Tournament: Caucus | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina RM | Judge: Collier
Obama has political capital for immigration reform – it will pass
Epstein 10/17 (Reid J., Politico, 10/17/13, “Obama’s latest push features a familiar strategy”, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/barack-obama-latest-push-features-familiar-strategy-98512.html, zzx)

President Barack Obama made his plans for his newly won political capital official — he’s
AND
said. “And I think that it would win significant Republican votes.”

Offshore drilling kills political capital – alienates democrats and environmental lobby and GOP and industry complain no matter what
Hobson 12 – EandE reporter, EnergyWire (Margaret Kriz, “Obama's development plans gain little political traction in years since Gulf spill,” EE News, Wednesday, April 18, 2012
http://www.eenews.net/public/energywire/2012/04/18/1)//Bwang

President Obama is embracing the offshore oil and gas development policies he proposed in early
AND
. But those measures have been thwarted by the Democrat-controlled Senate.

Political capital is key.
Dallas Morning News, 1-2-2013, p. www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/20130102-editorial-actions-must-match-obamas-immigration-pledge.ece

The president’s words to NBC’s David Gregory are only that — words. What will
AND
done.” President Barack Obama, in an interview on Meet the Press Sunday

Immigration reform key biotech innovation
Scullion ’13 (Christine, “Manufacturers Take the Lead In STEM Education”, January 8, http://www.shopfloor.org/2013/01/manufacturers-take-the-lead-in-stem-education/27254, ) 

The U.S. the leading producer of cutting-edge products such as
AND
the right time will ensure that the US remains a global innovation leader.

The impact is bioterror
Chyba 4 - Co-Director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford Institute for International Studies, and an Associate Professor at Stanford University Christopher and Alex Greninger, “Biotechnology and Bioterrorism: An Unprecedented World” Survival, 46:2, Summer 2004 

In the absence of a comprehensive and effective system of global review of potential high
AND
dramatic results through biological programmes and would choose to direct their efforts elsewhere. 

Extinction
Steinbruner 97 John D. Steinbruner, Brookings senior fellow and chair in international security, vice chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, Winter 1997, Foreign Policy, “Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses,” n109 p85(12), infotrac

Although human pathogens are often lumped with nuclear explosives and lethal chemicals as potential weapons
AND
for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit.

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Shawnee Mission East WW | Judge: Duff
Immigration reform key to economy --- numerous reasons.
---Innovation ---Investment capital ---Aging workforce
Huffington Post, 2-7-2013, Why Our Economy Demands Immigration Reform, p. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathanmiller/immigration-reform-economy_b_2639092.html

When it comes to restoring strong, long-term growth in our nation's economy
AND
are distributed for employment based reasons, which is clearly far too low.

US growth is key to global economic recovery
Caploe 09 (David, PhD in International political economy from Princeton, “Focus still on America to lead global recovery,” The Straits Times, 8/2/12)

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have
AND
foreseeable future, even though other countries must certainly help. This crisis began
Nuclear war
Khalilzad ’11 Zalmay was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, “ The Economy and National Security”, 2-8-11, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, 

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Tournament: MN RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Edina HP | Judge: Munoz
Removal of the embargo allows international financial organizations and transnational capitalists to flood enact a corporate takeover of the entire country with floods of subsidized products and trading deals.
Gonzalez, 3 – Assistant professor at Seattle University School of Law
(Carmen, “SEASONS OF RESISTANCE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY IN CUBA” p. 729-33, Summer 2003, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987944##)HA

Cuba was able to transform its agricultural development model as a consequence of the political
AND
S. rice imports in the first half of the twentieth century.418

Capitalism drives unsustainable growth which inevitably causes extinction, a transition is inevitable, sooner is better
Glen Barry, Ph.D. in "Land Resources" from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development", 1/14/08, “Economic Collapse And Global Ecology”, Counter Currents, http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm, umn-rks

Humanity and the Earth are faced with an enormous conundrum -- sufficient climate policies enjoy
AND

or our total collapse can be a final, fatal death swoon. 

The alternative is to vote negative to abandon the capitalist structures the Aff supports – it’s the only way out
James Herod, 2004, “Getting Free”, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/06.htm

It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and later concretely,
AND
. Otherwise we are doomed to perpetual slavery and possibly even to extinction.

