological innovation
Lind ’12 - Policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation (Michael, “Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future,” http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,20Michael20and20Freedman,20Joshua20-20NAF20-20Value20Added20America27s20Manufacturing20Future.pdf )
Manufacturing, RandD and the ¶ U.S. Innovation Ecosystem¶
AND
S. multinational corporations is taking place outside of ¶ the United States.¶ 

Advanced manufacturing technology makes war obsolete – it’s the ultimate deterrent
Paone ’09 - 66th Air Base Wing Public Affairs for the US Air Force (Chuck, 8-10-09, “Technology convergence could prevent war, futurist says,”http:www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123162500)
The convergence of "exponentially advancing technologies" will form a "super-intelligence
AND
robotics;" those he expects to converge in so powerful a way. ¶ 

Manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. deterrence
O’Hanlon et al 12 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O'Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012,” pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon um-ef)
The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
AND
civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.

Defense industrial base deters war with Russia
Watts 2008 (Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, “The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future,” CBA, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__)

Since the 1950s, the US defense industrial base has been a source of long
AND
term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s.

That’s the only scenario for Extinction
Bostrom, 2002  
Nick, Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios  and Related Hazards," 38,  www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.
Loss of manufacturing Risks a China-Taiwan War
Steven Mosher 2/14/06 (President of the Population Research Institute, CQ Congressional Testimony, “Chinese Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy” pg lexis)
The ruthless mercantilism practiced by the CCP is thus a form of economic warfare.
AND
American military assets in the Asian- Pacific will have to be neutralized.

Extinction.
The Strait Times, 2000
“No one gains in war over Taiwan”, June 25, Lexis   
The high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.   

Gulf oil reliance increases the risk of oil shocks that escalate globally
Lahn et al 13 (Glada Lahn, Paul Stevens and Felix Preston, August 2013, Chatham House Report, http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/193884)
The systemic waste of oil and gas in the Gulf is eroding economic resilience to
AND
60 local institutions with a critical interest in and influence over domestic energy.
Energy shocks cause great power nuke war
Islam YasinQasem 7, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of PompeuFabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia, July 9, 2007, “The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage,” online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm
Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate
AND
the chances of using nuclear weapons in pursues of national interests are high. 

Clean Tech
New energy reforms passed, opens electricity sector to the US
Power Engineering 12/18 (Former U.S. Ambassador Antonio Garza on Mexico's Energy Reforms, http://www.power-eng.com/marketwired/2013/12/18/former-u-s-ambassador-antonio-garza-on-mexico-s-energy-reforms.html)
¶ Mexico took a giant leap toward a new economic future last week with Congressional
AND
revenues; and, revising the nature and governance of the PEMEX board.

Oil-based cooperation is unsustainable – the plan is key to sustainable US-Mexico relations
Donnelly, Program Associate, Mexico Institute, ‘10
(Robert, 5/24/10, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda”, js)
Wood cited recent developments that have encouraged renewable energy investment in Mexico. Mexico's oil
AND
, and specifically suggested that energy attaches be assigned to the embassy and consulates
That’s key to broader border cooperation
Sweedler et al 5 (Alan, *Assistant Vice President for International Programs at San Diego State University, Director of the Center for Energy Studies and the Environmental Sciences Program and Professor of Physics, Founder of SDSU's program on International Security and Conflict Resolution, Congressional Science Fellow in the US Senate, and a Carnegie Science Fellow at Stanford University in the area of arms control and international security, Margarito Quintero Núñez, Kimberly Collins, “Energy Issues in the U.S.-Mexican
Binational Region: Focus on California-Baja California,” http://scerp.org/pubs/m11/chapter201-5.pdf)

Energy is an indispensable lifeblood of the U.S.-Mexican border region and
AND
responsible for regulating the energy sector in both the United States and Mexico. 

Obama and Nieto want to cooperate with energy and the economy
Rueda, Latin American Correspondent for ABC  News, 2013 (Manuel, May 3rd, ABC News, “Here’s What Obama Promised During His Trip to Mexico”, http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/obama-achieve-trip-mexico/story?id=19104905, accessed 7/6/13, J.Y.)
Repeatedly during this visit, Obama and Peña Nieto said that the U.S
AND
are passed by Mexico's Congress since this is a sensitive issue in Mexico.
Focusing on renewables spills over to the rest of the relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building
AND
S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
This outweighs alternate causes
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Mexico Institute), May, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)

This study examines one of the most important and potentially lucrative dimensions of the growth
AND
that have had a significant impact on both Mexico and on bilateral relations.

Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign
AND
, and border,terrorism,  health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND
AND
assembled on U.S. soil  into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

There is currently a race for clean energy development
Shaun Tandon, 7/19/2010, Phys.org, "nations to seek clean energy cooperation," http://phys.org/news198745778.html

Major economies have been at loggerheads over the shape of the next climate treaty,
AND
get something done together, that could improve the mood," he said.

Grid increases clean tech for the US
Fehrenbacher 11 (October 5, Katie, Senior Writer and Features Editor for GigaOM and has been covering cutting-edge technology, startups and innovators in Silicon Valley for close to a decade. She launched GigaOM’s greentech channel in 2007 and closely tracks energy entrepreneurs and investors., Smart grid: Obama pushes for speedier transmission lines, GIGAOM, http://gigaom.com/2011/10/05/smart-grid-obama-pushes-for-speedier-transmission-lines/)
If there’s one thing the Department of Energy and the Obama administration can do to
AND
like clean power is almost a dirty word now, post-Solyndra.

Specifically, US-Mexico collaboration creates an expertise bank – spurs global modeling
Bennett 11 (Nicholas, Regional Sales Representative – Terryberry Company, “Smart Grid Technology – Mexico’s Upcoming Market Boon,” University of Arizona, http://next.eller.arizona.edu/courses/BusinessInternationalEnvironments/Fall2011/student_papers/finalnicholasbennett.pdf)

The lack of synchronicity and communication between competing smart grid providers is possibly the most
AND
grid systems is a proactive response to an emerging and exciting new market. 

Clean tech leadership averts global war – independently turns warming and economy
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

The evidence overwhelming supports hegemony being good
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy---best statistical studies prove key to the economy
John M. Owen 11, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Impact turns inevitable- 

a. Anti-Americanism
Drezner, 9 (prof. of international politics at Tufts, 7/15/09, The False Hegemon http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=21858
The rest of the world certainly seems to treat America as the hegemonic power,
AND
causes everything, however, then the attempt at modesty will inevitably fail. 

The plan jumpstarts global ‘transmission diplomacy’ – this de-escalates conflict and solves global instability
Daniel Kammen (Distinguished Professor of Energy at UC-Berkeley - directs the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory. From 2010 to 2011, he was the inaugural Chief Technical Specialist for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at the World Bank. ) November 20, 2013 “Good electricity grids make good neighbors” http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2013/11/20/good-electricity-grids-make-good-neighbors/
Today we face a different situation, where “front lines” of conflict have
AND
be well to make transmission diplomacy and development a centerpiece of foreign policy.

State failure risks global war

Rotberg in ‘2

(Robert, Dir. Program on Intrastate Conflict @ Harvard’s JCK School and President of the World Peace Foundation, Foreign Affairs, “Failed States in a World of Terror”, July/August, 81:4, Proquest)
Today's failed states, such as Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, and Somalia, are
AND
threatens the lives and livelihoods of their own peoples but endangers world peace.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 8 | Opponent: Groves | Judge: Stephen Weil
Discussing the merits of the plan is key to substantive education
McClean 2001, David E, Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm 

There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."  
 

Perm—do the plan and all non-mutually exclusive parts of the alternative—if the alt overcomes the status quo, the perm overcomes the link

The alt doesn’t solve capitalism – the perm is key
Wolfenstein 2k—PhD in politics from Princeton, professor of political science at UCLA, PhD in psychoanalysis (Victor, Inside/outside Nietzsche, p 235-6, AG)

As to the matter of political aims, we have no choice but to live
AND
politics must be both dialectically self-unifying and perspectivally self-differentiating.  

Adaptability takes out the alt and makes capitalism sustainable.
Kaletsky ’10
Anatole, Masters in Economics from Harvard, Honour-Degree Graduate at King’s College and Cambrdige, editor-at-large of The Times of London, founding partner and chief economist of GaveKal Capital, He is on the governing board of the New York– based Institute for New Economic Theory (INET), a nonprofit created after the 2007– 2009 crisis to promote and finance academic research in economics outside the orthodoxy of “efficient markets.” From 1976 to 1990, Kaletsky was New York bureau chief and Washington correspondent of the Financial Times and a business writer on The Economist, “Capitalism 4 0: The Birth of a New Economy in the Aftermath of Crisis,” AM

The world did not end. Despite all the forebodings of disaster in the 2007
AND
Napoleonic Wars of 1803– 15. Hence the title of this book.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West | Judge: Talya Slaw
. Chemical Industry on the brink – diverse energy alternatives in U.S. prevents complete collapse
Kate PHILLIPS, staff writer, 6/30/08, Chemical Week, “ACC Expects Industry Production to stall and Slow U.S. Economy” pg lexis EM
Growth in U.S. chemicals has stalled since third-quarter 2007,
AND
and supporting the competitive position of U.S. industry," he says

B. Chemical industry key to preventing disease spread, ensuring food supply and drinking water, stopping fires, manufacturing fighter jets, satellites, space shuttles, and nanotech
Senator James INHOFE, expert on national security issues and chairman of Environmental public works committee, 8/2/06, US Fed News, “Sen. Inhofe Issues Statement On Toxic Substances Control Act, Chemicals Management Program At Epa” pg lexis EM
The chemical industry is a crucial part of the US economy. The United States
AND
than ever before. To say that chemicals are vital is an understatement.

Chemical industry failure causes extinction.
ICCA, 02  (International Council of Chemical Associations), June 20, 2002, “SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY,” online: http://www.cefic.be/position/icca/pp_ic010.htm
¶ The key finding of "Our Common Future", (the 1987 report of
AND
keeping up international competitiveness as a pre-requisite of sustainable job creation.¶

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pace | Judge: Amy Feinberg
U.S. Ties with Latin America are high now and are expected to rise.
Tim Padgett 8:20 am Mon May 27, 2013 Tim Padgett is WLRN-Miami Herald News' Americas correspondent covering Latin America and the Caribbean from Miami. He has covered Latin America for almost 25 yearsWLRN.com Why China Is Behind Fresh U.S. Moves In Latin America http://wlrn.org/post/why-china-behind-fresh-us-moves-latin-america
U.S. Vice President Joe Biden will visit Colombia, Brazil, Trinidad
AND
.'s biggest economic rival, has been eager to fill the void.

Not Zero-Sum – mutual benefits
Xiaoxia 13
Wang, Economic Observer/Worldcrunch, 5/6/13, IN AMERICA'S BACKYARD: CHINA'S RISING INFLUENCE IN LATIN AMERICA, http://www.worldcrunch.com/china-2.0/in-america-039-s-backyard-china-039-s-rising-influence-in-latin-america/foreign-policy-trade-economy-investments-energy/c9s11647/

China's involvement in the Latin American continent doesn’t constitute a threat to the United States
AND
influence that the United States has accumulated over two centuries in the region.

China’s increasing presence sparks conflict with the US
Ellis 5 (R. Evan, professor of national security  studies, modeling, gaming, and simulation with the  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, with a research focus on Latin America’s relationships with  external actors, including China, Russia, and Iran.  His work in this area includes the 2009 book, China  in Latin America: The Whats and Wherefores, and over  20 articles in English and Spanish published over the  past 6 years in magazines and journals ranging from  Joint Forces Quarterly to Air and Space Power Journal en  Espanol to the Revista de Dinámica de Sistemas. Dr. Ellis  has presented his work in a broad range of business  and government forums in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia,  Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic,  Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Jamaica, Mexico, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the United Kingdom,  the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. He is a  frequent guest lecturer at the U.S. Air Force Special  Operations School. Dr. Ellis holds a Ph.D. in political  science with a specialization in comparative politics; Strategic Studies Institute; http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub606.pdf)
It is not necessary to postulate Chinese troops and bases in Latin  America in order
AND
its achievement would compound U.S.  vulnerability to this Chinese competition.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kinkaid | Judge: Sheila Peterson
Their fears of epistemological bias are exaggerated and unfounded – even if our claims aren’t perfect, they are likely accurate – wholesale rejection is the worst approach
Martin 1 – Ron, Professor of Economic Geography at the University of Cambridge (“Geography and public policy: the case of the missing agenda”, Progress in Human Geography 25,2 (2001) pp. 189–210, http://geography.fullerton.edu/550/public20policy.pdf)
A second source of the prejudice against policy study, however, is the charge
AND
‘geography’ and ‘place’ matter for the conduct and content of policy discourse

Topic Specific Education - Role playing and decision making solves Latin American education failure in the US.
Cook, Education Practitioner, 85
Kay K., September 1985, “Latin American Studies”, http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-923/latin.htm, accessed 7/7/13, ALT

Gallup polls indicate that Latin America--Mexico, Central America, South America,
AND
methods of introducing Latin American culture and erasing preconceived notions about that region.

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy---best statistical studies prove
John M. Owen 11, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Heg decreases structural violence---any alt dooms humanity to deprivation
Thomas P.M. Barnett 11, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, September 12, 2011, “The New Rules: The Rise of the Rest Spells U.S. Strategic Victory,” World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9973/the-new-rules-the-rise-of-the-rest-spells-u-s-strategic-victory
First the absurdity: A few of the most over-the-top Bush
AND
what's yet to come. ¶ As always, the choice is ours.

Only plan solves—alt has no method of disengaging. Impacts are irrelevant without a risk of alt solvency.

Perm do both--political action key to solve the methodological shift
Grossberg (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10
I •want to describe a diagram of ways of being modern as a configuration
AND
, then "being modern') itself is a real and positive multiplicity.

Perm: embrace plan in context of alternative modernities and decolonization of knowledge—Their either-or is a false dichotomy – can seek alternative modernities that aren’t eurocentric
Grossberg (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10
(Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 264) DDI13

The M/C project, focused on the possibility of radical alterity, seeks
AND
matter, of alternatives to modernity, will require a decolonization of knowledge itself

Perm do the plan and reject all colonial thought

Trying to heed the global south results in homogenizing the different voices and links back to the K
Salvatore 10 (Ricardo D., Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Vol. 8, No. 1, Fall 2010, 332-348, The Postcolonial in Latin America and the Concept  of Coloniality: A Historian’s Point of View, http://www.ncsu.edu/project/acontracorriente/fall_10/misc/Salvatore_debate.pdf)
The same could be said about forms of narrating or representing  the national, or
AND
by the state in  which subaltern voices appear, however misconstrued or disfigured.

Eurocentric thought allowed for liberating ideas, modernities good
Alcoff 7 (Department of Philosophy at Syracuse University., Project Muse, Mignolo’s Epistemology of Coloniality, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/new_centennial_review/v007/7.3.alcoff.html)
Hegemony in Mignolo’s usage of the term is very much taken from the Gramscian idea
AND
the “now” resides, and thus, who is “behind.”

Speaking for others is wrong—their privileged social location makes any claim to political empowerment suspect—it’s an act of commodification and colonial domination, which turns the K
Linda Martín Alcoff (Department of Philosophy at Syracuse University. “The Problem of Speaking For Others” Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, pp. 5-32.) 

Feminist discourse is not the only site in which the problem of speaking for
AND
restricting the practice to speaking for groups of which one is a member.

Economic decline causes racism and poverty

TIKKUN, staff June 16, 2005, www.tikkun.org/rabbi_lerner/news_item.2005-06-16.4482156665

If there is   one truism about race relations...AND...when people have economic security.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Kent Denver | Judge: Tom Woodhead
Discussing the merits of the plan is key to substantive education
McClean 2001, David E, Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm 

There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."  

Research about what the federal government should enact is needed now, policy research about Latin America is solves the K
Giordano and Li 12 – *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB (“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still   relatively
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.   

Perm do the plan and all non-mutually exclusive parts of the alternative – Scenario Planning is consistent with complexity theory
KAVALSKI ‘7 (Emilian; University of Alberta, “The fifth debate and the emergence of complex international relations theory: notes on the application of complexity theory to the study of international life,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, v. 20 n. 3, September)

In a further examination of the cognitive perspective, some proponents of CIR theory have
AND
uncertainty straight in the face’ (Smith and Jenks 2006, 4). ¶ 

2ac Complexity

Complexity and diminishing returns don’t cause collapse---this is the author their evidence quotes
Tainter 9 – Joseph A. Tainter, Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University, interviewed by Kazys Varnelis, the Director of the Network Architecture Lab at the Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, November 3, 2009, “Interview with Joseph Tainter on Collapse,” online: http://varnelis.net/blog/interview_with_joseph_tainter_on_collapse

Today we are living in the most complex society that has ever existed, yet we’ve avoided collapse thus far. Why is that?
JT: Diminishing returns to complexity are probably inevitable, but collapse doesn’t necessarily follow
AND
in fossil fuels is the most important thing we should be worrying about.

Complexity inevitable—we’ll get back on the treadmill
Tainter 6 – Joseph A Tainter, Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University, February 2006,” Social Complexity and Sustainability,” Ecological Complexity, Vol, 3, p. 91-103

Thus, the development of complexity is a wonderful dilemmas of human history. Over
AND
Since problems continually arise, there is persistent pressure for complexity to increase.

Complexity is sustainable---it’s key to energy innovation and problem-solving that make even highly complex societies sustainable
Tainter 9 – Joseph A. Tainter, Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University, September 9, 2009, “Human Resource Use: Timing and Implications for Sustainability,” online: http://www.theoildrum.com/node/5745

In conclusion, sustainability is not the achievement of stasis. It is not a
AND
perpetually addressing new or ongoing problems and securing the resources to do so.

Complexity good
Leeb 7 (Dr. Stephen Leeb, President of Leeb Capital Management, Bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Princeton Wharton School of Business, Masters degree in mathematics and PhD in Psychology from the University of Illinois,  “The Coming Economic Collapse”, National Best Seller, pg 121-122)

On the other hand, if we continue to ignore the problem, the loss
AND
come to look like New Orleans after Katrina. Civilization could truly collapse.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Kent Denver | Judge: Tom Woodhead
Discussing the merits of the plan is key to substantive education
McClean 2001, David E, Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm 

There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."  

Research about what the federal government should enact is needed now, policy research about Latin America is solves the K
Giordano and Li 12 – *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB (“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still   relatively
AND
to overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area.   

Perm do the plan and all non-mutually exclusive parts of the alternative – Scenario Planning is consistent with complexity theory
KAVALSKI ‘7 (Emilian; University of Alberta, “The fifth debate and the emergence of complex international relations theory: notes on the application of complexity theory to the study of international life,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, v. 20 n. 3, September)

In a further examination of the cognitive perspective, some proponents of CIR theory have
AND
uncertainty straight in the face’ (Smith and Jenks 2006, 4). ¶ 

2ac Complexity

Complexity and diminishing returns don’t cause collapse---this is the author their evidence quotes
Tainter 9 – Joseph A. Tainter, Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University, interviewed by Kazys Varnelis, the Director of the Network Architecture Lab at the Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, November 3, 2009, “Interview with Joseph Tainter on Collapse,” online: http://varnelis.net/blog/interview_with_joseph_tainter_on_collapse

Today we are living in the most complex society that has ever existed, yet we’ve avoided collapse thus far. Why is that?
JT: Diminishing returns to complexity are probably inevitable, but collapse doesn’t necessarily follow
AND
in fossil fuels is the most important thing we should be worrying about.

Complexity inevitable—we’ll get back on the treadmill
Tainter 6 – Joseph A Tainter, Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University, February 2006,” Social Complexity and Sustainability,” Ecological Complexity, Vol, 3, p. 91-103

Thus, the development of complexity is a wonderful dilemmas of human history. Over
AND
Since problems continually arise, there is persistent pressure for complexity to increase.

Complexity is sustainable---it’s key to energy innovation and problem-solving that make even highly complex societies sustainable
Tainter 9 – Joseph A. Tainter, Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University, September 9, 2009, “Human Resource Use: Timing and Implications for Sustainability,” online: http://www.theoildrum.com/node/5745

In conclusion, sustainability is not the achievement of stasis. It is not a
AND
perpetually addressing new or ongoing problems and securing the resources to do so.

Complexity good
Leeb 7 (Dr. Stephen Leeb, President of Leeb Capital Management, Bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Princeton Wharton School of Business, Masters degree in mathematics and PhD in Psychology from the University of Illinois,  “The Coming Economic Collapse”, National Best Seller, pg 121-122)

On the other hand, if we continue to ignore the problem, the loss
AND
come to look like New Orleans after Katrina. Civilization could truly collapse.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North | Judge: Noah Kramer

1. Quick approval of THA is key to broaden the scope of relations (Delay collapses relations)
   Martin and Wood '13
   (Jeremy M. Martin is the director of the Energy Program at the Institute
   AND
   transboundary-hydrocarbon-agreement-with-mexicoMBA-Aspomer)
   Yesterday, U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto
   AND
   together in the Gulf of Mexico, and on energy issues more generally.

2. Certainty key to encourage collaborative development
Smart Energy Universe '12
("U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement", www.smartenergyuniverse.com/regulatory-update/13077-u-s-mexico-transboundary-hydrocarbons-agreementMBA-Aspomer)
The United States and Mexico have signed an agreement concerning the development of oil and
AND
Both governments will review all plans for the development of any transboundary reservoirs.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kinkaid | Judge: Sheila Peterson
Complexity is sustainable – allows for technology and energy innovation to solve societal problems – alternatives are short term solutions
Tainter 09 Joseph Tainter - Professor in the Department of Environment and Society at Utah State University, September 09, 2009, “Human Resource Use: Timing and Implications for Sustainability”, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/5745

In conclusion, sustainability is not the achievement of stasis. It is not a
AND
long time. Success, rather, consists of staying in the game.

Growth eliminates the rational incentives for war
Gartzke, 11 — associate professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego, Ph.D. from Iowa and B.A. from University of California, San Francisco (Erik, “SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD”, Cato Institute, 2/9/2011, www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/)
Almost as informative as the decline in warfare has been where this decline is occurring
AND
the consolidating forces of prosperity prevail, that war becomes a durable anachronism.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa City High | Judge: Grellinger
I can't find the cards but it was basically Egypt unstable now and impact defense

Tournament: Emory | Round: 5 | Opponent: Centennial | Judge: Kristen Lowe
Advantage 1: Grid Collapse
Plan: The United States Federal Government should jointly construct a transmission grid system with Mexico.
Lines are chosen, presidential permit required
Dombek 12 (Carl, Renewablesbiz.com-covering the business of renewable and sustainable energy, Route recommended for US/Mexico transmission line Access for cross-border wind development, http://www.renewablesbiz.com/article/12/06/route-recommended-usmexico-transmission-line)
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has identified its preferred
AND
the proposed action no sooner than 30 days after the NOA was published.

Obama approved a presidential permit in November
Platts 11/12 (US FERC approves permit for gas export facilities at Mexican border, http://www.platts.com/latest-news/natural-gas/washington/us-ferc-approves-permit-for-gas-export-facilities-21813412)
The US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has approved a presidential permit allowing a subsidiary of
AND
County, Texas, to the export facility, according to the order.

Development of a hemispheric energy partnership insulates the US from inevitable energy shocks that would collapse the new and critical infrastructure –
Alison Terry, 2012, International Affairs Review, Vol. 20, No. 3., "Policy and Practice in North American Energy Security," http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/North20American20Energy20Security.pdf

The United States, Canada, and Mexico each has a unique history in the
AND
face of tenuous ¶ import-export relationships in the international energy trade.

The grid is overstretched now
Williams ‘8
(Mark., USA Today, 5 years after a giant blackout, are we better off?, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-08-13-823010769_x.htm)

Five years after the worst blackout in North American history, the country's largest
AND
in building a green, prosperous, and vibrant low-carbon economy. 

Grid collapse causes massive nuclear meltdowns
Caldicott 5
(Helen, Australian physician who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985 and is the president of the Nuclear Policy Research Institute based in Washington. She spoke with UPI National Security Correspondent Martin Sieff., Titel: Nuclear-war threat still very real, http://www.airpower.at/forum/viewtopic.php?t=900)
And if you detonate
AND
outcome, and it would be very easy to do. 

And, even a Small grid failure brings down the entire system – impact is chemical plant explosions which are worse than atomic bombs

Latynina 2003
Yulia Latynina, journalist for Novaya GazetaWorld Press Review (VOL. 50, No. 11) www.worldpress.org/Americas/1579.cfm
The scariest thing about the cascading power
AND
distinguished from the actions of a drunken dispatcher or random lightning.

