Tournament: Van | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Solanes

anthro k

Their extinction claims require a defense of the intrinsic value of human survival as separated from other forms of life. This involves the image of distinctly good human life contrasted to the banal useless existence of the genes. This makes the aff's political subjectivity an affect of a species-contingent survival paradigm which abandons bare life.

KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen's university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~
If only some of our genes but not our species has survived, maybe the
AND
the drives, motivations and thoughts that led to the Holocaust for example?

This species-contingent paradigm creates unending genocidal violence against forms of life deemed politically unqualified.

KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen's university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~
Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

The alternative is that the judge should vote negative to reject the 1AC's human survival ethic. This rejection enables an understanding of the species-being. That solves the ethical contradiction of their species-level racism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~
We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

Calls for biodiversity rely upon divisions in forms of life and ensures continued exploitation by humans.

ROWE 2K0 ~Stan, Professor of Plant Ecology at the University of Saskatchewan. "Natur und Kultur: Transdisciplinare Zeitschrift fur okologische Nachhaltigkeit. It has been translated into German and published in Volume 1(2): 106-120. 2000. http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/RoweEarthEthics.html~~ JB
Many human attitudes to the planet hinge on the idea that only organisms are imbued
AND
But if Earth = Life, the foolishness of such ideas is exposed. 

Preservation of biodiversity only sustains human economic growth – your motive will be conflated production and growth

Aton 97, (Donald K. Aton, Anton Director of Policy and International Law University of Melbourn, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 1997.)

In order to appreciate the need for new international law to provide greater
AND
biological diversify and rights to profits generated through the exploitflon of genejc material.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

Sustainable development destroys nature—it relies on the belief that everything was put here so that humans could use it.

Worster 93, (Donald, Hall Distinguished Professor of American History at the University of Kansas.  "The Shaky ground of Sustainability", " in Deep Ecology for the 21st Century, ed. George Sessions, p. 424-425)

I find the following deep flaws in the sustainable development ideal: First
AND
that sustainability can be achieved with all those institutions and their values intact.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

Anthropocentrism shapes our framework of solutions for warming, species extinction, pollution, and land destruction.

KORTENKAMP 2k ~Katherine and Colleen Moore, ecocentrism and anthropocenrism: moral reasoning about ecological commons dilemmas, journal of environmental psychology, 21 ,aug~ JB
Aldo Leopold, sometimes called the father of environmental ethics, expressed these ideas over
AND
determines what is the focus of the environmental ethics - humans or nature.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

AT: Cede the Political

Only a radical form of politics can regain the political from transnational companies and political technophiles.

Best 6 (Steven, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas El Paso, "Revolutionary Environmentalism: An Emerging New Struggle for Total Liberation" 2006) JB

George W. Bush's feel-good talk of progress and democracy,
AND
, varied, and far-reaching as the root of the problems. 

Radical environmental movements are more effective at creating change than legislative reform – our evidence is comparative.

Best 6 (Steven, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas El Paso, "Revolutionary Environmentalism: An Emerging New Struggle for Total Liberation" 2006) JB
Revolutionary environmentalism is based on the realization that politics as usual just won't cut it
AND
anger, awaken, inspire, and empower people toward action and change. 

The political is already ceded—the alternative is the last hope for radical change in the face of environmental destruction.

Best 4 (Steven, professor of philosophy at Texas El Paso, "From Earth Day to Ecological Society" http://www.drstevebest.org/Essays/FromEarthDay.htm, date accessed: 7/27/11) JB
Homo sapiens have embarked on an insane, destructive, and unsustainable path of existence
AND
par excellence — not "nature's favorite" but rather nature's bete noir.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

AT: Death Bad

Turn: willingness to sacrifice the form of the human gives the gift of life to all other life forms.

KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen's university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~ JB
While we are not interested in the discussion of the 'method' of the global
AND
the death of our species we will give the gift of life to others

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

AT: Nuclear War

And, nuclear war will be on par with previous mass extinctions – radiation only risks rapid mutation enabling evolution for populations who survive.

Phillips 2k1 ~alan, peace magazine, v17, n1,p13, nuclear winter revisited, http://archive.peacemagazine.org/v17n1p13.htm~~ JB
Altogether, nuclear winter would be an ecological disaster of the same sort of magnitude
AND
will be evolution after a war, but it may not include us).

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

AT: Perm

Perm links more: it attempts to direct criticism towards politics conducted in the name of a life which excludes bare life in favor of the voice of the citizen, the politically qualified. This excludes bare life and establishes a realm beyond of the markers of the "political" in which to conduct genocidal violence against exceptional beings.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~ JB
 
The rise of environmentalism, deep ecology, and animal rights can
AND
is marked by the difference between the human and the animal.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

2NC – Framework

The role of the ballot is to use the debate site as a space for the practice of post humanities as an operative displacement of anthropocentrism inherent to the 1AC.

DOMANSKA 2K10 ~ewa, adam mickiewicz university, poznon Poland, Stanford, beyond anthropocentrism in historical sciences~

It seems that in contemporary intellectual practice scholars are not connected by methods
AND
the human subject   from the centre of historical, archaeological and anthropological studies.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

Humanism Bad

The affirmative's impact calculus sets aside endless genocides in order to continue faith in reforming their brand of humanism. Instead we must think along utopian anti-humanist calls for species-equality which requires a negation of their humanism.

KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 ~tarik and noam, queen's university and bar llan university, "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal~ JB
Putting aside the old, false assumptions of a teleological account of history, social
AND
negate and limit the old modern humanism by a radical anti-humanism.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
SMRs collapse IAEA efficacy—impact is accidents
Edwin Lyman, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Global Security Program Union of Concerned Scientists, 7/14/11, “An Examination of the Safety and Economics of Light Water Small Modular Reactors”, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/lyman-appropriations-subcom-7-14-11.pdf
Fukushima also demonstrated how rapidly a nuclear reactor accident can progress to a core meltdown
AND
not expect that small modular reactors will provide any relief in this regard.

Extinction
Stephen Lendman, The Peoples Voice, 3/12/11, Nuclear Meltdown in Japan, www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan
Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake caused $100 billion in damage, up to
AND
clear and present danger as long as nuclear weapons and commercial dependency exist.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
The chances of a meltdown is 200 times higher than NRC predictions
Lelieveld 12
(J., May 23, 2012, Probability of nuclear reactor core meltdown higher than expected  , Homeland Security News Wire, http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/dr20120523-probability-of-nuclear-reactor-core-meltdown-higher-than-expected0)
To determine the likelihood of a nuclear meltdown, the researchers applied a simple calculation
AND
reactors are located in regions of enhanced risks, for example by earthquakes.

SMRs aren’t safer or more effective than larger reactors.
Smith, ‘11
Gar, environmental journalist, editor of Earth Island Institute's weekly "eco-zine" The-Edge, Summer, “Don’t Mini-mize the Dangers of Nuclear Power,” http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/dont_mini-mize_the_dangers_of_nuclear_power/
And that’s just a partial list. The problem with nuclear power is simple:
AND
hazard of exposing the next 20,000 generations to this lethal waste?