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina RM | Judge: Collier
The People’s Republic of China should PROVIDE SERVICES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CUBAN OFFSHORE OIL.
Solves better than the aff--Cuba will actually say yes
Xinhua 12. "Cuba, China to strengthen economic, trade ties" September 27 -- news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-09/27/c_131876461.htm

Top officials from Cuba and China reaffirmed here Wednesday their commitment to strengthening bilateral economic
AND
strategy for consolidating and developing bilateral ties in the medium and long term.
China’s international image key to Asian Stability—that resolves the aff China war scenarios
China Daily 5 (Jan 21, 2005, “China Plays a More Active Role”, http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/118482.htm)

Besides, to remove the international community's mistrust and misgivings towards itself, China has
AND
any other country with the enormous opportunities its economy provided for all participants.

Tournament: MN RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Edina HP | Judge: Munoz
China’s influence in North American trade is expanding
Shaiken et al ’13 Harley. Prof in the Center for Latin American Studies at UC-Berkeley. And Enrique Peters – Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. And Adrian Hearn – Centro de Estudios China-Mexixo at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. China and the New Triangular Relationships in the Americas: China and the Future of US-Mexico Relations, 2013.  Pg 7-8

This paper highlights the reality that China has indeed integrated itself into North America in
AND
debates on NAFTA (see the survey in part two of this paper).

The link is increased economic engagement.  Lack of US influence is key to China’s expansion in Latin America
Shaiken et al ’13 Harley. Prof in the Center for Latin American Studies at UC-Berkeley. And Enrique Peters – Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. And Adrian Hearn – Centro de Estudios China-Mexixo at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. China and the New Triangular Relationships in the Americas: China and the Future of US-Mexico Relations, 2013.  Pg 88-9

The dominant strategies of each of the parties and how these strategies evolve over time
AND
dynamic, which may result in a closer relationship between these two countries.

Chinese international influence solves every existential impact
Zhang ’12 Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm 

As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: MN RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Washburn DJ | Judge: Ciborowski
Debt ceiling will be raised now
Ezra Klein 9/28/13, writer @ the Washington Post, “The House GOP’s shutdown plan is great news,” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/28/the-house-gops-shutdown-plan-is-great-news/
House Republicans plan to attach a one-year delay of Obamacare to the continuing
AND
begin exerting real political pressure to force a resolution before a default happens.

Ratification spends capital on the most polarizing part of the Senate
Hathaway 8, May 2008 (Oona – Associate Professor of Law at Yale Law School, Treaties’ End: The Past, Present and Future of International Lawmaking in the United States, Yale Law Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis) MN

The supermajority requirement imposed by the Treaty Clause means that treaties that enjoy the support
AND
or liberal as the so-called median voter in the Senate. 221

Political capital is finite and key --- the plan trades off
Moore, 9/10 --- Guardian's US finance and economics editor (Heidi, 9/10/2013, “Syria: the great distraction; Obama is focused on a conflict abroad, but the fight he should be gearing up for is with Congress on America's economic security,” http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester))

Before President Obama speaks to the nation about Syria tonight, take a look at
AND
better. As it is, he should now judge his actions better.

This will destroy the U.S. and global economy
Davidson, 9/10 (Adam - co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money” 9/10/2013, “Our Debt to Society,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0))

This is the definition of a deficit, and it illustrates why the government needs
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war.
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and
AND
Post-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West GK | Judge: Lehrman
FIRST, No offense – econ decline won’t cause war
Daniel Deudney, Hewlett Fellow in Science, Technology, and Society at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies at Princeton, April 1991, “Environment and Security: Muddled Thinking”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, p. 27, google books, umn-rks

Poverty Wars.   In a second scenario, declining living standards first cause internal turmoil
AND
military operations require complex organizational skills, specialized industrial products and surplus wealth.

AND, history proves decline won’t cause war
Ferguson 2006 (Niall, MA, D.Phil., is the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University. He is a resident faculty member of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies. He is also a Senior Reseach Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford University, and a Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct)

Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal
AND
economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.

SECOND, Collapse is inevitable – history proves
Debora MacKenzie, writer, 4/5/08, “Are we doomed?”, New Scientist, Academic Search Premier, umn-rks

DOOMSDAY. The end of civilisation. Literature and film abound with tales of plague
AND
the same way unless we choose to stop destroying our environmental support systems.