Statistics prove diversionary war theory
Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Advantage 2: Clean Tech
US-Mexico collaboration creates an expertise bank – spurs global modeling –
Bennett 11 (Nicholas, Regional Sales Representative – Terryberry Company, “Smart Grid Technology – Mexico’s Upcoming Market Boon,” University of Arizona, http://next.eller.arizona.edu/courses/BusinessInternationalEnvironments/Fall2011/student_papers/finalnicholasbennett.pdf)

The lack of synchronicity and communication between competing smart grid providers is possibly the most
AND
grid systems is a proactive response to an emerging and exciting new market. 

The global ‘transmission diplomacy’ de-escalates conflict and solves global instability
Daniel Kammen (Distinguished Professor of Energy at UC-Berkeley - directs the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory. From 2010 to 2011, he was the inaugural Chief Technical Specialist for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at the World Bank. ) November 20, 2013 “Good electricity grids make good neighbors” http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2013/11/20/good-electricity-grids-make-good-neighbors/
Today we face a different situation, where “front lines” of conflict have
AND
be well to make transmission diplomacy and development a centerpiece of foreign policy.
Troops realigning in Africa, flashpoint developing in South Sudan
Klapper 1/9 (Bradley, The Globe and Mail, U.S. scrambles to prevent civil war in South Sudan, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/us-scrambles-to-prevent-civil-war-in-south-sudan/article16273917/)
Three years after midwifing South Sudan’s birth, the United States is desperately trying to
AND
, their disruption of oil exports has worsened South Sudan’s already miserable economic condition

That escalates to great power war status
Sachs 8 (Jeffrey, Dir. Earth Institute – Columbia U., National Interest, “A User’s Guide to the Century”, July/August, L/N)

THE NEW world order is therefore crisis prone. The existence of rapidly emerging regional
AND
South Africa of late, and even to war, as in Darfur.

(SKIP FOR NOW- only to read against a neolibish K) Civil war will lead to a massive genocide and breach of humanitarian rights
Smith and Mutanguha 1-2 (James and Freddy, CNN, Heed the warnings: Genocide and Rwanda's lessons for South Sudan, http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/02/world/africa/south-sudan-rwandas-lessons/)
Fear of escalating violence in South Sudan has led the United Nations Security Council to
AND
realize the solution to creating sustainable peace after countless dead have been buried.

Afghan instability goes global causing nuclear war

Morgan in ‘7

(Stephen, Former Member of the British Labour Party Executive committee, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?” http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)
However events may prove him sorely wrong. Indeed, his policy could completely backfire
AND
in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.   

Advantage 3: Mexico

Domestic Mexican energy production is falling rapidly and a shift to reliance on US imports is unsustainable. Mexico needs a new and reliable source of power
Petroleum Economist 7/18 “Mexico relies on US as oil supply falls and gas demand rises,” Petroleum Economist, 7/18/2013, http://www.petroleum-economist.com/Article/3232708/Mexico-relies-on-US-as-oil-supply-falls-and-gas-demand-rises.html
As its oil production keeps falling, Mexico is turning to natural gas to diversify
AND
supplies or open its upstream to investors that could unlock more domestic energy.
This crushes the Mexican economy – oil revenues are critical to public spending
Villarreal ’12 M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance @ CRS, “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations:  Trends, Issues, and Implications,” Congressional Research Service, 8/9/2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf
Mexico’s long-term economic recovery and stability partially depend upon what happens in the
AND
wells and also lacks resources for investment in increasing engineering capacity and exploration.
Grid investment will boost both the US and Mexican economies
Wood, Director of the Mexico Institute, 8/31
(Duncan, 2013, Wilson Center, "Growing Potential for U.S-Mexico Energy Cooperation,"http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wood_energy.pdf, p 41, Accessed 8/31/13)
Mexico’s electricity sector has gone through significant changes over the past twenty years since the
AND
, which has seen ¶ and rapid growth in capacity in recent years. 

Mexican economic collapse kills US and Mexico’s manufacturing sectors
Villarreal ’10 9/16/10, M. Angeles Villarreal is an Analyst in International Trade and Finance in the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of the Congressional Research Service. “The Mexican Economy After the Global
Financial Crisis,” Congressional Research Service http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41402.pdf¶)
Manufacturing industries have been severely affected by the decline in external demand,particularly in
AND
, a loss of 268,647 jobs (14 decrease).28

Manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. deterrence
O’Hanlon et al 12 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O'Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012,” pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon um-ef)
The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
AND
civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.

Credible deterrence stops conflict escalation and prevents nuke war.
Robinson 2001 – Director of Sandia National Laboratories (C. Paul, 3/22/01, "A White Paper: Pursuing a Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21 st Century," http://www.mindfully.org/Nucs/Nuclear-Weapons-Policy-21stC.htm)

Additionally, throughout the Cold War and ever since, there has been a steady
AND
, and urge that we do so in the upcoming Nuclear Posture Review.
Nuclear deterrence becomes in my view a "countervailing" force and, in fact, a potent antidote to military aggression on the part of nations. But to succeed in harnessing this power, effective nuclear weapons strategies and policies are necessary ingredients to help shape and maintain a stable and peaceful world.

Defense industrial base deters war with Russia
Watts 2008 (Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, “The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future,” CBA, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__)

Since the 1950s, the US defense industrial base has been a source of long
AND
term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s.

That’s the only scenario for Extinction
Bostrom, 2002  
Nick, Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios  and Related Hazards," 38,  www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Oil-based cooperation is unsustainable – the plan is key to sustainable US-Mexico relations
-currently happening
Donnelly, Program Associate, Mexico Institute, ‘10
(Robert, 5/24/10, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda”, js)
Wood cited recent developments that have encouraged renewable energy investment in Mexico. Mexico's oil
AND
, and specifically suggested that energy attaches be assigned to the embassy and consulates
Energy infrastructure integration is key to broader border cooperation
Sweedler et al 5 (Alan, *Assistant Vice President for International Programs at San Diego State University, Director of the Center for Energy Studies and the Environmental Sciences Program and Professor of Physics, Founder of SDSU's program on International Security and Conflict Resolution, Congressional Science Fellow in the US Senate, and a Carnegie Science Fellow at Stanford University in the area of arms control and international security, Margarito Quintero Núñez, Kimberly Collins, “Energy Issues in the U.S.-Mexican
Binational Region: Focus on California-Baja California,” http://scerp.org/pubs/m11/chapter201-5.pdf)

Energy is an indispensable lifeblood of the U.S.-Mexican border region and
AND
responsible for regulating the energy sector in both the United States and Mexico.
SEQUENCING is vital – Focusing on renewables spills over to the rest of the relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)//BB
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic
AND
S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
This outweighs alternate causes
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Mexico Institute), May, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)

This study examines one of the most important and potentially lucrative dimensions of the growth
AND
that have had a significant impact on both Mexico and on bilateral relations.

Energy cooperation’s key to the overall relations and US leadership
Roberts and Walser 13 (James M., Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics – The Heritage Foundation, and Dr. Ray, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, “The Hagel, Kerry, and Brennan Senate Confirmation Hearings: U.S. Policy for the Western Hemisphere,” Heritage Foundation, 1-18, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/kerry-hagel-and-brennan-senate-confirmation-hearings-us-policy-for-the-western-hemisphere)

Mexico’s fight against organized crime has cast a doleful shadow over U.S.–
AND
to project global leadership without a democratic, prosperous, and stable Mexico.

Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign
AND
, and border,terrorism,  health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND
AND
assembled on U.S. soil  into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Edina | Judge: I dont remember

1. The role of the ballot is determining whether a topical plan is better than the status quo or a competitive policy option

 Key to plan focus debate- vital internal link into topic specific education and in-depth clash

Aff ground is destroyed when we can’t get access to the 1AC- the foundation of the affirmative

Vague alts- They can not specify what their alternative does, which is a voting issue because they can dodge all of our ground.

Threats are real and exist independent of fear
KNUDSEN ’01 (Olav; Professor of Political Science – Sodertorn, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies,” Security Dialogue, 32:3)
Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying implication that it is unimportant whether
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them. 

The kritik overgeneralizes fear – cultural and individual responses supersede social theorizing
STEARNS ’06 (Peter N.; Professor of History – George Mason University, American Fear: The Causes and Consequences of High Anxiety, p. 4)
Fear is a variable social emotion—often contagious, often affecting group behavior and
AND
have long played a role in promoting different formulations where fear is involved.

Turn – fear promotes global connectivity that is key to prevent extinction
GREENSPAN, 04 (Miriam; Internationally Renowned Psychotherapist, Writer, and Speaker, Healing Through the Dark Emotions: The Wisdom of Grief, Fear, and Despair, p. 298-9)
Paradoxically, peace can come through a deep and abiding awareness of our collective vulnerability
AND
just you and I but all of us can live together without fear.

Turn – Avoidance: 

a) Fear is inevitable – attempts to avoid it make the situation worse
STEARNS ’06 (Peter N.; Professor of History – George Mason University, American Fear: The Causes and Consequences of High Anxiety, p. x-xi)

A century ago, a number of optimistic American publicists proclaimed that a modern society
AND
It’s time to understand this complex evolution better and to reassess the results.

b) Leads to bad forms of fear
STEARNS ’06 (Peter N.; Professor of History – George Mason University, American Fear: The Causes and Consequences of High Anxiety, p. 201-2)

Fear has two major consequences, derived from its primal function in readying the body
AND
both to manipulation and to public contagion, when the emotion becomes inescapable.

Fear of nuclear war is vital to preventing it
RAJARAMAN ’02 (Ramamurti; Professor Emeritus of Theoretical Physics and Physical Sciences – Jawaharlal Nehru University-New Delhi, “Ban Battlefield Nuclear Weapons,” The Hindu, 4/20)
It is vital to register strong worldwide opposition to the use of such weapons.
AND
actually pressing the nuclear button even in the face of serious military crises.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Shawnee East | Judge: Maria Liu
Mexico Economy
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico in the area of renewable energy
Domestic Mexican energy production is falling rapidly and a shift to reliance on US imports is unsustainable. Mexico needs a new and reliable source of power
Petroleum Economist 7/18 "Mexico relies on US as oil supply falls and gas demand rises," Petroleum Economist, 7/18/2013, http://www.petroleum-economist.com/Article/3232708/Mexico-relies-on-US-as-oil-supply-falls-and-gas-demand-rises.html
As its oil production keeps falling, Mexico is turning to natural gas to diversify
AND
supplies or open its upstream to investors that could unlock more domestic energy.
This crushes the Mexican economy – oil revenues are critical to public spending
Villarreal ’12 M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance @ CRS, "U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations:  Trends, Issues, and Implications," Congressional Research Service, 8/9/2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf
Mexico’s long-term economic recovery and stability partially depend upon what happens in the oil industry. In 2010, Mexico was the seventh-largest producer of oil in the world and the third largest in the Western Hemisphere. 39 The Mexican government depends heavily on oil revenues, which provide 30 to 40 of the government’s fiscal revenues, but oil production in Mexico is declining rapidly. Many industry experts state that Mexican oil production has peaked and that the country’s production will continue to decline in the coming years. 40 The Mexican government has used oil revenues from its state oil company, Pétroleos Mexicanos (Pemex), for government operating expenses, which has come at the expense of needed reinvestment in the company itself. Because the government relies so heavily on oil income, any decline in production has major fiscal implications. In 2008, the government enacted new legislation that sought to reform the country’s oil sector, which was nationalized in 1938, 41 and to help increase production capability. The reforms permit Pemex to create incentive-based service contracts with private companies. Some analysts contend, however, that the reforms did not go far enough and that they do little to help the company address its major challenges. 42 Mexico’s President-elect Enrique Peña Nieto of the centrist Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) has vowed to convince his party, which nationalized the industry and has blocked previous attempts at reforming the energy sector, and the PRI-aligned oil workers’ union, to allow further energy reforms to move forward. The narrow margin of Peña Nieto’s victory and his coalition’s apparent failure to capture a majority in either chamber of the Mexican Congress, however, may make it difficult to reform the energy sector. Another issue that may block energy reforms from moving forward is the nationalist left’s strong showing in the July 1, 2012, elections. The leftist coalition led by the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has the second-largest bloc in the lower house of the Mexican Congress and remains staunchly opposed to increasing private involvement in Pemex. 43 Most experts contend that Pemex has only the capacity to produce in shallow waters and needs to bring in new technologies and know-how through private investment to allow the company to successfully explore and produce in the deep waters in the Gulf of Mexico. 44 The lack of further reforms is reportedly keeping Mexico from allowing much-needed foreign investment for oil exploration. Though the performance-based contracts are expected to increase production and reserves, Pemex faces serious challenges in finding new, productive wells and also lacks resources for investment in increasing engineering capacity and exploration.
Renewables investment brings vast economic benefit to Mexico – creates jobs, income, and tax revenue that gets funneled into public goods
Wood 12 (Duncan Wood, 5/20/12 Department of International Affairs, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Senior Advisor, Mexico Institute Renewable Energy Initiative, "RE-Energizing the Border: Renewable Energy, Green Jobs and Border Infrastructure Project," Wilson Center, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RE_Energizing_Border_Wood.pdf-http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RE_Energizing_Border_Wood.pdf)
Economic spillover: It is clear that the development of renewable energy projects brings economic
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and businesses, but also implies a potential obstacle due to financing limitations.

Mexican economic collapse kills US and Mexico’s manufacturing sectors
Villarreal ’10 ~9/16/10, M. Angeles Villarreal is an Analyst in International Trade and Finance in the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of the Congressional Research Service. "The Mexican Economy After the Global
Financial Crisis," Congressional Research Service http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41402.pdf~~¶)
Manufacturing industries have been severely affected by the decline in external demand,particularly in
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, a loss of 268,647 jobs (14 decrease).28

It spills over – a strong manufacturing base is key to advanced manufacturing and technological innovation
Lind ’12 - Policy director of New America’s Economic Growth Program and a co-founder of the New America Foundation (Michael, "Value Added: America’s Manufacturing Future," http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind,20Michael20and20Freedman,20Joshua20-20NAF20-20Value20Added20America27s20Manufacturing20Future.pdf-http://growth.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Lind, Michael and Freedman, Joshua - NAF - Value Added America27s Manufacturing Future.pdf )
Manufacturing, R26D and the ¶ U.S. Innovation Ecosystem¶
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S. multinational corporations is taking place outside of ¶ the United States.¶ 

Advanced manufacturing technology makes war obsolete – it’s the ultimate deterrent
Paone ’09 - 66th Air Base Wing Public Affairs for the US Air Force (Chuck, 8-10-09, "Technology convergence could prevent war, futurist says,"http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123162500-http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123162500)
The convergence of "exponentially advancing technologies" will form a "super-intelligence" so formidable that it could avert war, according to one of the world’s leading futurists. ¶ Dr. James Canton, CEO and chairman of the Institute for Global Futures, a San Francisco-based think tank, is author of the book "The Extreme Future" and an adviser to leading companies, the military and other government agencies. ¶ He is consistently listed among the world’s leading speakers and has presented to diverse audiences around the globe. ¶ He will address the Air Force Command and Control Intelligence, Survelliance and Reconnaissance Symposium, which will be held Sept. 28 through 30 at the MGM Grand Hotel at Foxwoods in Ledyard, Conn., joining Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Norton Schwartz and a bevy of other government and industry speakers. ¶ He offered a sneak preview of his symposium presentation and answered various questions about the future of technology and warfare in early August. ¶ "The superiority of convergent technologies will prevent war," Doctor Canton said, claiming their power would present an overwhelming deterrent to potential adversaries. While saying that the U.S. will build these super systems faster and better than other nations, he acknowledged that a new arms race is already under way. ¶ "It will be a new MAD for the 21st century," he said, referring to the Cold War-era acronym for Mutually Assured Destruction, the idea that a nuclear first strike would trigger an equally deadly response. It’s commonly held that this knowledge has essentially prevented any rational state from launching a nuclear attack. ¶ Likewise, Doctor Canton said he believes rational nation states, considering this imminent technology explosion, will see the futility of nation-on-nation warfare in the near future. Plus there’s the "socio-economic linking of the global market system." ¶ "The fundamental macroeconomics on the planet favor peace, security, capitalism and prosperity," he said. Doctor Canton projects that nations, including those not currently allied, will work together in using these smart technologies to prevent non-state actors from engaging in disruptive and deadly acts. ¶ As a futurist, Doctor Canton and his team study and predict many things, but their main area of expertise — and the one in which he’s personally most interested — is advanced and emerging technology. ¶ "I see that as the key catalyst of strategic change on the planet, and it will be for the next 100 years," he said. He focuses on six specific technology areas: "nano, bio, IT, neuro, quantum and robotics;" those he expects to converge in so powerful a way. ¶ 

Manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. deterrence
O’Hanlon et al 12 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O’Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments "The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012," pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/26 defense industrial base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon um-ef)
The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
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civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.

Defense industrial base deters war with Russia
Watts 2008 (Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, "The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future," CBA, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__)

Since the 1950s, the US defense industrial base has been a source of long
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term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s.

That’s the only scenario for Extinction
Bostrom, 2002  
~Nick, Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios  and Related Hazards," 38,  www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html~
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in the US and the USSR. An all-out nuclear war was a possibility with both a substantial probability and with consequences that might have been persistent enough to qualify as global and terminal. There was a real worry among those best acquainted with the information available at the time that a nuclear Armageddon would occur and that it might annihilate our species or permanently destroy human civilization.~4~  Russia and the US retain large nuclear arsenals that could be used in a future confrontation, either accidentally or deliberately. There is also a risk that other states may one day build up large nuclear arsenals. Note however that a smaller nuclear exchange, between India and Pakistan for instance, is not an existential risk, since it would not destroy or thwart humankind’s potential permanently. Such a war might however be a local terminal risk for the cities most likely to be targeted. Unfortunately, we shall see that nuclear Armageddon and comet or asteroid strikes are mere preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.
Loss of manufacturing Risks a China-Taiwan War
Steven Mosher 2/14/06 (President of the Population Research Institute, CQ Congressional Testimony, "Chinese Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy" pg lexis)
The ruthless mercantilism practiced by the CCP is thus a form of economic warfare.
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American military assets in the Asian- Pacific will have to be neutralized.

Extinction.
The Strait Times, 2000
~"No one gains in war over Taiwan", June 25, Lexis~   
The high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
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cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.   

?

Economic growth guts the drug trade
Shoichet ’12 ~11/27/12, Catherine E. Shoichet is a staff writer for CNN. "Mexican president-elect: Economic growth is key weapon in drug war," http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/27/politics/mexico-president-interview~~
Creating more economic opportunitieswillbe Mexico’s greatest weapon in the war on drugs, the country’s president-elect said Tuesday. "That, I think, is going to be the best way my government can prevent organized crime," President-elect Enrique Pena Nieto told CNN’s Wolf Blitzer. Without jobs and social programs, he said, "millions of my countrymen have no other option than to dedicate themselves sometimes to criminal activity."The wide-ranging interview was recorded just a few hours before the incoming leader met with U.S. President Barack Obama in Washington. In his first meeting with Obama, Pena Nieto said he planned to focus on building trust and boosting economic ties to create jobs. Mexican leader eyes economic ties with U.S. "We’ve lost presence and competitiveness on the international market. ... There’sstill space, an opportunity, to achieve greater integration as far as productivity, which will allow us to improve the competitive conditions for creating jobs across North America," he said. Pena Nieto, 46, said his security strategy will focus on reducing the drug-related violence that took 60,000 lives during his predecessor’s six-year term, though he provided few specifics about how he would stem the violence or what aspects of outgoing President Felipe Caderon’s strategy he will change

Mexico drug violence leads to oil shocks and economic collapse
Moran 9 (7/31/09, Michael, executive editor and policy analyst, Council on Foreign Relations, "Six Crises, 2009: A Half-Dozen Ways Geopolitics Could Upset Global Recovery," http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2009/08/07/six-crises-2009-a-half-dozen-ways-geopolitics-could-upset-global-recovery/)
Risk 2: Mexico Drug Violence:¶ At Stake: Oil prices, refugee flows
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to "renegotiate NAFTA," a pledge he deftly sidestepped once in office.
Energy shocks cause great power nuke war
Islam YasinQasem 7, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of PompeuFabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia, July 9, 2007, "The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage," online: http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm
Recognizing the strategic value of oil for their national interests, superpowers will not hesitate to unleash their economic and military power to ensure secure access to oil resources,triggering worldwide tension, if not armed conflict.  And while superpowers like the United States maintain superior conventional military power, in addition to their nuclear power, some weaker states are already nuclearly armed, others are seeking nuclear weapons. In an anarchic world with many nuclear-weapon states feeling insecure, and a global economy in downward spiral, the chances of using nuclear weapons in pursues of national interests are high. 

Renewables
Oil-based cooperation is unsustainable – the plan is key to sustainable US-Mexico relations
Donnelly, Program Associate, Mexico Institute, ’10
(Robert, 5/24/10, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda-http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda, "U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda", js)
Wood cited recent developments that have encouraged renewable energy investment in Mexico. Mexico’s oil
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, and specifically suggested that energy attaches be assigned to the embassy and consulates
That’s key to broader border cooperation
Sweedler et al 5 (Alan, *Assistant Vice President for International Programs at San Diego State University, Director of the Center for Energy Studies and the Environmental Sciences Program and Professor of Physics, Founder of SDSU’s program on International Security and Conflict Resolution, Congressional Science Fellow in the US Senate, and a Carnegie Science Fellow at Stanford University in the area of arms control and international security, Margarito Quintero Núñez, Kimberly Collins, "Energy Issues in the U.S.-Mexican
Binational Region: Focus on California-Baja California," http://scerp.org/pubs/m11/chapter201-5.pdf-http://scerp.org/pubs/m11/chapter 1-5.pdf)

Energy is an indispensable lifeblood of the U.S.-Mexican border region and
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responsible for regulating the energy sector in both the United States and Mexico.
SEQUENCING is vital – Focusing on renewables spills over to the rest of the relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, "U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)//BB
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic development. It is a problem for the United States, too, that Mexico not have adequate energy stocks, she said, adding that "energy poverty is a real issue in Mexico." The CSIS senior associate remarked that energy and climate, which are perceived as less polemical than other issues, are good entry points for a broader U.S.-Mexico dialogue. And she said financing needs for the development of renewables businesses are felt on both sides of the border and not just in Mexico, as U.S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
This outweighs alternate causes
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies," Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Mexico Institute), May, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf-http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)

This study examines one of the most important and potentially lucrative dimensions of the growth of the renewable energy sector in Mexico, namely bilateral cooperation between Mexico and the United States. The 2009 bilateral framework should be seen in the context of an emerging trend in Mexico towards renewable energy, and as recognition of the need for the United States to take advantage of this if it is to meet its own carbon emissions reduction goals. The long border shared by the two countries, so often seen as a point of conflict due to the thorny issues of migration, drugs and security, holds the potential to benefit both states through the trade in renewable energy from wind, geothermal, biomass and solar sources. But the promise of collaboration in the sector goes far beyond the border. The US has been engaged with Mexico in RE issues for over 15 years now on multiple levels, and this has brought tangible results that have had a significant impact on both Mexico and on bilateral relations.

Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of CRS, 1/18/2006 "Mexico’s Importance and MultipleRelationships with the United States", http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf-http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf)//JG
Sharing a 2,000-mile border and extensive interconnections through the Gulf of  Mexico, the United States and Mexico are so intricately linked together in an  enormous multiplicity of ways that President George W. Bush and other U.S.  officials have stated that no country is more important to the United States than  Mexico. At the same time, Mexican President Vicente Fox (2000-2006), the first  president to be elected from an opposition party in 71 years, has sought to strengthen  the relationship with the United States through what some have called a "grand  bargain." Under this proposed bargain, the United States would regularize the status  of undocumented Mexican workers in the United States and economically assist the  less developed partner in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),  while Mexico would be more cooperative in efforts to control the illegal traffic of  drugs, people, and goods into the United States.  The southern neighbor is linked with the United States through trade and  investment, migration and tourism, environment and health concerns, and family and  cultural relationships. It is the second most important trading partner of the United  States, and this trade is critical to many U.S. industries and border communities. It  is a major source of undocumented migrants and illicit drugs and a possible avenue  for the entry of terrorists into the United States. As a result, cooperation with Mexico  is essential to deal effectively with migration, drug trafficking, and border,terrorism,  health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, "A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND
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assembled on U.S. soil  into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies
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be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
Nuclear terrorism is the most probable scenario for extinction.
Graham Allison 2004, ( Graham Allison is a director for the belfer center for science and foreign affairs. "Nuclear terrorism: How serious a threat to Russia", http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/660/nuclear_terrorism.html. 6/24/11-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/660/nuclear_terrorism.html. 6/24/11. google, AW)
Realistically, nuclear terrorists are most likely to use a small weapon stolen from the
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know that worries me, as what I know that I don’t know."