Passive safety designs are hyped and safety risks of SMR outweigh any potential benefits.
Lyman, ‘11
Dr. Edwin, Senior Scientist -- Union of Concerned Scientists, “AN EXAMINATION OF THE SAFETY AND ECONOMICS OF LIGHT WATER SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: HEARING before a SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION, SPECIAL HEARING, JULY 14, 2011--WASHINGTON DC,” http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg72251/html/CHRG-112shrg72251.htm
Some SMR vendors emphasize their designs are passively safe, but no credible reactor design
AND
SMRs, which begin with a large economic disadvantage compared to large reactors.

SMRs are highly vulnerable to accidents -- and colocation means they’ll be harder to forestall once they begin.
Feinstein, ‘11
Dianne, US Senator, “AN EXAMINATION OF THE SAFETY AND ECONOMICS OF LIGHT WATER SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: HEARING before a SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION, SPECIAL HEARING, JULY 14, 2011--WASHINGTON DC,” http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg72251/html/CHRG-112shrg72251.htm
For me, one of the fundamental issues raised by events in Fukushima is whether
AND
SMRs, and so I look forward to witnesses addressing these issues today.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
Terrorists have 100 probability of a successful attack -- internal studies prove -- causes immediate meltdowns that means that you vote affirmative because we have the most probably terminal impact
Caldicott, ‘6
Helen, Founder, President -- Nuclear Policy Research Institute, “Nuclear Power is not the answer,” p. 92-4
Let's consider the two large Indian Point reactors located in the town of Buchanan in
AND
valves, removing the cooling water and initiating a meltdown from the inside.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
Lack of effective inspections turns the whole case—makes SMRs worse for prolif, safety and security than large reactors
Dr. Edwin Lyman 11, Senior Scientist, Global Security Program, Union of Concerned Scientists, July 14, 2011, Testimony Before the Energy and Water Development Subcommittee, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate, "An Examination of the Safety and Economics of Light Water Small Modular Reactors"
Proponents of small modular reactors (SMRs) claim that their designs have inherent safety
AND
comparable or even greater safety, security and proliferation risks than large reactors.

Preserving sufficient IAEA resources solves their internal link—means inspections prevent inevitable global nuclear energy expansion from causing prolif
Adam M. Scheinman 8, Assistant deputy administrator, Nonproliferation and international security, DOE/NNSA, March 31, 2008, "A TIME FOR ACTION: THE U.S. NEXT GENERATION SAFEGUARDS INITIATIVE"
And so we know the international community is capable of responding to proliferation challenges.
AND

and that above all provides assurances that nations respect their international obligations.

Declining confidence in IAEA inspections causes breakout prolif
Adam M. Scheinman 8, Assistant deputy administrator, Nonproliferation and international security, DOE/NNSA, March 31, 2008, "A TIME FOR ACTION: THE U.S. NEXT GENERATION SAFEGUARDS INITIATIVE"
If states lacked confidence in the IAEA to verify peaceful activities, then they may
AND
world community have such a major stake in the success of international safeguards.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
They say that it fails now but its doubling the budget and increasing effectiveness
Dyer 12
Tampa Bay Times¶ October 8, 2012¶ Politifact.com Edition¶ “OBAMA'S SUPPORT OF NUCLEAR SECURITY AGENCY FELL SHORT OF CAMPAIGN PROMISE”¶ BYLINE: KELLY DYER¶ LexisNexis
Strengthen the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and double its budget in the
AND
Additional Protocol to strengthen the agency's ability to detect clandestine facilities and activities."

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
US-Russian relations are cyclical- prevents full relations collapse
Xing ‘12
Li Xing, director for Russian studies at the School of Political Science and International Studies at Beijing Normal University. Interviewed by Ling Yi at the Global Times.
http://www.globaltimes.cn/DesktopModules/DnnForge20-20NewsArticles/Print.aspx?tabid=99andtabmoduleid=94andarticleId=709170andmoduleId=405andPortalID=0 ETB
Russia-US relations are constantly cyclical. As the US presidential election is coming
AND
needs the Kremlin's support on international security issues such as Iran and Syria.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
Biodiversity loss is irrelevant- species will adapt
Willis ‘9
Kathy J. Willis, Long-Term Ecology Laboratory, Oxford University Centre for the Environment and Department of Biology, University of Bergen. Shonil A. Bhagwat, Long-Term Ecology Laboratory, Oxford University Centre for the Environment. “Biodiversity and Climate Change.” Science 6 November 2009: Vol. 326 no. 5954 pp. 806-807. ETB
Another complexity, however, is the impact of climate change on already highly altered
AND
that the full effects of fragmentation will only be seen in future years.

Species loss won’t snowball or threaten human life
Moore ‘98
(Senior Fellow – Hoover Institute, Climate of Fear, Pg. 99)
Nevertheless, the loss of a class of living being does not typically threaten other
AND
imagine a single species that, if eliminated, would threaten us humans.

Not key to ecosystem stability
Sasaki and Lauenroth, 11 

• Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University. PhD from the Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Member of the Ecological Society of Japan, and Winner of the Best Poster Prize in 2007 and 2008 at the Annual Meeting of Ecological Society of Japan (section: Plant Community and Species Diversity) – AND  Professor at the Department of Botany at the University of Wyoming. PhD in Range Science from the University of Colorado (1/11/11, Dr. Takehiro Sasaki and Dr. William K. Lauenroth, “Dominant species, rather than diversity, regulates temporal stability of plant communities,” Oecologia, 166(3):761-8 CS)
  We found a significant negative relationship between temporal stability and species richness, number of
  AND
  supported by an increase in the number of rare species destabilized the communities.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
No impact to disease – they either burn out or don’t spread
Posner 05
(Richard A, judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, and senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School, Winter. “Catastrophe: the dozen most significant catastrophic risks and what we can do about them.” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmske/is_3_11/ai_n29167514/pg_2?tag=content;col1)
Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
lesson of the AIDS pandemic. And there is always a lust time.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

Supply and demand means farmers will make more food – empirically true

Zubrin '11
Dr. Robert Zubrin Fellow with the Center for Security Policy B.A. in Mathematics from the University of Rochester (1974), and a masters degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics, a masters degree in Nuclear Engineering, and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering  "WHY IT'S WRONG TO AGREE WITH THE MALTHUSIANS ABOUT ETHANOL" http://www.ilcorn.org/daily-update/182-why-it-rsquo-s-wrong-to-agree-with-the-malthusians-about-ethanol/
In fact, Lester Brown is wrong about the alleged famine-inducing potential of
AND
times as great as they were in 1960 (40 bushels per acre.) 

Food shortages inevitable

Dawson '6
Thomas, January 5. American Chronicle, "Food for Thought and the Price of Food," http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=4533
It may seem to many that we are living in a period in which there
AND
to gasoline and diesel fuels to further subsidize and satisfy the farm lobby.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
The plan spotlights light water SMRs, because they are slightly more developed than advanced reactors
Department of Commerce 2011 (February, U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration, Manufacturing and Services Competitiveness Report, “The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors”, http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf, WEA)
Although SMRs have significant potential and ¶ the market for their deployment is growing,
AND
Reactor Concepts program, which ¶ focuses on metal-cooled reactor technologies.

