Tournament: USC RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: South East PR | Judge: Tom Woodhead
i've put up pretty much everything read in each 1nc of this year—if you want full text or 2nc cites for something specific, feel free to email me at connor.chapkis@gmail.com and i'll be happy to fulfill your request

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Rob Mulholand
Text: We endorse the Zapatista movement and have decided to accept the invitation to fight against the exploitation and thievery by the rich and their bad governments.

Anonymity is crucial to prevent movements from becoming identified with individuals rather than the overall cause and prevents marginalization and co-option—this evidence is specific to the Zapatista movement
Public Sphere Project, ’08 – (an initiative of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) to help promote more effective and equitable public spheres all over the world, “Liberating Voices! A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution,” http://www.publicsphereproject.org/patterns/pattern.pl/public?pattern_id=379)
By refusing to put a … marginalized populations of the world.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: Rachel Boroditsky
Text: The United States Federal Government should propose* that it should end its claims against Cuba for the expropriation of United Fruit Company property to the Federative Republic of Brazil for binding  consultation. The United States should support the proposal during consultation. The United States should commit to abide by the result of consultation.

Brazil says yes – they’ve helped out Cuba in the past
EFE 11 EFE,  a Spanish international news agency created in 1939 by Spain's former minister of the press and propaganda Ramón Serrano Súñer and Manuel Aznar Zubigaray, “Brazil wants to help Cuba update its economic model”, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2011/11/02/brazil-wants-to-help-cuba-update-its-economic-model/, PS
Brazil wants to help Cuba …projects on the Communist-ruled island.

Consultation solves US Brazilian relations which is key to coordinate policies, energy policy, trade, environment, space
Einaudi 2011 – secretary general of the Organization of American states (Luigi Einaudi, “Brazil and the United States: The need for strategic engagement”, INSS – Strategic Forum – National Defense University, 3/2011, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF2026620Einaudi.pdf)//JS
A prerequisite for improved mutual … the complexity of the task.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West GH | Judge: Jon Voss
The United States Congress should pass the Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement without the exemption to Section 1504 of the Dodd-Frank Act, also known as the Cardin-Lugar provision.

The Plan passes the current TBA which includes an exemption to the Dodd Frank transparency rules – the counterplan eliminates the exemption from the plan.
Goldwyn, August 2013 - senior fellow - the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution David L. with Neil R. Brown and Cory R. Gill | August 14, Time to Implement the U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement — Congress: Drop the Poison Pill David L. Goldwyn http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/08/14-us-mexico-transboundary-hydrocarbon-goldwyn-brown-gill
Unused oil rigs sit in … be realized without further delay.

Dodd Frank is key to transparency rules in the oil industry. Europe is already modeling. The Exemption in the TBHA would undermine the US model.
Gary, 2013 – Senior Policy Manager for Extractive Industries at Oxfam America A back door attack on oil payment transparency House Bill attempts to carve out oil payment reporting exemption May 9th, 2013 Ian Gary Ian http://politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org/2013/05/09/a-back-door-attack-on-oil-payment-transparency/#sthash.KT0Zk2ij.dpuf- http://politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org/2013/05/09/a-back-door-attack-on-oil-payment-transparency/
Oxfam has no problem with … oil, gas and mineral sectors.”

Dodd Frank is key to transparency to set a global norm against oil corruption – Africa specific
The Hill 2013  Senate bill on US-Mexico drilling lacks Dodd-Frank exemption By Ben Geman - 04/26/13 http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/296451-senate-bill-on-us-mexico-drilling-lacks-dodd-frank-exemption-
“API is hopeful that Congress … their energy and mineral wealth.

Corruption in Africa causes wars, genocide and humanitarian disasters – only transparent democracies can solve
Diamond, 1998   (Larry Diamond, Senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford, “Restoring Democracy in Africa,” USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), January 1998, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_n2632_v126/ai_20301225/print)
The common root cause of … interest organizations to a constitution.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: SVDP MY | Judge: Ideen Saiedian
The United States federal government should end privatization of its market systems, cease all capitalist functions, and reject neoliberal endeavors.

Discussing Latin America and the “capitalist violence” the US has caused leads to more violence versus the Latin “other”—they have no defense of why discussing Latin America is key to rejecting cap—the CP solves because it’s a pragmatic, domestic action that is feasible
Grandin 6 (Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism, Greg Grandin,  Macmillan, May 2, 2006—BRW)
The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis … America was the tragic endgame.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx Science DrMa | Judge: Priten Shah
The United States federal government should
--provide incentives for a transition to a 100 hydrogen energy infrastructure for Mexico. Subsidies should include support for decentralized hydrogen production infrastructure that does not utilize fossil fuels or solar energy, and elimination of any state level restrictions on the placement of local hydrogen
--adopt use of the precautionary principle to guide ecological decision making
--prohibit the use of local solar energy

The CP solves the whole case

First—hydrogen—it’s off grid and can replace fossil fuels quickly—also prevents terrorism. And independently intermittency of solar will collapse the economy
Rifkin 2, author of The Biotech Century (Tarcher Putnam), is president of The Foundation on Economic Trends, in Washington, DC, The Nation 12-5 http://www.thenation.com/doc/20021223/rifkin
While the fossil-fuel era enters … to specified areas of the grid."

Second—the precautionary prinicple—adopting the ethics of the precautionary principle will fundamentally change the aspirations of nation-states, creating a global ecological connectedness and prioritizing normative obligations to future generations and the global environment.
Eckersley 04 (Robyn Eckersley, Professor in the School of Politics, Sociology, and Criminology @ University of Melbourne, 2004. *The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty*. Pg. 194-6)
Of course, it is also … institutionalizing ecological and social responsibility

Tournament: Emory | Round: 3 | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Rahul Patel
Text: The United States federal government should form a multilateral partnership to assist in Korean reunification.

Counterplan solves multilateralism—avoids the China DA, politics, and any Cuba DA’s
Martin 11 Melissa V, The Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs, The University of Minnesota, “U.S. Involvement in Korean Reunification: Unilateral vs. Multilateral Engagement”, May 9, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/104703/1/Martin_US20Involvement20in20Korean.pdf//cc

• Criterion 2: Does the approach … than military might and intimidation.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek SX | Judge: Elyse Conklin
Text: The United States federal government should sign and ratify the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

LOS will solve economy, US naval supremacy and soft power.
Borgerson 2012 - managing director of CargoMetrics; Vern Clark is a former chief of Naval Operations; *Bill Cohen is a former secretary of Defense and senator from Maine; Jim Loy is a former Coast Guard commandant and a deputy secretary of the Department of Homeland Security; *John Negroponte was the first director of National Intelligence and a deputy secretary of State (“NEGROPONTE: The U.S. will be lost without LOST”, 7/16/12, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jul/16/negroponte-us-will-be-lost-without-lost)//MP
This consensus exists because of … of the aisle can agree.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pace DL | Judge: Jason Peterson
The United States federal government should offer (the plan) if, and only if, Mexico promises that they shall strive to ensure workers’ rights by recognizing the right to organize, bargain collectively, and strike.  

Worker’s rights are not enforced in Mexico now—external pressure from the US can make this issue a bigger priority for the Mexican government
Oliver, 11, (Ranko Shiraki Oliver, Associate Professor of Law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UALR) William H. Bowen School of Law, Presented in March 2011 at the University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law Symposium on The Global Impact and Implementation of Human Rights Norms. “Mexico’s Dilemma: Workers’ Rights or Workers’ Comparative Advantage in the Age of Globalization?”, http://www.mcgeorge.edu/Documents/Conferences/GlobeJune2012_MexicosDilemma.pdf)

• NAALC = North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation
  The reality, however, is quite …better enforcement of labor rights. 

Mexico says yes and the CP’s ‘strive to ensure’ to ensure standard solves but conditioning is key – requests without a specific demand fail
Oliver, 11, (Ranko Shiraki Oliver, Associate Professor of Law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UALR) William H. Bowen School of Law, Presented in March 2011 at the University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law Symposium on The Global Impact and Implementation of Human Rights Norms. “Mexico’s Dilemma: Workers’ Rights or Workers’ Comparative Advantage in the Age of Globalization?”, http://www.mcgeorge.edu/Documents/Conferences/GlobeJune2012_MexicosDilemma.pdf)
The previous section discussed serious … considerably stronger than mere “discussion.” 