There is currently a race for clean energy development
Shaun Tandon, 7/19/2010, Phys.org, "nations to seek clean energy cooperation," http://phys.org/news198745778.html-http://phys.org/news198745778.html

Major economies have been at loggerheads over the shape of the next climate treaty, with developed nations seeking binding commitments from emerging economies such as China to cut carbon emissions blamed for global warming.  Clean energy has been considered one area of common interest. Obama signed a five-year, 150 million-dollar plan during a trip to China last year for the world’s two biggest polluters to collaborate on developing electric cars and clean coal.  "The development of clean energy and energy-efficient technologies could spur the greatest economic opportunity of the 21st century," US Commerce Secretary Gary Locke said at the White House on Friday.  "The race is wide open for which country will become the epicenter of clean energy innovation, and the destination for the capital, businesses and jobs that come with it."  The Obama administration has often bemoaned that the United States is behind many European and Asian nations in developing green technology. But it said the meeting will look at ways in which nations can work together.  Areas for discussion include energy-efficiency standards, solar and wind power, and ways to provide energy to those without, said David Sandalow, the US assistant secretary of energy for international affairs.  Alden Meyer, director of strategy and policy at the Union of Concerned Scientists, doubted the meeting would sort out thorny issues in the talks to succeed the Kyoto Protocol, whose obligations run out in 2012.  "But if this is the low-hanging fruit that can show that countries can cooperate to get something done together, that could improve the mood," he said.

Mexico is key – triggers spillover to global renewables shift
ENS ’12 "U.S., Canada, Mexico Vow ’Continental’ Energy Grid," Environmental News Services, 4/3/2012, http://ens-newswire.com/2012/04/03/u-s-canada-mexico-vow-continental-energy-grid/
The leaders of the United States, Mexico, and Canada today pledged to develop "continental energy, including electricity generation and interconnection" across national borders and welcomed "increasing North American energy trade." Meeting in Washington, U.S. President Barack Obama, Canada’s President Stephen Harper and Mexico’s President Felipe Calderon committed their governments to enhance their collective energy security, to facilitate "seamless energy flows on the interconnected grid" and to promote trade and investment in clean energy technologies. They will cooperate in expanding cooperation "to create clean energy jobs and combat climate change," the leaders said in a joint statement. "Enhanced electricity interconnection in the Americas would advance the goals of the Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas to reduce energy poverty and increase the use of renewable sources of energy," the three leaders said. They recognized Mexico’s leadership in supporting inter-connections in Central America and reaffirmed their support "to bring affordable, reliable, and increasingly renewable power to businesses and homes in Central America and the Caribbean while opening wider markets for clean energy and green technology." During a joint news conference this afternoon, President Obama said, "Between us, we represent nearly half-a-billion citizens, from Nunavut in the Canadian north to Chiapas in southern Mexico. In between, the diversity of our peoples and cultures is extraordinary. But wherever they live, they wake up every day with similar hopes – to provide for their families, to be safe in their communities, to give their children a better life. And in each of our countries, the daily lives of our citizens are shaped profoundly by what happens in the other two. And that’s why we’re here." "Energy cooperation reduces the cost of doing business and enhances economic competitiveness in North America," the three leaders said. "We recognize the growing regional and federal cooperation in the area of continental energy, including electricity generation and interconnection and welcome increasing North American energy trade."
Clean tech leadership averts global war – independently turns warming and economy
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, "Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html", Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
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means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

The evidence overwhelming supports hegemony being good
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College "Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
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that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy—-best statistical studies prove key to the economy
John M. Owen 11, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated. Not only do they present a study with a striking conclusion, driven by data, free of theoretical or ideological bias, but they also do something quite unfashionable: they bear good news. Social scientists really are not supposed to do that. Our job is, if not to be Malthusians, then at least to point out disturbing trends, looming catastrophes, and the imbecility and mendacity of policy makers. And then it is to say why, if people listen to us, things will get better. We do this as if our careers depended upon it, and perhaps they do; for if all is going to be well, what need then for us? Our colleagues at Simon Fraser University are brave indeed. That may sound like a setup, but it is not. I shall challenge neither the data nor the general conclusion that violent conflict around the world has been decreasing in fits and starts since the Second World War. When it comes to violent conflict among and within countries, things have been getting better. (The trends have not been linear—Figure 1.1 actually shows that the frequency of interstate wars peaked in the 1980s—but the 65-year movement is clear.) Instead I shall accept that Mack et al. are correct on the macro-trends, and focus on their explanations they advance for these remarkable trends. With apologies to any readers of this forum who recoil from academic debates, this might get mildly theoretical and even more mildly methodological. Concerning international wars, one version of the "nuclear-peace" theory is not in fact laid to rest by the data. It is certainly true that nuclear-armed states have been involved in many wars. They have even been attacked (think of Israel), which falsifies the simple claim of "assured destruction"—that any nuclear country A will deter any kind of attack by any country B because B fears a retaliatory nuclear strike from A. But the most important "nuclear-peace" claim has been about mutually assured destruction, which obtains between two robustly nuclear-armed states. The claim is that (1) rational states having second-strike capabilities—enough deliverable nuclear weaponry to survive a nuclear first strike by an enemy—will have an overwhelming incentive not to attack one another; and (2) we can safely assume that nuclear-armed states are rational. It follows that states with a second-strike capability will not fight one another. Their colossal atomic arsenals neither kept the United States at peace with North Vietnam during the Cold War nor the Soviet Union at peace with Afghanistan. But the argument remains strong that those arsenals did help keep the United States and Soviet Union at peace with each other. Why non-nuclear states are not deterred from fighting nuclear states is an important and open question. But in a time when calls to ban the Bomb are being heard from more and more quarters, we must be clear about precisely what the broad trends toward peace can and cannot tell us. They may tell us nothing about why we have had no World War III, and little about the wisdom of banning the Bomb now. Regarding the downward trend in international war, Professor Mack is friendlier to more palatable theories such as the "democratic peace" (democracies do not fight one another, and the proportion of democracies has increased, hence less war); the interdependence or "commercial peace" (states with extensive economic ties find it irrational to fight one another, and interdependence has increased, hence less war); and the notion that people around the world are more anti-war than their forebears were. Concerning the downward trend in civil wars, he favors theories of economic growth (where commerce is enriching enough people, violence is less appealing—a logic similar to that of the "commercial peace" thesis that applies among nations) and the end of the Cold War (which end reduced superpower support for rival rebel factions in so many Third-World countries). These are all plausible mechanisms for peace. What is more, none of them excludes any other; all could be working toward the same end. That would be somewhat puzzling, however. Is the world just lucky these days? How is it that an array of peace-inducing factors happens to be working coincidentally in our time, when such a magical array was absent in the past? The answer may be that one or more of these mechanisms reinforces some of the others, or perhaps some of them are mutually reinforcing. Some scholars, for example, have been focusing on whether economic growth might support democracy and vice versa, and whether both might support international cooperation, including to end civil wars. We would still need to explain how this charmed circle of causes got started, however. And here let me raise another factor, perhaps even less appealing than the "nuclear peace" thesis, at least outside of the United States. That factor is what international relations scholars call hegemony—specifically American hegemony. A theory that many regard as discredited, but that refuses to go away, is called hegemonic stability theory. The theory emerged in the 1970s in the realm of international political economy. It asserts that for the global economy to remain open—for countries to keep barriers to trade and investment low—one powerful country must take the lead. Depending on the theorist we consult, "taking the lead" entails paying for global public goods (keeping the sea lanes open, providing liquidity to the international economy), coercion (threatening to raise trade barriers or withdraw military protection from countries that cheat on the rules), or both. The theory is skeptical that international cooperation in economic matters can emerge or endure absent a hegemon. The distastefulness of such claims is self-evident: they imply that it is good for everyone the world over if one country has more wealth and power than others. More precisely, they imply that it has been good for the world that the United States has been so predominant. There is no obvious reason why hegemonic stability theory could not apply to other areas of international cooperation, including in security affairs, human rights, international law, peacekeeping (UN or otherwise), and so on. What I want to suggest here—suggest, not test—is that American hegemony might just be a deep cause of the steady decline of political deaths in the world. How could that be? After all, the report states that United States is the third most war-prone country since 1945. Many of the deaths depicted in Figure 10.4 were in wars that involved the United States (the Vietnam War being the leading one). Notwithstanding politicians’ claims to the contrary, a candid look at U.S. foreign policy reveals that the country is as ruthlessly self-interested as any other great power in history. The answer is that U.S. hegemony might just be a deeper cause of the proximate causes outlined by Professor Mack. Consider economic growth and openness to foreign trade and investment, which (so say some theories) render violence irrational. American power and policies may be responsible for these in two related ways. First, at least since the 1940s Washington has prodded other countries to embrace the market capitalism that entails economic openness and produces sustainable economic growth. The United States promotes capitalism for selfish reasons, of course: its own domestic system depends upon growth, which in turn depends upon the efficiency gains from economic interaction with foreign countries, and the more the better. During the Cold War most of its allies accepted some degree of market-driven growth. Second, the U.S.-led western victory in the Cold War damaged the credibility of alternative paths to development—communism and import-substituting industrialization being the two leading ones—and left market capitalism the best model. The end of the Cold War also involved an end to the billions of rubles in Soviet material support for regimes that tried to make these alternative models work. (It also, as Professor Mack notes, eliminated the superpowers’ incentives to feed civil violence in the Third World.) What we call globalization is caused in part by the emergence of the United States as the global hegemon. The same case can be made, with somewhat more difficulty, concerning the spread of democracy. Washington has supported democracy only under certain conditions—the chief one being the absence of a popular anti-American movement in the target state—but those conditions have become much more widespread following the collapse of communism. Thus in the 1980s the Reagan administration—the most anti-communist government America ever had—began to dump America’s old dictator friends, starting in the Philippines. Today Islamists tend to be anti-American, and so the Obama administration is skittish about democracy in Egypt and other authoritarian Muslim countries. But general U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Impact turns inevitable- 

a. Anti-Americanism
Drezner, 9 (prof. of international politics at Tufts, 7/15/09, The False Hegemon http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=21858
The rest of the world certainly seems to treat America as the hegemonic power,
AND
causes everything, however, then the attempt at modesty will inevitably fail.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 1 | Opponent: Caddo Magnet | Judge: Scott Koslow
My name is Adam Samuel Biesman and I am an individual filled with a wide range of perspectives. I am both powerful and powerless.  I live in the moment.  I live in the past.
?
Student and Debate
I am a very involved member of my community, having been an active leader on my debate team, sports broadcasting organization, community service projects, and my Jewish youth program. I have really treasured my activity within debate because of the global awareness comparative analysis skills that I have garnered. But, I am so much more than a debater. I love sports because of the competitive spirit present at games and involved in following the seasons. However, I am not a self-centered individual. I have collected over 2000 water bottles for the homeless in Nashville in addition to collecting hygienic goods for the homeless as well. As proud as I am of all of these activities, my involvement in my Jewish youth group, AZA, has been a way of evoking my most central trait, my Judaism. I treasure my ability to hang out with other Jewish teenagers as I am surrounded by many white, Christian males at my high school. My Judaism has been a large facet in all of my life, starting with my family.
I am proud to be a part of a family of five living in Nashville, Tennessee. Though many people may know me as hesitant and cautious with my thoughts, I hold nothing back when I say that I enjoy the presence of my immediate family and I savor the special visits to see extended family on certain occasions. One of my favorite events is our annual Thanksgiving feast during which over fifty members of my family will gather in one city for such a beautiful time of year. We all laugh, recount the past year, and most importantly watch football. However, there is so much more to our reunions often than simply watching football and talking in person about the year’s past events. Recently, this marvelous weekend has been completed with a family member’s bar or bat mitzvah, the rite of passage for a Jewish teenager. These events always add a special flare to my family because, while everyone in the country finishes the bulk of their celebration on the presiding Thursday, we are willing to continue the party through the weekend. But, we see this more through a supportive and celebratory lens for every member than a lens that utilizes the weekend for personal enjoyment. None of these connections would ever have been able to derive themselves had it not been for my family’s predominant religion and our commitment to observing it as a group.
I had previously mentioned my family’s love for football. My passion for sports has grown so much beyond just the one sport. An avid fan of all four major sports, hockey, football, basketball, and baseball, I crave nothing more than to sit down and watch games for hours on end. Unfortunately, given my genes, I am not the most athletic and will never be able to participate competitively in these sports myself. When this realization hit me in middle school, I was at a loss for how to approach the situation. A young boy who had always shined athletically next to his Jewish friends no longer had the opportunity to pursue sports successfully. However, once I reached high school. I had the chance to join a Jewish, high school fraternity called AZA. As it is part of an international order, we had many opportunities to go to scheduled events with other Jewish men from different cities. At these conventions, there were planned basketball tournaments during which I had the opportunity to play a lot!! While to most people this simply seems I am overstating my enjoyment. But, to my Jewish friends who, because of their lack of coordination and athleticism, do not get the chance to play regularly, this convention could not have been more opportune.
Though the extended visits and the basketball games are all perks of being Jewish, there have been deeper significances and even some major setbacks to my minority status.
For one, the Jewish community is the strongest community that I have ever felt a part of. The fact that everyone is a recognized minority in every region of the United States makes each member’s presence special and much appreciated. Therefore, no matter someone’s monetary or family conditions, the Jewish community always opens the door for its members. The reason why I value the Jewish community so much is because it offers me a connection that I cannot find at school. Though my friends are very supportive, they will never understand the rituals of holidays or the practices during times of sadness like mourning. While mourning seems like a devastating time period to go through, Jewish law actually makes it very manageable to handle. At daily services, a ritual prayer is said for those undergoing a period of mourning. However, this cannot be said alone. Rather ten members of the community must be present and rise during the prayer because it offers support to the inflicted individual. When my grandmother passed away, my dad practiced this ritual every day for the customary year following the death. I felt a rejuvenating warmth because of my community’s willingness to support my family in our time of need, a feeling that only my religion can offer.
But, it would be foolish for me to ignore the challenges that I have faced through my Judaism. There is one story that I will never forget. During my freshman year when I still thought that I had a chance of being athletic, I was on my school’s rowing team. And there was this one kid who thought that it would be funny to make fun of me in general and then to target my religion as a whole. Given that everyone around me predominantly white and Christian, I thought that I would just get made fun of more if I directly told the kid that I was offended and hurt by his comments. But then one time it really hit a low point. He told me that you think you are so special because of the holocaust. I don’t care whether he thought that this was funny or that it had no significance because it still stung within me. But, I told no one other than my parents for fear that it would only result in more harmful jokes.
His “joke” really rang in me because my grandfather actually escaped the Holocaust. In 1937, he was living in Lithuania. The antisemitism was not only worst in Lithuania than all of the other countries, but also increased gradually as time progressed. His family of five applied for visas. And then they waited. They waited and waited and were denied access to them for years. Finally, in 1940, they were granted access to leave the country. In the summer of 1941, the Lithuanians themselves began to turn their own neighbors into the Nazis and take violent actions against their own residents. He was fortunate to get out of the country prior to the devastation but his journey was not over. He still had to ride through Nazi run Italy and then right under the nose of his executioners in Germany. But, he fortunately reached Portugal and quickly got on a boat that allowed him to come to America. Once he reached America, he was lucky enough that his extended family could provide the expenses for him to move directly to Memphis, Tennessee. He couldn’t speak the language let alone acclimate to the culture. He was not deterred. He was motivated to succeed in his academic adventures and he did. He finished as the valedictorian of his high school class and went on to become a doctor for over fifty years. Though he ended up living a stable life because of his advanced education, he never would have reached this level had it not been for his motivation. In other words, anything is possible for anyone as long as he or she has the desire to prevail. 

The status quo is filled with pain-centered research. The only way to break out of the institutions that currently uphold such perspectives is via the non-linear, desire based research of the 1ac. 

We must reject status quo of Pain-centered research.  The alternative of desire-based research solves and avoids the pitfall of pain-centered research

Tuck and Yang ’14 – A. Prof of Educational Foundations @ State U. of New York at New Paltz  and A. Prof in Ethnic Studies @ U.C. San Diego ( Eve and K. Wayne, “ R-Words: Refusing Research”, Humanizing Research, p.226-231JC )

Craig Gingrich-Philbrook (2005) articulates a related critique of autoethnography, positioning
AND
. 14). Desire interrupts this metanarrative of damaged communities and White progress.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 1 | Opponent: Caddo Magnet | Judge: Scott Koslow
My name is Adam Samuel Biesman and I am an individual filled with a wide range of perspectives. I am both powerful and powerless.  I live in the moment.  I live in the past.
?
Student and Debate
I am a very involved member of my community, having been an active leader on my debate team, sports broadcasting organization, community service projects, and my Jewish youth program. I have really treasured my activity within debate because of the global awareness comparative analysis skills that I have garnered. But, I am so much more than a debater. I love sports because of the competitive spirit present at games and involved in following the seasons. However, I am not a self-centered individual. I have collected over 2000 water bottles for the homeless in Nashville in addition to collecting hygienic goods for the homeless as well. As proud as I am of all of these activities, my involvement in my Jewish youth group, AZA, has been a way of evoking my most central trait, my Judaism. I treasure my ability to hang out with other Jewish teenagers as I am surrounded by many white, Christian males at my high school. My Judaism has been a large facet in all of my life, starting with my family.
I am proud to be a part of a family of five living in Nashville, Tennessee. Though many people may know me as hesitant and cautious with my thoughts, I hold nothing back when I say that I enjoy the presence of my immediate family and I savor the special visits to see extended family on certain occasions. One of my favorite events is our annual Thanksgiving feast during which over fifty members of my family will gather in one city for such a beautiful time of year. We all laugh, recount the past year, and most importantly watch football. However, there is so much more to our reunions often than simply watching football and talking in person about the year’s past events. Recently, this marvelous weekend has been completed with a family member’s bar or bat mitzvah, the rite of passage for a Jewish teenager. These events always add a special flare to my family because, while everyone in the country finishes the bulk of their celebration on the presiding Thursday, we are willing to continue the party through the weekend. But, we see this more through a supportive and celebratory lens for every member than a lens that utilizes the weekend for personal enjoyment. None of these connections would ever have been able to derive themselves had it not been for my family’s predominant religion and our commitment to observing it as a group.
I had previously mentioned my family’s love for football. My passion for sports has grown so much beyond just the one sport. An avid fan of all four major sports, hockey, football, basketball, and baseball, I crave nothing more than to sit down and watch games for hours on end. Unfortunately, given my genes, I am not the most athletic and will never be able to participate competitively in these sports myself. When this realization hit me in middle school, I was at a loss for how to approach the situation. A young boy who had always shined athletically next to his Jewish friends no longer had the opportunity to pursue sports successfully. However, once I reached high school. I had the chance to join a Jewish, high school fraternity called AZA. As it is part of an international order, we had many opportunities to go to scheduled events with other Jewish men from different cities. At these conventions, there were planned basketball tournaments during which I had the opportunity to play a lot!! While to most people this simply seems I am overstating my enjoyment. But, to my Jewish friends who, because of their lack of coordination and athleticism, do not get the chance to play regularly, this convention could not have been more opportune.
Though the extended visits and the basketball games are all perks of being Jewish, there have been deeper significances and even some major setbacks to my minority status.
For one, the Jewish community is the strongest community that I have ever felt a part of. The fact that everyone is a recognized minority in every region of the United States makes each member’s presence special and much appreciated. Therefore, no matter someone’s monetary or family conditions, the Jewish community always opens the door for its members. The reason why I value the Jewish community so much is because it offers me a connection that I cannot find at school. Though my friends are very supportive, they will never understand the rituals of holidays or the practices during times of sadness like mourning. While mourning seems like a devastating time period to go through, Jewish law actually makes it very manageable to handle. At daily services, a ritual prayer is said for those undergoing a period of mourning. However, this cannot be said alone. Rather ten members of the community must be present and rise during the prayer because it offers support to the inflicted individual. When my grandmother passed away, my dad practiced this ritual every day for the customary year following the death. I felt a rejuvenating warmth because of my community’s willingness to support my family in our time of need, a feeling that only my religion can offer.
But, it would be foolish for me to ignore the challenges that I have faced through my Judaism. There is one story that I will never forget. During my freshman year when I still thought that I had a chance of being athletic, I was on my school’s rowing team. And there was this one kid who thought that it would be funny to make fun of me in general and then to target my religion as a whole. Given that everyone around me predominantly white and Christian, I thought that I would just get made fun of more if I directly told the kid that I was offended and hurt by his comments. But then one time it really hit a low point. He told me that you think you are so special because of the holocaust. I don’t care whether he thought that this was funny or that it had no significance because it still stung within me. But, I told no one other than my parents for fear that it would only result in more harmful jokes.
His “joke” really rang in me because my grandfather actually escaped the Holocaust. In 1937, he was living in Lithuania. The antisemitism was not only worst in Lithuania than all of the other countries, but also increased gradually as time progressed. His family of five applied for visas. And then they waited. They waited and waited and were denied access to them for years. Finally, in 1940, they were granted access to leave the country. In the summer of 1941, the Lithuanians themselves began to turn their own neighbors into the Nazis and take violent actions against their own residents. He was fortunate to get out of the country prior to the devastation but his journey was not over. He still had to ride through Nazi run Italy and then right under the nose of his executioners in Germany. But, he fortunately reached Portugal and quickly got on a boat that allowed him to come to America. Once he reached America, he was lucky enough that his extended family could provide the expenses for him to move directly to Memphis, Tennessee. He couldn’t speak the language let alone acclimate to the culture. He was not deterred. He was motivated to succeed in his academic adventures and he did. He finished as the valedictorian of his high school class and went on to become a doctor for over fifty years. Though he ended up living a stable life because of his advanced education, he never would have reached this level had it not been for his motivation. In other words, anything is possible for anyone as long as he or she has the desire to prevail. 

The status quo is filled with pain-centered research. The only way to break out of the institutions that currently uphold such perspectives is via the non-linear, desire based research of the 1ac. 

We must reject status quo of Pain-centered research.  The alternative of desire-based research solves and avoids the pitfall of pain-centered research

Tuck and Yang ’14 – A. Prof of Educational Foundations @ State U. of New York at New Paltz  and A. Prof in Ethnic Studies @ U.C. San Diego ( Eve and K. Wayne, “ R-Words: Refusing Research”, Humanizing Research, p.226-231JC )

Craig Gingrich-Philbrook (2005) articulates a related critique of autoethnography, positioning
AND
. 14). Desire interrupts this metanarrative of damaged communities and White progress.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: New Trier | Judge: Brad Meloche
No energy agenda, no binational grid, no renewables
Bonner et al 10 – Former Commissioner of U.S. customs and Border Protection, Former Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (Robert C.,”Managing the United States-Mexico Border: Cooperative Solutions to Common Challenges”, 1/14/10;  http://www.pacificcouncil.org/document.doc?id=31)//Beddow
The sector with perhaps the greatest potential remains energy, especially power generation. Renewable
AND
regime for both countries and direct negotiations between subnational governments across the border.
No funding
Godoy 12 – Mexico-based correspondent who covers the environment, human rights and sustainable development. He has been a journalist since 1996 and has written for various media outlets in Mexico, Central America and Spain (Emilio, “Mexico: So Close to Oil, So Far From Clean Energy”, Global Information Network, 3/22/12, Proquest)AY

"And the laws on renewable energies have been useless," he Odon de
AND
the United Nations declared 2012 the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 2 | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoor | Judge: Stephen Weil
Kerry has already started talks with Iran
The Guardian 10/13 (John Kerry says window for nuclear diplomacy with Iran is 'cracking open', http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/13/john-kerry-iran)
The US secretary of state, John Kerry, said on Sunday the window for
AND
. The State Department said Kerry's session with Ashton was "very productive".¶ 

REST OF THE POLITICS BLOCK ABOUT POLITICAL CAPITAL

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Centennial | Judge: Melvin Washington
Generic non-unique

Straw effect non-uniques the DA
Martin and Wood 5/3 (Jeremy M. Martin is the director of the Energy Program at the Institute of the Americas at the University of California, San Diego. The institute is a nonprofit inter-American organization focused on economic development in the Western Hemisphere. Martin can be reached at jermartin@ucsd.edu and @jermartinioa. Duncan Wood is director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. He worked as a professor for 17 years in Mexico and previously was director of the International Relations Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) in Mexico City. He has written extensively on Mexican energy policy and North American relations in the U.S. and Latin America. He can be reached at duncan.wood@wilsoncenter.org or via Twitter at @AztecDuncan., World Politics Review, U.S. Should Act Quickly on Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement With Mexico, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12923/u-s-should-act-quickly-on-transboundary-hydrocarbon-agreement-with-mexico)
Yesterday, U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto
AND
work together in the Gulf of Mexico, and on energy issues more generally

Heg solves Mid East War
Christopher, 4 (Warren Christopher, co-chairman of the Pacific Council on International Policy, was secretary of state from 1993 to 1997. http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=FB0B14F93D0C738FDPAB0994DC404482)
America has always been the indispensable party for progress in the Middle East. The
AND
hands-off methods promises a continuation of the past four years' failures.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Centennial | Judge: Melvin Washington
Generic non-unique

Straw effect non-uniques the DA
Martin and Wood 5/3 (Jeremy M. Martin is the director of the Energy Program at the Institute of the Americas at the University of California, San Diego. The institute is a nonprofit inter-American organization focused on economic development in the Western Hemisphere. Martin can be reached at jermartin@ucsd.edu and @jermartinioa. Duncan Wood is director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. He worked as a professor for 17 years in Mexico and previously was director of the International Relations Program at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) in Mexico City. He has written extensively on Mexican energy policy and North American relations in the U.S. and Latin America. He can be reached at duncan.wood@wilsoncenter.org or via Twitter at @AztecDuncan., World Politics Review, U.S. Should Act Quickly on Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement With Mexico, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12923/u-s-should-act-quickly-on-transboundary-hydrocarbon-agreement-with-mexico)
Yesterday, U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto
AND
work together in the Gulf of Mexico, and on energy issues more generally

Heg solves Mid East War
Christopher, 4 (Warren Christopher, co-chairman of the Pacific Council on International Policy, was secretary of state from 1993 to 1997. http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=FB0B14F93D0C738FDPAB0994DC404482)
America has always been the indispensable party for progress in the Middle East. The
AND
hands-off methods promises a continuation of the past four years' failures.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pace | Judge: Amy Feinberg

1. Even if they win discourse first, you should evaluate impacts within the framework of neoliberal knowledge production – market relations are stable social constructions that people assume to be true – only using them as a starting point is politically productive
   Jones and Spicer ‘9
   (Campbell, Senior Lecturer in the School of Management at U of Leicester, Andre, Associate Professor in the Dept of Industrial Relations @ Warwick Business School U of Warwick, Unmasking the Entrepreneur, pgs. 22-23)

The third strand in our proposed critical theory of entrepreneurship involves questions of the 'extra
AND
of social structure for understanding entrepreneurship (see for example Swedberg, 2000).