SMR models are zero-sum—light water SMRs enable mixed oxide usage, which crushes prolif cred
Clements 2012 – Nonproliferation Policy Director at ANA (6/8, Tom, Alliance for Nuclear Accountability, “Documents Reveal Time-line and Plans for “Small Modular Reactors” (SMRs) at the Savannah River Site (SRS) Unrealistic and Promise no Funding”, http://www.ananuclear.org/PressRoom/ANAPressReleases/tabid/115/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/558/Default.aspx, WEA)
The MOAs indicate that sale of electricity to SRS via “Purchase Power Agreements”
AND
campaign by SMR vendors to promote their specific models, according to ANA.

Nonprolif leadership solves prolif
Wallace and Williams, 4-17-12
Michael, Senior Adviser, U.S. Nuclear Energy Project – CSIS, Sarah, CSIS, “Nuclear Energy in America: Preventing It’s Early Demise,” http://csis.org/files/publication/120417_gf_wallace_williams.pdf
America’s nuclear energy industry is in decline. Low natural gas prices, financing hurdles
AND
.S. nuclear industry and take action to prevent its early demise. 

Extinction
Utgoff, Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division 02 of Institute for Defense Analysis (Victor A., Summer 2002, Survival, p.87-90 Victor A Utgoff, Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of Institute for Defense Analysis, Summer 2002, Survival, p.87-90)
In sum, widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
SMR development now, but near-term subsidies lock in inferior light water models
Spencer and Loris 2011 – Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, Research Associate in the Roe Institute, at The Heritage Foundation (2/2, Jack and Nicolas, Heritage, Backgrounder, “A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?”, WEA)
Small modular reactors (SMRs) have garnered significant¶ attention in recent years,
AND
seem attractive, they¶ have yet to net any new reactor construction.

Plan eliminates incentives to improve designs
Spencer and Loris 2011 – Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, Research Associate in the Roe Institute, at The Heritage Foundation (2/2, Jack and Nicolas, Heritage, Backgrounder, “A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?”, WEA)
Government Intervention. Too many policymakers¶ believe that Washington is equipped to¶ guide
AND
and risk of a more mature technology¶ that already dominates the marketplace.

First customer is key because of design competition—the plan locks in supplier advantage
Yurman 2012 (2/22, Dan, The Energy Collective, updated coverage from Fuel Cycle Week, V11:N460 published by International Nuclear Associates, “SMR developers are racing to the market”, http://theenergycollective.com/dan-yurman/77332/smr-developers-seek-investors-and-customers, WEA)
Developers of small modular reactors (SMRs) of both the light water and fast
AND
up in a hybrid role to get their first sale on the books.

We would use MOX because there’s a joint mandate with Russia and it’s abundant
Yurman 9/10/2012 – (Dan, The Energy Collective, “Calling Out Red Herrings about MOX Fuel for TVA”, http://theenergycollective.com/dan-yurman/111276/calling-out-red-herrings-about-mox-fuel-tva?ref=node_other_posts_by, WEA)
The conversion of the plutonium is part of a joint program with Russia to dismantled
AND
is that plutonium is a normal byproduct in nuclear reactors that fission uranium.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
Reinstating MOX fuel wrecks non-prolif agreements and leads to fissile diversion and environmental contamination—military connections and short-term profit motives magnify the risk
Zeller et al 2005 – Science Director for Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League, founder of Ecodefense, *Institute for International Environmental Safety, International Panel on Fissile Materials, *leader of the Movement for Nuclear Safety in Chelyabinsk (5/11, Louis Zeller, Vladimir Slivyak, Konstantin Kozlov, Masa Takubo, Natalia Mironova, Statement to the Review Conference of the Parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, “Prevent the Reprocessing of Military Plutonium Wastes into Fuel”, http://www.nirs.org/reactorwatch/mox/jstate051105.htm, WEA)
We hereby stand opposed the reprocessing of plutonium for fuel because it presents unsupportable risks
AND
a world without nuclear weapons must also halt the drive for plutonium power.

Tanks prolif cred
NIRS 2011 – no explicit date given but cites articles as recent as April (Nuclear Information and Resource Service, “The Military-Industrial-Utility Complex and the NIX/MOX Campaign”, http://www.nirs.org/reactorwatch/mox/mox.htm, WEA)
The U.S. Department of Energy is preparing to use plutonium-based
AND
with a new, and frighteningly powerful military-industrial-utility complex.

The MOX program crushes global nuclear security by making plutonium abundant—the alternative is safe immobilization
Lyman and Carroll 2011 – *Union of Concerned Scientists senior scientist, Nuclear Watch South coordinator (4/1, Nuclear Information and Resource Service, press release, “SERIOUS SECURITY ISSUES AT MOX PLUTONIUM FACTORY RECOGNIZED BY REGULATORS”, http://www.nirs.org/reactorwatch/mox/moxplutoniumpr040111.pdf, WEA)
The MOX plutonium fuel factory at SRS proposes to utilize up to 50 metric tons
AND
underground storage ¶ tanks at SRS as the preferable alternative to MOX plutonium.

Tournament: Van | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Solanes

noaa t/o da

NOAA weather satellite programs receiving increased funding now

Leone, 6/12 (Dan, 6/12/2014, "House and Senate Find Common Ground on NOAA Budget," http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/40883house-and-senate-find-common-ground-on-noaa-budget, JMP)

WASHINGTON — The U.S. Senate Appropriations Committee on June 5
AND
approved and $3.5 million more than the White House requested.

Plan forces a tradeoff —- funding for weather satellites relies on constraints to the rest of the NOAA budget

Showstack, 12 (3/6/2012, Randy —- staff writer, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, "NOAA Budget Would Boost Satellite Funding but Cut Some Key Areas," vol. 93, no. 10, Wiley Online Library, JMP)
The White House's proposed fiscal year (FY) 2013 budget for the National Oceanic
AND
and the White House to urgently seek a new approach to satellite funding."

Sufficient funding is necessary to ensure timely deployment of JPSS satellite and avoid gaps in data coverage

Kicza, 13 —- Assistant Administrator National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service at NOAA (9/19/2013, Mary E., "HEARING TITLED DYSFUNCTION IN MANAGEMENT OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE SATELLITES BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEES ON ENVIRONMENT AND OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES," http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/HHRG-113-SY21-WState-MKicza-20130919.pdf, JMP)
2013 GAO Review of the JPSS Program NOAA was provided an opportunity to review the
AND
sufficient funding is required to ensure that we maintain the current acquisition schedule.

Gaps in coverage will wreck U.S. military readiness and damage major sectors of the economy

Conathan, 11 —- Director of Oceans Policy at American Progress (2/18/2011, Michael, "A Forecast for Disaster: Stormy Conditions Await if NOAA Funding Is Cut," http://americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2011/02/18/9055/a-forecast-for-disaster/, JMP)
Weather predictions used to be a frequent punchline but they have improved dramatically in recent
AND
. That's an ugly forecast. Tragically, it's also 100 percent accurate.

Readiness key to deter global conflict

Jack Spencer, 2000, Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy Policy at The Heritage Foundation's Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies. "The Facts About Military Readiness" Sep. 15, 2k. accessed July 31, 2010 http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2000/09/BG1394-The-Facts-About-Military-Readiness//Donnie
Military readiness is vital because declines in America's military readiness signal to the rest of
AND
from acting aggressively in regions of vital national interest, thereby preserving peace.