Lack of collective unionization kills women’s labor movements and facilitates masculine domination which should be rejected as an a priori issue
Comanne 10 (Denise Comanne is a political activist and feminist writer, October 14,  2010, “How Patriarchy and Capitalism Combine to Aggravate the Oppression of Women”, http://cadtm.org/How-Patriarchy-and-Capitalism)
1) Women are "overexploited" in their … the representation of the body.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: Brian Rubaie
The President of the United States should adopt a new diplomatic strategy toward Cuba as outlined in the LeoGrande evidence.

The counterplan competes and is distinct from Economic Engagement
Rose 8 (Andrew K. and Mark M., Professor of International Business, Economic Analysis and Policy Group, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley; and Research Fellow, CEPR; and Vice President, Economic Research and Data at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, respectively; “NON-ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE: THE CASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES,” 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1, AC)
Countries, like people, interact with … behavior in the first area.

And, it solves the aff
LeoGrande 8 (William M. LeoGrande is dean of the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, DC, and a specialist on U.S. relations with Latin America. “Engaging Cuba: A Roadmap,” World Policy Journal 2008 25: 87, pg Sage um-ef)
From the time Fidel Castro ..end of the communist era.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Marks AK | Judge: Shunta Jordan
The United States fedeal government should invest in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion technology.

Solves warming
Gerdes 4/3/14, Independent journalist specializing in energy and the environment Justin, “Oceans of Energy—Abundant and Carbon-Free!” Living Green Magazine, April 3, 2014 http://livinggreenmag.com/2014/04/03/energy-ecology/oceans-energy-abundant-carbon-free/#GRq6lgldOgK08vui.99
Long before humans got hooked … grid operator in recent years.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame PD | Judge: Clara Purk
The United States federal government should (plan) if and only if they negotiate a bilateral investment treaty to address expropriation claims of United States nationals. 

Conditioning the plan on a BIT to resolve property issues allows the U.S. to save face internationally while encouraging investment in Cuba—Vietnam empirically proves solvency
Mowry 99 (David; article was written while David was a J.D. Candidate at Brooklyn Law School. He is currently Senior Counsel for the Xerox Corporation and in the past has been a Senior Associate for Nixon Peabody and Associate for Coudert Brothers, “Lifting the Embargo Against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity,” 25 Brooklyn J. Int’l L. 229, l/n) ww
Although an entire world separates … be without a Communist economy.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 3 | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Rahul Patel
The United States federal government should amend Title 22 of US Code (22 U.S.C. 6065) so that a transition government in Cuba is defined as a government that is taking appropriate steps to restitute and/or compensate United States citizens for property taken by the Cuban government, as outlined in the following addendum. The United States federal government should offer to negotiate a Bilateral Investment Treaty with Cuba that includes a Step-Down Restitution Policy.

Setting up a Bilateral Investment Treaty as a mechanism for compensation helps Cuba meet the only condition that is keeping the embargo in place
Mowry, ’99 (David, Senior Counsel Xerox Corporation “Lifting the Embargo against Cuba Using Vietnam as a Model: A Policy Paper for Modernity” Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 25 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 229, lexis)
The obstacles that prevent a … be liable for any losses.   *262 

Step-Down Restitution Policy is the best mechanism—flexibility in payment ensures appropriate and quick redress and means Cuba says yes
Espino, ‘8 (Daniel- JD Candidate Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center, President and Chairman of the Board of Puente de Jovenes Profesionales Cubanos and President of the Hispanic Law Students Association, Spring, “Step-Down Restitution: A Proposal For An Equitable Resolution To Confiscated Cuban Property” Nova Law Review, 32 Nova L. Rev. 423, lexis)
*451  V. IMPLEMENTATION The Step-Down Restitution … receive individualistic and equitable remediation.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Georges MR | Judge: Richard Idriss
Text – the United States federal government should substantially increase its investment in bilateral, non-hydrocarbon renewable energy production and distribution projects with the United Mexican States excluding wind energy.

contention one – competition – the counterplan is mutually exclusive because the plan includes wind. BECC would favor investment in wind farms – empirically true
Aldridge 12 (James Aldridge is an online editor and publisher for BizJournals; http://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/news/2012/02/13/nadbank-approves-51-million-in.html 7/17/13 2/13/12)
The boards of the North … projects along the common border.

the net benefit – wind farms kill biodiversity – birds of prey
USA Today 5. John Ritter, staff writer. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-01-04-windmills-usat_x.htm
The big turbines that stretch … a serious attempt," Miller says.

Biodiversity loss risks extinction
Walsh 10 (Bryan, covers environment, energy and — when the need arises — particularly alarming diseases for TIME magazine, Wildlife: A Global Convention on Biodiversity Opens in Japan, But Can It Make a Difference? October 18, 2010 http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlife-a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp)
The story of non-human life …that loss really is forever.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Georges MR | Judge: Richard Idriss
Global famine and war are inevitable because human demand for food is outstripping production and technology. Only increasing CO2 can increase photosynthesis, land and water efficiency to feed the world without collapsing the biosphere. The impact is extinction. And this outweighs all other impacts. And Any decrease in CO2 will push us over the brink. And all empirical studies prove. This card is pretty good.
Idso 6 Sherwood, Center for Science and Public Policy, (Agriculture (Our Greatest Challenge), Jan 12, http://ff.org/centers/csspp/library/ co2weekly/20060112/20060112_02.html)
Humanity faces many challenges; we ... that objective are truly obscene

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: Rachel Boroditsky
Chinese influence in Latin America is expanding at the expense of the US- it’s zero-sum
Martinez, 13 – Columnist for the Sun Sentinel (Guillermo I., “America Losing Influence Throughout Latin America”, SunSentinel, 5/23, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-05-23/news/fl-gmcol-oped0523-20130523_1_drug-cartels-latin-america-pri)//VP
Once upon a time, as … This is no fairy tale.

Bolstering US engagement with Cuba undermines China’s presence in the region
Benjamin-Alvadaro ‘6 (Jonathan, Report for the Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, PhD, Professor of Political Science at University of Nebraska at Omaha, Director of the Intelligence Community Centers of Academic Excellence Program at UNO, Treasurer of the American Political Science Association, “The Current Status and Future Prospects for Oil Exploration in Cuba: A Special,” http://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/oil-cuba-alvarado.pdf)
Additionally, Venezuela remains the fourth … interests of all parties involved.

Cuba is the vital internal link to Latin American influence- the plan increases economic engagement which reverses the trend of Latin American relations- it’s the litmus test
Perez, 10 ¬– JD, Yale Law (David, “America's Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department” 13 Harrv. Latino L. Rev. 187, Spring, lexis)
Cuba, despite its size and …long way toward creating goodwill.

Chinese influence controls every existential scenario for extinction
Zhang ’12 (Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)
As China plays an increasingly …continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: Brian Rubaie
Cuban sustainable urban agriculture is a global model that’s spurring worldwide adoption
Ergas, 13— graduate student in sociology at the University of Oregon (Christina, Monthly Review, March, “Cuban Urban Agriculture as a Strategy for Food Sovereignty” http://monthlyreview.org/2013/03/01/cuban-urban-agriculture-as-a-strategy-for-food-sovereignty
The agricultural revolution in Cuba … their innovations, but for inspiration.

Plan kills Cuba’s agriculture model-—lifting the embargo is the biggest threat
Gonzalez, 4 - Associate Professor, Seattle University School of Law (Carmen, “WHITHER GOES CUBA? PROSPECTS FOR ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART II OF II: Trade Liberalization, Food Security, and the Environment: The Neoliberal Threat to Sustainable Rural Development” 14 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 419, lexis)
The greatest challenge to Cuba's … strategies for sustainable rural development.

Tournament: USC RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Andres Gannon, Jon Williamson
the affirmative’s discourse in the 1ac is highly problematic—-three reasons

a. The aff use of ‘Women’ is patriarchal, turns the case; should replace with “womyn” with a y
Hauser 05 Deborah, Renowned feminist author, MP: An Online Feminist Journal, http://academinist.org/wp-content/uploads/2005/03/010205Hauser_Woman.pdf, mg
These creation myths, in which … spelling "womyn" has been advocated.

b. The rhetoric of vulnerability in women and populations is problematic
Scully, 9—Professor of Women’s Studies and African Studies, Emory University Pamela, “VULNERABLE WOMEN: A CRITICAL REFLECTION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE”, http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/Academic/hr-vaw_vulnerablewomenhrdiscoursesexualviolence_scully_2009.pdf//cc
The rhetoric of the resolutions, … international documents reproducing similar language.37

c. Victim discourse is a disguise for imperialism – turns patriarchy
Soderlund 5 (Gretchen Soderlund is Assistant Director of the Center for the Study of Communication and Society and Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Chicago. Send correspondence to soderlun@uchicago.edu. Running from the Rescuers: New U.S. Crusades Against Sex Trafficking and the Rhetoric of Abolition¶ http://traffickingroundtable.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Soderlund-Running-from-the-Rescuers.pdf  OP)
Too often Western feminists have …the sexuality and rights of women.