2. Ethic of farsightedness key to solve all global threats – even if our specific predictions are bad, future-oriented projections are a good method and a DA to the alt
Kurasawa 4
(Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy)

In addition, farsightedness has become a priority in world affairs due to the  appearance
AND
case of the spiraling African and Asian AIDS pandemics, appear  particularly glaring.  

3. Transition from neolib causes massive violence – counter-revolutionary interventions
Anderson ‘84
professor of sociology – UCLA,
(Perry, In the tracks of historical materialism, p. 102-103)

That background also indicates, however, what is essentially missing from his work.
AND
. Any viable transition to socialism in the West must seek to curtail that
pattern: but to shrink from or to ignore it is to depart from the world of the possible altogether. In the same way, to construct an economic model of socialism in one advanced country is a legitimate exercise: but to extract it from any computable relationship with a surrounding, and necessarily opposing, capitalist environment—as this work does—is to locate it in thin air.

1. Perm do both- even if the aff is neoliberal, economic engagement can be repurposed to create new social relations – the permutation turns neoliberal techniques against themselves to create social justice
   Ferguson, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, 11
   (The Uses of Neoliberalism, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184)

If we are seeking, as this special issue of Antipode aspires to do,
AND
some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.

2. Neolib solves war and collapse causes it – historical evidence and studies prove
Tures ‘3 – Associate Professor of Political Science @ LaGrange College
John A. Tures, Associate Professor of Political Science at LaGrange College, 2003, “ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND CONFLICT REDUCTION: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1970S, 1980S, AND 1990S”, Cato Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj22n3/cj22n3-9.pdf

The last three decades have witnessed an unprecedented expansion  of market-based reforms and
AND
strong connection between economic freedom  and conflict reduction during the past three decades.
3. Neolib and trade liberalization solve structural violence – best studies prove
Chen ‘2k – Professor of Law @ Minnesota University
Jim Chen, Professor of Law and Julius E. Davis Professor of Law, 2000-2001, University of Minnesota Law School.
“PAX MERCATORIA: GLOBALIZATION AS A SECOND CHANCE AT "PEACE FOR OUR TIME"”. November/December 2000. 24 Fordham Int'l L.J. 217. Lexis.

The antiglobalization movement has made some extraordinary claims. Let us transplant a precept of
AND
place because of, not in spite of, flourishing world trade. n186

4. Neoliberalism is sustainable and inevitable
Barnhizer, 6
David, Prof of Law, Cleveland State U, ‘Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream”,’ Geo Int’l Envtl L Rev, pg. l/n

Devotees of sustainability pin their hopes on an awakening by an enlightened populace that will
AND
to the dictates of the powerful systems that govern our lives and culture.
 

Neoliberalism is the chief pacifying and stabilizing force in Latin America – key to solve conflict
Parish and Peceny ‘02 Prof’s Polisci @ U. of New Mexico, respectively (Randall and Mark, “Kantian Liberalism and the Collective Defense of Democracy in Latin America”, Journal of Peace Research 39:2, 2002, http://jpr.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/39/2/229.full.pdf)
We argue that systemic forces are becoming increasingly important in shaping a liberal peace in
AND
integrated them in a theoretical framework that draws explicitly on the liberal argument.

Neoliberalism inevitable and sustainable
Peck and Tickell  ‘2—Prof of Geography @ U. of British Columbia AND Prof. of Geography @ University of Bristol. PhD (Jamie and Adam, Neoliberalizing space,  pages 380-404)
In many respects, it would be tempting to conclude with a Ideological reading of
AND
apolitical) neoliberalization, revealing its real character, scope, and consequences.

They get nowhere absent describing a specific political solution—sole critique doesn’t cut it—boom
Arvidsson 13—teaches sociology at the University of Milano
(Adam, “Thinking beyond neo-liberalism: A response to Detlev Zwick”, ephemera: theory and politics in organization 13(2): 407-412, dml)

This makes it trickier to do critical theory. We can of course still criticize
AND
needs to become an empirical, and not simply a philosophical, enterprise.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 4 | Opponent: Seaholmes | Judge: Shannon Karr
Discussing the merits of the plan is key to substantive education
McClean 2001, David E, Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm 

There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."  

The affirmative should win if the results of the imagined plan action are good—that’s specifically true in the context of trade in Latin America
Giordano and Li 12 – *Paolo, PhD in Economics from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, Lead Economist @ the Integratoin and Trade Sector of the IADB, Kun, Research Fellow @ IADB (“An Updated Assessment of the Trade and Poverty Nexus in Latin America,” p. 375-377)
Despite the move towards more open trade regimes, Latin American economies are still ¶
AND
overstate the importance of strengthening the capacity of policymaking in this area. ¶ 

Energy profits are re-allocated as social assistance – prevents corporate takeover
Wood 12 - PhD in Political Studies @ Queen’s, Professor @ ITAM in Mexico City
(Duncan, Wilson Center, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RE_Energizing_Border_Wood.pdf)//BB
But the potential positive benefits of ¶ wind energy development go far beyond ¶ investment
AND
prevented potential ¶ criticism of encouraging excessive energy ¶ use or being regressive.

Alt fails-Frame the alternative within consequentialism – neoliberalism is most ethical because all practical alternatives are worse and cause violence
-coming up with an alternative economic system matters
-don’t take a leap of faith
-any alternative is utopian and unachievable
-capitalism can be reformed
Richards 9 – PhD in Philosophy @ Princeton
Jay Richards, PhD with honors in Philosophy and Theology from Princeton, “Money, Greed, and God: Why Capitalism Is the Solution and Not the Problem,” pg. 31-32

Myth no. 1: The Nirvana Myth (contrasting capitalism with an unrealizable ideal
AND
worst way to do that is to try to create an egalitarian utopia.

Perm do both- even if the aff is neoliberal, economic engagement can be repurposed to create new social relations – the permutation turns neoliberal techniques against themselves to create social justice
Ferguson, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, 11
(The Uses of Neoliberalism, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184)

If we are seeking, as this special issue of Antipode aspires to do,
AND
some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.

Perm do the plan and the alternative. We allow for the implementation of a plan to prevent death in the status quo. 

Turn – regions in Mexico unaffected by globalization are impoverished – alternative expands poverty
Davis, 7 – (Matthew, contributor for MercyCorps’ Global Envision project, which researches market-driven solutions to poverty, “GLOBALIZATION AND POVERTY IN MEXICO,” http://www.globalenvision.org/library/3/1506)//HO
With all the talk these days about globalization and its discontents, the tendency is
AND
in Mexican states that are more exposed to global markets," he writes. 

Neoliberalism inevitable and sustainable
Peck and Tickell  ‘2—Prof of Geography @ U. of British Columbia AND Prof. of Geography @ University of Bristol. PhD (Jamie and Adam, Neoliberalizing space,  pages 380-404)
In many respects, it would be tempting to conclude with a Ideological reading of
AND
apolitical) neoliberalization, revealing its real character, scope, and consequences.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata | Judge: David Heidt
Fundamentally incorrect – the oil price cycle will be broken soon – that means that surplus capacity will drive prices low and they’ll stay low
Rapier, 6/4/13 (Robert, Director, Engineering, Projects, and Development for the Energy Collective, Master’s Degree in chemical engineering from Texas AandM University, Chief Technology Officer and Executive Vice President for Merica International, “About Those Plunging Oil Prices”, Energy Trend Insider, June 4, 2013, http://www.energytrendsinsider.com/2013/06/04/about-those-plunging-oil-prices/, JKahn)
Over the past three weeks, there have been numerous headlines insinuating that a freefall
AND
of oil traders could drive prices down in a hurry in that situation.
No Link- Mexico doesn’t affect global markets
Barnes ’12 – Bonner Means Baker Fellow (Joe, “The Future of Oil in Mexico: Oil and U.S.-Mexico Bilateral Relations”, James Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, 4-29-2011)

Still, it is important to put the projected decline in Mexican oil production into
AND
The only surprise would be if Mexico were to increase its petroleum output.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Harker | Judge: Lincoln Garrett
Link Uniqueness - Generic
U.S. shale production triggers the link
Fox 7/10 (Matthew Rocco, “Shale Oil Cutting Into OPEC's Market Share”, http://www.foxbusiness.com/investing/2013/07/10/opec-to-lose-market-share-to-shale-oil-in-2014/)//lm
The U.S. shale oil boom will cut into OPEC’s share of the
AND
, will issue on Thursday its own report on oil supply and demand.

Link Uniqueness - Perception
Double-bind: OPEC’s freaking out now or doesn’t care about increases in supply
ABC 7/31 (“U.S. Shale Oil: Saudi Prince's Fear Delights North Dakotan”, http://abcnews.go.com/Business/saudis-fear-us-shale-oil-boom/story?id=19820719)//lm
Should Saudi Arabia fear North Dakota? A member of the Saudi royal family says
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when OPEC "held the U.S. hostage" over oil.  

Low Prices Inevitable
Fundamentally incorrect – the oil price cycle will be broken soon – that means that surplus capacity will drive prices low and they’ll stay low
Rapier, 6/4/13 (Robert, Director, Engineering, Projects, and Development for the Energy Collective, Master’s Degree in chemical engineering from Texas AandM University, Chief Technology Officer and Executive Vice President for Merica International, “About Those Plunging Oil Prices”, Energy Trend Insider, June 4, 2013, http://www.energytrendsinsider.com/2013/06/04/about-those-plunging-oil-prices/, JKahn)
Over the past three weeks, there have been numerous headlines insinuating that a freefall
AND
of oil traders could drive prices down in a hurry in that situation.
No Link – Mexico Not Key
No Link- Mexico doesn’t affect global markets
Barnes ’12 – Bonner Means Baker Fellow (Joe, “The Future of Oil in Mexico: Oil and U.S.-Mexico Bilateral Relations”, James Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, 4-29-2011)

Still, it is important to put the projected decline in Mexican oil production into
AND
The only surprise would be if Mexico were to increase its petroleum output.

DIFFERENT IMPACT DEFENSE

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 8 | Opponent: Groves | Judge: Stephen Weil
censorship DA

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pace | Judge: Amy Feinberg
Plan only needs a simple majority in the senate
Hastings 6/6 (of Washington, from the Committee on Natural ¶ Resources, submitted the following, House of Representatives, OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF TRANSBOUNDARY ¶ HYDROCARBON AGREEMENTS AUTHORIZATION ACT , http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-113hrpt101/pdf/CRPT-113hrpt101-pt1.pdf)
The Obama Administration AND international law as Mexico’s ratification

Hirsch

Winners win

Plan popular

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata | Judge: David Heidt
CIR doesn’t solve the economy – trades off with native jobs and drains welfare
Ruark and Graham 11 Eric Ruark and Matthew Graham – Directors of Research at the Federation for American Immigration Reform, “Immigration, Poverty and Low-Wage Earners the Harmful effect of Unskilled immigrants on American Workers”, May 2011, http://www.fairus.org/docs/poverty_rev.pdf

Current calls for “comprehensive immigration reform” are nothing short of a push for
AND
to native workers –jobs that paid higher wages and o?ered better working conditions

Won’t pass – no vote and every other agenda item thumps it
Berman, 10/25/13 (Russell, “GOP comfortable ignoring Obama pleas for vote on immigration bill” The Hill, http://thehill.com/homenews/house/330527-gop-comfortable-ignoring-obama-pleas-to-move-to-immigration-reform)

For President Obama and advocates hoping for a House vote on immigration reform this year
AND
more efforts to go after ObamaCare – but immigration reform was notably absent.
Private annlysis from top officials proves immigration wont pass.
Miller, 10/24/13 (Zeke, Time magizine, “Obamas New Immigration Pivot Isnt About Immigration”, http://swampland.time.com/2013/10/24/obamas-new-immigration-pivot-isnt-about-immigration/)
¶ But privately, administration officials and congressional Democrats admit that they are unlikely to
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step approach that gives Americans confidence that reform is done the right way.”

Wont pass – republicans and partisan congress
Indian Post 10/26/13 (“Barack Obaama renws push for comprehensive immigration reforms”, http://post.jagran.com/barack-obama-renews-push-for-comprehensive-immigration-reforms-1382689058)

But Republican lawmakers in the House have their own ideas on the bill. They
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actually get done," he said. "This is Washington after all." 

Obama has no PC
Barnes, 11/4/13 – editor of the Weekly Standard (Fred, “The Point of No Return”, The Weekly Standard, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/point-no-return_764703.html)

President Obama is facing the abyss. It’s that moment when a president’s plans are
AND
as “smoothly as it was supposed to.” Neither is his presidency.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien | Judge: Christina Tallungan
No impact- government shutdown is hype
Taylor 9/19 (Andrew, Lowell Sun, Government shutdown is literally impossible, but not paying our bills would hurt, http://www.lowellsun.com/webextras/ci_24133642/government-shutdown-is-literally-impossible-but-not-paying)
Here's the truth about a government "shutdown." The government doesn't shut down.¶
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, eventually. Transportation Security Administration officers would continue to man airport checkpoints. 

Obama already spent capital on Syria and it was perceived as a loss
Bohan, 9/11 (Caren, 9/11/2013, “Delay in Syria vote frees Obama to shift to hefty domestic agenda,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/11/usa-obama-agenda-idUSL2N0H716N20130911))

WASHINGTON, Sept 11 (Reuters) - Putting off a decision on military strikes
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administration and that's a disadvantage in any kind of negotiation," Pitney said.

Political capital no longer is relevant
Koring 9-16 -- The Globe and Mail's international affairs correspondent, based in Washington D.C (Paul, “Obama faces fall showdown with Congress”, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/obama-faces-fall-showdown-with-congress/article14329090/)
The President's handling of Syria has hurt him, according to some. Mr.
AND
has an eye on the 2014 elections and frustrations are threatening to boil.

No PolCap now
Rogers 9-17 (Ed, “The Insiders: Stubborn facts and bothersome polls, reporter, producer and writer with more than 28 years of experience, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2013/09/17/the-insiders-stubborn-facts-and-bothersome-polls/)
Obama was also dealt an embarrassing blow this week as Larry Summers withdrew his name
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take a leadership role in the looming debt ceiling and budget battles. ?

Plan gives Obama a high-profile win – without one his agenda is tanked
Lawrence 9-17, -- Award winning National Correspondent (Jill, “Obama Says He’s Not Worried About Style Points. He Should Be.” http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/obama-says-he-s-not-worried-about-style-points-he-should-be-20130917)
In some ways Obama's fifth year is typical of fifth years, when reelected presidents
AND
the edge. He needs to have some successes and perceptions of success."

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien | Judge: Christina Tallungan
No impact- government shutdown is hype
Taylor 9/19 (Andrew, Lowell Sun, Government shutdown is literally impossible, but not paying our bills would hurt, http://www.lowellsun.com/webextras/ci_24133642/government-shutdown-is-literally-impossible-but-not-paying)
Here's the truth about a government "shutdown." The government doesn't shut down.¶
AND
, eventually. Transportation Security Administration officers would continue to man airport checkpoints. 

Obama already spent capital on Syria and it was perceived as a loss
Bohan, 9/11 (Caren, 9/11/2013, “Delay in Syria vote frees Obama to shift to hefty domestic agenda,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/11/usa-obama-agenda-idUSL2N0H716N20130911))

WASHINGTON, Sept 11 (Reuters) - Putting off a decision on military strikes
AND
administration and that's a disadvantage in any kind of negotiation," Pitney said.

Political capital no longer is relevant
Koring 9-16 -- The Globe and Mail's international affairs correspondent, based in Washington D.C (Paul, “Obama faces fall showdown with Congress”, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/obama-faces-fall-showdown-with-congress/article14329090/)
The President's handling of Syria has hurt him, according to some. Mr.
AND
has an eye on the 2014 elections and frustrations are threatening to boil.

No PolCap now
Rogers 9-17 (Ed, “The Insiders: Stubborn facts and bothersome polls, reporter, producer and writer with more than 28 years of experience, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2013/09/17/the-insiders-stubborn-facts-and-bothersome-polls/)
Obama was also dealt an embarrassing blow this week as Larry Summers withdrew his name
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take a leadership role in the looming debt ceiling and budget battles. ?

Plan gives Obama a high-profile win – without one his agenda is tanked
Lawrence 9-17, -- Award winning National Correspondent (Jill, “Obama Says He’s Not Worried About Style Points. He Should Be.” http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/obama-says-he-s-not-worried-about-style-points-he-should-be-20130917)
In some ways Obama's fifth year is typical of fifth years, when reelected presidents
AND
the edge. He needs to have some successes and perceptions of success."

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitney Young | Judge:
Plan: The united States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement in the area of renewable energy with Mexico.
Relations
Oil-based cooperation is unsustainable – the plan is key to sustainable US-Mexico relations
Donnelly, Program Associate, Mexico Institute, ‘10
(Robert, 5/24/10, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda”, js)
Wood cited recent developments that have encouraged renewable energy investment in Mexico. Mexico's oil
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, and specifically suggested that energy attaches be assigned to the embassy and consulates
That’s key to broader border cooperation
Sweedler et al 5 (Alan, *Assistant Vice President for International Programs at San Diego State University, Director of the Center for Energy Studies and the Environmental Sciences Program and Professor of Physics, Founder of SDSU's program on International Security and Conflict Resolution, Congressional Science Fellow in the US Senate, and a Carnegie Science Fellow at Stanford University in the area of arms control and international security, Margarito Quintero Núñez, Kimberly Collins, “Energy Issues in the U.S.-Mexican
Binational Region: Focus on California-Baja California,” http://scerp.org/pubs/m11/chapter201-5.pdf)

Energy is an indispensable lifeblood of the U.S.-Mexican border region and
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responsible for regulating the energy sector in both the United States and Mexico.
SEQUENCING is vital – Focusing on renewables spills over to the rest of the relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)//BB
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic
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S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
This outweighs alternate causes
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Mexico Institute), May, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)

This study examines one of the most important and potentially lucrative dimensions of the growth
AND
that have had a significant impact on both Mexico and on bilateral relations.

Energy cooperation’s key to the overall relations and US leadership
Roberts and Walser 13 (James M., Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics – The Heritage Foundation, and Dr. Ray, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, “The Hagel, Kerry, and Brennan Senate Confirmation Hearings: U.S. Policy for the Western Hemisphere,” Heritage Foundation, 1-18, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/kerry-hagel-and-brennan-senate-confirmation-hearings-us-policy-for-the-western-hemisphere)

Mexico’s fight against organized crime has cast a doleful shadow over U.S.–
AND
to project global leadership without a democratic, prosperous, and stable Mexico.
US-Mexico relations are key to global power projection – the impact is hegemony
Pastor 12 (Robert A., Professor and Director of the Center for North American Studies – American University, “Beyond the Continental Divide,” The American Interest, July/August, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1269)

Most Americans think that the largest markets for U.S. exports are China
AND
be vastly beneficial. We don’t seem ready to recognize that truth either. 

2. Failure to maintain influence in Latin America collapses primacy and cedes regional influence to China, Russia and Iran.
Erikson 10 Senior Associate for US policy and Director of Caribbean programs, Inter-American Dialogue Daniel P. Erikson, The Obama Administration and Latin America: Towards a New Partnership?, Working Paper No. 46, April 2010, The Centre for International Governance Innovation

The Globalization of Latin America¶ The United States has long been wary of foreign
AND
to for the US to develop effective responses to the region’s increasing globalization.
Strong bilateral cooperation with Mexico over renewable energy boosts overall U.S.-Latin America relations
Johanna Forman et al, 2/8/2013, Center for Strategic and International Studies, "recommendations for a new administration: give hemispheric energy policy a strategic vision," http://csis.org/files/publication/130207_JMForman_Energy_HemFocus_0.pdf

Four years ago, U.S. energy policy in the Americas ¶ arose
AND
that allows access to clean energy in areas that are ¶ still underserved.

The evidence overwhelming supports hegemony being good
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy---best statistical studies prove key to the economy
John M. Owen 11, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Impact turns inevitable- 

a. Anti-Americanism
Drezner, 9 (prof. of international politics at Tufts, 7/15/09, The False Hegemon http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=21858
The rest of the world certainly seems to treat America as the hegemonic power,
AND
causes everything, however, then the attempt at modesty will inevitably fail. 

Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of CRS, 1/18/2006 “Mexico’s Importance and MultipleRelationships with the United States”, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf)//JG
Sharing a 2,000-mile border and extensive interconnections through the Gulf of
AND
, and border,terrorism,¶ health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND TERROR AT THE  SOUTHWEST BORDER,” UNITED STATES HOUSE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY, Lexis)BB
Terrorism remains a serious threat to the security of the United States. The Congressional
AND
on U.S. soil¶ into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld)BB
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
Nuclear terrorism is the most probable scenario for extinction.
Graham Allison 2004, ( Graham Allison is a director for the belfer center for science and foreign affairs. “Nuclear terrorism: How serious a threat to Russia”, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/660/nuclear_terrorism.html. 6/24/11. google, AW)
Realistically, nuclear terrorists are most likely to use a small weapon stolen from the
AND
know that worries me, as what I know that I don’t know.” 

A drug-fearing US will invade Mexico, triggers war.
Hale 11 – Nonresident Fellow in Drug Policy, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University (Gary J., “A “Failed State” In Mexico: Tamaulipas Declares Itself Ungovernable”, 7/26/11;  http://bakerinstitute.org/publications/DRUG-pub-HaleTamaulipasFailedState-072611.pdf)//Beddow
Texas has repeatedly led the call among the border states for an increased virtual militarization
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government is increasingly fearful of potential U.S. actions inside Mexico.
This violence escalates
Bosco 6 – Senior Editor @ Foreign Policy
(David, sr. editor @ FP magazine, July 23, http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jul/23/opinion/op-bosco23)//BB
IT WAS LATE JUNE in Sarajevo when Gavrilo Princip shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his
AND
But it's not hard to conjure ways that today's hot spots could ignite.
Leads to great power nuclear war
Dean 95 - former Ambassador and advisor on international security issues for the Union of Concerned Scientists
(Jonathan Dean, “A Stronger U.N. Strengthens America,” BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS, March/April 1995, LN)BB
As a result, when large-scale conflict erupts, the United States cannot
AND
an international peacekeeping system that can head off an increasing number of conflicts.

Renewables
Global warming is real and human induced – top climate scientists agree
Anderegg et al 10 – PhD Candidate @ Stanford in Biology
(William, “Expert credibility in climate change,” National Academy of Sciences, p. 12107-12109)BB
Preliminary reviews of scientific literature and surveys of cli- mate scientists indicate striking agreement
AND
discussions in media, policy, and public forums regarding anthropogenic climate change.
Action now averts extinction
Morgan 9 – professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Dennis Ray, “World on Fire: Two Scenarios of the Destruction of Human Civilization and the Possible Extinction of the Human Race”, 2009)Beddow
As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear
AND
leads to a fundamentally different premise regarding the relationship between industrial civilization and nature

Pragmatic flexibility is key to protecting the environment.
Farber 99 – Professor of Law, University of Minnesota – 1999 (Daniel, ECO-PRAGMATISM, p. 198)
As we have seen, one of the greatest challenges of environmental law is the
AND
in the long run, may provide a higher level of environmental quality.   