Tournament: Van | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Solanes

Satellites are key to the economy

NOAA, no date ("NOAA Satellites; The legacy of NOAA's satellites," http://www.jpss.noaa.gov/satellites_legacy.html, JMP)
For more than 50 years, NOAA weather satellites have provided U.S.
AND
weather satellites, like GOES, see the weather within their limited domain.

Tournament: Van | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Solanes

Budget is zero-sum —- new programs require cuts in others

Leopold, 13 —- long-time Washington-based science and technology writer who is now working with the Policy Program here at the American Meteorological Society (4/9/2013, George, "Budget Squeeze Spurs U.S. Weather Collaboration," http://blog.ametsoc.org/columnists/budget-squeeze-spurs-u-s-weather-collaboration/, JMP)
The zero-sum budget process faced by federal agencies means that "if you
AND
to look at all these new technologies" and identify the best option.

Fiscal constraints force tradeoffs

Tracton, 12 (3/29/2012, Steve, "National Weather Service budget cuts misguided, misplaced," http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/national-weather-service-budget-cuts-misguided-misplaced/2012/03/29/gIQAmm6qiS_blog.html, JMP)
Important note: The explicit and publically announced budget reductions ultimately stem from tradeoffs in
AND
– at least temporarily – a reprieve from the budget cuts being discussed.

Tournament: Van | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Solanes

Military readiness key to hegemony

Talbot, founder and former editor-in-chief of Salon founder and former editor-in-chief, 2
(David Talbot, Jan 3 2002, Salon, "The making of a hawk", http://www.salon.com/2002/01/03/hawk/, accessed 7-7-13, DAG)
Despite their eventual success, each U.S. military response in the past
AND
here, for those who might be wrestling with similar thoughts these days.

War is inevitable in the status quo – States will always compete for regional status even when it is at their disadvantage – only unquestioned primacy stops it from escalating

Wohlforth 9 - Professor of government at Dartmouth
(William, "Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War" World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse)
 Second, I question the dominant view that status quo evaluations are relatively independent
AND
ways that directly contradict their material interest in security and/or prosperity.

There are hundreds of causes of conflict – hegemony deters and controls escalation by internalizing costs

Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law and Professor of Law @ University of Virginia, Editor of the American Journal of International Law
(John Norton, "Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace," pg. 41-43)
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?

Tournament: Van | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Solanes

Costly NOAA satellite programs have required reductions in other ocean policies

Representative Smith, 14 (4/30/2014, Rep. Smith, Lamar - (R-TX), Congressional Documents and Publications. House Science, Space, and Technology Subcommittee on Environment Hearing - "An Overview of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Budget Request for FY2015," Factiva, JMP)
Meanwhile the chronic cost over-runs of NOAA's satellites have forced significant reductions in funding for important activities in areas such as oceans, fisheries, and weather.

Cuts to ocean and fishing programs have been critical to fund weather satellites —- full funding is key to keep the program on track

Morello, 12 (3/21/2012, Lauren, "Soaring Satellite Costs Spur U.S. Government to Seek Budget Cuts; NOAA's ambitious plans for new satellites are consuming more of the agency's budget, prompting questions from lawmakers," http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/soaring-satellite-costs-spur-us-government-to-seek-budget-cuts/, JMP)
The spiraling cost of satellite programs at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has lawmakers
AND
$916 million it is seeking for the satellite effort in fiscal 2013.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
private sector prizes cp

The United States federal government should institute a substantial monetary prize incentive for the purpose of aff mandates

The counterplan is plan-minus – the private sector owns the project which severs “its”
Harrold 11 – Esq., brief to the Supreme Court of Indiana
(Dennis, “HAIRE v. PARKER, 2011 IN S. Ct. Briefs LEXIS 350,” Lexis)BB
However, simply stating that Haspin Acres is released cannot afford enough protection because -
AND
express provision states "its . . . riders," not all riders.

Prizes solve and stream line public-private partnerships– solves better in the long term
Gustetic ’12, Prizes and Challenges Program Executive NASA
Jenn, “Government as a Catalyst: Prizes for Tech Innovation”, http://www.pocg.com/blog/archives/736
At this year’s South by South West Interactive (SXSWi) conference, I’m pleased
AND
partnerships to form. We’ll talk about some instances where this is happening.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
The COMPETES act has generated bipartisan support for prize programs
Jeffrey L. Furman Boston University and NBER 21 June 2012 paper prepared for the NBER Innovation Policy and the Economy Workshop Washington, DC April 2012 “The America COMPETES Acts: The Future of U.S. Physical Science and Engineering Research?—Abstract”
The America COMPETES legislation, including the initial America COMPETES Act of 2007 (ACA
AND
the spending cuts experienced by many non-defense-related federal programs. 

Privatization avoids politics – perceived as cheaper
Primack 11 – Analyst @ Fortune
(Dan, “Why Obama can't save infrastructure,” http://fortune.com/2011/02/17/why-obama-cant-save-infrastructure/)//BB
At the same time, private investment firms are clamoring to fill the void.¶
AND
and maintain existing infrastructure, without requiring tax increases or enabling parochial pork.

Tournament: Van | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Solanes

Prizes are effective and allow agencies to use resources far more efficiently

Walker 12 – science and technology journalist for breaking gov
(Richard, "What 205 Prize Challenges Have Taught Government Agencies", breaking gov http://breakinggov.com/2012/09/10/what-205-prize-challenges-have-taught-government-agencies/, HW)
In September 2010 the Obama Administration launched Challenge.gov, a one-stop
AND
solutions coming in the door to some long standing tough problems in government."

Prizes significantly reduce the cost to the agency and promote government efficiency

Gatto 4/5 – Assemblyman, California's 43^rd District
(Mike, "California 'X-Prize' promotes government efficiency", UT San Diego, http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/Apr/05/prize-letter-gatto/, HW)
While normally I pride myself in being a public official who listens to the wisdom
AND
Those are proposals I know the U-T Editorial Board can support.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
Prizes solve modeling- here’s the data
Hendrix ’14, Director for emerging issues and research at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation
Michael, “The Power of Prizes”, http://www.uschamberfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Power20of20Prizes_0.pdf
Governments in other countries are getting in on the act, including Canada’s¶ nearly
AND
remains that prizes are growing well outside the borders of the United States.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
Inducement prizes are effective and don’t trade off with other policies

a. Spurs economic growth and investment
Thomas Kalil 12/2006—Special Assistant to the Chancellor for Science and Technology at UC Berkeley “Prizes for Technological Innovation” The Hamilton Project-The Brookings Institution-an American think tank http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2006/12/healthcare20kalil/200612kalil.pdf
Science, technology, and innovation are central to America’s continued economic growth. As
AND
, and under some circumstances may have advantages over, traditional funding mechanisms:

b. Empirical data
Williams ’12, PhD in economics from Harvard
Heidi, “Innovation Inducement Prizes: Connecting Research to Policy”, MIT Economics, http://economics.mit.edu/files/7823
Two recent papers have looked deeper into the historical record to construct counterfactual¶ analyses
AND
have been implemented in the past can be successful on¶ this metric.

c. They are empirically effective and avoid bureaucracy—and they’re popular with the public
Alex Schroeder 12/2004  Colorado School of Mines. Div. of Economics and Business Independence Institute “The Application and Administration of Inducement Prizes in Technology—The Technological Implications of Prizes”
The Technological Implications of Prizes Both recognition and inducement prizes seek to reward an individual
AND
the country latched on to information technology in the development of Silicon Valley.