THIRD, collapse now is key to prevent environment collapse and extinction READ WHOLE THING
Glen Barry, Ph.D. in "Land Resources" from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development", 1/14/08, “Economic Collapse And Global Ecology”, Counter Currents, http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm, umn-rks

Humanity and the Earth are faced with an enormous conundrum -- sufficient climate policies enjoy
AND
sabotage to hasten the day. It is more fragile than it looks. 

FOURTH, growth causes war
Ted Trainer, lecturer in Sociology at the University of New South Wales, 1998, "Our Unsustainable Society: Basic Causes, Interconnections, and Solutions”, The Coming Age of Scarcity: Preventing Mass Death and Genocide in the Twenty-first Century, edited by Michael N. Dobkowski and Isidor Wallimann, p. 91-92, google books, umn-rks

Some of the most disturbing implications of the limits-to-growth analysis of
AND
, the supreme commitment in our economy is to rapid and ceaseless growth!

Growth causes environmental destruction and extinction – transition now is key
Glen Barry, Ph.D. in "Land Resources" from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development", 7/25/11, “EARTH MEANDERS: Ecology Bubble Bursts”, http://www.ecoearth.info/blog/2011/07/earth_meanders_ecology_bubble.asp, acc. 3/13/13

Ever since the human family embraced a growth based mentality and obsequious faith in liberal
AND
unless met with opposing force to end the ecocidal activities surpassing ecology's limits. 

Econ collapse is key to solve warming
Dave Cohen, "Economic Growth and Climate Change -- No Way Out?" PEAK WATCH, 2/2/10, quotes Tim Garret, Associate Professor, Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah and Vaclav Smil, Distinguished Professor, Faculty of Environment, University of Manitoba, http://energybulletin.net/stories/2010-02-03/economic-growth-and-climate-change-E28094-no-way-out-updated

Historical data suggest that only recessions decrease anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Otherwise, if the
AND
, our response to these challenges will tell us who we really are.

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina RM | Judge: Collier
FIRST, Uniqueness – decline is inevitable – new powers, economic, military and political constraints

Christopher Layne, professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, Summer 2009, “The Waning of U.S. Hegemony—Myth or Reality?”, International Security, Volume 34, Number 1, Project Muse, umn-rks

For an overview of trends that could affect international politics over the next two decades
AND
options—than it has been accustomed to having since 1945 (ibid.).
Heg causes prolif – leads to nuclear war
Monteiro 12 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale
(Nuno, “Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity Is Not Peaceful”, International Security, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Winter 2011/12), pp. 9–40)

To deter an eventual attack by the unipole and bolster their chances of survival in
AND
Therefore, even when the unipole is engaged, war remains a possibility. 

Heg is dead and we have killed it – trying to postpone the collapse fails and causes conflict with China
Layne 12 – not a fan of heg
(Christopher, “This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana”,  International Studies Quarterly (2012), 1–11)  

What effect will China’s rise—and unipolarity’s concomitant end—and the United States’
AND
and Southeast) Asia, Washington and Beijing are on a collision course.
That escalates and causes extinction – it’s highly probable
Wittner 11 – Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany
(Lawrence, “COMMENTARY: Is a Nuclear War with China Possible?”, http://www.huntingtonnews.net/14446) 

While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
AND
modernizing” its nuclear weapons and nuclear production facilities over the next decade.

Tournament: MN RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Eden Prairie GV | Judge: Baxter-Kauf
The AFF posits a world in which individuals have no responsibility – this fails to understand the way that the individual shapes war and everyday violence
Kappeler 95(Susanne, Associate Professor at Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The politics of personal behavior, Pg.10-11)

Yet our insight that indeed we are not responsible for the decisions of a Serbian
AND
our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence.  

we are the violence. Individuals are the impetus for exploitation and racism, and only this theory explains the truth behind violence
Kappeler 95 (Susanne, Associate Professor at Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The politics of personal behavior, Pg.9) 

war does not suddenly break out in a peaceful society; sexual violence is not
AND
peacetime’, for we make them possible and we permit them to happen.

The Alternative is to reject the affirmatives representations and reconcieve of violence as an issue of personal choice made by individuals.
Kappeler 95(Susanne, Associate Professor at Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The politics of personal behavior, Pg.5-6)

A politics aiming at a change in people’s behavior would require political work that is
AND
of the other agent, that is, the violator’s envisaged victim.