Feedbacks are net positive

Homer-Dixon ‘7
Thomas  - Centre for International Governance Innovation Chair of Global Systems at the Balsillie School of International Affairs, Professor in the Centre for Environment and Business in the Faculty of Environment at the University of Waterloo, PhD in IR from MIT -- 11/14, Address to the conference for a Globally Integrated Climate Policy for Canada, "Positive Feedbacks, Dynamic Ice Sheets, and the Recarbonization of the Global Fuel Supply: The New Sense of Urgency about Global Warming", http://www.homerdixon.com/articles/excerpt-new_urgency-thomas_homer-dixon.pdf

Let me now say a little bit more about some other feedbacks. This is
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sea levels were four to six metres higher than they are right now.

Global warming destroys the planet
Dr. Brandenberg, Physicist (Ph.D.) and Paxson a science writer ’99 – John and Monica, Dead Mars Dying Earth p. 232-3
The ozone hole expands, driven by a monstrous synergy with global warming that puts
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Mars—red, desolate, with perhaps a few hardy microbes surviving. 

Global warming leads to global destruction - causes resource shortages and conflicts
Klare ‘6 Michael Klare is a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College in Amherst, Mass., and the author of Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America's Growing Petroleum Dependency . “The Coming Resource Wars” March 9, 2006, AlterNet. http://www.alternet.org/story/33243/the_coming_resource_wars
Although speculative, these reports make one thing clear: when thinking about the calamitous
AND
the rest of the world to slow the pace of global climate change.
Action now is critical to stop the world from triggering critical tipping points
Council on Foreign Relations 6/19, “The Global Climate Change Regime” Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/climate-change/global-climate-change-regime/p21831
Climate change is one of the most significant threats facing the world today. According
AND
that the next five years will be crucial for greenhouse gas reduction efforts.
Mexico is key – triggers spillover to global renewables shift
ENS ’12 “U.S., Canada, Mexico Vow ‘Continental’ Energy Grid,” Environmental News Services, 4/3/2012, http://ens-newswire.com/2012/04/03/u-s-canada-mexico-vow-continental-energy-grid/
The leaders of the United States, Mexico, and Canada today pledged to develop
AND
, including electricity generation and interconnection and welcome increasing North American energy trade.”
Specifically, US-Mexico collaboration creates an expertise bank – spurs global modeling
Bennett 11 (Nicholas, Regional Sales Representative – Terryberry Company, “Smart Grid Technology – Mexico’s Upcoming Market Boon,” University of Arizona, http://next.eller.arizona.edu/courses/BusinessInternationalEnvironments/Fall2011/student_papers/finalnicholasbennett.pdf)

The lack of synchronicity and communication between competing smart grid providers is possibly the most
AND
grid systems is a proactive response to an emerging and exciting new market. 

This creates an epicenter of clean energy innovation
Shaun Tandon, 7/19/2010, Phys.org, "nations to seek clean energy cooperation," http://phys.org/news198745778.html

Major economies have been at loggerheads over the shape of the next climate treaty,
AND
get something done together, that could improve the mood," he said.
That results in multilateral agreements globally
O’Neill 13 – PhD in Government @ Harvard, senior fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization
(Shannon, “Mexico Makes It: A Transformed Society, Economy, and Government,” Foreign Affairs, 92.2)BB
If Mexico addresses these challenges, it will emerge as a powerful player on the
AND
institutions and help construct new international financial, trade, and climate change accords

Renewables are key to desalination
Qtaishat* and Banat 13 – *Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jordan Department of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute (Mohammed Rasool Qtaishat and Fawzi Banat “Desalination by solar powered membrane distillation systems” Desalination Volume 308, Pages 186–197, January 2 2013, SciVerse) MR
The demand on fresh water is growing steadily and is becoming one of the worldwide
AND
change processes or by producing the electricity required to drive the membrane processes.
Desalination solves water scarcity
Muzzin 11 (Suzanne Taylor Muzzin, “Better Desalination Technology Would Help Solve World's Water Shortage” Yale News, August 4 2011, http://news.yale.edu/2011/08/04/better-desalination-technology-would-help-solve-worlds-water-shortage) MR
Over one-third of the world’s population already lives in areas struggling to keep
AND
, to reduce the amount of energy required to push water through it.
Nuclear war
NASCA 4 – National Association for Scientific and Cultural Appreciation, 2004, “Water shortages - Only a matter of time,” http://www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_relics_/water/water.html
Water Shortage According to the latest estimates nearly 70 of the Earth’s population will
AND
ourselves with a nightmare situation for which there will be no obvious answer.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Kent Denver | Judge: Tom Woodhead
Russian economic decline is inevitable – diversionary conflicts are coming regardless of the plan
Kim Zigfeld (writer for the American Thinker) January 20, 2014 “Russia's Economy: The Paper Bear” http://www.americanthinker.com/2014/01/russias_economy_the_paper_bear.html
Russia also has a critical "brain drain" problem, with many qualified workers
AND
, Russian workers are slowing down, dropping out, and flying away.

PEMEX reform increases 1 million barrels a day, stops all US oil Exports to Mexico, and thumps the shit out of your disad
CNBC 12-20 (Mexico energy: High hopes for 'magnificent reform'JC)
When Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto signs a new oil reform into law Friday,
AND
barrels a day by 2018 and to 3.5 million by 2025.

Oil prices decreasing now – U.S. jobless and retail Data
Reuters 2-13 (“Oil edges lower on weak U.S. data, refinery maintenance”, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/02/13/markets-oil-idUKL3N0LI1W920140213//JC)
Brent crude oil futures prices edged lower on Thursday, pressured by a forecast dip
AND
pressured the U.S. stock market and weighed on oil prices.

Oil Prices just fell 1
Investing 2-13 (http://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/u.s.-oil-prices-hit-session-low-after-disappointing-retail-sales-data-266252, http://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/u.s.-oil-prices-hit-session-low-after-disappointing-retail-sales-data-266252//JC)
U.S. oil futures fell to the lowest levels of the session on
AND
barrel during U.S. morning hours, down 0.75.

North Dakota should thump
Macpherson 2/14 (James, North Dakota pumps record 313.5M barrels of oil in 2013; tops previous high by 70M barrels, The Republic, http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/d552d33ab8b9460c83c5f21cd78095d4/ND-ND-Oil-Production)
North Dakota produced a record amount of crude oil in 2013 — 313.5
AND
normal winter weather that caused the slowdown in oil production, he said.
Russian oil prices will stay within a small range for the next 20 years regardless of other change
Reuters 11/8 (Oil Price to Stay Flat in Real Terms Through 2030, Russia Forecasts, The Moscow Times, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/oil-price-to-stay-flat-in-real-terms-through-2030-russia-forecasts/489197.html)
Russia forecast Thursday that oil prices would remain flat in real terms through to 2030
AND
of oil would be in a range of $90 to $110.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Kent Denver | Judge: Tom Woodhead
Russian economic decline is inevitable – diversionary conflicts are coming regardless of the plan
Kim Zigfeld (writer for the American Thinker) January 20, 2014 “Russia's Economy: The Paper Bear” http://www.americanthinker.com/2014/01/russias_economy_the_paper_bear.html
Russia also has a critical "brain drain" problem, with many qualified workers
AND
, Russian workers are slowing down, dropping out, and flying away.

PEMEX reform increases 1 million barrels a day, stops all US oil Exports to Mexico, and thumps the shit out of your disad
CNBC 12-20 (Mexico energy: High hopes for 'magnificent reform'JC)
When Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto signs a new oil reform into law Friday,
AND
barrels a day by 2018 and to 3.5 million by 2025.

Oil prices decreasing now – U.S. jobless and retail Data
Reuters 2-13 (“Oil edges lower on weak U.S. data, refinery maintenance”, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/02/13/markets-oil-idUKL3N0LI1W920140213//JC)
Brent crude oil futures prices edged lower on Thursday, pressured by a forecast dip
AND
pressured the U.S. stock market and weighed on oil prices.

Oil Prices just fell 1
Investing 2-13 (http://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/u.s.-oil-prices-hit-session-low-after-disappointing-retail-sales-data-266252, http://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/u.s.-oil-prices-hit-session-low-after-disappointing-retail-sales-data-266252//JC)
U.S. oil futures fell to the lowest levels of the session on
AND
barrel during U.S. morning hours, down 0.75.

North Dakota should thump
Macpherson 2/14 (James, North Dakota pumps record 313.5M barrels of oil in 2013; tops previous high by 70M barrels, The Republic, http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/d552d33ab8b9460c83c5f21cd78095d4/ND-ND-Oil-Production)
North Dakota produced a record amount of crude oil in 2013 — 313.5
AND
normal winter weather that caused the slowdown in oil production, he said.
Russian oil prices will stay within a small range for the next 20 years regardless of other change
Reuters 11/8 (Oil Price to Stay Flat in Real Terms Through 2030, Russia Forecasts, The Moscow Times, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/oil-price-to-stay-flat-in-real-terms-through-2030-russia-forecasts/489197.html)
Russia forecast Thursday that oil prices would remain flat in real terms through to 2030
AND
of oil would be in a range of $90 to $110.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien | Judge: Christina Tallungan
Energy diplomacy with Russia prevents energy monopolies
Clinton 12
former Secretary of State (Hillary Rodham Clinton, “ Energy Diplomacy in the 21st Century” October 18, 2012, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/10/199330.htm)
Another focus of our energy diplomacy is helping to promote competition and prevent monopolies.
AND
as that is. It’s also a matter of national and international security.

A Russian-led energy monopoly would cause rapid expansionism
Blank 05
(Stephen Blank, CACI Strategic Studies institute Analyst, “Russia Realizes its Cartel.” Central Asia Caucasus Institute. 2005)
BACKGROUND: In early 2002 Russian President Vladimir Putin called for a cartel of gas
AND
has finally taken the concrete step necessary to make that an arbitrary reality.”

Causes extinction and undermines US alliances everywhere
Blank 2K
(Stephen, strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989; former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base; B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, March 2009. “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?”)
Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks
AND
perhaps make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172

Russia cant’ attack the US—armed forces aren’t in good condition
Lieber 7 - Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University -
Robert J., "Persistent Primacy and the Future of the American Era", APSA Paper 2007, http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/1/1/0/5/pages211058/p211058-1.php   

Constraints on the capacity of adversaries also needs to be taken into account. Russia
AND
, first regionally and even globally, but only over the long term.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien | Judge: Christina Tallungan
Energy diplomacy with Russia prevents energy monopolies
Clinton 12
former Secretary of State (Hillary Rodham Clinton, “ Energy Diplomacy in the 21st Century” October 18, 2012, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/10/199330.htm)
Another focus of our energy diplomacy is helping to promote competition and prevent monopolies.
AND
as that is. It’s also a matter of national and international security.

A Russian-led energy monopoly would cause rapid expansionism
Blank 05
(Stephen Blank, CACI Strategic Studies institute Analyst, “Russia Realizes its Cartel.” Central Asia Caucasus Institute. 2005)
BACKGROUND: In early 2002 Russian President Vladimir Putin called for a cartel of gas
AND
has finally taken the concrete step necessary to make that an arbitrary reality.”

Causes extinction and undermines US alliances everywhere
Blank 2K
(Stephen, strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989; former Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base; B.A. in History from the University of Pennsylvania, and a M.A. and Ph.D. in History from the University of Chicago, March 2009. “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?”)
Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks
AND
perhaps make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172

Russia cant’ attack the US—armed forces aren’t in good condition
Lieber 7 - Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University -
Robert J., "Persistent Primacy and the Future of the American Era", APSA Paper 2007, http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/1/1/0/5/pages211058/p211058-1.php   

Constraints on the capacity of adversaries also needs to be taken into account. Russia
AND
, first regionally and even globally, but only over the long term.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa City High | Judge: Grellinger
Russian oil prices will stay within a small range for the next 20 years regardless of other change
Reuters 11/8 (Oil Price to Stay Flat in Real Terms Through 2030, Russia Forecasts, The Moscow Times, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/oil-price-to-stay-flat-in-real-terms-through-2030-russia-forecasts/489197.html)
Russia forecast Thursday that oil prices would remain flat in real terms through to 2030
AND
of oil would be in a range of $90 to $110.

Russia is shifting to renewable energy
Roca 9/26 (Marc, Bloomberg, Russia Awards First Renewable Energy Tender to Boost the Industry, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/09/russia-awards-first-renewable-energy-tender-to-boost-the-industry)
Russia, the world’s biggest oil producer, offered its first state support for renewable
AND
of wind equipment may have reduced interest in the technology, he said.

Renewable energy and natural gas are not zero sum
Dodge 11/25 (Ed, works for the Methane Project, I have been researching renewable energy technologies for a number of years.  I am particularly interested in conversion technologies such as gasification and digestion that enable us to convert low grade resources such as waste and biomass into high grade fuels such as methane. , Renewables and Natural Gas are Partners Not Opponents, The Energy Collective, http://theenergycollective.com/ed-dodge/308406/renewables-and-natural-gas-are-partners-not-opponents)
Renewable energy sources and natural gas should be considered as complements and not rivals.  
AND
also be easily transported in pipelines and tankers and converted into other products.

Oil shocks are inevitable
Ivanhoe 97 (L.F., January, Get Ready For Another Oil Shock!, http://dieoff.org/page90.htm)
After the oil crises of the 1970s, petroleum shortages disappeared and prices stabilized.
AND
(and, along with it, demand for energy) is exploding.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster | Judge: unknown
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico through the joint construction of a transmission grid system.
Advantage 1: Clean Tech
There is currently a race for clean energy development
Shaun Tandon, 7/19/2010, Phys.org, "nations to seek clean energy cooperation," http://phys.org/news198745778.html

Major economies have been at loggerheads over the shape of the next climate treaty,
AND
get something done together, that could improve the mood," he said.

Only the US tech transition process can lead breakthrough energy innovations
Weiss and Bonvillian 09 ? Professor of Science, Technology, and International Affairs @ Georgetown University and Professor of innovation policy @ Georgetown University Charles Weiss and William B. Bonvillian, ?Stimulating a Revolution in Sustainable Energy Technology,? Environment Magazine, July-August 2009, pg. http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Archives/Back20Issues/July-August202009/Weiss-Bonvillian-full.html
To be sure, even a small percentage of a $1.5 trillion
AND
Internet, this gap was filled by a timely intervention by the military.

Political motivation for a shift to energy independence exists. US just needs the tech
Grunewald 09 - Argov Fellow @ IDC Herzliya Adam Grunewald (Third year student, Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy and Strategy), ?Dr. Gal Luft: Turning Oil into Salt,? IDC Herzliya, Nov 1, 2009, pg. http://portal.idc.ac.il/He/Main/about_idc/news_events/DocLib2/71_gal_luft.pdf
Dr. Luft began his speech with a story about a similar strategic good that
AND
cards, soccer, bowling or anything else, but don’t play tennis.” 

And, energy alternatives solve oil dependence.
Sovacool 07 ? Research Fellow for the Energy Governance Program @ National University of Singapore Benjamin K. Sovacool (Professor of International Affairs @ Virginia Tech University), ?Oil Independence Possible for U.S. by 2030,? Scitizen, 26 Oct, 2007 11:49 am, pg.http://scitizen.com/future-energies/oil-independence-possible-for-u-s-by-2030_a-14-1167.html
Oil independence is possible for the U.S. if comprehensive and aggressive energy
AND
on curbing American demand for oil and expanding domestic conventional and alternative supplies.

Gulf oil reliance increases the risk of oil shocks that escalate globally
Lahn et al 13 (Glada Lahn, Paul Stevens and Felix Preston, August 2013, Chatham House Report, http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/193884)
The systemic waste of oil and gas in the Gulf is eroding economic resilience to
AND
60 local institutions with a critical interest in and influence over domestic energy. 

Extinction
Lendman 07 - Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization. ?Stephen Lendman, ?Resource Wars - Can We Survive Them?,? Rense.com, 6-6-7, pg. http://www.rense.com/general76/resrouce.htm
With the world's energy supplies finite, the US heavily dependent on imports, and
AND
, or at least a big part of it, would have survived.¶ 

US-Mexico collaboration creates an expertise bank – spurs global modeling
Bennett 11 (Nicholas, Regional Sales Representative – Terryberry Company, “Smart Grid Technology – Mexico’s Upcoming Market Boon,” University of Arizona, http://next.eller.arizona.edu/courses/BusinessInternationalEnvironments/Fall2011/student_papers/finalnicholasbennett.pdf)

The lack of synchronicity and communication between competing smart grid providers is possibly the most
AND
grid systems is a proactive response to an emerging and exciting new market. 

The global ‘transmission diplomacy’ de-escalates conflict and solves global instability
Daniel Kammen (Distinguished Professor of Energy at UC-Berkeley - directs the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory. From 2010 to 2011, he was the inaugural Chief Technical Specialist for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at the World Bank. ) November 20, 2013 “Good electricity grids make good neighbors” http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2013/11/20/good-electricity-grids-make-good-neighbors/
Today we face a different situation, where “front lines” of conflict have
AND
be well to make transmission diplomacy and development a centerpiece of foreign policy.

State failure risks global war
Rotberg in ‘2

(Robert, Dir. Program on Intrastate Conflict @ Harvard’s JCK School and President of the World Peace Foundation, Foreign Affairs, “Failed States in a World of Terror”, July/August, 81:4, Proquest)
Today's failed states, such as Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, and Somalia, are
AND
threatens the lives and livelihoods of their own peoples but endangers world peace.

Grid increases renewable energy and clean tech investment from the US
Fehrenbacher 11 (October 5, Katie, Senior Writer and Features Editor for GigaOM and has been covering cutting-edge technology, startups and innovators in Silicon Valley for close to a decade. She launched GigaOM’s greentech channel in 2007 and closely tracks energy entrepreneurs and investors., Smart grid: Obama pushes for speedier transmission lines, GIGAOM, http://gigaom.com/2011/10/05/smart-grid-obama-pushes-for-speedier-transmission-lines/)
If there’s one thing the Department of Energy and the Obama administration can do to
AND
like clean power is almost a dirty word now, post-Solyndra.

Clean tech leadership averts global war
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

The evidence overwhelming supports hegemony being good
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy---best statistical studies prove key to the economy
John M. Owen 11, Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/)
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Deterrence is true
 Moore 4—chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State (John, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis,)

Running the hypothesis for the principal wars of the twentieth century does seem to provide
AND
five centuries - coincides with the powerful increase in deterrence from nuclear forces. 

The alternative to unipolarity is an apolar nightmare, collapsed leadership causes power vacuums that magnify every terminal impact.
Ferguson 2004 (Niall Ferguson, Professor, History, School of Business, New York University and Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, September-October
2004 “A World Without Power” – Foreign Policy, http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3009996.html)

So  what is left? Waning empires. Religious revivals. Incipient anarchy. A
AND
powers would benefit from such a not-so-new world disorder.

Impact turns inevitable- Anti-Americanism
Drezner, 9 (prof. of international politics at Tufts, 7/15/09, The False Hegemon http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=21858
The rest of the world certainly seems to treat America as the hegemonic power,
AND
causes everything, however, then the attempt at modesty will inevitably fail. 

Advantage 2: Relations

New energy reforms passed, opens electricity sector to the US
Power Engineering 12/18 (Former U.S. Ambassador Antonio Garza on Mexico's Energy Reforms, http://www.power-eng.com/marketwired/2013/12/18/former-u-s-ambassador-antonio-garza-on-mexico-s-energy-reforms.html)
¶ Mexico took a giant leap toward a new economic future last week with Congressional
AND
revenues; and, revising the nature and governance of the PEMEX board.

Oil-based cooperation is unsustainable – the plan is key to sustainable US-Mexico relations
Donnelly, Program Associate, Mexico Institute, ‘10
(Robert, 5/24/10, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda”, js)
Wood cited recent developments that have encouraged renewable energy investment in Mexico. Mexico's oil
AND
, and specifically suggested that energy attaches be assigned to the embassy and consulates
Energy infrastructure integration is key to broader border cooperation
Sweedler et al 5 (Alan, *Assistant Vice President for International Programs at San Diego State University, Director of the Center for Energy Studies and the Environmental Sciences Program and Professor of Physics, Founder of SDSU's program on International Security and Conflict Resolution, Congressional Science Fellow in the US Senate, and a Carnegie Science Fellow at Stanford University in the area of arms control and international security, Margarito Quintero Núñez, Kimberly Collins, “Energy Issues in the U.S.-Mexican
Binational Region: Focus on California-Baja California,” http://scerp.org/pubs/m11/chapter201-5.pdf)

Energy is an indispensable lifeblood of the U.S.-Mexican border region and
AND
responsible for regulating the energy sector in both the United States and Mexico.
SEQUENCING is vital – Focusing on renewables spills over to the rest of the relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)//BB
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic
AND
S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
This outweighs alternate causes
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Mexico Institute), May, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)

This study examines one of the most important and potentially lucrative dimensions of the growth
AND
that have had a significant impact on both Mexico and on bilateral relations.

Energy cooperation’s key to the overall relations and US leadership
Roberts and Walser 13 (James M., Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics – The Heritage Foundation, and Dr. Ray, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, “The Hagel, Kerry, and Brennan Senate Confirmation Hearings: U.S. Policy for the Western Hemisphere,” Heritage Foundation, 1-18, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/kerry-hagel-and-brennan-senate-confirmation-hearings-us-policy-for-the-western-hemisphere)

Mexico’s fight against organized crime has cast a doleful shadow over U.S.–
AND
to project global leadership without a democratic, prosperous, and stable Mexico.

Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign
AND
, and border,terrorism,  health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND
AND
assembled on U.S. soil  into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Nuclear terrorism is the most probable scenario for extinction.
Graham Allison 2004, ( Graham Allison is a director for the belfer center for science and foreign affairs. “Nuclear terrorism: How serious a threat to Russia”, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/660/nuclear_terrorism.html. 6/24/11. google, AW)
Realistically, nuclear terrorists are most likely to use a small weapon stolen from the
AND
know that worries me, as what I know that I don’t know.”

US-Mexican actions spill over to the region and energy infrastructure key- prevent resource wars
Barshefsky et al ‘8 (Charlene Barshefsky, James T. Hill, and Shannon K. O’Neil, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/mexico/us-latin-america-relations/p16279, “U.S.-Latin America Relations: A New Direction for a New Reality”, May 2008)

The rise of resource nationalism represents a difficult challenge for both the United States and
AND
, political stability, and the U.S.-Latin America relationship.

Development of a hemispheric energy partnership insulates the US from inevitable energy shocks that would collapse the new and critical infrastructure
Alison Terry, 2012, International Affairs Review, Vol. 20, No. 3., "Policy and Practice in North American Energy Security," http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/North20American20Energy20Security.pdf

The United States, Canada, and Mexico each has a unique history in the
AND
face of tenuous ¶ import-export relationships in the international energy trade.

Collapse of critical infrastructure kills millions and tanks the economy
Zabarenko 12, Deborah Zabarenko Reporter for Reuters¶ WASHINGTON | Fri Aug 3, 2012 http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/04/us-solar-superstorm-idUSBRE8721K820120804
Power blackouts can cause chaos, as they did briefly in India when more than
AND
death toll could run into the millions in the worst-case scenario.

Depression inevitably causing global warfare
Green and Schrage ‘9 (Michael J Green is Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University. Steven P Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 2009 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
AND
a tempting precedent for other countries to put up barriers to close markets. 

Obama’s desire to increase renewable energy investment shows American commitment and thumps all DA’s
Daly 12/5 (Matthew, Huffington Post, Obama Orders Federal Government To Triple Its Use Of Renewable Energy, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/05/obama-renewable-energy_n_4390256.html)
Saying the government should lead by example, President Barack Obama is ordering the federal
AND
Air Force installations by 2025 — enough to power 750,000 homes.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles North | Judge: Wayne Tang
US shale revolution has triggered other countries to develop their own rigs, oil independence inevitable
Swint and Bakhsh 11/15 (Brian, Nidaa; Bloomberg news; Shale Revolution Spreads With Record Wells Outside U.S.: Energy, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-15/shale-revolution-spreads-with-record-wells-outside-u-s-energy.html)
The hydraulic fracturing of shale in search of oil and gas has hardly started outside
AND
, it’s replicating the critical ingredients that got the American shale revolution going.”

Saudi would increase oil prices and switch to renewables in response to the plan
Al-Saleh, 8 (Yasser Al-Saleh, Paul Upham and Khaleel Malik, Manchester Institute for Innovation Research, “Renewable Energy Scenarios for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 10/08, http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/sites/default/files/wp125.pdf//SJ)
The Red Scenarios depict a future that is characterised by rapidly-dwindling oil reserves
AND
would be coupled with CCS in order to avoid increased greenhouse gas emissions.