d. Prizes are key to technological innovation and federal agencies have authority
Porter, reporter for the Wall Street Journal, 6/19/2014 (Caroline, “Innovation Contests With Cash Prizes Attract More 'Average Joes'” Wall Street Journal http://online.wsj.com/articles/innovation-contests-with-cash-prizes-attract-more-average-joes-1403151163)//JSutter
Government and private foundations increasingly are using prize money to allow even Average Joes to
AND
was, 'I want one and when does it come out?' "

Tournament: Van | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Solanes

Climate Change

Prizes comparatively solve warming best

Adler '9, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Business Law and Regulation, Case Western Reserve University School of Law
Jonathan H., "EYES ON A CLIMATE PRIZE: REWARDING ENERGY INNOVATION TO ACHIEVE CLIMATE STABILIZATION", Harvard Environmental Law Review, http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/elr/vol35_1/HLE101.pdf
Stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at double their pre-industrial levels (
AND
 contexts, prizes are particularly well suited to the climate policy challenge.

Prizes solve- incentives lead to innovative solutions

Adler '9, Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Business Law and Regulation, Case Western Reserve University School of Law
Jonathan H., "EYES ON A CLIMATE PRIZE: REWARDING ENERGY INNOVATION TO ACHIEVE CLIMATE STABILIZATION", Harvard Environmental Law Review, http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/elr/vol35_1/HLE101.pdf
Meeting the climate policy challenge will require policymakers to expand their policy toolkit.
AND
contexts, prizes are particularly well suited to the climate policy challenge.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
Prizes solve- most effective, ensure best performance, and incentivize innovation
Hendrix 1-14-14, Director of Emerging Issues and Research U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation
Michael, “The Power of Prizes”, U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation, http://www.uschamberfoundation.org/library/2014/01/power-prizes
Prizes have existed since the dawn of man. As modern civilization grew, they
AND
our smartphone’s soft glow. Prizes open the imagination to what is unseen.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
Prizes lead to 10X the amount of investment the plan does
Kalil ‘6, Expert on technology and innovation policy, and Deputy Director for Policy for the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
Thomas, “Prizes for Technological Innovation”, Brookings Institute, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2006/12/healthcare20kalil/200612kalil.pdf
4. Under some circumstances, prizes can stimulate¶ philanthropic and private sector investment
AND
radio, the high-resolution¶ CAT scanner, and the microprocessor.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
Government programs with the private sector solve disease
Kremer 2K, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution
Michael, “A Better Way to Spur Medical Research and Development”, Cato, http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/2000/7/kremer.pdf
Potential Sponsors Recently, two institutions that traditionally¶ have taken a centralized, statist
AND
Taxpayers would pay nothing¶ unless and until those vaccines have been developed.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
a. Prizes spill over to create new industries
Hendrix ’14, Director for emerging issues and research at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation
Michael, “The Power of Prizes”, http://www.uschamberfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Power20of20Prizes_0.pdf
Prizes don’t emerge from vacuums. They act as leverage to encourage ¶ capital to
AND
solutions ¶ are often just as unexpected as those in pursuit of them.

b. The technology from prizes become commercialized- here’s some examples
Hendrix ’14, Director for emerging issues and research at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation
Michael, “The Power of Prizes”, http://www.uschamberfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Power20of20Prizes_0.pdf
Return on investment is a central part of fostering sustained innovation. To¶ that
AND
solar-powered flights due to the success of its original sponsorship.53

c. Others sectors transform goals
Luciano Kay 5/17/2012—Postdoctoral Scholar with the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at University of California Santa Barbara (CNS-UCSB) and a Research Associate with The Georgia Tech Program in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP), Georgia Tech. “Opportunities and Challenges in the Use of Innovation Prizes as a Government Policy Instrument” supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant Number SBE-0965103
There are at least two areas in which prizes are more likely to present advantages
AND
even become a self-sustaining community in the ?eld (Kay 2011b)

d. Normal means is that prizes get used by all
Hendrix ’14, Director for emerging issues and research at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation
Michael, “The Power of Prizes”, http://www.uschamberfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Power20of20Prizes_0.pdf
Prizes, once available, must be public and open to all. This increases
AND
further investment and offers a valuable signal of performance¶ for contestants.61

Tournament: Van | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Solanes

Tragedy of the Commons

Privatization is a key to project success- personal incentive proves

Hannesson '4, Professor at Norwegian School of Economics 
Ro?gnvaldur, "The Privatization of the Oceans", Pgs 12-14, EbscoHost
1 Economic Welfare and the Evolution of Property Rights The economic system in what
AND
is absence of property rights and market transactions rather than the opposite.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will

The United States Department of Defense should increase its proprietary investment in offshore small modular reactors, designate the technology for military bases in the United States, and integrate them along the coast and grant them electricity integration.

Military procurement solves commercial and islanding- avoid regulation

Andres and Loudermilk 10
(Richard B. Andres, Professor of  national Security Strategy at the  national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental  Security and Policy Chair in the Center  for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University, Micah J, Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, "Small Reactors and the Military's Role in Securing America's Nuclear IndustryPosted" http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/small-reactors-and-the-militarys-role-in-securing-americas-nuclear-industryposted/, SEH)
Unlike private industry, the military does not face the same regulatory and congressional hurdles
AND
the military presents a realistic route by which their adoption can be achieved.

DoD key

Glen Butler, Lt. Col., 2011, Not Green Enough, www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough
and a long safety record in nuclear reactor certification, operations, training, and
AND
shorten the process to a reasonable level for Marine and naval installations.35

Internal net benefit - islanding da

Small nuclear reactors key to prevent bases from being vulnerable to inevitable grid outages- the impact is nuclear war

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of  national Security Strategy at the  national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental  Security and Policy Chair in the Center  for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, "Small Nuclear Reactors  for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and  Technological Implications" Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)
Grid Vulnerability. DOD is unable to provide its  bases with electricity when the
AND
order to win an ongoing battle or war would  be greatly reduced.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
The GOP will win control of both chambers because of turnout edge—no policies coming now will reverse it
Walsh, 7-16-14---CNN Senior Congressional Producer
Deirdre, “Need any more proof Congress is done legislating?” CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/16/politics/congress-done/ --BR
If it wasn't already clear that Congress is done legislating this year, the scene
AND
that the issue could damage their standing among women if they didn't respond.

Diversity drop-off because of a lack of environmental progress dooms the Dems—the aff is a rallying cry that produces widespread minority turnout   
Gonzalez 14 – Director of NAACP national voter fund
(Antonio, “Communities of color and the environment”, 2/6/14, http://augustafreepress.com/blog-communities-color-environment/, HW)
At first, there wasn’t much polling on how Latinos or African Americans would vote
AND
. Give them a green reason to vote and they will turn out.

Reversing diversity drop-off is the Democrats’ only hope for maintaining the Senate
Cillizza, 7-16-14---writes a politics blog and covers the White House for the Washington Post
Chris Cillizza, “The 2014 electorate is going to be whiter than it was in 2012. Here are the Senate races where it matters.” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/07/16/the-2014-electorate-is-going-to-be-whiter-than-it-was-in-2012-here-are-the-senate-races-where-it-matters/. –BR
Everyone knows that the 2014 electorate will be whiter than the 2012 electorate -- and
AND
off between 2012 and 2014 smaller than it was between 2012 and 2010.