Imperialism of Latin America makes violence, war destruction, and serial policy failure inevitable
Grandin 06 (Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism,  Greg Grandin,  Macmillan, May 2, 2006 –BRW)
The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis …America was the tragic endgame. 

Discourse is key-—the way we frame and represent issues is critical to how people understand and react to them.
Chow 06 (Rey, Ph.D in Modern Thought and Literature from Stanford University, Professor in the Comparative Literature Program at the University of California Irvine., “The Age of the World Target”, Published Duke university press 2006, p. 40-41)
Language matters in the most …the physical effects of violence.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: WDM Valley BD | Judge: Jon Sussman
Restrained drone policy being implemented now – solves the worst parts of drone over-reliance
Bellinger, 13 – John B., Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law at CFR (“Obama's Mixed Counterterror Message,” 5/28/13, CFR, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/obamas-mixed-counterterror-message/p30786 Red)
The part of the speech … cite U.S. standards as a precedent.

Reduced detention powers causes a shift to increased drone use
Waxman, 11 – Matthew C., Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at CFR (“9/11 Lessons: Terrorist Detention Policy,” CFR, 8/26/11, http://www.cfr.org/911-impact/911-lessons-terrorist-detention-policy/p25665 Red)
The best approach lies between … prisoner transfers, and other cooperation.

Plan leads to increased reliance on drone strikes – that sets a global precedent
Roberts, 13 – Dan, the Guardian's Washington Bureau chief, covering politics and US national affairs (“US Drone Strikes Being Used As Alternative to Guantánamo, Lawyer Says,” The Guardian, 5/2/13, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article34800.htm Red)
The lawyer who first drew … planning or carrying out attacks.

Causes global conflict escalation
Cronin, 13 – Audrey Kurth, Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University (“Why Drones Fail,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139454/audrey-kurth-cronin/why-drones-fail?page=show Red)
Finally, the drone campaign presents … of the United States’ worries.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Marks AK | Judge: Shunta Jordan
Dems will lose Senate control in midterms—makes passing any new legislation impossible
Balz 3/18/14—Chief Correspondent at The Washington Post (Dan, served as the paper’s National Editor, Political Editor, White House correspondent and Southwest correspondent, Democrats face turnout problem, dissatisfaction in ranks leading to midterms, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/democrats-face-turnout-problem-dissatisfaction-in-ranks-leading-to-november-elections/2014/03/18/5133e28e-aeb2-11e3-b8b3-44b1d1cd4c1f_print.html//cc)
If President Obama’s 2012 campaign … begun to sound the alarms.

engaging cuba generates enough momentum to get Hispanic voters and Dems at the polls—retains Senate majority
Hinderdael 11,  (Klaas, “Obama's Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, BCJIA Editors, June 11, 2011, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true//cc) *word added in brackets to make grammatical sense*
In the wake of a … voted for Senator John McCain.¶ 

GOP controlled Senate would ensure Keystone
Boyce 4/3/14 (Ben, Elections have consequences: mid-terms matter, http://progressivemajoritycoalition.sonomaportal.com/2014/04/03/elections-have-consequences-mid-terms-matter//cc)
Electoral statistics wizard Nate Silver… public schools and public lands.

Keystone key to the economy—direct and indirect job creation
Loris, 11—economic analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Nick, Unnecessary Keystone XL Pipeline Delay Obstructs Energy, Jobs December 13, 2011, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/12/unnecessary-keystone-xl-pipeline-delay-obstructs-energy-jobs//cc)
Abstract: The Obama Administration has … 179,000 American jobs by 2035.4

Economic collapse leads to global conflict
Tilford 8—prof of history, George Washington University (Earl served for thirty-two years as a military officer and analyst with the Air Force and Army, “Critical Mass: Economic Leadership or Dictatorship,” The Cedartown Standard, Lexis)
Could it happen again? Bourgeois … to that point very quickly

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: Brian Rubaie
The Cuban transition will be gradual and stable—-Diaz-Canel makes a political transition inevitable
López-Levy, 13 - PhD candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver (Arturo, “Getting Ready for Post-Castro Cuba,” The National Interest, 4/10, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-ready-post-castro-cuba-8316)
In the last five years, … leaders in an orderly fashion.

Lifting the embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms
Cave, 12— foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, “Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo”, NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)//EX
Still, in a country where …of work to be done.”

Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID
Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform…maintenance of the status quo.

Rapid change risks Cuban civil war
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Diego, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings Richard E., “Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response”, November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID
Some in the United States …a mass exodus of refugees.

turns the aff
NAÍM, 1— editor of Foreign Policy (MOISÉS, “When Countries go Crazy”, MARCH 1, 2001, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2001/03/01/when_countries_go_crazy)//eek
Some countries can drive other … to the lessons of experience.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Georges MR | Judge: Richard Idriss
Turn – Grid Collapse
A. Plan makes the grid more vulnerable to collapse – renewables and expansion connectivity to Mexico increases the threat of terrorism
The Economist 11 (“Difference Engine: Disaster waiting to happen,” Babbage, 9/16/11, http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/09/reliability-grid)//SJF
Yet, further down the coast…can only become more severe. 

B. Terrorist attack on the power grid will crush the economy
CNN, 2007 (Jeanne Meserve, “Mouse click could plunge city into darkness, experts say,” 9-27-2007, http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/09/27/power.at.risk/index.html#cnnSTCText)
Researchers who launched an experimental … national disaster," the letter said.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame PD | Judge: Clara Purk
Iran and the U.S. cooperating now on property issues, but incentives are key
Mosk 11/19 (Richard M.; one of the original justices on the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and current justice on the California Court of Appeal, “It’s Possible to Work With Iran,” Los Angeles Times, 2013) ww
Since the Nov. 4, 1979, …of force fulfill this function.

Lifting the embargo without settling property claims sets a precedent that encourages other countries to avoid compensation
Wallace 95 (David W.; Chairman – Joint Committee on Cuban Claims on S. 381, the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1995--Submitted to the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere and Peace  Corps Affairs, the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 6/14, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1995-10-11/html/CREC-1995-10-11-pt1-PgS15005.htm)  
It is our position that … a just resolution of this issue.

Success of the tribunal key to U.S.-Iran relations
Christopher 7 (Warren; Former Secretary of State, and Richard M.; former judge on the claims tribunal, “The Iranian Hostage Crisis and the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal: Implications for International Dispute Resolution and Diplomacy,” Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, v. 7 i. 2) ww
International arbitration involving governments, even …maintained a place for contact.

US-Iran relations key to Middle East and Central Asian stability—turns their bosco impact
Amirahmadi 4 (Hooshang; author of several books on Iran and Professor of Urban Planning – Rutgers University, “The Iranian Parliamentary Elections and US-Iran relations,” AIC Insight, no. 1, March, http://www.payvand.com/news/04/apr/1188.html) ww
The American national interest would … the Central Asia and Caucasus.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lowell CZ | Judge: Forrest Fulgenzi
manufacturing jobs not coming back now – we must shift to high-tech manufacturing – failure collapses the economy and long-term manufacturing and leadership
Bergstrand 12 (Jeffrey H. Bergstrand Ph D, University of Wisconsin - Finance professor in the Mendoza College of Business for more than 25 years, as well as a fellow of Notre Dame’s Kellogg Institute for International Studies, and a Research Associate of CESifo, an international network of researchers based in Europe “Nostalgia for factory jobs that will never come back,” pg online @ http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/17/opinion/bergstrand-factory-nostalgia um-ef)
For the last 25 - 30 years, … to invest in human capital.

Obsession with the factory model of manufacturing focus creates weak, low-paying jobs – trades-off with high-paying tech jobs
Yglesias 2k12 (Mathew, Matthew Yglesias is Slate's business and economics correspondent. Before joining the magazine he worked for ThinkProgress, the Atlantic, TPM Media, and the American Prospect, “Forget the Factories,” pg online @ http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2012/04/obama_s_manufacturing_plan_the_president_s_terrible_focus_on_encouraging_factories_instead_of_high_tech_.html um-ef)
While Facebook was buying Instagram … searching abroad for cheap labor.

Turn – U.S. Manufacturers screw up ship-building – collapses Naval Readiness
Hamilton 12 (Scott, is a consultant with Leeham Co. “Industry pulse: Disappearing skills,” pg online @ http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2009/07/4100167/ um-ef)
Murray has a point in general. The problem is that neither she nor her colleagues seem all that concerned about America’s aerospace industrial base beyond the KC-X competition.
Like the automotive industry, the … technology, engineering and production capabilities.