Saudi relations suck- oil
Shapiro 11/26 (Jeremy, Foreign Policy, Iran and the U.S.-Saudi Bargain, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/11/26/iran_and_the_us_saudi_bargain)
For the past 30 years, the United States has treated Saudi Arabia as its
AND
officials to question U.S. resolve and commitment to the region. 

Iran and Arab Spring already destroyed relations with the US, west- oil is irrelevant
Black 11/28 (Ian, The Guardian, Saudi Arabia irritated by the changing US relationship with Iran, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/28/saudi-arabia-irritated-iran-us-nuclear-deal)
¶ Barack Obama phoned King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia on Wednesday to "reiterate the
AND
will still be here." But a raw nerve has been painfully exposed.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles North | Judge: Wayne Tang
US shale revolution has triggered other countries to develop their own rigs, oil independence inevitable
Swint and Bakhsh 11/15 (Brian, Nidaa; Bloomberg news; Shale Revolution Spreads With Record Wells Outside U.S.: Energy, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-15/shale-revolution-spreads-with-record-wells-outside-u-s-energy.html)
The hydraulic fracturing of shale in search of oil and gas has hardly started outside
AND
, it’s replicating the critical ingredients that got the American shale revolution going.”

Saudi would increase oil prices and switch to renewables in response to the plan
Al-Saleh, 8 (Yasser Al-Saleh, Paul Upham and Khaleel Malik, Manchester Institute for Innovation Research, “Renewable Energy Scenarios for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 10/08, http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/sites/default/files/wp125.pdf//SJ)
The Red Scenarios depict a future that is characterised by rapidly-dwindling oil reserves
AND
would be coupled with CCS in order to avoid increased greenhouse gas emissions.

Saudi relations suck- oil
Shapiro 11/26 (Jeremy, Foreign Policy, Iran and the U.S.-Saudi Bargain, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/11/26/iran_and_the_us_saudi_bargain)
For the past 30 years, the United States has treated Saudi Arabia as its
AND
officials to question U.S. resolve and commitment to the region. 

Iran and Arab Spring already destroyed relations with the US, west- oil is irrelevant
Black 11/28 (Ian, The Guardian, Saudi Arabia irritated by the changing US relationship with Iran, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/28/saudi-arabia-irritated-iran-us-nuclear-deal)
¶ Barack Obama phoned King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia on Wednesday to "reiterate the
AND
will still be here." But a raw nerve has been painfully exposed.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Centennial | Judge: Melvin Washington
Security K

1 chance we’re right means we outweigh- at worst our intervention only prevents inevitable escalation- the alt produces transition wars
Yoon 03 – Professor of International Relations at Seoul National University; former Foreign Minister of South Korea (Young-Kwan, “Introduction: Power Cycle Theory and the Practice of International Relations”, International Political Science Review 2003; vol. 24; p. 7-8)

In history, the effort to balance power quite often tended to start too late
AND
major war, not the nature of a particular type of international system. 

Perm solves the link and best protects the individual from danger
Lott 4, Anthony, Professor of PoliSci. Creating Insecurity. Page 65-7, KHaze

In this section, I take realism and political constructivism to be two interpretations of
AND
are induced to reconsider those policies in order to render them more coherent. 

Perm- do the plan and reject absolute scenarios in IR- realist motivations are key to progressive politics
Murray-Professor of Politics at the University of Wales-1997 (Alastair J.H., “Reconstructing Realism: Between Power Politics and Cosmopolitan Ethics”, p. 193-196)

For realism, man remains, in the final analysis, limited by himself.  
AND
whatever measure of security is possible under contemporary conditions must first be ensured.

Security good-
a. Security prevents war
Glaser, 2010,Charles, professor in the Elliott School of International Affairs and
AND
MIT. “Rational Theory of International Politics”, p. 7, KH

To analyze the impact of the international environment on a state’s behavior, I focus
AND
greedy state because the action would be less costly for a security seeker.

b. Security solves paranoia- prevents the impact
Michael Dillon, Professor of International Relations at the University of Lancaster, 1996 and#34;Security, philosophy and politicsand#34;, Politics of Security: Towards a political philosophy of continental thought, Routledge p. 19-20 

Hence, just as political thought has its inception in metaphysics, so metaphysics has
AND
makes us the and#39;weand#39; of the and#39;Westand#39; - then we must secure security.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: Centennial | Judge: Melvin Washington
Security K

1 chance we’re right means we outweigh- at worst our intervention only prevents inevitable escalation- the alt produces transition wars
Yoon 03 – Professor of International Relations at Seoul National University; former Foreign Minister of South Korea (Young-Kwan, “Introduction: Power Cycle Theory and the Practice of International Relations”, International Political Science Review 2003; vol. 24; p. 7-8)

In history, the effort to balance power quite often tended to start too late
AND
major war, not the nature of a particular type of international system. 

Perm solves the link and best protects the individual from danger
Lott 4, Anthony, Professor of PoliSci. Creating Insecurity. Page 65-7, KHaze

In this section, I take realism and political constructivism to be two interpretations of
AND
are induced to reconsider those policies in order to render them more coherent. 

Perm- do the plan and reject absolute scenarios in IR- realist motivations are key to progressive politics
Murray-Professor of Politics at the University of Wales-1997 (Alastair J.H., “Reconstructing Realism: Between Power Politics and Cosmopolitan Ethics”, p. 193-196)

For realism, man remains, in the final analysis, limited by himself.  
AND
whatever measure of security is possible under contemporary conditions must first be ensured.

Security good-
a. Security prevents war
Glaser, 2010,Charles, professor in the Elliott School of International Affairs and
AND
MIT. “Rational Theory of International Politics”, p. 7, KH

To analyze the impact of the international environment on a state’s behavior, I focus
AND
greedy state because the action would be less costly for a security seeker.

b. Security solves paranoia- prevents the impact
Michael Dillon, Professor of International Relations at the University of Lancaster, 1996 and#34;Security, philosophy and politicsand#34;, Politics of Security: Towards a political philosophy of continental thought, Routledge p. 19-20 

Hence, just as political thought has its inception in metaphysics, so metaphysics has
AND
makes us the and#39;weand#39; of the and#39;Westand#39; - then we must secure security.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West | Judge: Talya Slaw
Federal action is key – agency oversight
GNEB 11 – Good Neighbor Environmental Board, The Good Neighbor Environmental Board was created in 1992 by the Enterprise for the Americas ¶ Initiative Act, Public Law 102-532.The purpose of the Board is to “advise the President and the ¶ Congress on the need for implementation of environmental and infrastructure projects (including ¶ projects that affect agriculture, rural development, and human nutrition) within the States of the ¶ United States contiguous to Mexico in order to improve the quality of life of persons residing on ¶ the United States side of the border.” ¶ The Board is charged with submitting an annual report to the President and the Congress. ¶ Management responsibilities for the Board were delegated to the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Executive Order 12916 on May 13, 1994
(“The Potential Environmental and Economic Benefits of Renewable Energy Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region,” http://www.epa.gov/ofacmo/gneb/gneb14threport/English-GNEB-14th-Report.pdf)//BB
Several U.S. federal agencies play a role in regulating and promoting renewable
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All of these agencies also must comply with NEPA and implement executive orders.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata | Judge: David Heidt

1. We meet- Engagement is Technical assistance
   Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

While the term "engagement" enjoys great consistency and clarity of meaning in the
AND
positive sanctions; (3) defining engagement in an unnecessarily restrictive manner.

Counter interpretation: Energy is economic engagement -- they tie the two economies together
 Jacobson 13      ROBERTA S. JACOBSON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR WESTERN HEMISPHERE AFFAIRS  JUNE 18, 2013    WRITTEN TESTIMONY  BEFORE SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE WESTERN HEMISPHERE SUBCOMMITTEE http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/06/20130618276661.html#axzz2awqrwS5F
ECONOMIC AND ENERGY ENGAGEMENT The United States and Mexico share one of the world’s most
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look forward to working with the Senators to move this important legislation forward.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pace | Judge: Amy Feinberg

1. We meet: plan increases economic cooperation
   Department of State 13 (U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement¶ Fact Sheet¶ Office of the Spokesperson¶ Washington, DC¶ May 2, 2013. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/05/208650.htm)
   Mexican law currently prohibits Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) from jointly developing resources with leaseholders
   AND
   all safety and environmental measures.¶ Both the U.S. House of
   Representatives and the Senate have introduced bills that would approve the Transboundary Agreement and give the Secretary of the Interior the necessary authorization to implement the agreement. The Administration looks forward to speedy passage of the authorizing legislation

2. Counter interpretation: Energy and the Agreement are economic engagement -- they tie the two economies together
 Jacobson 13      ROBERTA S. JACOBSON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR WESTERN HEMISPHERE AFFAIRS  JUNE 18, 2013    WRITTEN TESTIMONY  BEFORE SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE WESTERN HEMISPHERE SUBCOMMITTEE http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/06/20130618276661.html#axzz2awqrwS5F
ECONOMIC AND ENERGY ENGAGEMENT¶ The United States and Mexico share one of the world’s
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look forward to working with the Senators to move this important legislation forward.¶

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kinkaid | Judge: Sheila Peterson

1. We meet- Economic means trade, business and finance and includes energy
   Shafritz 92    Jay M Shafritz, The Harper Collins Dictionary of American Government and Politics 1992  p 195
   Economic policy The process by which a nation manages its trade, business, and
   AND
   easily changed.  See also FISCAL POLICY; MONETARY POLICY; POLITICAL ECONOMY.

Their card says THA is economic engagement
2. We meet- the cooperation based off of economic engagement includes joint inspection
Department of State 13 (U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement Fact Sheet Office of the Spokesperson Washington, DC May 2, 2013. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/05/208650.htm)
Mexican law currently prohibits Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) from jointly developing resources with leaseholders
AND
all safety and environmental measures. Both the U.S. House of
Representatives and the Senate have introduced bills that would approve the Transboundary Agreement and give the Secretary of the Interior the necessary authorization to implement the agreement. The Administration looks forward to speedy passage of the authorizing legislation

3. Counter interpretation: Energy and the Agreement are economic engagement -- they tie the two economies together
 Jacobson 13      ROBERTA S. JACOBSON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR WESTERN HEMISPHERE AFFAIRS  JUNE 18, 2013    WRITTEN TESTIMONY  BEFORE SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE WESTERN HEMISPHERE SUBCOMMITTEE http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/06/20130618276661.html#axzz2awqrwS5F
ECONOMIC AND ENERGY ENGAGEMENT The United States and Mexico share one of the world’s most
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look forward to working with the Senators to move this important legislation forward.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 8 | Opponent: Groves | Judge: Stephen Weil
*Human suffering is immoral -- we should take action to prevent it -- even if human systems of morality are arbitrary, we can recognize the potential for undesirable outcomes when we see them

Paul Santilli, Siena College, 2003 “Radical Evil, Subjection, and Alain Badiou’s Ethics of the Truth Event,” World Congress of The International Society for Universal Dialogue in Pyrgos, Greece
on May 18-22, 2003 http://www.isud.org/papers/pdfs/Santilli.pdf

One would like to reverse this with a blunt assertion: The annihilation of people
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of it typologically or imagine it as regulating nature and natural bodies.17

*Taoism can’t inform policy – the nature of the Tao can’t be translated into policy action means the K’s predictions should be rejected
Meng 4 – Doctoral Candidate at the University of Singapore
(Jude, E’ntrepreneurial-Discovery, Policy and the Tao (Way) of Economic Efficacy: Updating the Wang Bi commentary on the Tao te-Ching,” http://mises.org/journals/scholar/Meng4.pdf, dml) *We reject gendered language

There is one staring problem with this. This is that, supposing one can
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game. 6 Correlative Taoism cannot work as a basis for public policy.

*Taoism cannot possibly justify a negative ballot because it can't justify anything. This is a dictionary definition of the critique linking to itself and it certainly doesn't preclude acting to alleviate suffering

Seymour – No Date (Richard, “Tao and morality,” Taoism.net, The Supplement.  
Online http://sites.google.com/site/taoismnet/home/supplement/tao-and-morality) Accessed 09.16.11 jfs

But what is Taoism’s position? Taoism doesn’t have a position on anything, exactly
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do, but nor does it provide excuses for us to do nothing.

*Perm do both – the alternative alone can’t solve because it relies on faulty western dualistic thinking – we should combine mutually complementary perspectives – mutual exclusivity is a lie
Lee ’07 (Kwang-Sae, Ph.D. + Professor of Philosophy @ Kent State University, “Two Ways of Perspectivism: Nietzschean and Taoist”, International Journal for Field-Being, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2007)
According to the traditional dualistic Western way of thinking, what is true and what
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) you and wu, and other pairs of relatives are mutually complementary.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata | Judge: David Heidt
Key to clean tech leadership
Chu 11-3 – US Energy Secretary
Steven, “Secretary Chu: America Faces a Choice to “Compete in the Clean Energy Race” or “Wave the White Flag”,” Re-posted @ http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2011/11/03/360402/secretary-chu-clean-energy-race/
Once again, there is a huge opportunity before us – a global clean energy
AND
sold around the world.  That’s how we’ll prosper in the 21st century.
Clean tech leadership averts global war – independently turns warming and economy
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
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means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

Tournament: Michigan | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West | Judge: Talya Slaw
Tech Leadership
Key to clean tech leadership
Chu 11-3 – US Energy Secretary
Steven, “Secretary Chu: America Faces a Choice to “Compete in the Clean Energy Race” or “Wave the White Flag”,” Re-posted @ http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2011/11/03/360402/secretary-chu-clean-energy-race/
Once again, there is a huge opportunity before us – a global clean energy
AND
sold around the world.  That’s how we’ll prosper in the 21st century.
Clean tech leadership averts global war – independently turns warming and economy
Klarevas 9 – Professor of Global Affairs
Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Leland | Judge: Pramanik

1. The role of the ballot is determining whether a topical plan is better than the status quo or a competitive policy option
    a) Predictability- We need a stable stasis point in order to clash and hone decision making skills
    b) CTP
   Discussing the merits of the plan is key to substantive education
   McClean 2001, David E, Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm 

There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
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critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."  

Object-oriented view of nature inevitable – means concrete action key
Levy 99- PhD @ Centre for Critical Theory at Monash
Neil, “Discourses of the Environment,” ed: Eric Darier, p. 215
If the ‘technological fix’ is unlikely to be more successful than strategies of limitation
AND
and of those with whom we share this planet, will be decided?

Managerialism is good – we need to have a technological approach in order to prevent extinction
Heaberlin, 4 – nuclear engineer, led the Nuclear Safety and Technology Applications Product Line at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Scott, A Case for Nuclear-Generated Electricity, p. 31-40)
Well, then let's not do that, huh? Well, no, not
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use technology wisely and win free to make a better life for everyone.

Abandoning nature causes extinction
Soulé 95 – Natural Resources Professor, California (Michael and Gary Lease, Reinventing Nature?, p 159-60, AG)

The decision has already been made in most places. Some of the ecological myths
AND
, management is the only viable alternative to massive attrition of living nature. 

Extinction outweighs ontology
Jonas 96 Hans, Former Alvin Johnson Prof. Phil. At the New School for Social Research and Former Eric Voegelin Visiting Prof. at U. Munich, *do not agree with gendered language,  Mortality and Morality: A Search for the Good after Auschwitz, pg 111-2
With this look ahead at an ethics for the future, we are touching at
AND
this confession of faith we come to the end of our essay ontology. 

And, permutation- do th plan and all mutually exclusive parts of the alternative

That solves best – incorporation affirms unavoidable use, but denies domination
Dreyfus, 06 (Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley (Hubert, "Nihilism, Art, Technology, and Politics", the Cambridge Companion to Heidegger)
Heidegger, however, sees that "it would be foolish to attack technology blindly
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our restricted modern clearing by acknowledging our essential receptivity to understandings of being.

And, the alt fails – thought is too engrained
Riis 11—Carlsberg Research Fellow and Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Science Studies at Roskilde University, Ph.D. from Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (Søren, 8 February 2011, “Towards the origin of modern technology: reconfiguring Martin Heidegger’s thinking,” RBatra)

• • Gestell (or sometimes Ge-stell) is a German word used by twentieth century German philosopher Martin Heidegger to describe what lies behind or beneath modern technology.1
    Moreover, Heidegger maintains: ‘‘Readiness-to-hand is the way in
    AND
    revolutionizing our technology, instead, we must revise our very human existence.
    Calculative thought inevitable – they’ve calculated how to use the K to win a ballot

Tech thought is inevitable
Kateb, professor of politics – Princeton, ‘97
(George, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_/ai_19952031)

But the question arises as to where a genuine principle of limitation on technological endeavor
AND
least, are not to be cut loose from the highest human aspiration.

The only objective approach to knowledge is empirical falsification through the scientific method and historical decision-making.
Fischer, 98 – Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University (Frank, “Beyond Empiricism: Policy Inquiry in Postpositivist Perspective”, Published in Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 26. No.1 (Spring, 1998): 129-146)

Neopositivism (or logical empiricism) has supplied the epistemological ideals of the contemporary social
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value-free objectivity that neopositivists seek to reaffirm and more intensively apply.

Grid solves biodiversity
Terna 10 (Terna is a focal point for the revitalization of the Italian economy. Electricity infrastructure is a priority for development and employment. Through its professional expertise, Terna has achieved record investments of €6.5 billion, aimed at reducing energy costs and at creating value for the company, for its shareholders and for the country., Case study: biodiversity and electricity lines, http://www.terna.it/default/home_en/sustainability/environment/Biodiversity_and_electricity_lines/Biodiversity.aspx)
• Surprisingly, the electricity grid infrastructures can host biodiversity;¶ • The renaturation of
AND
and redeveloping on a small, medium and large scale the degraded habitats.

Fast species collapse overwhelms our planet’s normal stabilization processes and causes extinction.
Suurküla 2006 – Chairman of Physicians and Scientists (Jaan, M.D., for Responsible Application of Science and Technology (PSRAST), “World-wide cooperation required to prevent global crisis; Part one— the problem”, Physicians and Scientists for Responsible Application of Science and Technology, 6/24, http://www.globalissues.org/article/171/loss-of-biodiversity-and-extinctions)

The world environmental situation is likely to be further aggravated by the increasingly rapid,
AND
coming 50 years. The most important cause was found to be climate change

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 4 | Opponent: Washburn East | Judge: dont remember
The United States federal government should engage with Mexico in a bilateral trade agreement that includes humanitarian aid on forced migratory labor.

The problem of human trafficking on both sides of the U.S. – Mexico border has prevailed because of the border complex. No current national or international laws effectively solve this.

GARZA 2011 (Rocio, Candidate for Juris Doctor, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, May 2011; A.B. (2005) Harvard University, CARDOZO J. OF INT’L and COMP. LAW, March, www.cjicl.com/uploads/2/9/5/9/2959791/cjicl_19.2_garza_note.pdf?)
On any given day, a Mexican woman will be promised a good paying job
AND
human trafficking must take into consideration both countries’ interests through a bilateral partnership.

The migratory space along the border has been created by restrictive U.S. immigration policy. When laborers are caught, they’re sent back with their captors. This is a trace of U.S. – Mexican economic integration, but no current policy on either side is addressing it.

Tiano et al, Director of Latin American Institute at New Mexico, 2k5 (Susan Tiano, Professor of Sociology, and Director of the Latin American and Iberian Institute at the University of New Mexico (USA). AND Billy Ulibarri, doctoral student at the University of New Mexico AND Carolina Ramos, Juris Doctorate Candidate at the University of New Mexico School of Law and an MA Candidate in Latin American Studies, University of New Mexico, cites another article published in 2005, “Human Trafficking on the US-Mexico Border”, http://www.freedomfromfearmagazine.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=92:human-trafficking-on-the-us-mexico-borderandcatid=37:issue-1andItemid=159)//EM
The U.S.-Mexico border presents a distinctive set of challenges for combating
AND
can contribute to labour trafficking along the U.S.-Mexico border.

The U.S. border complex contributes to overall U.S. geopolitics. It engages in frontier warfare in order to secure its own coherence. Only admitting to the complex and correcting it can solve U.S. statecraft.

Coleman, Department of Geography at UCLA, 2k5 (Matt Coleman – Department of Geography, UCLA, 2005, “U.S. statecraft and the U.S.–Mexico border as security/economy nexus”) MD 

Importantly, the border as security/economy nexus suggests a geography of¶ statecraft
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frontier warfare in the form of hard borders and tough¶ immigration legislation.

State control of migratory and capital flows are a symptom of a form of globalization that favors high-income countries and sees the remainder as simply a labor pool. What has resulted is that demand for labor has resulted in monstrous supply techniques, quietly endorsed by both sides.

Silvey et al. 2007 Silvey, Rachel, PhD University of Washington, Olson, Elizabeth, University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, and Truleove, Yaffa, PhD Student, Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Denver, "Transnationalism and (Im)mobility: The Politics of Border Crossings"
In contrast to most migration research, critical political geography views the state, and
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are being constituted and regulated through and against these new state forms …’

Put down your Alt Causes - subordination of working bodies and their coercive smuggling is a direct result of U.S.-Mexico border policies.  

Shapiro, Professor of Political Science at Hawaii, 2012 (Michael J. Professor of Political Science at the University of Hawai’i, M?noa, “A continuing violent cartography From Guadalupe Hidalgo to contemporary border crossings” in The New Violent Cartography Chapter 15)
The various U.S. policy initiatives aimed at controlling the traffic across the
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either refused or could not pay a fee for a safe ¶ crossing.

The U.S.-Mexico border isn’t an isolated place, it’s a global phenomenon, and the human trafficking problem explains a U.S. geopolitics of containment that manifests itself inside and across all borders.  

Coleman again in 7 Mathew, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,  A Geopolitics of Engagement:¶ “Neoliberalism, the War on Terrorism,¶ and the Reconfiguration of US¶ Immigration Enforcement,” Geopolitics, 12:607–634, 2007
The tension between trade and security at the Mexico-US border is a longstanding
AND
the Mexico-US border is becoming as deep as it is wide.

The attempt at internal order through a well-defined sovereign makes violent war inevitable—enemies who cannot be made stable must be eliminated

Shapiro, again, in 1997 Michael J., Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of War, p. 72
To put the matter within the discourse of order, which emerged in the discussion
AND
attention to the selection and targeting of dangerous objects during the Gulf War.

Observation Two: Border Responsibility
The problem of forced labor on the border can’t be separated from questions of responsibility. There’s two internal links for how we understand our responsibility. First, the us-them dichotomy between Western families and the global South. 

Todres, Professor of Law at Georgia State, 2k9 (Jonathan, Professor of Law at Georgia State University, “Law, Otherness, and Human Trafficking”, July 2009, Accessed via Project MUSE, SG)

Trafficking and exploitation of individuals within the United States and other countries in the Global
AND
other Western countries and for the rest of us to neglect their plight.

The second internal link is that we’re all consumers in a culture of disposal. Human trafficking for sex, labor, or body parts all thrive off of an economic environment that exploits the commercial function of human beings.

Truong, Associate Professor at the International Institute of Social Studies, 2k1 (Thahn-Dam, PhD in International Studios, Associate Professor at the International Institute of Social Studies, “HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND ORGANISED CRIME”, July 2001, http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/19084/wp339.pdf, pgs. 13-14, SG)
Domination through the new forms of cultural expression of desire, be it in sex
AND
the modes of cognition and re-cognition of what constitutes humanity today.

Current frameworks for responsibility pertaining to forced labor ignore the structural factors of the migrant labor regime. The reason our current local and national policies are failing is because of this inadequate moral calculus.

Hathaway, Interdisciplinary Studies at Portland State, 12 (Dana, Masters in Interdisciplinary Studies at Portland State University, “Human Trafficking and Slavery: Towards a New Framework for Prevention and Responsibility”, 2012, accessed via ProQuest, SG)
The focus on direct perpetrators, to the exclusion of other structural causal factors,
AND
-structural processes and includes this understanding in assigning responsibility for the problem.

In the face of forced labor, we must realize that we should be fully responsible, but that we can never be responsible enough - embracing shame as a starting point to initiate the plan is key. Shame is the primordial experience that comes from acknowledging the horrors that make our existence possible, and knowing simultaneously that escape from those horrors is impossible.

Murphy, School of Philosophy at New South Wales, 2k4.  Ann is currently a New South Global Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of Philosophy at the University of New South Wales. She received her PhD from the University of Memphis, where she wrote her dissertation on the relationship between ethics and politics in Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and Foucault.  “The Political Significance of Shame” Borderlands e-journal.  Vol. 3 No. 1, 2004.  www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu

What emerges from the discussion of shame in Levinas is the ahistoricism of his account
AND
be responsible for history, but rather that we cannot be responsible enough.

We must turn away from attempts to economize responsibility, and instead to open ourselves to shame, to the thinking of our subject positions as those who advocate on behalf of horrors that will not be resolved by our advocacy.  Doing so forces us to acknowledge our complicity with the horrors in the world around us.