Tournament: MN RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: SPC Ruth | Judge: Woodward
The secretary of state should remove Cuba from the State Department State Sponsors of Terror list.

Executive Orders are key to upholding and increases presidential powers
Howell and Pevehouse 7 (William G. Howell - Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics in the Harris School And Jon C. Pevehouse - associate professor at the University of Chicago's Irving B. Harris School of Public Policy, Princeton University Press, “While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers”, 2007, Pg. 7) MaxL

There is, at present, a burgeoning body of work within American politics that
AND
take) positive action can either adjoining institution limit the presidents unilateral powers.
Prez powers kill credibility of deterrent threats
Matthew C. Waxman 13, Professor of Law at Columbia Law School; Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War”, Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123 (2014), 8/25/2013, PDF
A second argument, this one advanced by some congressionalists, is that stronger legislative
AND
by pointing foreign actors to the appropriate institution or process for reading them.
Nuke war
Ball 87
(Howard Ball is Professor of Political Science and Dean of the College of Social and Behavioral Science at the University of Utah, Weber Studies, Fall 1987, Volume 4.2, Review Essay of To Chain the Dog of War: The War Powers of Congress in History and Law http://weberstudies.weber.edu/archive/archive20A2020Vol.201-10.3/Vol.204.2/4.2ball.htm ACCESSED 6-7-06 cabalwej) 

Left unchecked by voices arguing for constitutional balance between the Chief Executive and the Congress
AND
-making may very well involve America in a calamitous, nuclear war.

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina RM | Judge: Collier
The securitized representations of the 1AC justify biopolitical control and genocide
Coviello 2K—Peter, assistant professor of English at Bowdoin College, Apocalypse From Now On

Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present decisively postnuclear is not
AND
or otherwise, seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative and vote negative – rejecting their representations is key to emancipatory politics
Mark Neocleous, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy; Head of Department of Politics and History Brunel Univ ‘8 Critique of Security, 185-6

The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."'

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 4 | Opponent: Shawnee Mission East WW | Judge: Duff
The affirmative understanding of the topic areas and people as in need or as having something to benefit from engagement with the US precludes  authentic engagement  with the affected populations of the resolution as beings in their own right independent and separate from the us
Spanos 2k (William, English @ Binghamton, America’s Shadow pp. 40-1)

What, however, the panoptic Eurocentric eye of the Enlightenment comes to see in
AND
from themselves by way of imposing his peace on their multiply wasteful strife.

The role of the ballot is: The judge must act to subvert the imposition of established knowledge to untangle our engagement from the truths we have constructed and advanced this subversion of the removal of expectations of truth and closure is key to avoid the enframement and instrumentalzaition of the other and they should act to evaluate the ontology and truth claims presented in the debate first before other considerations, ontology creates our world knowledge this means only examining ontology can we transform policy
Loren 2000 02 15 cited from an online archive of philosophy and discussion of international relations http://www.foucault.info/pst/az-cf-76576-950655364

most important thinkers, were both blinded in their insight, which is, of
AND
and closure on the level of discourse, and allow humanism to defeat itself 

The alt is to reject the aff and do nothing—view it as an endorsement of Cuban sovereignty.

Tournament: Caucus | Round: Finals | Opponent: Wayzata GN | Judge: Thomas, Stafford, Ciborowski
1NC

Nuclear war is inevitable – multiple reasons
Joseph George Caldwell, PhD, 3/6/03, "The End Of The World", http://www.foundationwebsite.org/TheEndOfTheWorld.htm, mnrs

It would appear that global nuclear war is inevitable, for several reasons.  A
AND
since continuing on the present course leads to a “dead” planet.

Nuclear war is inevitable, deterrence guarantees it
Charles W. Kegley and Kenneth L. Schwab, 1991, “After the Cold War: Questioning the Morality of Nuclear Deterrence”, p. 104

The other function that legitimizes the military is deterrence, that is, the prevention
AND
percent, and in 1,000 years, 99.996 percent.

Limited nuclear war solves inevitability – catalyzes nuclear disarmament
James N. Miller Jr., 1988, “Fateful Visions”, Ballinger Publishing Company, p. 17

For the public opinion to help sustain an abolition agreement, there may have to
AND
path to an agreement to abolish nuclear weapons may be a nuclear war.