Naval readiness deters global wars and key to power projection
Allen in ‘8 (James, General and Commandant of US Marine Corps, Gary, Admiral and Chief of Naval Operations in US Navy, and Thad, Admiral and commandant of US Coast Guard, Naval War College Review, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower”, Winter, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JIW/is_1_61/ai_n24962314/pg_4?tag=untagged)
Deter major power war. No …projection enable extended campaigns ashore.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: McDonogh ER | Judge: Adam Krell
oil prices will stay high now because of mexico production downturn – plan causes major drop in oil prices by jumpstarting mexican production
Alter ‘12 Contributing Writer, Money Morning, “Oil Prices Promise to Head Higher As Mexican Production Dwindles,” August 24, 2012, http://moneymorning.com/2012/08/24/oil-prices-promise-to-head-higher-as-mexican-production-dwindles/
According to the U.S. Energy … to find new sources of crude.

opec members will flood the market – our evidence postdates yours and assumes u.s. shale findings
McCarthey and Jones, 2013  (global energy reporter for the Globe and Mail, business reporter for the Globe and Mail, citing Saudi Arabia’s oil minister and OPEC, “OPEC’s slipping grasp on the world’s oil market”, The Globe and Mail, 6/8/2013, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/opecs-slipping-grasp-on-the-worlds-oil-market/article12431746/?page=1, JKahn)
OPEC ministers put on a brave … competitive environment in that sense.” 

a saudi flood would destroy putin’s credibility and the russian economy
Levine, 12 (Steve, Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation, and is Washington correspondent for Quartz, adjunct professor at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, former foreign correspondent for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, the Financial Times and Newsweek “The Coming Oil Crash”, Foreign Policy, 6/19/2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/19/the_coming_oil_crash, JKahn)
My mom out in California … her merrier cruising the 405.

russian economic decline causes nuclear war
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Correspondent – Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction”, http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia, historically, economic health … is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: CPS BY | Judge: Eli Brennan
Discourse alone cannot resolve the problem of uncertainty regarding the intentions of the other—-the malleability of discourse only proves the anarchical nature of the state system and makes a realist focus on relative power crucial
Copeland 6, Associate Professor and Director Dept. of Government and Foreign Affairs @ University of Virginia (Dale, “The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism: A Review Essay”, Constructivism and International Relations, Alexander Wendt and His Critics)
Notwithstanding Wendt’s important contributions to … is still an open one. 

The impact is the rise of Hitlerite states--the aff uses many discursive interpretations which compounds uncertainty and reinforces the problem of deception
Copeland 6, Associate Professor and Director Dept. of Government and Foreign Affairs @ University of Virginia (Dale, “The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism: A Review Essay”, Constructivism and International Relations, Alexander Wendt and His Critics)
Second, Wendt’s view is inconsistent …adopt postures of prudent mistrust.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx Science DrMa | Judge: Priten Shah
Economy and the silver market are strong--US demand is the key determinant
International Business Times 10-3-12 http://www.ibtimes.com/morning-silver-market-report-103-799435
SILVER MARKET FUNDAMENTALS: (6:00 AM CT) Silver … is generally expected to weaken. 

Silver is on the brink of a bubble
Jan Skoyles is head of research at The Real Asset Co. 9-25-12 http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2012/09/25/is-silver-about-to-shine?ref=hp
Silver in a Bubble? Silver … to get a bit hotter? 

Solar panels require huge quantities of silver to transmit electricity.
Matt Savinar, Political Science from the University of California at Davis, J.D. from the University of California at Hastings College of the Law, "The Peak Oil and Die-Off," 2004, ACC. 6/7/2008, http://www.unicamp.br/fea/ortega/eco/traducao-DieOff.pdf, p. 58
The geographic areas most suited … metal already in short supply. 

Silver supplies are key to the world economy.
Jason Hommel, Silver Stock Reporter, 2008. The Silver Stock Report. “Here’s why silver investment is better than gold,” http://silverstockreport.com/ MH
Each silver contract at the … bid silver prices much higher.

Nuclear war
Walter Russel Mead, fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, 1992 New perspectives quarterly, summer pp. 28
But what if it can't? … Japan did in the '30s.

A silver depletion will cause U.S. to invade Iran
Charles Savoie, professional Jewelist, 10-8-2004, silver4India, NM, http://www.silver4india.com/silver4india/modules/news/article.php?storyid=63
Attempts may be made to … (November 29, 1945, page 2620)---

Strikes cause Syria to retaliate against Israel with smallpox
Corsi ’07 (Jerome,- writer for Wordnet daily, citing Jill Bellamy-Dekker, director of the Public Health Preparedness program for the European Homeland Security Association under the French High Committee for Civil Defense “Syria ready with bio-terror if U.S. hits Iran” http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=54542)
An American biodefense analyst … biological agent Syria would utilize.

The impact outweighs nuke war
Singer ’01 (Clifford,- is a professor of nuclear engineering and director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign “Will Mankind Survive the Millennium?” http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/research/SandPs/2001-Sp/SandP_XIII/Singer.htm)
In recent years the fear … and if this is achieved.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lowell CZ | Judge: Forrest Fulgenzi
job stimulus hurts long term economic recovery because it focuses on demand based solutions which distracts from transforming the workforce
Rajan, 2012, Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business Raghuram, the author of Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy, The True Lessons of the Recession, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2012, Ebscohost, June 20, 2012.
The Federal Reserve abetted these … that of the global economy.

Infrastructure stimulus increases inflation because it boosts spending and promotes unions – this causes stagflation
Continetti, 2008 - Editor-in-chief of The Washington Free Beacon Matthew,  Here They Come, The Weekly Standard 14,  Oct 27 2008, proquest, June 19, 2012
Obama says Washington needs to … make the current recession worse.

the impact to the turns outweighs their solvency – Inflation kills the benefits of employment by decreasing the purchasing power of income
Flax 2011 – Contributor to Forbes Bill 3/03/2011 You Call It Inflation, I Call It Theft. Forbes Access Date June 20, 2012 http://www.forbes.com/sites/billflax/2011/03/03/you-call-it-inflation-i-call-it-theft/
Inflation Offsets Unemployment – The Philips … Inflation silently erodes living standards.

Bond Market – additional stimulus spending causes a bond market backlash that collapses the US economy
Samuelson 11 – Washington Post columnist specializing in economic affairs (Robert, “Bye-bye, Keynes?,” Washington Post, 12/18, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/bye-bye-keynes/2011/12/16/gIQAS2oD3O_story.html)
The eclipse of Keynesian economics …1930s offers no panacea today.

turn – investment trade off – infrastructure spending diverts money away from businesses which are more helpful to the economy
Foster 11- Senior Fellow in the Economics of Fiscal Policy at The Heritage Foundation JD Foster PhD “ Promoting Job Creation in the U.S.”, The Heritage Foundation, September 20, 2011, http://budget.senate.gov/democratic/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=cce9fcda-2825-4b15-8615-85f0ff3e9f3c, accessed on 6-21-2012)
Keynesian Alchemy What policies meet … in the next year plus.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: WDM Valley BD | Judge: Jon Sussman
Detention power sufficient now
Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston,  J.D., University of Texas, LL.M., The Army Judge Advocate General Legal Center and School (2002); serves as the Chief of Operations and Information Operations Law in the Pentagon. AND Colonel Lindsey O. Graham B.A., University of South Carolina, J.D., University of South Carolina, serves as the Senior Individual Mobilization Augmentee to The Judge Advocate Senior United States Senator from South Carolina, “NDAA 2012: CONGRESS AND CONSENSUS ON ENEMY DETENTION,” 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1
President Obama signed the NDAA … terrorists from continuing the fight.

Guantanamo key to intelligence gathering and the war on terror
Wood, 07 (Sara, “Guantanamo Still Important, Relevant, Official Says,” American Forces Press Service, 1/10/07, http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=2642 Red)
WASHINGTON, Jan. 10, 2007 – The … a high-level Al Qaeda leader. 

Indefinite detention key to prevent nuke and bio terror
Scheid, 10 – Don, Professor of Philosophy at Winona State University, Minnesota (“Indefinite Detention of Mega-terrorists in the War on Terror,” Criminal Justice Ethics, vol 29, no 1, April 2010, proquest Red)
Third, this terrorism is stateless. … dangerous persons, that is, megaterrorists.