GOP senate key to Asia Pivot—gridlock can’t stop it
Keck 4/22/14—Managing Editor of The Diplomat where he authors The Pacific Realist blog. He also writes a monthly column for The National Interest. Previously, he worked as Deputy Editor of e-International Relations and has interned at the Center for a New American Security and in the U.S. Congress, where he worked on defense issues.
Zachary Keck, “The Midterm Elections and the Asia Pivot: The Republican Party taking the Senate in the 2014 elections could be a boon for the Asia Pivot.” The Diplomat, April 22, 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/04/the-midterm-elections-and-the-asia-pivot/ FAS
There is a growing sense in the United States that when voters go to the
AND
Republicans ready on day one. This initiative should be Asia-centric.

Pivot is to key to prevent Asia wars
Lohman 13 – MA in Foreign Affairs @ UVA (Walter, “Honoring America’s Superpower Responsibilities,” http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/06/honoring-americas-superpower-responsibilities)
When you withdraw from the world, either by imposing trade barriers or drawing down
AND
they would have to do without the benefit of the American nuclear deterrent.

Causes extinction—outweighs other scenarios
Mead 10 (Mead, senior fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations, 2010 Walter, American Interest, “Obama in Asia”, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/11/09/obama-in-asia/)
The decision to go to Asia is one that all thinking Americans can and should
AND
, and that reality is what President Obama’s trip is intended to address.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
Environmental policies are a wedge issue that drives up Democratic turnout among diverse voters that would otherwise stay home
Myers 5/22 – Freelance Journalist
(Drew, “REPORTERS NOTEBOOK: GOLIATH V GOLIATH MATCH-UP AS ‘GREEN’ BILLIONAIRE TAKES ON THE KOCH BROTHERS”, http://dmnewsi.com/2014/05/22/reporters-notebook-goliath-v-goliath-match-up-as-green-billionaire-takes-on-the-koch-brothers/, HW)
GOP candidates in the NextGen cross hairs — Scott in Florida, Terri Lynn Land
AND
“You can come into these states and really run a total campaign.”

Thumpers and link defense don’t take out our link—multiple polls prove environmental policy is the key determining factor in minority turnout
Abdullah 10 – Reporter for New America Media
(Khalil, “Latinos, African Americans Willing to Pay More to Slow Climate Change”, http://newamericamedia.org/2010/04/latinos-african-americans-willing-to-pay-more-to-slow-climate-change.php, HW)
Latino and African-American communities in the United States increasingly share similar views on
AND
, on climate change, “they definitely want to see something done.”

Critical demographics put environmental issues as a top concern – the link only goes one way because they trust the Dems more to deal with it
Zogby 12 – Political analyst for Forbes
(John, “After Sandy, Poll Shows GOP Faces Growing Environmental Divide with Voters”, http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnzogby/2012/11/14/after-sandy-poll-shows-gop-faces-growing-environmental-divide-with-voters/, HW)
Superstorm Sandy is fueling concerns about climate change and how it’s inflating the costs and
AND
are up for grabs, with 54 percent answering neither/not sure.

Steyer will throw his monetary influence behind climate voting motivation
Bartels 5/22 – Political Analyst for the Denver Post
(Lynn, “Climate change guru Tom Steyer donates big bucks to help Mark Udall”, http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_25817273/climate-change-guru-tom-steyer-donates-big-bucks, HW)
Steyer, a retired hedge fund manager from California billed as a "green billionaire
AND
our opponents among persuadable voters," Steyer's group said in a news release.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
GOP holds the edge in midterm elections– 2 biggest election models proves
Cillizza 8/27/14 (Chris, Political Reporter for the Washington Post, “All of the election models are starting to converge. And they are all pointing to a Republican Senate.”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/08/27/all-of-the-election-models-are-starting-to-converge-and-they-are-all-pointing-to-a-republican-senate/, accessed 8/28/14, BCG)
Over the past few days, two of three big election models -- the Post's
AND
67 percent chance of taking the majority. Writes the Upshot's Josh Katz:

Early republican lead in key states give the edge to the GOP
Cillizza 8/11/14 (Chris, Political Reporter for the Washington Post, “Republicans chances of winning Senate majority continue to brighten”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/08/11/republicans-chances-of-winning-senate-majority-continue-to-brighten/, accessed 8/29/14, BCG)
These past seven days typified the fates of the two parties this election cycle.
AND
made a GOP takeover a better-than-50/50 proposition.

We control momentum—it’s sweeping for the GOP
Murphy 7/7/14 (Bill Murphy | July 07, 2014, staff writer, Momentum: Politico Predicts A Republican Senate Majorityhttp://www.nrsc.org/blog/politico-predicts-a-republican-senate-majority)-AG
The forecast is sunny for the GOP. Yesterday, Politico predicted a Republican Senate
AND
on defense. Republicans have an opportunity to score big in the fall. 

Try or die—absent new wins, Obama will drag down the Democrats
Cilizza 7/13 – Political analyst for the Washington Post (Chris, “What’s the American political landscape looking like?”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/whats-the-american-political-landscape-looking-like/2014/07/13/ab025ca2-0a9f-11e4-b8e5-d0de80767fc2_story.html, HW)
3. Obama is likely to be a drag on his party this fall.
AND
of how he is handling his job than the nation as a whole.

They conceded it’s a turnout election, not a swing-voters election—the GOP has an overwhelming turnout edge—outweighs snapshot Democratic optimism
Tomasky, 14—MA in PoliSci @ NYU, lifelong journalist/author, special Newsweek correspondent
Michael, “Here’s What Happens When the GOP Takes Over the Senate,” 4-30, The Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/30/here-s-what-happens-when-the-gop-takes-over-the-senate.html --BR
Democrats have been feeling a wee bit better lately about this November. The Affordable
AND
Democrats and liberals, like it or not, have to think about.

Republicans will win the Senate back now—Democratic candidates can’t keep up
Hohmann 7/6/14(By JAMES HOHMANN, political correspondent, Politico, 7/6/14 http://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/2014-senate-elections-republicans-108584.html#ixzz37VrZCQGM)-AG
With four months until Election Day, Republicans are as close to winning the Senate
AND
. Fifty-five senators currently caucus with Democrats, 45 with Republicans.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
Backlash

The status quo solves prolif, but pushing a single reactor design causes backlash that jacks U.S. cred  
Nader Elhefnawy 8, Professor of English at the University of Miami, writer on IR published in journals including International Security, Astropolitics, and Survival, Autumn 2008, “The Next Wave of Nuclear Proliferation,” Parameters: The US Army War College Quarterly
It would be a mistake to focus excessively on any one track for ameliorating the
AND
current nuclear arsenals, are almost certain to continue operating their existing reactors.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
Inspections

Lack of effective inspections turns the whole case---makes SMRs worse for prolif, safety and security than large reactors
Dr. Edwin Lyman 11, Senior Scientist, Global Security Program, Union of Concerned Scientists, July 14, 2011, Testimony Before the Energy and Water Development Subcommittee, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate, “An Examination of the Safety and Economics of Light Water Small Modular Reactors,” http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/lyman-appropriations-subcom-7-14-11.pdf
Proponents of small modular reactors (SMRs) claim that their designs have inherent safety
AND
comparable or even greater safety, security and proliferation risks than large reactors.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
SMRs aren’t prolif resistant and slow deployment
ITA 11 – International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 2011, “The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors,” http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf
Some U.S. SMR vendors claim that their designs could be “black
AND
such designs are unlikely to be deployed in the near or mid term.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
Overstretches the IAEA
Lyman 11
(Edwin, senior scientist at Global Security Program Union of Concerned Scientists, “An Examination of the Safety and Economics of Light Water Small Modular Reactors” Senate Hearing, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/lyman-appropriations-subcom-7-14-11.pdf, SEH)
The distributed deployment of small reactors would also put great strains on existing licensing ¶
AND
SMRs around the world would be ¶ difficult, if feasible at all.