Murphy again in 4.  Ann is currently a New South Global Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of Philosophy at the University of New South Wales. She received her PhD from the University of Memphis, where she wrote her dissertation on the relationship between ethics and politics in Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and Foucault.  “The Political Significance of Shame” Borderlands e-journal.  Vol. 3 No. 1, 2004.  www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu

Exactly what is motivating this flight from responsibility in politics? Rationalism or liberalism run
AND
surely not by virtue of any desire to deny responsibility for the past.

This is not individual morality – our plan and our advantage can’t be separated. The two are joined at the hip of our advocacy and are key to self-correcting political communities that solve all impacts in the future.

Bauman 95   Zygmunt.  Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Leeds.  “He is known worldwide for his recent work in the social theory of modernity and postmodernity.”  Life in Fragments.  Pp.  286-287

For such a guidance, we have no indubitable and universally agreed codes and rules
AND
. They can only come together; neither is thinkable without the other.
?
Every political action is limited. Admitting that doesn’t mean our plan doesn’t solve – it allows states to concretize ethics into politics in order to fulfill social promises. This crowds out ideology and totalitarianism and makes room for formal justice.

Tahmasebi, Assistant Professor of Humanities at Toronto, 2k10 Victoria, assistant professor in women's studies/humanities at the University of Toronto Scarborough, “Does Levinas justify or transcend liberalism? Levinas on human Liberation”, Philosophy Social Criticism June 2010 vol. 36 no. 5 KD
The liberal readings of Levinas’ ethics, however, point to a deeper dilemma,
AND
structures as ontological givens stemming from the unresolved paradox between ethics and politics.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 4 | Opponent: Washburn East | Judge: dont remember

1. We meet- Human trafficking is at its core an economic issue – traffickers are motivated by the benefits of the trafficking market
   Wheaton et al 10 (Elizabeth M. Wheaton – professor @ Red Oak Texas, Edward J. Schauer – Proffessor @ AandM University, and Thomas V. Galli – Professor @ Chinade Unviersity of Honolulu, “Economics of Human Trafficking”, International Migration, 2010, https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/247221/original/Economics2Bof2BHuman2BTrafficking.pdf) MaxL
   This paper models the human traf?cking market as a monopolistic competition consisting of many sellers
   AND
   be willing to employ traf?cked victims would be at a price below PHIGH.

2. Counter interpEconomic Engagement is using economic contacts like agreement and humanitarian aid
Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT¶ In order to establish a more effective framework for
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.¶
3. We Meet
Humanitarian aid is key to solve trafficking
Calkins 14 (Kelly, Staff writer for Borgen, http://www.borgenmagazine.com/haiyan-natural-disasters-human-trafficking/, Accessed 2/1/14, RRR)
Unfortunately, intervention in human trafficking is not prioritized in disaster relief efforts, though
AND
contingency planning, and must start in the emergency phase of disaster response.”

4. Trafficking itself is an economic issue
DANAILOVA-TRAINOR AND LACZKO 2010 (Gergana, US GAO; and Frank, International Organization for Migration, International Migration 48:4, Wiley Online Library)
Trafficking is a complex development issue because it has many different dimensions: “It
AND
its victims are stripped of their human rights” (UNDP, 2007).

5. Reject their T violation- it tries to constrict us from debating a vital topic to economic development
DANAILOVA-TRAINOR AND LACZKO 2010 (Gergana, US GAO; and Frank, International Organization for Migration, International Migration 48:4, Wiley Online Library)
Human trafficking is possibly the worst human development outcome linked to increasing global mobility.
AND
paradigm, which tends to focus policy primarily on short-term interventions.

THE NEGATIVE’S ARGUMENT IS A DISCIPLINARY TECHNOLOGY THAT ENTRENCHES DOMINATION

Bleiker, 97 Roland; Co-Director of the University of Queensland’s Rotary Centre for International Studies in Peace and Conflict Resolution; Forget IR Theory; Alternatives: Social Transformation and Humane Governance, Jan-Mar97, Vol 222 Issue 1, p. 63-65
The doorkeepers of IR are those who
AND
Are reactivated each time one speaks

Tournament: Georgia | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster WZ | Judge: Arsht
PT
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico through the joint construction of a transmission grid system.
Advantage 1: Grid Collapse
Development of a hemispheric energy partnership insulates the US from inevitable energy shocks that would collapse the new and critical infrastructure –
Alison Terry, 2012, International Affairs Review, Vol. 20, No. 3., "Policy and Practice in North American Energy Security," http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/North20American20Energy20Security.pdf

The United States, Canada, and Mexico each has a unique history in the
AND
face of tenuous ¶ import-export relationships in the international energy trade.
The Electric grid is extremely unstable- anything can cause a shut down.
Tollefson, Jeff 8/26/13 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/us-electrical-grid-on-failure/AY
The electric grid, which operates as a series of networks that are defined by
AND
others question whether the team’s conclusions can really be extrapolated to the real world

And, additional Transmission lines are critical to U.S. grid stability
AND
in building a green, prosperous, and vibrant low-carbon economy.
Grid collapse causes massive nuclear meltdowns
Caldicott 5
(Helen, Australian physician who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985 and is the president of the Nuclear Policy Research Institute based in Washington. She spoke with UPI National Security Correspondent Martin Sieff., Titel: Nuclear-war threat still very real, http://www.airpower.at/forum/viewtopic.php?t=900)
And if you detonate a single
AND
and it would be very easy to do.
And, even a Small grid failure brings down the entire system – impact is chemical plant explosions which are worse than atomic bombs

Latynina 2003
Yulia Latynina, journalist for Novaya GazetaWorld Press Review (VOL. 50, No. 11) www.worldpress.org/Americas/1579.cfm
The scariest thing about the cascading
AND
actions of a drunken dispatcher or random lightning.
Statistics prove diversionary war theory
Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Advantage 2: Clean Tech
US-Mexico collaboration creates an expertise bank – spurs global modeling –
Bennett 11 (Nicholas, Regional Sales Representative – Terryberry Company, “Smart Grid Technology – Mexico’s Upcoming Market Boon,” University of Arizona, http://next.eller.arizona.edu/courses/BusinessInternationalEnvironments/Fall2011/student_papers/finalnicholasbennett.pdf)

The lack of synchronicity and communication between competing smart grid providers is possibly the most
AND
grid systems is a proactive response to an emerging and exciting new market. 

Mexico set to be model for energy efficiency, poor energy infrastructure stops it
Lundin 13 (Barbara Vergetis Lundin, July 31, 2013, FierceSmartGrid, “Mexico's unprecedented smart grid opportunity”, http://www.fiercesmartgrid.com/story/mexicos-unprecedented-smart-grid-opportunity/2013-07-31)
Mexico is poised to become a major smart grid market over the next decade.
AND
energy efficiency and sustainability goals into broader programs driven by smart grid initiatives.

This is integral for scaling up transmission connectivity and renewable tech –creates anticipatory planning processes that solves status quo deficiencies
Marcelino Madrigal (senior energy specialist in the World Bank’s Energy Anchor Unit of the Sustainable Energy Department (SEGEN). He has previously held positions at the Inter-American Development Bank and the Ministry of Energy, Energy Regulatory Commission, and Morelia Institute of Technology in Mexico. He holds a B.Sc, M.Sc, and Ph.D in Electrical Engineering with emphasis in Power Systems and Markets’ Operations and Planning) and  Steven Stoft (consulted for PJM Interconnection and ISO New England and is now a member of the Market Surveillance Committee of the California ISO. He holds a Ph.D. in economics and a B.S. in engineering from the University of California at Berkeley) June 2011 “Transmission Expansion for Renewable Energy Scale-Up Emerging Lessons and Recommendations” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTENERGY2/Resources/Transmission-Expansion-and-RE.pdf
Scaling up renewable energy, such as wind and solar, goes hand in hand
AND
transmission and, ideally, a value of renewable energy determined by policy makers 

Global grid is feasible – status quo innovation solves tech gaps – plan kick-starts global conversation
Peter Ruegg (studied Biology at ETH Zurich with focus on Ecology, Phytogeography and Biosystematics) 2013 “Green super power grid for the world” https://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/130312_global_grid/index_EN
 If we want to obtain power on a large scale from renewable energy sources
AND
discussion on a global network fed from renewable energy sources with their project.

Plan modelled globally – structural political and economic factors
Sierra Coughlin (member of IEEE's Society on Social Implications of Technology) 2011 “Smart Grid: A Smart Idea For America?” http://smartgrid.ieee.org/highlighted-papers/493-smart-grid-a-smart-idea-for-america
It is only in recent years that the U.S. government has invested
AND
importance and is often addressed in new legislation regarding the Smart Grid movement.
The global ‘transmission diplomacy’ de-escalates conflict and solves global instability
Daniel Kammen (Distinguished Professor of Energy at UC-Berkeley - directs the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory. From 2010 to 2011, he was the inaugural Chief Technical Specialist for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at the World Bank. ) November 20, 2013 “Good electricity grids make good neighbors” http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2013/11/20/good-electricity-grids-make-good-neighbors/
Today we face a different situation, where “front lines” of conflict have
AND
be well to make transmission diplomacy and development a centerpiece of foreign policy.
Troops realigning in Africa, flashpoint developing in South Sudan
Klapper 1/9 (Bradley, The Globe and Mail, U.S. scrambles to prevent civil war in South Sudan, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/us-scrambles-to-prevent-civil-war-in-south-sudan/article16273917/)
Three years after midwifing South Sudan’s birth, the United States is desperately trying to
AND
, their disruption of oil exports has worsened South Sudan’s already miserable economic condition
That escalates to great power war status
Sachs 8 (Jeffrey, Dir. Earth Institute – Columbia U., National Interest, “A User’s Guide to the Century”, July/August, L/N)

THE NEW world order is therefore crisis prone. The existence of rapidly emerging regional
AND
South Africa of late, and even to war, as in Darfur.
Afghan instability goes global causing nuclear war
Morgan in ‘7
(Stephen, Former Member of the British Labour Party Executive committee, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?” http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)
However events may prove him sorely wrong. Indeed, his policy could completely backfire
AND
in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.   
Advantage 3: Mexico
Domestic Mexican energy production is falling rapidly and a shift to reliance on US imports is unsustainable. Mexico needs a new and reliable source of power
Petroleum Economist 7/18 “Mexico relies on US as oil supply falls and gas demand rises,” Petroleum Economist, 7/18/2013, http://www.petroleum-economist.com/Article/3232708/Mexico-relies-on-US-as-oil-supply-falls-and-gas-demand-rises.html
As its oil production keeps falling, Mexico is turning to natural gas to diversify
AND
supplies or open its upstream to investors that could unlock more domestic energy.
This crushes the Mexican economy – oil revenues are critical to public spending
Villarreal ’12 M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance @ CRS, “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations:  Trends, Issues, and Implications,” Congressional Research Service, 8/9/2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf
Mexico’s long-term economic recovery and stability partially depend upon what happens in the
AND
wells and also lacks resources for investment in increasing engineering capacity and exploration.
Grid investment will boost both the US and Mexican economies
Wood, Director of the Mexico Institute, 8/31
(Duncan, 2013, Wilson Center, "Growing Potential for U.S-Mexico Energy Cooperation,"http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wood_energy.pdf, p 41, Accessed 8/31/13)
Mexico’s electricity sector has gone through significant changes over the past twenty years since the
AND
, which has seen ¶ and rapid growth in capacity in recent years.
Mexican economic collapse kills US and Mexico’s manufacturing sectors
Villarreal ’10 9/16/10, M. Angeles Villarreal is an Analyst in International Trade and Finance in the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of the Congressional Research Service. “The Mexican Economy After the Global
Financial Crisis,” Congressional Research Service http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41402.pdf¶)
Manufacturing industries have been severely affected by the decline in external demand,particularly in
AND
, a loss of 268,647 jobs (14 decrease).28

Manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. deterrence
O’Hanlon et al 12 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O'Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012,” pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon um-ef)
The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
AND
civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.
Credible deterrence stops conflict escalation and prevents nuke war.
Robinson 2001 – Director of Sandia National Laboratories (C. Paul, 3/22/01, "A White Paper: Pursuing a Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21 st Century," http://www.mindfully.org/Nucs/Nuclear-Weapons-Policy-21stC.htm)
Additionally, throughout the Cold War and ever since, there has been a steady
AND
, and urge that we do so in the upcoming Nuclear Posture Review.
Nuclear deterrence becomes in my view a "countervailing" force and, in fact, a potent antidote to military aggression on the part of nations. But to succeed in harnessing this power, effective nuclear weapons strategies and policies are necessary ingredients to help shape and maintain a stable and peaceful world.
Defense industrial base deters war with Russia
Watts 2008 (Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, “The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future,” CBA, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__)

Since the 1950s, the US defense industrial base has been a source of long
AND
term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s.
That’s the only scenario for Extinction
Bostrom, 2002  
Nick, Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios  and Related Hazards," 38,  www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.
Oil-based cooperation is unsustainable – the plan is key to sustainable US-Mexico relations
-currently happening
Donnelly, Program Associate, Mexico Institute, ‘10
(Robert, 5/24/10, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda”, js)
Wood cited recent developments that have encouraged renewable energy investment in Mexico. Mexico's oil
AND
, and specifically suggested that energy attaches be assigned to the embassy and consulates
Energy infrastructure integration is key to broader border cooperation
Sweedler et al 5 (Alan, *Assistant Vice President for International Programs at San Diego State University, Director of the Center for Energy Studies and the Environmental Sciences Program and Professor of Physics, Founder of SDSU's program on International Security and Conflict Resolution, Congressional Science Fellow in the US Senate, and a Carnegie Science Fellow at Stanford University in the area of arms control and international security, Margarito Quintero Núñez, Kimberly Collins, “Energy Issues in the U.S.-Mexican
Binational Region: Focus on California-Baja California,” http://scerp.org/pubs/m11/chapter201-5.pdf)

Energy is an indispensable lifeblood of the U.S.-Mexican border region and
AND
responsible for regulating the energy sector in both the United States and Mexico.
SEQUENCING is vital – Focusing on renewables spills over to the rest of the relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)//BB
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic
AND
S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
This outweighs alternate causes
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Mexico Institute), May, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)

This study examines one of the most important and potentially lucrative dimensions of the growth
AND
that have had a significant impact on both Mexico and on bilateral relations.

Energy cooperation’s key to the overall relations and US leadership
Roberts and Walser 13 (James M., Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics – The Heritage Foundation, and Dr. Ray, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, “The Hagel, Kerry, and Brennan Senate Confirmation Hearings: U.S. Policy for the Western Hemisphere,” Heritage Foundation, 1-18, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/kerry-hagel-and-brennan-senate-confirmation-hearings-us-policy-for-the-western-hemisphere)

Mexico’s fight against organized crime has cast a doleful shadow over U.S.–
AND
to project global leadership without a democratic, prosperous, and stable Mexico.
Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign
AND
, and border,terrorism,  health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND
AND
assembled on U.S. soil  into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Lines are chosen, presidential permit required
Dombek 12 (Carl, Renewablesbiz.com-covering the business of renewable and sustainable energy, Route recommended for US/Mexico transmission line Access for cross-border wind development, http://www.renewablesbiz.com/article/12/06/route-recommended-usmexico-transmission-line)
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has identified its preferred
AND
the proposed action no sooner than 30 days after the NOA was published.
Obama approved a presidential permit in November
Platts 11/12 (US FERC approves permit for gas export facilities at Mexican border, http://www.platts.com/latest-news/natural-gas/washington/us-ferc-approves-permit-for-gas-export-facilities-21813412)
The US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has approved a presidential permit allowing a subsidiary of
AND
County, Texas, to the export facility, according to the order.

Tournament: Georgia | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster WZ | Judge: Arsht
PT
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its economic engagement with Mexico through the joint construction of a transmission grid system.
Advantage 1: Grid Collapse
Development of a hemispheric energy partnership insulates the US from inevitable energy shocks that would collapse the new and critical infrastructure –
Alison Terry, 2012, International Affairs Review, Vol. 20, No. 3., "Policy and Practice in North American Energy Security," http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/North20American20Energy20Security.pdf

The United States, Canada, and Mexico each has a unique history in the
AND
face of tenuous ¶ import-export relationships in the international energy trade.
The Electric grid is extremely unstable- anything can cause a shut down.
Tollefson, Jeff 8/26/13 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/us-electrical-grid-on-failure/AY
The electric grid, which operates as a series of networks that are defined by
AND
others question whether the team’s conclusions can really be extrapolated to the real world

And, additional Transmission lines are critical to U.S. grid stability
AND
in building a green, prosperous, and vibrant low-carbon economy.
Grid collapse causes massive nuclear meltdowns
Caldicott 5
(Helen, Australian physician who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985 and is the president of the Nuclear Policy Research Institute based in Washington. She spoke with UPI National Security Correspondent Martin Sieff., Titel: Nuclear-war threat still very real, http://www.airpower.at/forum/viewtopic.php?t=900)
And if you detonate a single
AND
and it would be very easy to do.
And, even a Small grid failure brings down the entire system – impact is chemical plant explosions which are worse than atomic bombs

Latynina 2003
Yulia Latynina, journalist for Novaya GazetaWorld Press Review (VOL. 50, No. 11) www.worldpress.org/Americas/1579.cfm
The scariest thing about the cascading
AND
actions of a drunken dispatcher or random lightning.
Statistics prove diversionary war theory
Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Advantage 2: Clean Tech
US-Mexico collaboration creates an expertise bank – spurs global modeling –
Bennett 11 (Nicholas, Regional Sales Representative – Terryberry Company, “Smart Grid Technology – Mexico’s Upcoming Market Boon,” University of Arizona, http://next.eller.arizona.edu/courses/BusinessInternationalEnvironments/Fall2011/student_papers/finalnicholasbennett.pdf)

The lack of synchronicity and communication between competing smart grid providers is possibly the most
AND
grid systems is a proactive response to an emerging and exciting new market. 

Mexico set to be model for energy efficiency, poor energy infrastructure stops it
Lundin 13 (Barbara Vergetis Lundin, July 31, 2013, FierceSmartGrid, “Mexico's unprecedented smart grid opportunity”, http://www.fiercesmartgrid.com/story/mexicos-unprecedented-smart-grid-opportunity/2013-07-31)
Mexico is poised to become a major smart grid market over the next decade.
AND
energy efficiency and sustainability goals into broader programs driven by smart grid initiatives.

This is integral for scaling up transmission connectivity and renewable tech –creates anticipatory planning processes that solves status quo deficiencies
Marcelino Madrigal (senior energy specialist in the World Bank’s Energy Anchor Unit of the Sustainable Energy Department (SEGEN). He has previously held positions at the Inter-American Development Bank and the Ministry of Energy, Energy Regulatory Commission, and Morelia Institute of Technology in Mexico. He holds a B.Sc, M.Sc, and Ph.D in Electrical Engineering with emphasis in Power Systems and Markets’ Operations and Planning) and  Steven Stoft (consulted for PJM Interconnection and ISO New England and is now a member of the Market Surveillance Committee of the California ISO. He holds a Ph.D. in economics and a B.S. in engineering from the University of California at Berkeley) June 2011 “Transmission Expansion for Renewable Energy Scale-Up Emerging Lessons and Recommendations” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTENERGY2/Resources/Transmission-Expansion-and-RE.pdf
Scaling up renewable energy, such as wind and solar, goes hand in hand
AND
transmission and, ideally, a value of renewable energy determined by policy makers 

Global grid is feasible – status quo innovation solves tech gaps – plan kick-starts global conversation
Peter Ruegg (studied Biology at ETH Zurich with focus on Ecology, Phytogeography and Biosystematics) 2013 “Green super power grid for the world” https://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/130312_global_grid/index_EN
 If we want to obtain power on a large scale from renewable energy sources
AND
discussion on a global network fed from renewable energy sources with their project.

Plan modelled globally – structural political and economic factors
Sierra Coughlin (member of IEEE's Society on Social Implications of Technology) 2011 “Smart Grid: A Smart Idea For America?” http://smartgrid.ieee.org/highlighted-papers/493-smart-grid-a-smart-idea-for-america
It is only in recent years that the U.S. government has invested
AND
importance and is often addressed in new legislation regarding the Smart Grid movement.
The global ‘transmission diplomacy’ de-escalates conflict and solves global instability
Daniel Kammen (Distinguished Professor of Energy at UC-Berkeley - directs the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory. From 2010 to 2011, he was the inaugural Chief Technical Specialist for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at the World Bank. ) November 20, 2013 “Good electricity grids make good neighbors” http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2013/11/20/good-electricity-grids-make-good-neighbors/
Today we face a different situation, where “front lines” of conflict have
AND
be well to make transmission diplomacy and development a centerpiece of foreign policy.
Troops realigning in Africa, flashpoint developing in South Sudan
Klapper 1/9 (Bradley, The Globe and Mail, U.S. scrambles to prevent civil war in South Sudan, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/us-scrambles-to-prevent-civil-war-in-south-sudan/article16273917/)
Three years after midwifing South Sudan’s birth, the United States is desperately trying to
AND
, their disruption of oil exports has worsened South Sudan’s already miserable economic condition
That escalates to great power war status
Sachs 8 (Jeffrey, Dir. Earth Institute – Columbia U., National Interest, “A User’s Guide to the Century”, July/August, L/N)

THE NEW world order is therefore crisis prone. The existence of rapidly emerging regional
AND
South Africa of late, and even to war, as in Darfur.
Afghan instability goes global causing nuclear war
Morgan in ‘7
(Stephen, Former Member of the British Labour Party Executive committee, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?” http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)
However events may prove him sorely wrong. Indeed, his policy could completely backfire
AND
in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.   
Advantage 3: Mexico
Domestic Mexican energy production is falling rapidly and a shift to reliance on US imports is unsustainable. Mexico needs a new and reliable source of power
Petroleum Economist 7/18 “Mexico relies on US as oil supply falls and gas demand rises,” Petroleum Economist, 7/18/2013, http://www.petroleum-economist.com/Article/3232708/Mexico-relies-on-US-as-oil-supply-falls-and-gas-demand-rises.html
As its oil production keeps falling, Mexico is turning to natural gas to diversify
AND
supplies or open its upstream to investors that could unlock more domestic energy.
This crushes the Mexican economy – oil revenues are critical to public spending
Villarreal ’12 M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance @ CRS, “U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations:  Trends, Issues, and Implications,” Congressional Research Service, 8/9/2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf
Mexico’s long-term economic recovery and stability partially depend upon what happens in the
AND
wells and also lacks resources for investment in increasing engineering capacity and exploration.
Grid investment will boost both the US and Mexican economies
Wood, Director of the Mexico Institute, 8/31
(Duncan, 2013, Wilson Center, "Growing Potential for U.S-Mexico Energy Cooperation,"http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/wood_energy.pdf, p 41, Accessed 8/31/13)
Mexico’s electricity sector has gone through significant changes over the past twenty years since the
AND
, which has seen ¶ and rapid growth in capacity in recent years.
Mexican economic collapse kills US and Mexico’s manufacturing sectors
Villarreal ’10 9/16/10, M. Angeles Villarreal is an Analyst in International Trade and Finance in the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of the Congressional Research Service. “The Mexican Economy After the Global
Financial Crisis,” Congressional Research Service http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41402.pdf¶)
Manufacturing industries have been severely affected by the decline in external demand,particularly in
AND
, a loss of 268,647 jobs (14 decrease).28

Manufacturing capabilities key to technology necessary for U.S. deterrence
O’Hanlon et al 12 (Mackenzie Eaglen, American Enterprise Institute Rebecca Grant, IRIS Research Robert P. Haffa, Haffa Defense Consulting Michael O'Hanlon, The Brookings Institution Peter W. Singer, The Brookings Institution Martin Sullivan, Commonwealth Consulting Barry Watts, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments “The Arsenal of Democracy and How to Preserve It: Key Issues in Defense Industrial Policy January 2012,” pg online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/2620defense20industrial20base/0126_defense_industrial_base_ohanlon um-ef)
The current wave of defense cuts is also different than past defense budget reductions in
AND
civilian and military export opportunities for the United States in a globalized marketplace.
Credible deterrence stops conflict escalation and prevents nuke war.
Robinson 2001 – Director of Sandia National Laboratories (C. Paul, 3/22/01, "A White Paper: Pursuing a Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21 st Century," http://www.mindfully.org/Nucs/Nuclear-Weapons-Policy-21stC.htm)
Additionally, throughout the Cold War and ever since, there has been a steady
AND
, and urge that we do so in the upcoming Nuclear Posture Review.
Nuclear deterrence becomes in my view a "countervailing" force and, in fact, a potent antidote to military aggression on the part of nations. But to succeed in harnessing this power, effective nuclear weapons strategies and policies are necessary ingredients to help shape and maintain a stable and peaceful world.
Defense industrial base deters war with Russia
Watts 2008 (Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (Barry D, “The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future,” CBA, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf__)

Since the 1950s, the US defense industrial base has been a source of long
AND
term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s.
That’s the only scenario for Extinction
Bostrom, 2002  
Nick, Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios  and Related Hazards," 38,  www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.
Oil-based cooperation is unsustainable – the plan is key to sustainable US-Mexico relations
-currently happening
Donnelly, Program Associate, Mexico Institute, ‘10
(Robert, 5/24/10, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda”, js)
Wood cited recent developments that have encouraged renewable energy investment in Mexico. Mexico's oil
AND
, and specifically suggested that energy attaches be assigned to the embassy and consulates
Energy infrastructure integration is key to broader border cooperation
Sweedler et al 5 (Alan, *Assistant Vice President for International Programs at San Diego State University, Director of the Center for Energy Studies and the Environmental Sciences Program and Professor of Physics, Founder of SDSU's program on International Security and Conflict Resolution, Congressional Science Fellow in the US Senate, and a Carnegie Science Fellow at Stanford University in the area of arms control and international security, Margarito Quintero Núñez, Kimberly Collins, “Energy Issues in the U.S.-Mexican
Binational Region: Focus on California-Baja California,” http://scerp.org/pubs/m11/chapter201-5.pdf)

Energy is an indispensable lifeblood of the U.S.-Mexican border region and
AND
responsible for regulating the energy sector in both the United States and Mexico.
SEQUENCING is vital – Focusing on renewables spills over to the rest of the relationship
Donnelly 10 – Program Associate, Mexico Institute @ Wilson Center
(Robert, “U.S.-Mexico Cooperation on Renewable Energy: Building a Green Agenda,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-mexico-cooperation-renewable-energy-building-green-agenda)//BB
Discussant Johanna Mendelson Forman stressed the linkages connecting climate change, energy, and economic
AND
S. companies suffer from a lack of adequate export-import financing.
This outweighs alternate causes
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Mexico Institute), May, http://www.statealliancepartnership.org/resources_files/USMexico_Cooperation_Renewable_Energies.pdf)

This study examines one of the most important and potentially lucrative dimensions of the growth
AND
that have had a significant impact on both Mexico and on bilateral relations.