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction --- high probability
Hellman 8 Martin E. Hellman, Professor @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf
The threat of nuclear terrorism … a necessity—not an option. 

Terror attacks demand the death penalty-this card will smoke them
Carrol 7, Prof UC Irvine, David, Albert Camus the Algerian, 92-5
Camus’ acceptance of the death …be overcome, ignored, or forgotten.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Rob Mulholand
Interpretation: To win, the aff must defend that it would be a good idea for the United States federal government to enact a topical, hypothetical example of the resolution.

Vote neg – 

First is limits:
The affirmative’s vision of debate obliterates every part of your life outside debate
Harris, 13 Scott Harris, debate genius; “Scott Harris NDT Final Round Ballot,” 4/5/2013, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4762.msg10246#new
For me the negative under … impact in my everyday existence. 

Second is decisionmaking:
A limited topic of discussion is key to inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills – even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from being debatable – this still allows innovation, but avoids statements of fact
Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of …outlined in the following discussion.

The discussion of specific policy questions is key to skill development – we control uniqueness – university students already have preconceived ideological notions of the way the world operates – governmental policy discussions is key to force engagement with competing perspectives
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think … and act on information.14

Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Green Valley BH | Judge: Juan Garcia
Our interpretation is that the affirmative should substantively defend the United States federal government substantially increasing its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela.

“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School 4 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: ... this council petition the mayor.

“USfg should” means the debate is about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3, Jon M, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action
In policy propositions, each topic ... future action that you propose.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harker KM | Judge: Richard Mancuso
full text for this one—just for fun

Their plan was done last week—GG
Emily Atkin Law360, New York (October 24, 2013, 5:14 PM ET) http://www.law360.com/publicpolicy/articles/483181
The U.S. and Mexican governments have signed a first-of-a-kind agreement to share information on money laundering activities in both countries, the U.S. Department of Treasury announced Thursday, this in an unprecedented effort to fight transnational financial crime. The Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network and Mexico’s National Banking and Securities Commission signed a memorandum of understanding, wherein the agencies will exchange supervisory information in support of anti-money laundering missions and combating terrorist financing, the Treasury Department said in a release. The new relationship marks the first time that FinCEN has entered into an agreement of this kind with another supervisory body outside of the U.S., the department said. “Our countries share more than a border. We also share many of the same strategic concerns,” FinCEN Director Jennifer Shasky Calver said in a statement. “Regrettably, both countries are painfully aware of the fact that transnational organized crime does not respect borders.” Both the CNBV and FinCEN regulate a range of financial institutions, including banks, futures brokers, securities and money services businesses. The DOT's statement said the two agencies would share information particularly in the area of money services businesses, such as currency dealers and exchangers, check cashers, the U.S. Postal Service and Mexican currency exchange houses known as "casas de cambio." The Treasury Department said that through the agreement, it hopes to provide “comfort” to banks that are looking to provide their own services to money services businesses. “Our challenge, as always in this space, is to separate good from bad — good money from bad money, and good financial institutions from bad ones,” Calver said. “The more the CNBV and FinCEN share with each other with respect to this common objective, the more we will be able to harden our respective financial systems to abuse by transnational organized crime and other illicit actors.” With the new shared goal of disrupting illicit financial networks linked to transnational criminal organizations that threaten the national security and financial systems of both countries, the agreement hopes to be able to halt the flow of money laundering activity in Mexico and the U.S. that has recently plagued the countries. For example, Las Vegas Sands Corp. in August agreed to pay more than $47 million to resolve a federal money laundering investigation after it failed to report the suspicious deposits made by Zhenli Ye Gon, an accused international drug trafficker who transferred money to Sands and its subsidiaries from seven different Mexican money exchange houses. And in September, defunct New Jersey lender Saddle River Valley Bank paid $8.2 million to settle charges that it violated federal anti-money-laundering laws over dealings with customers in Mexico and the Dominican Republic, federal authorities said at the time. That payment resolved charges that, from June 2009 to May 2011, Saddle River violated the federal Bank Secrecy Act by processing $1.5 billion of wire transfers on behalf of four Mexican currency exchange houses without properly monitoring for money laundering or timely reporting suspicious activities. In December 2012, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the U.S. Department of Justice fined HSBC Holdings PLC $1.92 billion for alleged spectacular violations of U.S. anti-money laundering laws, including allowing Mexico's Sinaloa drug cartel and Colombia's Norte del Valle cartel to launder $881 million in drug trafficking proceeds from the mid-1990s through 2006.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Marks AK | Judge: Shunta Jordan
Apocalyptic framing of climate change puts other facets of environmental destruction on the backburner – makes their impacts inevitable because they ignore the root cause
Crist 7 (Eileen —Bachelor's degree from Haverford College in sociology, doctoral degree from Boston University, teacher at Virginia Tech in the Department of Science and Technology in Society since 1997, Winter 2007, Telos, “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse,” http://biophilosophy.ca/Teaching/2070papers/crist.pdf)
While the dangers of climate …destruction of life on Earth.

The alternative is to substitute their apocalyptic framing of climate change with nonthreatening imagery—studies prove this is a better method of engaging climate change
O’Neill 9, Researches Social dimensions of Climate change at the Tyndall Centre for Climate change research. “Fear won’t do it: Promoting positive engagement with climate change through visual and iconic representations” http://scx.sagepub.com/content/early/2009/01/07/1075547008329201.full.pdf+html
Fear-inducing representations of climate change … with climate change are given.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa City WW | Judge: Cody Crunkilton
“illegal immigrant” dehumanizes migrants – they reduce people to one action and deny their legality
Golash-Boza 2013 - Professor of Sociology at the University of California, (Tanya Golash-Boza, “ No human being is illegal: It's time to drop the 'i-word',” Aljazeera, 4/8/13, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/04/201347111531424247.html, Accessed 7/31/13)
People who live in the … inspectors is a civil offence.

Tournament: Emory | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Niles West CK | Judge: Conklin, Brown, Mulholand
emphasizing lived experience obscures the conditions of possibility for that experience.  Their pedagogy robs class of explanatory power—that's key to sustainable challenges to the relations of production
Zavarzadeh 3 retired professor of English at Syracuse University  jac 23.1 (2003) journal of Advanced Composition Theory
The pedagogy of appearance focuses … subject-as independence and free choice.

This exact phenomenon has already taken place in the context of their movement—hip-hop has been coopted by capitalist accumulation
Bird, 10 – BA Honours in Political Science, Graduate Studies student at the U of R (PSCI) (Jeffery, “Capitalist Manifesto: Hip Hop,” http://fiidelcastro.wordpress.com/2010/08/27/the-new-capitalism-hip-hop/)
I was thinking recently about … Galt’s of the modern world.

The short term drive for profit necessitated by neoliberalism corrupts rational decision making—this is the only avenue to extinction
Marko 03 (Anarchism and Human Survival: Russell’s problem., May 14, 2003, https://www2.indymedia.org.uk/en/2003/05/68173.html)
There exist three threats to … because apocalypse is institutionally rational.

Vote negative to step outside the system of reformism and demand revolution—the role of the ballot should be to unconditionally resist economic systems of exclusion
Harman 97 Chris Harman 97, Editor of the Socialist Worker 1997 Economics of the madhouse, Pg 99-100
 ‘A reprise in the early 21st century of the conditions in the early part of this century. Such is the danger that confronts the world if we cannot deal with the present crisis concludes Will Hutton in his book The State We’re In. Those conditions included two world … of the mass of people.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: McDonogh ER | Judge: Adam Krell
"economic engagement" is part of a neoliberal narrative of progress that perpetuates inequality
Nef 10 Jorge NEF Director of Latin American and Caribbean Studies @ South Florida AND Alejandra RONCALLO IR @ Bucknell ’10 “Latin America and the New Pax Americana” in Latin American Identities After 1980 eds. Yovanovich and Huras p.  3-7
Introduction In the last three …global political economy (GPE)" (1999, 900) .

Neoliberal globalization is a protection racket-—it’s the root cause of every major impact
Naidu 98 (MV,  PhD Poli Sci, Peace Research 30.2 (May 1998): 1. proquest)
All the above arguments present … panacea for the 21st century. 

Alternatively we should evaluate neoliberal policies from the outside in—-stepping outside of US centric knowledge structures reveals violence previously hidden by methodological blinders
Walsh 12 Catherine WALSH Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar  ‘12 “The Politics of Naming” Cultural Studies 26:1 p. 117-122
Cultural Studies, in our project, … of the politics of naming.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West GH | Judge: Jon Voss
Financialization of energy production is a neoliberal tool to subvert communal agency—this fuels inequality and unsustainable consumptive practices
Hildyard et al 2012 – *founder and Director of The Corner House, a U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, co-editor of The Ecologist, co-founder of the Durban Group for Climate Justice (February, Nicholas Hildyard, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton, The Corner House, “Energy Security For What?  For Whom?”, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy20Security20For20Whom20For20What.pdf, )
The neoliberal market-driven approach to … sources of conflict and insecurity.