Causes other countries to sell them
PACE 11
(People’s Alliance for Clean Energy, “Smaller Size, Big Price Tag: Small modular reactors are risky” http://pacevirginia.org/2011/01/12/smaller-size-big-price-tag-small-modular-reactors-are-risky/, SEH)
Claim: SMR’s would be safer, posing fewer security risks.¶ Reality: “
AND
not impossible to simultaneously deny the technology to the rest of the world.

Hard to keep track of  
Makhijani and Boyd 11
(Arjun Makhijani an electrical and nuclear engineer who is President of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research and Michele Boyd former director of the Safe Energy Program at Physicians for Social Responsibility. Previously, “Small Modular ¶ Reactors¶ No Solution for the Cost, Safety, and Waste Problems ¶ of Nuclear Power” Physicians for Social Responsibility, http://www.psr.org/assets/pdfs/small-modular-reactors.pdf, SEH)
In addition, the use of plutonium fuel ¶ or uranium enriched to levels as
AND
¶ groundwater, for example, in the event of an ¶ accident.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will

SMRs empirically fail at commercialization

Magwood, commissioner – NRC, 7/14/'11
(William, "ECONOMICS AND SAFETY OF MODULAR REACTORS; COMMITTEE: SENATE APPROPRIATIONS; SUBCOMMITTEE: ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT," CQ Congressional Testimony)
That is not to say that SMRs are a new idea. The conceptual benefits
AND
insufficient to enable vendors to provide utilities with reliable cost and schedule estimates.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
SMR cheaper’ logic is wrong—economies of scale and clusters of SMRs obviate any benefits
Makhijani, PhD nuclear fusion – UC Berkeley, president – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, and Boyd, former director – Safe Energy Program @ Physicians for Social Responsibility, ‘10
(Arjun and Michele, “Small Modular Reactors,” http://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/small-modular-reactors2010.pdf)
SMR proponents claim that small size will enable mass manufacture in a factory, enabling
AND
to ensure safety, especially given the history of some of proposed designs.

SMRs have greater economic barriers than conventional reactors.
Lyman 1
Edwin Lyman is Senior Global Security Scientist with the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS). He specialises in nuclear proliferation, nuclear terrorism, and nuclear power safety. He has published many articles in journals and magazines and written many reports. Lyman was president of the Nuclear Control Institute. He has a Ph.D. in physics from Cornell University. July 14, 2011, Testimony of Dr. Edwin Lyman Senior Scientist, Global Security Program Union of Concerned Scientists “An Examination of the Safety and Economics of Light Water Small Modular Reactors” Before the Energy and Water Development Subcommittee Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/lyman-appropriations-subcom-7-14-11.pdf
Some SMR vendors emphasize that their designs are “passively safe.” However, no
AND
megawatt reactors was slightly greater than that of one 1340 megawatt reactor.1

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will

Enrichment Turn

The global nuclear renaissance will spread enrichment capabilities worldwide—-but developing and exporting SMRs prevents states from acquiring the full fuel cycle

Anatoly S. Diyakov 10, Professor of Physics and Director of the Center for Arms Control Energy and Environmental Studies at the Moscow Institute of Physics, Winter 2010, "The nuclear "renaissance" and preventing the spread of enrichment and reprocessing technologies: a Russian view", Dædalus, Vol. 139, No. 1
The anticipated growth of nuclear power around the world may lead to the spread of
AND
such solutions that could work during a period of at least a century.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will
U.S.-exported SMRs replace indigenous enrichment capability---they’re black-boxed
ITA 11 – International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 2011, “The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors,” http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf
Another potential long-term strength of SMRs is that some designs could also support
AND
are unlikely to be deployed in the near or mid term.
 

Global expansion of enrichment capability is the only way nuclear power can offset enough carbon emissions to solve climate change
Sharon Squassoni 9, Director and Senior Fellow of the Proliferation Prevention Program at CSIS, 3/25/9, “Nuclear Power: How Much More?,” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=176andrid=2
The amount of nuclear capacity required to make a signification contribution to global climate change
AND
decisions lie very much in the political realm, and can be reversed.

Most prolif risks are from reprocessing, not enrichment---but reprocessing won’t spread globally because of cheap uranium to enrich
Michael Spies 7, research associate with the Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, 2007, “Climate Change and Nuclear Power,” http://wmdreport.org/ndcs/online/NuclearDisorderPart3Section1.pdf
The reprocessing of spent reactor fuel, specifically in order to separate and recycle plutonium
AND
replaced, the actual requirement would be closer to three times the earlier result

2NC UQ

Enrichment will spread globally now---60 countries are increasing nuclear capacity---will provide large global enrichment capacity  
Olli Heinonen 12, Senior Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 3/22/12, “"The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime Challenged",” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21850/nuclear_nonproliferation_regime_challenged.html
Let me start by assessing the impact of a nuclear renaissance on non-proliferation
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capabilities. Individual and targeted approaches will be needed to address these cases.

Enrichment will spread globally with new nuclear programs---tech development will make it economically viable---but no risk of prolif because new nuclear states will accept safeguard agreements---and, the U.S. will try to prevent enrichment spread, but fail now
Justin Alger 10, researcher at the Canadian Centre for Treaty Compliance (CCTC) at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, and Trevor Findlay, the William and Jeanie Barton Chair in International Affairs and director of the CCTC at Carleton’s Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Fall 2010, “Strengthening Global Nuclear Governance,” Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 27, No. 1, http://www.issues.org/27.1/alger.html
Because all of the aspiring developing states, along with all other nonnuclear weapon states
AND
a resolution of which can come only with the achievement of nuclear disarmament.

2NC

SMRs cause a global hub and spoke nuclear trade where only a few countries enrich uranium---that collapses both global enrichment capacity and the technical expertise that supports it---means even if countries wanted to restart enrichment later they couldn’t
Ioannis N. Kessides 12, Lead Economist in the World Bank's Development Research Group, and Vladimir Kuznetsov, Consultant, the World Bank, 2012, “Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries,” Sustainability, Vol. 4, No. 8, p. 1806-1832
The extent to which nuclear power will prove an acceptable and enduring option for meeting
AND
, trying to restrict knowledge diffusion is arguable futile and non-sustainable.