Nuclear war is key to check environmental destruction and the collapse of the biosphere
Joseph George Caldwell, PhD, 3/6/03, "The End Of The World", http://www.foundationwebsite.org/TheEndOfTheWorld.htm, mnrs, gender modified

What can change things?  What can halt the rapid destruction of the world’s forests
AND
likely damage from global nuclear war, and the likelihood of its occurrence.

Collapse of industrialized society must happen now; any delay means extinction
Dr. Glen Barry, Ph.D. in "Land Resources" from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development", 1/14/08, “Economic Collapse And Global Ecology”, Counter Currents, http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm

Humanity and the Earth are faced with an enormous conundrum -- sufficient climate policies enjoy
AND
sabotage to hasten the day. It is more fragile than it looks. 

Failure to dedevelop ensures global pandemics and extinction
Frank Ryan, M.D., 1997, virus X, p. 366

How might the human race appear to such an aggressively emerging virus? That teeming
AND

could such a pandemic virus cause the extinction of the human species?

Nuclear war is survivable – best science proves
JR Nyquist, geopolitical expert on Russian affairs, 5/20/99, “Is nuclear war survivable?”, http://www.wnd.com/1999/05/6341/, mnrs

I patiently reply to these correspondents that nuclear war would not be the end of
AND

1) delayed fallout; and 2) short-term fallout.

A nuclear war would propel the impoverished to higher status
Gary Macy, professor of religious studies at University of San Diego, 1984, “Nuclear War: Opposing Viewpoints”, p. 54

If this dream comes to pass, transnational corporations will no longer drain the resources
AND
and state socialism would fade, with a slight afterglow, into history.

2NC

And, nuclear conflict key to check terminal extinction of all life and collapse of the biosphere, alternative energy doesn’t solve anything
Joseph George Caldwell, PhD, 3/6/03, "The End Of The World", http://www.foundationwebsite.org/TheEndOfTheWorld.htm, gender modified

What can change things?  What can halt the rapid destruction of the world’s forests
AND
likely damage from global nuclear war, and the likelihood of its occurrence.

2. Nuclear war survivable – even under worst case estimates
Brian Martin, professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong, June 1980, “Mobilising against nuclear war: the insufficiency of knowledge and logic”, Social Alternatives, http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/80sa.html, mnrs

Many people believe a major nuclear war would exterminate human life on earth, perhaps
AND
or larger if war were followed by epidemic infectious disease or social breakdown.
4. Nuclear war would be survivable – specific areas would be safe
Brian Martin, professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong, December 1982, “The global health effects of nuclear war”, Current Affairs Bulletin, http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/82cab/index.html, mnrs

A major global nuclear war could kill up to 400-500 million people from
AND
heavily bombed areas, namely the United States, Soviet Union and Europe.
6. Nuclear war would be survivable – scientific consensus agrees
Brian Martin, professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong, March 1983, “The fate of extinction arguments”, http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/83fea.html, mnrs

According to the published scientific literature on the effects of nuclear war, in a
AND
of 500 million deaths is enough reason to oppose preparations for nuclear war?
8. Best data and most plausible scenarios prove
Ball ‘6 (Desmond, prof at the Strategic and Defense Studies Centre at the Australian National Univ, “The Probabilities of On the Beach: Assessing ‘Armageddon Scenarios’ in the 21st Century,” Working Paper No. 401, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at The Australian National University, http://rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/sdsc/wp/wp_sdsc_401.pdf) 

I argued vigorously with Sagan about the ‘Nuclear Winter’ hypothesis, both in lengthy
AND
as to underestimate them (e.g., by omitting fallout casualties). 

9. Computer simulations debunk nuclear winter hypothesis
Seitz ‘6 (Russell, former Presidential science advisor and keynote speaker at international science conferences, holds multiple patents and degrees from Harvard and MIT, “The ‘Nuclear Winter’ Meltdown,” 12-20, http://adamant.typepad.com/seitz/2006/12/preherein_honor.html)

Apocalyptic predictions require, to be taken seriously higher standards of evidence than do assertions
AND
just not the stuff that End of the World myths are made of.