The impact is extinction—focus on production and technology in the neoliberal frame generates crises and precludes other orientations
Holleman 2012 – assistant professor of sociology at Amherst, PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon (June, Hannah, sociology dissertation, University of Oregon, “Energy justice and foundations for a sustainable sociology of energy”, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12419/Holleman_oregon_0171A_10410.pdf?sequence=1,)
As Marilyn Waring noted twenty …  injustice through various theoretical lenses. 

Vote neg to eschew neoliberal frameworks—they’re unsustainable and insulate decisionmaking from deliberation and alternative assumptions needed to solve
Adaman and Madra 2012 – *economic professor at Bogazici University in Istanbul, PhD from UMass-Amherst, economics professor (Fikret and Yahya, Bogazici University, “Understanding Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology”, http://www.econ.boun.edu.tr/content/wp/EC2012_04.pdf)
The reduction of ecological valuation … capable of addressing long-term concerns.

Tournament: USC RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Mike Shackelford, Chris Crowe
1nc
Biofuels policy is inherently neoliberal—discourse places it at the top of the sustainability hierarchy—its intent is to colonize the global South through land extraction
Pellizzioni 12—Associate Professor of Environmental and Political Sociology at the University of Trieste, Italy Luigi, and Marja Ylönen, Published in, Neoliberalism and Technoscience: Critical Assessments, Ashgate, 2012, Chapter 7 “Neoliberalising technoscience and environment: EU policy for competitive, sustainable biofuels” Les Levidow, Theo Papaioannou and Kean Birch, http://oro.open.ac.uk/33379/1/LLTPKB_EU_biofuel_policy_NeoliberalismTechoscience_2012.pdf//cc
Techno-fixes for resource conflicts ... in its own market-like image.

2nc
biofuels policy specifically towards the global South is neoliberal
Pellizzioni 12—Associate Professor of Environmental and Political Sociology at the University of Trieste, Italy Luigi, and Marja Ylönen, Published in, Neoliberalism and Technoscience: Critical Assessments, Ashgate, 2012, Chapter 7 “Neoliberalising technoscience and environment: EU policy for competitive, sustainable biofuels” Les Levidow, Theo Papaioannou and Kean Birch, http://oro.open.ac.uk/33379/1/LLTPKB_EU_biofuel_policy_NeoliberalismTechoscience_2012.pdf//cc
Introduction Since the 1990s the … between technoscience and natural resources.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: Brian Rubaie
1nc
Trade liberalization with Cuba “kicks away the ladder” to prevent successful Cuban development – their claims about free trade are historical myths
Fanelli 8 (Carlo, SSHRC Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Department of Politics and Public Administration, Ryerson University, He received his PhD from the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Carleton University, “‘Cubanalismo’: The Cuban Alternative to Neoliberalism”, New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry Vol.2, No. 1 (November 2008) pgs. 7-16)
A closer look at the …been more or less achieved.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Greenhill MR | Judge: Jon Voss
1nc
The 1AC is neoliberal propaganda--IPR is a weapon of eurocentric dominance--this card will smoke them
Ricardo Grinspun, York University and Maxwell A. Cameron, Carleton University  Latin American Research Review Volume 31, Number 3, Pages 161-188 NAFTA And The Political Economy Of Mexico's External Relations* http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/search/retrieve/?Vol=31andNum=3andStart=161 1996
Alternative Scholarship Any review of …the power relations underlying them. 

2nc
And this has an external impact--eurocentric knowledge structures that inform the 1AC IPR claims prompt genocidal violence
Lander 2 (Edgardo, Neplanta:  Views From The South, Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, and the Natural Order of Global Capital, professor of social sciences at the Universidad Central de Venezuela in Caracas, accessed via project muse)
Intellectual property is the field … lead to destruction and death.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harker KM | Judge: Richard Mancuso
1nc
their depiction of Mexican drug money laundering sanitizes US neoliberal hegemony—ignores root cause
Mercille 11 School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, University  College Dublin  Third World Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 9, 2011, pp 1637–1653
Money laundering President Obama recently … have not been fully implemented.56 

2nc
Neoliberalism is the root cause of drug trade and the case
Mercille 11 Julien Mercille a a School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin  Third World Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 9, 2011, pp 1637–1653
Neoliberal reforms increase the size … the largest one in Mexico.26 

Money laundering isn't an issue of information—their description masks neoliberal exploitation
Ackerman 13 http://mexicovoices.blogspot.com/2013/01/mexico-neoliberal-handouts-to-address.html
The new media spectacle of … during the long neoliberal night. 

Money Laundering is only one part of neoliberal banking
Buchheit 13 writes at Commondreams.org:  Neoliberalism Fail: Top 8 Ways Privatization has Harmed us All (Buchheit) 8-12, http://www.juancole.com/2013/08/neoliberalism-privatization-buchheit.html
Banking The industry is bloated …relative to the financial industry.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Georges MR | Judge: Richard Idriss
The promise of renewable energy relies on a neoliberal assumption of modernity. Technological promise prevents us from examining how the global energy regime is responsible for poverty, environmental destruction and war.
Byrne 2006 – Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (John – and Toley “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse,” p. 1-32)
From climate change to acid ... conventional and sustainable energy futures

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Rob Mulholand
For the affirmative, the world is a textual object, full of signifiers, narratives, and discourses – this creates a focus on how human subjects relate to the world and renders objects invisible
Bryant 12 (Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/rsi-discursivity-critique-and-politics/)
So in response to a …that must travel throughout populations).

We do not have an alternative in the sense of mandating action, but rather a different lens to view the world – a flat ontology, which holds that all objects equally exist
Bryant 10 (Levi, prof of phil @ Collin College, Flat Ontology, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/flat-ontology-2/)
For DeLanda, then, flat ontology … irreducible to anything else” (Irreductions, 1.1.1).

This flat ontology pays respect to the world of objects – it’s the most open form of ethics and solves extinction
Bryant 12 (Levi, prof of philosophy @ Collin College, Flat Ontology/Flat Ethics, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/06/01/flat-ontologyflat-ethics/)
I think that Eileen Joy… account our relationship to nonhumans.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayzata KM | Judge: Justin Lee
The affirmative’sclaims to how China will act and react to certain policies like the plan depends on a rationalization of China—this flawed positivist epistemology seeks to render all of the international arena knowable and predictable—the result is the inevitable emergence of a ‘China threat’
Pan 4—prof school of international and political studies, Deakin U. PhD in pol sci and IR.  (Chengxin, “The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics,” 1 June 2004, http://www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-china/796470-1.html)

Having examined how the "China ... ambitions of U.S. foreign policy.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Denver Arts HI | Judge: Elyse Conklin
Confronting privilege reinforces white supremacy—it reinforces a confessional, individualized subjectivity
Smith 13—PhD in History of Consciousness, UC Santa Cruz, former assistant professor of American Culture and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan (Andrea, August 14, http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/)
In my experience working with ... privilege in the first place.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Eagle CR | Judge: Elyse Conklin
The affirmative's "satire" reinforces violent neoliberalism—the desire to maintain a safe, cynical distance from ideology is a form of vaccination—it makes dominant cultural messages more acceptable by diminishing the revolutionary potential of dissent. The 1AC isn't a radical like Che Guevara, its a 29.99 Che Guevara T-shirt
Corner 13, a research associate in psychology at Cardiff University. 11-21-13 http://aeon.co/magazine/living-together/how-advertising-turned-anti-consumerism-into-a-secret-weapon/
In 1796, the English physician …ads: it is against dissent. 

The short term drive for profit necessitated by capitalism corrupts rational decision making—this is the only avenue to extinction
Marko 03 (Anarchism and Human Survival: Russell’s problem., May 14, 2003, https://www2.indymedia.org.uk/en/2003/05/68173.html)
There exist three threats to …because apocalypse is institutionally rational.

Vote negative to step outside the system of reformism and demand revolution – the role of the ballot should be to express solidarity with anti-capitalist movements
Harman 97 Chris Harman 97, Editor of the Socialist Worker 1997 Economics of the madhouse, Pg 99-100
 ‘A reprise in the early 21st …of the mass of people.

Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: WDM Valley BD | Judge: Jon Sussman
The war on terror is a result of the destruction of internal and external conflict, causing confusion between war and peace
Galli 10 (Carlo, teaches History of Political Thought at the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy, University of Bologna, “Carl Schmitt and the Global Age” Translated by Elisabeth Fay, CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 10, Number 2, Fall 2010 Project Muse, MGE)
However, we maintain that today's … like a new breed of pirates. 

Alternative: Only rejecting the ethics of obligation prevents the annihilation of difference and unending violence. We should embrace the space of the political through the endorsement of enmity.

Our obligation lies in the openness of the political order. Liberalized politics is too limited in scope and ignores the pluriversal nature of the political. That’s critical to real inclusion.
Odysseos 08, Dr. Louiza Odysseos, University of Sussex Department of International Relations, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics Annual Convention, International Studies Association, 2008
The paper ends with a …politics, of politics as pluriverse.

Tournament: USC RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Andres Gannon, Jon Williamson
insert link

Their security rhetoric justifies endless violence, totalitarianism, and nuclear war—vote neg as an intellectual criticism of their securitizing representations—that’s a prerequisite to policy analysis
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
3. From securitisation to militarisation 3.1 Complicity
This analysis thus calls for...joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: SVDP MY | Judge: Ideen Saiedian
The aff commodifies the suffering of the economically disadvantaged in exchange for your ballot in the debate economy—playing a game where we move scenarios of suffering around like chess pieces for our own personal enjoyment is the most unethical form of intellectual imperialism
Baudrillard 94 Jean, “The Illusion of the End” p. 66-71
We have long denounced the … deplore each day in pictures.

Tournament: USC RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Mike Shackelford, Chris Crowe
Apocalyptic framing of climate change puts other facets of environmental destruction on the backburner--makes their impacts inevitable because they ignore the root cause
Crist 7 (Eileen —Bachelor's degree from Haverford College in sociology, doctoral degree from Boston University, teacher at Virginia Tech in the Department of Science and Technology in Society since 1997, Winter 2007, Telos, “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse,” http://biophilosophy.ca/Teaching/2070papers/crist.pdf)
While the dangers of climate change …destruction of life on Earth.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Denver Arts HI | Judge: Elyse Conklin
Performance is not a mode of resistance—it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the re-presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism
Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life is in … of memory to become present.

Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform—when autobiographical narrative “wins,” it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment—even if their best intention is to resist the liberal subject, autobiography is understood by its consuming audience as the assertion of the classic autonomous subject—this subverts the political potential of performance by rendering one’s experience legible to the terms of liberalism
Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to … serve the values of liberalism.

The very act of articulating why performance ought be attached to the ballot casts performance within the terms of liberalism’s discursive economy—this reduces their performance to a form of aesthetic formalism, this subordinates the political potential of performance to the narrow disciplinary concerns of academic knowledge production
Phelan ‘96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005,
In his 1981 article … as art, not subject-object relations.

Our alternative is to recognize debate as a site of contingent commonality in which we can forge bonds of argumentation beyond identity—the affirmative’s focus on subjectivity abdicates the flux of politics and debate for the incontestable truth of identity
Brown 95—prof at UC Berkely (Wendy, States of Injury, 47-51)
The postmodern exposure of the …  underdeveloped taste for political argument.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: WDM Valley BD | Judge: Jon Sussman
Class antagonism is fundamentally distinct from gender--the affirmatives politics aims towards reconciliation and cultural inclusion--class antagonism strives for annihilation. Examining isolated aspects of identity at the expense of class obscures the way class structures other antagonisms into chains of meaning.
Zizek 12, senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, international director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities and a professor of philosophy and psychoanalysis at the European Graduate School
(Slavoj, The Year of Dreaming Dangerously, p.32-4)
The first thing to note … the new Christian fundamentalist populism.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: Rachel Boroditsky
‘Its’ means ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005 (http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)

Mine, yours, his, hers, its, … that it belongs to me.)

The aff establishes a framework for future engagement without actually engaging

Including indirect incentives is a limits disaster
Resnik, 1— Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

DEFINING ENGAGEMENT TOO BROADLY A … comparing them as separate policies.

Precision: only direct economic transfers are engagement— key to predictability
Resnik, 1— Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)

Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction … the part of the target state.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pace DL | Judge: Jason Peterson
A. Interpretation – The instruments of engagement must be exclusively economic
Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES” BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW and POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as … as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

B. Violation – anti-trafficking is not solely economic
WTO, 7 – organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade; deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments (World Trade Organization, “World Trade Report 2007”, 2007, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr07-2b_e.pdf)//AY
The third cluster of trade … strongly cognitivist schools of constructivism.

C. Vote negative

1. Predictable limits – they explode the topic – blurring the lines of economic engagement makes any positive foreign interaction topical
   2. Ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans
   3. Extra T – inclusion of non-economic engagement allows them to gain non-topical unpredictable advantages and to spike out of all DAs

Tournament: USC RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: Andres Gannon, Jon Williamson
Interpretation – economic engagement requires expanding bilateral economic relations
Kahler, 6 - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (M., “Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait” in Journal of Peace Research (2006), 43:5, p. 523-541, Sage Publications)
Economic engagement - a policy of … more widespread than previously recognized.

this means the plan has to be government-to-government – not private economic engagement
Daga, 13 - director of research at Politicas Publicas para la Libertad, in Bolivia, and a visiting senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation (Sergio, “Economics of the 2013-2014 Debate Topic:
U.S. Economic Engagement Toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela”, National Center for Policy Analysis, 5/15, http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/Message_to_Debaters_6-7-13.pdf)
Economic engagement between or among ... some countries than to others.

‘its’ is a possessive pronoun showing ownership
Glossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005 (http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, … that it belongs to me.)

the affirmative meets none of these—-they reject a clause in a United States law which allows NGO’s to provide life-supporting services to sex workers—-this is neither trade nor does it facilitate trade—-it also does not allow for government-to-government engagement since the only assistance given is through non-governmental organizations

c. voting issue –

1.  limits – a government limit is the only way to keep the topic manageable – otherwise they could use any 3rd party intermediary, lift barriers to private engagement, or target civil society – allowing non-trade affs also guts the core of the literature on economic engagement

2. negative ground – formal governmental channels are key to predictable relations disads and counterplans that test ‘engagement’

Tournament: USC RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Juan Diego FW | Judge: Brandon Nhan, Ideen Saiedian
interp and violation-—engagement is entirely distinct from normalization
Crocker ‘9 9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. “Terms of Engagement,” http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=1and
President Obama will have a ... its policies and its behavior.

vote negative—

limits—-allowing affs that normalize relations or simply improve relations blow the lid off of the topic and makes negative preparation impossible

topic specific education-—the topic is about economic engagement which means affs should include direct economic transfers—-relations focus kills topic specific discussion

topicality is a voting issue to preserve clash and education

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: Rachel Boroditsky
a. interpretation and violation—economic engagement must be part of a quid pro quo designed to change behavior in the target state—the affirmative advocates unilateral US action
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k —*Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Many different types of engagement … that will eventually facilitate cooperation.}

this requires an explicit "tit for tat" be established in the plan text
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books
In sum, conditional engagement consists …, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

b. reasons to prefer

1. topic education—unilateral action allows affirmatives to forgo discussion of the target state and focus on us action advantages—qpq is the only way to generate stable disad uniqueness 

2. predictable limits—qpq forces the affirmative to defend an incentive sufficient to produce change in the target—this limits out case of the week invest in x sector cases which are terrible for debate—this is the guiding principle of US engagement strategies
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k —*Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
Certainly it does not preclude … the U.S. has important disagreements.}

3. no aff offense—they can run their case as a qpq—if their aff isn't viable in that format it's because the change in policy it advocates is too small to be meaningful making it impossible to debate

c. topicality is a voting issue—it tells the negative what they do and do not have to prepare for—prefer competing interpretations—it's not what they do it's what they justify

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa City WW | Judge: Cody Crunkilton
Interpretation and violation --- economic engagement requires trade promotion --- the plan isn’t even economic
Celik, 11 – master’s student at Uppsala University (Department of Peace and Conflict Research) (Arda, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies)
Literature of liberal school points ... linkages have political transformation potential.(Kroll,1993)

Voting issue – 

1. limits – broad interpretations of engagement include anything that effects the economy, which means everything

2. negative ground – trade promotion is vital for a stable mechanism for disad links and counterplan ground

Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Green Valley BH | Judge: Juan Garcia
engagement of Latin studies is key to change in our political subjectivity
Hoffnung-Garskof 12 (Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof is Associate Professor of History and American Culture and Director of the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at the University of Michigan, “Latin American Studies and United States Foreign Policy,”  Fall 2012,  http://www.lsa.umich.edu/UMICH/ii/Home/II20Journal/Documents/Fall-2012-IIJournal-LatinAmerica.pdf)//AS
Such effects are neither simple … for our present funding predicaments.