Energy cooperation’s key to the overall relations and US leadership
Roberts and Walser 13 (James M., Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics – The Heritage Foundation, and Dr. Ray, Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, “The Hagel, Kerry, and Brennan Senate Confirmation Hearings: U.S. Policy for the Western Hemisphere,” Heritage Foundation, 1-18, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/kerry-hagel-and-brennan-senate-confirmation-hearings-us-policy-for-the-western-hemisphere)

Mexico’s fight against organized crime has cast a doleful shadow over U.S.–
AND
to project global leadership without a democratic, prosperous, and stable Mexico.
Relations solve border terrorism and drug networks
Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign
AND
, and border,terrorism,  health, environment, and energy issues.
The impact is an attack on US soil
McCaul 12 – JD @ St. Mary’s, former federal prosecutor
(Michael, “A LINE IN THE SAND: COUNTERING CRIME, VIOLENCE AND
AND
assembled on U.S. soil  into a weapon of mass destruction.
Nuclear war
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
(Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Lines are chosen, presidential permit required
Dombek 12 (Carl, Renewablesbiz.com-covering the business of renewable and sustainable energy, Route recommended for US/Mexico transmission line Access for cross-border wind development, http://www.renewablesbiz.com/article/12/06/route-recommended-usmexico-transmission-line)
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has identified its preferred
AND
the proposed action no sooner than 30 days after the NOA was published.
Obama approved a presidential permit in November
Platts 11/12 (US FERC approves permit for gas export facilities at Mexican border, http://www.platts.com/latest-news/natural-gas/washington/us-ferc-approves-permit-for-gas-export-facilities-21813412)
The US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has approved a presidential permit allowing a subsidiary of
AND
County, Texas, to the export facility, according to the order.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame | Judge: Whit Whitmore
b) CTP- Discussing the merits of the plan is key to substantive education
McClean 2001, David E, Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm 

There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."  

No empirical link between framing and conflict
Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ‘9
(Stuart J, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434) 

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

No risk of “endless warfare”- we should embrace pragmatism in security
Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration”, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)

7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

The critique locks in the war system—infinite number of possible ‘root causes’ means that only incentives theory solves
Moore 4—chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State (John, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis,)

If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased? 

Deterrence is true
 Moore 4—chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State (John, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis,)

Running the hypothesis for the principal wars of the twentieth century does seem to provide
AND
five centuries - coincides with the powerful increase in deterrence from nuclear forces.
The plan gives security transformative potential --- alt alone fails and their impact is false
Nunes, 12 Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies, João Nunes, Security Dialogue 2012 43: 345,Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK, p. sage publications
In the works of these authors, one can identify a tendency to see security
AND
to address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory understandings of security.

The world is getting better now – try or die false
Beauchamp, 12/11/13 “5 Reasons Why 2013 Was The Best Year In Human, Zack, Reporter/Blogger for ThinkProgress.org. He previously contributed to Andrew Sullivan’s The Dish at Newsweek/Daily Beast, and has also written for Foreign Policy and Tablet magazines. Zack holds B.A.s in Philosophy and Political Science from Brown University and an M.Sc in International Relations from the London School of Economics. He grew up in Washington, DC.History”,http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/12/11/3036671/2013-certainly-year-human-history/#

Between the brutal civil war in Syria, the government shutdown and all of the
AND
paid off. It’s up to us to make sure they continue to.

Perm do both - solves
Tara McCormack, 10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 137-138)

In chapter 7 I engaged with the human security framework and some of the problematic
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Values must be joined with engagement with the material circumstances of the time.

The only objective approach to knowledge is empirical falsification through the scientific method and historical decision-making.
Fischer, 98 – Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University (Frank, “Beyond Empiricism: Policy Inquiry in Postpositivist Perspective”, Published in Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 26. No.1 (Spring, 1998): 129-146)

Neopositivism (or logical empiricism) has supplied the epistemological ideals of the contemporary social
AND
value-free objectivity that neopositivists seek to reaffirm and more intensively apply.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
1AC
Sanctions
Decreasing drug cooperation triggers sanctions
Lakshmanan 5 (Indra, Globe Staff , Venezuelan leader vows to cut US antidrug work, http://boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2005/08/19/venezuelan_leader_vows_to_cut_us_antidrug_work/?page=full, Accessed 4/2/14, RRR)

Last week, State Department spokesman Adam Ereli called Chavez's accusations against the DEA ''an
AND
, and those who make those calls will play up the narco angle."

Sanctions are key to combat the cartels
OFAC 7 (O?ce of Foreign Assets Control U.S. Department of the Treasury, IMPACT REPORT Economic Sanctions Against COLOMBIAN DRUG CARTELS, http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/narco_impact_report_05042007.pdf, Accessed 4/2/14, RRR)
Economic sanctions are employed to ?nancially and commercially impair and impede, and to ultimately
AND
of the Cali drug cartel in Colombia—that helped dismantle this organization. 

Venezuelan drugs funds Colombian armed rebellion
GAO, ‘9 (Government Accountability Office, July, “DRUG CONTROL U.S. Counternarcotics Cooperation with Venezuela Has Declined” Report to the Ranking Member, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/292722.pdf) JAG
According to U.S. and Colombian officials, Venezuela has extended a lifeline
AND
longer poses a national security threat remains a goal of the Colombian government.
That causes shutdown of the Panama Canal
Richard Millett, October ‘2. Senior fellow at North-South Center, emeritus prof of history at Southern Illinois Univ, and foreign policy expert. "Colombia´s Conflicts: The Spillover Effects of a Wider War," Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB14.pdf.
In the view of those in the United States, concerned about issues of Panama
AND
it also contains the potential seriously to disrupt relations with the United States.
Panama shutdown collapses US naval power instantly
Dannels, Professor American Military University, ‘5 (Ruff, February, “Security of the Panama Canal: One decade after US departure” http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/apjinternational/apj-s/2010/2010-2/2010_2_05_dannelsruff_eng_wats.pdf)//JAG
The U.S. still has vital national security and economic interests in Panama
AND
the Canal is “critical to U.S. defense planning.”26
Rapidly declining naval power causes Chinese aggression and triggers wars in every major hotspot
Eaglen, Research Fellow National Security at Heritage, ’11 (Mackenzie, May 16, “Thinking About a Day Without Sea Power: Implications for U.S. Defense Policy” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/05/thinking-about-a-day-without-sea-power-implications-for-us-defense-policy)//JAG
Global Implications. Under a scenario of dramatically reduced naval power, the United States
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American people, and these benefits far outweigh the costs of maintaining it.
Venezuela increases drug trafficking to West Africa – guarantees political and economic instability
Guzman 6-1-13 (Timothy Guzman is a widely published writer specializing in politics. ““The Challenge of Drug Trafficking to Democratic Governance and Human Security in West Africa”, http://www.globalresearch.ca/a-new-war-on-drugs-in-west-africa-think-tank-report-says-west-africa-is-a-drug-trafficking-hub/5337192)//MG
In a report recently conducted by the Africa Center for Strategic Studies by Senior Diplomatic
AND
African and Middle Eastern terrorist groups and nations that target the United States.¶
Funds from West African drug trafficking are key to terrorist operations in the region
Brice ’09 (Arthur Brice is a CNN staff writer specializing in Latin America. “Latin American drug cartels find home in West Africa”, 9/21/09, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/09/21/africa.drug.cartels/)
Though Europe is highly attractive to traffickers, it can have tight, Western-
AND
Colombia FARC as being involved in cocaine trafficking in West Africa."
Terrorists operating in Africa will deploy nuclear weapons against the U.S.
Dempsey, Director of African Studies at Army War College, 6 (Thomas, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649.pdf)
Raising the Stakes:The Nuclear Dimension of the Terrorist Threat. The threat that
AND
located to apprehend or destroy them will be a complex and difficult task.

Anti-americanism
Core
Anti-americanism is declining in the longterm, even if Maduro is maintaining Chavismo in the short term which ensures say no
EIU 13 (Economist Intelligence Unit, the research and analysis division of The Economist Group composed of 130 full time economics analysists, 3/4th’s of whom have advanced degrees, “US-Venezuela relations: status quo?”, http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1430391127andCountry=Venezuelaandtopic=Politicsandoid=81377792andaid=1, Accessed 3/23/14, RRR)
Similar questions apply to Mr Maduro's foreign policies. Before the election, some thought
AND
This strategy was used repeatedly by Mr Chávez to rally support behind him.

Maduro will shift to pro-American policies soon
EIU 13 (Economist Intelligence Unit, the research and analysis division of The Economist Group composed of 130 full time economics analysists, 3/4th’s of whom have advanced degrees, “US-Venezuela relations: status quo?”, http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1430391127andCountry=Venezuelaandtopic=Politicsandoid=81377792andaid=1, Accessed 3/23/14, RRR)
In the very short term, the election of Mr Maduro may not have any
AND
some softening of bilateral tensions, if not a fully-fledged embrace.

Venezuela will say no to the plan which boosts anti-americanism
Lakshmanan 5 (Indra, Globe Staff , Venezuelan leader vows to cut US antidrug work, http://boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2005/08/19/venezuelan_leader_vows_to_cut_us_antidrug_work/?page=full, Accessed 4/2/14, RRR)
In the latest sign of deteriorating relations with the United States, President Hugo Chavez
AND
in 2002, his move to end all antidrug collaboration is a surprise.

The plan’s key to anti-americanism
Griffin 13 (John A., Crimson editorial writer, Engage with Venezuela, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/4/3/Harvard-Venezuela-Chavez-death/, Accessed 3/23/14, RRR)
When Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez died in early February, his country was thrown into
AND
, and Washington will in turn gain a better image in Latin America.¶ 

Iran
Anti-americanism over economic issues unifies Iran and Venezuela
Keramati 6 (Yashar, Writer for OALIB and Nebula, The Odd Couple: Iran and Venezuela’s Union Through Anti US Imperialism and Oil, http://www.nobleworld.biz/images/Keramati2.pdf, Accessed 3/24/14, RRR)
However, in order to truly understand the uniqueness of the Iran-Venezuela alliance
AND
their history which accounts for this phenomenon. U.S. Economic Exploitation 

Oil prices are declining
Kent 1/16/14 (Sarah, Staff Writer at Wall Street Journal, Price of OPEC Members' Oil Falls in 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304149404579324191412913118, Accessed 3/25/14, RRR)
The price that some of the world's biggest oil producers charge for their oil fell
AND
and growing production outside the cartel is already damping appetite for OPEC barrels.
Relations are key to high oil prices
Mahjar-Barducci 11 (Anna, Journalist at the Gatestone Institute International Policy Council, Venezuela Freezes Relations with U.S.; Triggers Oil Price Hike, http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/2199/venezuela-freezes-relations-with-us, Accessed 3/25/14, RRR)
Iran has actually found in Venezuela a partner inside the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
AND
will keep increasing, as well as gold, food and medicine prices."

High oil prices key to Qatari soft power
Kinninmont 13 (Jane, Senior Research Fellow – Royal Institute of International Affairs, “From football to military might, how Qatar wields global power”, The Guardian, 2-2, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/03/qatar-tiny-gulf-state-global-force, Deech)

But there are also clear strategies behind Qatar's high-profile investments and its broader
AND
Qatar Foundation, an organisation headed by the emir's wife, Sheikha Mozah.
And --- that’s key to mediate conflict in Lebanon --- prevents escalation
The Daily Star 12 (“Qatar holding reins of regional politics amid Arab turmoil”, 2-7, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Feb-07/162446-qatar-holding-reigns-of-regional-politics-amid-arab-turmoil.ashx#ixzz1lsJqgyqO)

The tiny Gulf state has also led mediation efforts in Lebanon, Sudan, Eritrea
AND
and Tehran, who have not had formal diplomatic ties since the 1980s.
Lebanese instability causes global war
Stuart 6 (James, Strategist, Negotiator – Alt3.co.uk, “Lebanon – the struggle continues” www.alt3.co.uk/discussion_files/lebanon.htm)

Why is this important? Why is Lebanon, which is a small country,
AND
only be a wider destruction – and will be too much to stop. 

High oil prices key to Putin’s political stability
Judah 13 (Ben, Fellow – European Stability Initiative, Moscow Correspondent – Reuters, Russian Politics Research Fellow – European Council on Foreign Relations, B.A. in Modern History and Politics – Oxford University, “Five Traps for Putin”, GLOBAL TRANSITIONS PROSPERITY STUDIES, Legatum Institute, March, http://www.li.com/docs/default-source/publications/five-traps-for-putin~-~--ben-judah-march-2013-(legatum-institute).pdf, Deech)

More recently, Putin has abandoned carefully balanced budgets, largely for political reasons.
AND
spending, in other words, but the Russian president is vulnerable too.

Putin's leadership solves nuclear modernization
Bugriy 13 (Maksym, Correspondent – Ukrainian Week, “Russia is Arming Itself, but Against Whom?”, Ukrainian Week, 3-31, http://ukrainianweek.com/World/76030, Deech)

The intensification of military reforms was an ideological cornerstone of Putin’s 2012 presidential campaign.
AND
Asian-Pacific region will be high-priority regions for the Kremlin.

That prevents accidental nuclear use
Mosher 3 (David, Senior Policy Analyst in Nuclear Weapons Policy – RAND, “Excessive Force”, RAND Corporation, Fall, http://www.rand.org/pubs/periodicals/rand-review/issues/fall2003/force.html, Deech)

Russian strategic nuclear forces remain the only current threat to the national existence of the
AND
which remain firmly rooted in the hostile relationship forged during the Cold War.

Russian accidental launch causes extinction
Mintz 1 (Morton, Former Chair – Fund for Investigative Journalism and Reporter – Washington Post, “Two Minutes to Launch”, The American Prospect, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=two_minutes_to_launch)

Hair-trigger alert means this: The missiles carrying those warheads are armed and
AND
would be, basically, a nuclear war by checklist, by rote."

OAS
Venezuelan anti-americanism is key to a successful transition away from the OAS
NIKANDROV 12 (Nil, Moscow-based journalist covering Latin America's politics for Strategic Culture, The Fate of OAS to be Decided in 2013: Overhaul or Dissolution, http://www.strategic-culture.org/pview/2012/06/15/fate-oas-to-be-decided-in-2013-overhaul-or-dissolution.html, Accessed 3/27/14, RRR)
The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos
AND
the region. The USA and Canada were not invited even as observers. 

Venezuela is uniquely key, they lead the Bolivarian alliance
Johnson 12 (Stephen, senior associate of the CSIS Americas Program, Time to rethink the OAS?, http://csis.org/blog/time-rethink-oas, Accessed 3/27/14, RRR)
Every year the OAS holds a general assembly meeting and the latest—June 3
AND
Secretary General José Miguel Insulza supposedly sat in on some of these deliberations. 

Ending the OAS is key to Brazil’s economy and soft power – US involvement destroys it
Ponížilová '11
(Martina, Supranational Political Processes Project, "Same Goal, Different Ways: Hegemonic Efforts of Regional Powers Brazil, India and Iran", www.academia.edu/1119818/Same_Goal_Different_Ways_Hegemonic_Efforts_of_Regional_Powers_Brazil_India_and_IranMBA-Aspomer)
Regional Integration and Multilateralism Main Brazil’s regional-policy objectives include: ?rst, creating
AND
such afast-growing power in its vicinity (Bandeira 2006: 21).

Brazilian economic decline causes extinction
Shultz 2k
(Donald, Research Professor of National Security Policy at US Army War College, “THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: SHAPING AN ELUSIVE FUTURE,” March, 2000, pg. Online @ http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pdffiles/PUB31.pdf wyo-ef)

While we are in a speculative mode, it may be useful to raise the
AND
there is an increasing temptation to look to the military for answers. 58

CELAC solves
Lendman 11
(Stephen Lendman, 12/4/11, "CELAC - A Washington-Controlled OAS Alternative", rense.com/general95/celac.htmMBA-Aspomer)
On February 23, 2010, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States was
AND
new world without it. Imagine enough global pressure to accept nothing less.

PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBSTSANTIALLY INCREASE ITS ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT TOWARD VENEZUELA BY OFFERING VENEZUELA GRANTS OF FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO COUNTER NARCOTICS.

Tournament: Michigan Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayzata | Judge: David Heidt
Renewables are key to desalination
Qtaishat* and Banat 13 – *Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jordan Department of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute (Mohammed Rasool Qtaishat and Fawzi Banat “Desalination by solar powered membrane distillation systems” Desalination Volume 308, Pages 186–197, January 2 2013, SciVerse) MR
The demand on fresh water is growing steadily and is becoming one of the worldwide
AND
change processes or by producing the electricity required to drive the membrane processes.
Desalination solves water scarcity
Muzzin 11 (Suzanne Taylor Muzzin, “Better Desalination Technology Would Help Solve World's Water Shortage” Yale News, August 4 2011, http://news.yale.edu/2011/08/04/better-desalination-technology-would-help-solve-worlds-water-shortage) MR
Over one-third of the world’s population already lives in areas struggling to keep
AND
, to reduce the amount of energy required to push water through it.
Nuclear war
NASCA 4 – National Association for Scientific and Cultural Appreciation, 2004, “Water shortages - Only a matter of time,” http://www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_relics_/water/water.html
Water Shortage According to the latest estimates nearly 70 of the Earth’s population will
AND
ourselves with a nightmare situation for which there will be no obvious answer.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: New Trier | Judge: Brad Meloche
PICS bad and util

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: New Trier | Judge: Brad Meloche
PICS bad and util

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul | Judge: Sean Kennedy
Perm do the CP – ‘the’ refers to specific things
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2k  (dictionary.com)
theUsed before singular or plural nouns and noun phrases that denote particular, specified persons
AND
a century or of a life span: rural life in the Thirties. 

Perm do both – inclusion of an XO shields the link and solves any pres powers net benefit

Congress key for renewable energy investment certainty
Mcginn 7/4 (Vice Admiral Dennis V. McGinn , The Hill, American renewable energy Is powering the American energy transformation, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/energy-a-environment/309171-american-renewable-energy-is-powering-the-american-energy-transformation)
It’s important for our nation’s policymakers to think more comprehensively when they discuss "energy
AND
our policymakers to act and help make renewable energy’s unmatched potential a reality.

Multiple government agencies ensure bad coordination now – only federal effort solves and unites
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 11 (“Steps to a 21st Century U.S.-Mexico Border”
http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/2011_us_mexico_report.pdf SW)

Currently, for instance, some nine U.S. agencies have “hold
AND
, reduce duplication of efforts, and streamline processes at ports of entry.

C. Congress controls the funds
Elsea Et al 8 (Legislative Attorneys, American Law Divison, Congressional Research Service,  “Congressional Authority to limit U.S. Military Operations in Iraq” PDF, updated February 27th, 2008, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33837.pdf)

These examples reveal the approaches that Congress has employed to prohibit or restrict using military
AND
any authorizing statutes including laws that authorize transfers of appropriated or nonappropriated funds.

XO links to politics
Risen, 4 - Clay Risen, Managing editor of Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, M.A. from the University of Chicago, 7-16-2004 “The Power of the Pen: The Not-So-Secret Weapon of Congress-wary Presidents” The American Prospect, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_power_of_the_pen

The most effective check on executive orders has proven to be political. When it
AND
roughshod over our Constitution,” said then–House Majority Leader Dick Armey.
Indeed, an unpopular executive order can have immediate--and lasting--political consequences. In 2001, for example, Bush proposed raising the acceptable number of parts per billion of arsenic in drinking water. It was a bone he was trying to toss to the mining industry, and it would have overturned Clinton's order lowering the levels. But the overwhelmingly negative public reaction forced Bush to quickly withdraw his proposal--and it painted him indelibly as an anti-environmental president.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles North | Judge: Tallungan
Too many obstacles- won’t pass in time
Booton 4/11 (Jennifer, Challenges Loom Despite 'Vast Opportunities' for Mexican Oil, Fox Business, http://www.foxbusiness.com/industries/2014/04/11/despite-vast-opportunities-for-oil-in-mexico-challenges-loom/)
However, swaths of people – mostly in Mexico -- still oppose the change,
AND
nationalized that year -- has been celebrated as a national holiday for generations.

Not a chance they pass
Forbes 4/8 (Forbes, Mexico's Energy Revolution: A Tank Half-Full, http://www.forbes.com/sites/riskmap/2014/04/08/mexicos-energy-revolution-a-tank-half-full/)
These are indeed exciting times for Mexico, but as we explain in a new
AND
is that an influx of private investment can reverse the declining output trend.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles North | Judge: Tallungan
Grid is collapsing and causes nuclear Armageddon
Stein 12 (March 24, Matthew, Stein is a design engineer, green builder and author of two bestselling books, "When Disaster Strikes: A Comprehensive Guide to Emergency Planning and Crisis Survival" (Chelsea Green 2011), and "When Technology Fails: A Manual for Self-Reliance, Sustainability, and Surviving the Long Emergency" (Chelsea Green 2008). Stein is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he majored in mechanical engineering. Stein has appeared on numerous radio and television programs and is a repeat guest on Fox News, Lionel, Coast-to-Coast AM and the Thom Hartmann Show. He is an active mountain climber, serves as a guide and instructor for blind skiers, has written several articles on the subject of sustainable living and is a guest columnist for The Huffington Post., Truth-out.org, Four Hundred Chernobyls: Solar Flares, Electromagnetic Pulses and Nuclear Armageddon, http://truth-out.org/news/item/7301-400-chernobyls-solar-flares-electromagnetic-pulses-and-nuclear-armageddon)
There are nearly 450 nuclear reactors in the world, with hundreds more being planned
AND
take these actions, the less chance that an EMP attack will occur.

US Mexico relationship critical to ensuring grid stability
Alison Terry, 2012, International Affairs Review, Vol. 20, No. 3., "Policy and Practice in North American Energy Security," http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/North20American20Energy20Security.pdf

The United States, Canada, and Mexico each has a unique history in the
AND
face of tenuous ¶ import-export relationships in the international energy trade.

Grid collapse destroys the economy
Caldicott 5
(Helen, Australian physician who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985 and is the president of the Nuclear Policy Research Institute based in Washington. She spoke with UPI National Security Correspondent Martin Sieff., Titel: Nuclear-war threat still very real, http://www.airpower.at/forum/viewtopic.php?t=900)
And if you detonate
AND
it would be very easy to do.
Statistics prove diversionary war theory
Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Pace | Judge: Sara Sanchez
Heg solves prolif- empirically proven
Dowd 7 Alan W., Senior fellow at the Sagamore Institute for Policy Research, “Declinism,” Hoover Institute, August/September 2007, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8816802.html  

Whether or not we Americans like everything our culture produces, its attractiveness around
AND
asked to head the Joint Chiefs or restore what 9/11 maimed.