No Reprocessing Spread 

Most prolif risks are from reprocessing, not enrichment---but reprocessing won’t spread globally because of cheap uranium to enrich
Michael Spies 7, research associate with the Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, 2007, “Climate Change and Nuclear Power,” http://wmdreport.org/ndcs/online/NuclearDisorderPart3Section1.pdf
The reprocessing of spent reactor fuel, specifically in order to separate and recycle plutonium
AND
replaced, the actual requirement would be closer to three times the earlier result

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will

Nuclear will remain uncompetitive for decades—our evidence cites industry leaders.

Hiltzik 11
Michael Hiltzik is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author who has covered business, technology, and public policy for the Los Angeles Times for twenty years, master of science degree in journalism from the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~March 23, 2011, "A nuclear renaissance in U.S. was unlikely even before Japan disaster," LA Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/23/business/la-fi-hiltzik-20110323~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To all those who may be concerned that the catastrophic events at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi
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be necessary to our energy future, but it won't be our savior.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

Lack of sufficient science, vulnerability to storms and cost all impede OTEC – private companies do not want to invest

Rick '14 ('Examining the Future of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion', 3/14, http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/examining-future-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion/, wcp)
Despite the sound science, a fully functioning OTEC prototype has yet to be developed
AND
they see a disruption of the pristine marine landscape, they think pollution.

OTEC destroys biod and more GHG emissions

Etemadi 11
(Ahmad Etemadi is a Professor at Urmia University. He specializes in environmental engineering, wastewater treatment, and waste and wastewater management. Etemadi, A. Emdadi, A. AsefAfshar, O. Emami, Y. "Electricity Generation by Ocean Thermal Energy," Energy Procedia, Volume 12. 936-943. September, 2011. Ghs-kw)
Though fairly benign in environmental impact compared to traditional power plants, OTEC poses some
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6~ Appropriate measures should be taken to control environmental impacts including:

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
Interpretation: the resolution mandates federal ownership of the ocean development

“Its” is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Supreme Court of Oklahoma 34
(Swindall v. State Election Board, 168 Okla. 97, Lexis)BB
However, I view another phase of the act which is not considered in the
AND
is his intention to support a majority of the candidates of that party.

Ocean development is utilization of ocean resources
Japanese Institute of Navigation, 98 (“Ocean Engineering Research Committee”, http://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htm)
Discussions of "Ocean Engineering" are inseparable from "Ocean Development." What is
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for the ocean environment, unlike individual engineering fields in a traditional sense.

Violation – the aff incentives private sector development or exploration – it doesn’t mandate federal development or exploration

The industry would possess and maintain the development projects – that violates the core meaning of “its”
Appelate Court of Illinois 80
(“Hulett v. Central Illinois Light Co.,” 83 Ill. App. 3d 195, Lexis)BB
The plaintiff responded to the motion for summary judgment to the effect that as to
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that each public utility system shall maintain the power lines which it owns.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

Ownership is key – provision of federal funds doesn't make it "its" project

Paget 7 – JD, long and widely recognized as one of this country's leading practitioners of environmental law and litigation
(David, ALI-ABA COURSE OF STUDY MATERIALS Environmental Impact Assessment: NEPA and Related Requirements Cosponsored by the Environmental Law Institute, Lexis)BB
I. Issue - At what point does federal participation in a project contemplated
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construction where university had planned to construct building before applying for federal funds).

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

No clear consensus on what constitutes an incentive, over forty possibilities

Moran, 86  (Theodore, Investing in Development: New Roles for Private Capital?, p. 28)
Guisinger finds that if "incentives"are broadly defined to include tariffs and trade
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foreign investment—let alone to determine the effectiveness of individual government instrucments.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

I'm going to read a case list that acts as terminal defense to overlimiting claims

Offshore wind requires a federal demonstration project

DoE* and DoI 2011 – *U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of the Interior
~U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Wind and Water Power Program U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement"A National Offshore Wind Strategy: Creating an Offshore Wind Energy Industry in the United States.", http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/pdfs/national_offshore_wind_strategy.pdf~~
The OSWInD initiative will undertake Advanced Technology Demonstration projects to impact the speed and scale
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support from state and local communities; and feasibility of proposed deployment timeline.

Desalination needs a demonstration project

NRC 2008
(National Research Council - Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. AMY K. ZANDER, Chair, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York MENACHEM ELIMELECH, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut DAVID H. FURUKAWA, Separation Consultants Inc., Poway, California PETER GLEICK, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, Oakland, California KENNETH HERD, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Brooksville, Florida KIMBERLY L. JONES, Howard University, Washington, DC PHILIP ROLCHIGO, Pentair, Inc., Golden Valley, Minnesota SANDEEP SETHI, Carollo Engineers, Sarasota, Florida JOHN TONNER, Water Consultants International, Mequon, Wisconsin HENRY J. VAUX, University of California, Berkeley JUDITH S. WEIS, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, WARREN W. WOOD, Michigan State University, East Lansing.  "Desalination: A National Perspective" http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12184)
Public health protection and reliability are high priorities for public water supply facilities; therefore
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an assessment of environmental impacts or to provide better estimates of treatment costs.

OTEC needs it too

Vega '10 (Luis A. PhD, National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Hawaii, 'Economics of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): An Update', http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf, wcp)
The major conclusion reached in the earlier report continues to be applicable: there is
AND
initiated as early as 15-years after the development program is implemented.

Plenty of direct federal exploration affs

McNutt, 13 - chair of the Ocean Exploration 2020 group (Marcia, "The Report of Ocean Exploration 2020" http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf)
toward a national program of ocean exploration Ocean Exploration 2020 participants agreed that there is
AND
to capture the energy and maintain the commitment of the ocean exploration community.

Tournament: Van | Round: Semis | Opponent: Hallsville JM | Judge: Aerial Wesberry, Carver Hodgkiss, Joe Rainy

Approval doesn't make it federal – private industry retains control

United States District Court for the Northern District of California 9
(Opinion by William Alsup, District Judge, "Save Strawberry Canyon v. DOE," 613 F. Supp. 2d 1177)
There are no clear standards for defining the point at which federal participation transforms a
AND
the degree of federal funding and to indicia of federal involvement and control.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lindale GW | Judge: Will

t – must be civilian

Interpretation - Non-military means they can't be associated with the armed forces in any way

Oxford Dictionaries, 14 (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/non-military)
non-military
Line breaks: non-military
Pronunciation: /n?n?m?l?tri    /
ADJECTIVE
Not belonging to, characteristic of, or involving the armed forces; civilian:
the widespread destruction of non-military targets

B. Violation – Using the military in a non-combat role isn't non-military because it still operates within military structure

Brown, 12 - PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London (Sylvia, Youths in non-military roles in an armed opposition group on the Burmese-Thai border. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15634)
a) Definition of key terms The term 'youth' is understood in this study
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group entirely, for instance, within its administrative apparatus or mass organisations.

Tournament: Hallsville | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lovejoy | Judge: Cool dude
Interp: The ocean is the water, Living and nonliving elements , the substrate beneath , ocean-atmosphere and the ocean-island atmospheres
Evans and South, 04(Nathan and Joeli, MarineAffairs Programme at University of the South Pacific ,“The Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Policy: The Quest for Good Ocean Governance”, Ocean Yearbook, Volume 18, HeinOnline)
For the purpose of this Policy, the "region" includes that part of
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the substrate beneath and the ocean-atmosphere and ocean-island interfaces.

Violation – the plan developed below the ocean – this is the most basic level of cheating