Tournament: MN RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Washburn DJ | Judge: Ciborowski
A. Interpretation – the phrase “economic engagement” means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement
Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES” BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW and POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)

The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

That crushes any educational value from the discussion of the aff
Hayden 13 (Dr. Craig Hayden is an assistant professor in the International Communication Program at American University's School of International Service. “Engagement” is More Convenient than Helpful: Dissecting a Public Diplomacy Term.”, http://intermap.org/2013/06/20/engagement-is-more-convenient-than-helpful-dissecting-a-public-diplomacy-term/
I think this tension is readily apparent in efforts to use social media for public
AND
the purpose and the operative theories that underscore efforts to reach foreign publics.

Tournament: MN RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Edina HP | Judge: Munoz
A. Interpretation- Engagement is the attempt to influence the political behavior of a state by increasing contacts with that state – economic engagement means using exclusively economic contacts like trade, loans and grants

Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing
AND
be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.
And “Its” is exclusive---means no channel other than US engagement is topical
Douglas F. Brent 10, attorney, June 2, 2010, “Reply Brief on Threshold Issues of Cricket Communications, Inc.,” online: http://psc.ky.gov/PSCSCF/201020cases/2010-00131/20100602_Crickets_Reply_Brief_on_Threshold_Issues.PDF) Italics and bold in the original

ATandT also argues that Merger Commitment 7.4 only permits extension of
AND
agreement with ATandT (or whether such agreement has been extended).

Tournament: Caucus | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina RM | Judge: Collier
Off

A. Interpretation- “its” means only United States federal government direct engagement—not the facilitation of private engagement
“Its” is exclusive---means no channel other than US engagement
Douglas F. Brent 10, attorney, June 2, 2010, “Reply Brief on Threshold Issues of Cricket Communications, Inc.,” online: http://psc.ky.gov/PSCSCF/201020cases/2010-00131/20100602_Crickets_Reply_Brief_on_Threshold_Issues.PDF) Italics and bold in the original

ATandT also argues that Merger Commitment 7.4 only permits extension of
AND
agreement with ATandT (or whether such agreement has been extended).

Tournament: MN RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: SPC Ruth | Judge: Woodward
A. Interpretation:
 “Resolved” requires legislative action
Army Officer School ‘04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "
AND
with dock g.  A formal resolution, after the word "resolved:"
Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.
Increase requires a net increase
Words and Phrases 8  (20B WandP – 265-265)

Cal.App.2 Dist. 1991.  Term “increase,” as used
AND
.  West’s Ann.Cal.Pub.Res.Code § 25123.

Tournament: MN RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Washburn DJ | Judge: Ciborowski
Text: The president of the United States should issue an executive order to offer The United Mexican States financial investment and technical cooperation to retrofit Mexican oil rigs in the gulf waters demarcated by the trans boundary hydrocarbon agreement with Marshall Hydrothermal Recovery System technology.

Executive Orders are key to upholding and increases presidential powers
Howell and Pevehouse 7 (William G. Howell - Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics in the Harris School And Jon C. Pevehouse - associate professor at the University of Chicago's Irving B. Harris School of Public Policy, Princeton University Press, “While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers”, 2007, Pg. 7) MaxL

There is, at present, a burgeoning body of work within American politics that
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take) positive action can either adjoining institution limit the presidents unilateral powers.

High presidential powers are key to avert cyberterrorism
Kastenberg 9 (Lieutenant Colonel Joshua E, B.A. Kastenberg, the Staff Judge Advocate, 332d Air Expeditionary Wing, Balad Air Base, Iraq, 2009, “CYBERLAW EDITION: NON-INTERVENTION AND NEUTRALITY IN CYBERSPACE: AN EMERGING PRINCIPLE IN THE NATIONAL PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW”, 64 A.F. L. Rev. 43, Lexis | JJ)

Of all the recent legal literature examining the role of nations and corporations in cyberspace
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when it is determined by that branch to be necessary to national policy. 

Extinction
Andreasen 6/14 – national security consultant to the Nuclear Threat Initiative and its Nuclear Security Project (Steve, “Cyberwar’s Threat Does Not Justify a New Policy of Nuclear Deterrence,” 6/14/13, http://www.nti.org/analysis/opinions/cyberwars-threat-does-not-justify-new-policy-nuclear-deterrence/)//SJF

President Obama is expected to unveil a new nuclear policy initiative this week in Berlin
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lead to shared approaches to cybersecurity, including agreements related to limiting cyberwar.