Resolved means enact policy
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.

Resolved implies legislative action
Lousiana House of Representatives, 2005 (http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm)
Resolution   A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations, stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House ?Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

nietzsche concedes our fw—provisional norms like topicality are key or else we reactively protest the structures that make interaction possible
Acampora 2002 – philosophy professor at Hunter College of the City University of New York (Fall, Christa Davis, International Studies in Philosophy, 34.3, “Of Dangerous Games and Dastardly Deeds”, http://christaacampora.com/uploads/news/id18/Dangerous20Games.pdf)
The agonistic game is organized … is transformed in slavish morality. xiv

Institutional rules are a crucial precondition for Nietzschean freedom --- their framework causes mass havoc that undermines true creativity
Hatab 2 (Lawrence, Professor at ODU, “Prospects for a Democratic Agon”, Journal of Nietzsche Studies, 24)
Before exploring these questions and … execute departures from the norm. 

Breaking down predictability is self-defeating and impossible---creativity inevitably depends upon constraints, the attempt to wish away the structure of predictability collapses the very structure their aff depends on---it’s better to retain predictability and be creative within it
Armstrong 2K – Paul B. Armstrong, Professor of English and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Winter 2000, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser's Aesthetic Theory,” New Literary History, Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 211-223
Such a play-space also opposes …and unpredictability, discipline and spontaneity.

Predictability maintains meaningful politics and empathy even if their DA is correct
Massaro 89, Prof Law – Florida, (Toni M, 87 Mich. L. Rev. 2099)
Yet despite their acknowledgment that …actually may encourage human relationships. 60

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa City WW | Judge: Cody Crunkilton
neolib is used as political cover by politicians—the discourse is instrumental, the case doesn't exist as something you can evaluate outside their project of modernity
Hay and Rosamund, PhDs, 2002 (Colin and Ben,  Journal of European Public Policy Volume 9, Issue 2, 2002 p.6-8)
The question of intentionality is ... for much of what follows.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa City WW | Judge: Cody Crunkilton
often-read cards in the block when extending qpq

economic engagement must include conditional carrots and sticks—this evidence is specific to us policy—none of their offense applies
Helweg, 2k (Diana, Professor of Public Policy @ SMU, Economic Strategy and National Security, p. 145)
Secretary of State Madeline K. … than one or the other. 

and—“resolved” requires firm intent
Dictionary.com ‘13
“resolved,” Accessed: July 2, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolved
Adjective: firm in purpose or intent; determined. 

toward has the implication of reaching the target—it means the same as “to”
Oxford English Dictionary 13
(http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/204005?rskey=RB1oz4andresult=2andisAdvanced=false#eid  Accessed 7/7/13)
†c. With implication of reaching; to. Obs.

us key—we have the only evidence that defines engagement in the context of US foreign policy—prefer this over generic definitions because definitions of any other country’s engagement aren't predictable
Haass and O’Sullivan 2k Richard, formerly a senior aide to President George Bush and is Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Washington DC, Meghan, Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies,” Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
The term ‘engagement’ was popularised … the US has important disagreements.

limits—unconditional engagement allows inclusion of government to private investment—independent voting issue
Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k —*Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, “Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies” Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf, CW)
Many different types of engagement … that will eventually facilitate¶ cooperation}

contextual evidence proves—their definition describes economic appeasement not engagement which bypasses the heart of the literature—also a voting issue
Mastanduno 03 Michael, Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Nelson A. Rockefeller Professor of Government, B.A., Economics and Political Science, and Ph.D., Political Science, Princeton University, “The Strategy of Economic Engagement: Theory and Practice,” Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate
Our knowledge of the workings …  all the more so cumulatively.

this is the heart of topic education—engagement is about change in the target in response to concessions
Cha, 2k – Assistant Professor in the Department of Government and School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University (Victor, “Engaging North Korea Credibly,” Survival, vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 136–55)
Engagement is a process of … or punishment to exact cooperation. 

the historical evolution of engagement proves its by definition conditional—it requires qpqs for specific actions
Crocker 89 Chester A. Crocker, Former Assistant Secretary for African Affairs at the Department of State, Fall 1989, Foreign Affairs, p. 144, “Southern Africa: Eight Years Later”
Regarding South Africa, constructive engagement … absence of fundamental internal change.

consensus of literature supports the idea that conditional engagement produces better debates
Kahler 4 Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093 Scott L. Kastner Department of Government and Politics University of Maryland 3140 Tydings Hall College Park, MD 20742  STRATEGIC USES OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: ENGAGEMENT POLICIES IN SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, AND TAIWAN
Scholars have usefully distinguished between … (see, for example, Davis 1999).

Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: WDM Valley BD | Judge: Jon Sussman
they treat the ballot as an opinion poll, an external fixture by which we can measure our ethicality—this makes us endlessly obsessed with observing ourselves. Instead, you should evacuate meaning in the ballot.
Baudrillard 85 – Jean, “The Masses: The Implosion of the Social in the Media,” Literary History, Vol. 16, No. 3, On Writing Histories of Literature (Spring, 1985), pp. 577-589, JSTOR)
This is our destiny, subjected ... reading of the opinion polls.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Georges MR | Judge: Richard Idriss
Heg leads to draw-in to Taiwan war – alliance guarantees
Layne 6 (Christopher, Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University) “The Peace of Illusions” p 167-8
Since the cold war, the … it is becoming quite real.

China-Taiwan war escalates globally and goes nuclear
Hunkovic, 9 – American Military University (Lee, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict,” http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)
A war between China, Taiwan …not be considered in this study.

Heg makes solving diseases like bird flu impossible – only multipolarity reduces global resentment enough to allow for responses to pandemics
Weber et. al 7, (Steven, Professor of Political Science at UC-Berkeley and Director of the Institute of International Studies, Naazneen Barma, Matthew Kroenig, Ely Ratner, “How Globalization Went Bad”,  January-February 2007, Foreign Policy,)
The same is true for … America can’t change that alone.

Disease risks extinction
Ryan 97,  Frank M.D., , virus X, p. 366
How might the human race …extinction of the human species?

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul MY | Judge: Rob Mulholand
1nc
Narratives are accommodated into hegemonic structures—they obscure the connection between particular stories and universal problems and place certain truths beyond question—this is a massive disad to their framework
Ewick and Silbey 95 Patricia Ewick and Susan S. Silbey Law and Society Review, 00239216, 1995, Vol. 29, Issue 2
In the previous section, we …represented through a particular story. 

Narratives of suffering permanently relate subjectivity to victimhood and exclude anyone who does not fit the model of subordination
Brown 96 * Wendy Brown is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz.  The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 1996
If, taken together, the two … otherwise available to the sufferer?

2nc
The affirmative fetishizes the narrative
Brown 96 is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz.  The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable
But if the silences in … the while depoliti- cizing their conditions. 

This turns the case—it writes oppression into the law
Brown 96 is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz.  The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable
These questions suggest that in … by which we are regulated.

Tournament: Alta | Round: 4 | Opponent: Timberline MW | Judge: Brock Hanson
Globalization is inevitable and entrenched worldwide
Sacchetti ’13 (Clara Sacchetti, “Introduction: The Economy as Cultural System: Theory, Capitalism, Crisis” Bloomsbury Academic, 2013, Google Books)
Despite these recent public discussions… friction: well oiled and uncomplicated.

Neolib key to individual liberty – turns case
Crouch 11 English sociologist and political scientist, former Professor of Governance and Public Management in the University of Warwick Business School until 2011 (Colin Crouch, “The Strange Non-death of Neo-liberalism” Winner of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung prize, Polity Press, August 8 2011)
First, neoliberalism has provided certain … task of the following Chapter.

Development alleviates poverty and inequality
Worstall 12 (Tim, Fellow at the Adam Smith Institute, "So What is this Neoliberal Globalisation Free Trade Thing About Anyway?", 3/1/12, www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/03/01/so-what-is-this-neoliberal-globalisation-free-trade-thing-about-anyway/ slim_)
It’s easy enough to find … freedom and trade more with them.

Market systems are best—they are most ethical and avoid environmental disasters—alternatives fail because market systems reduce inequality
Wolf 03 Masters in Economics @ Oxford, a British journalist, widely considered to be one of the world’s most influential writers on economics. He is the associate editor and chief economics commentator at the Financial Times Martin, “The Morality of the Market”, Foreign Policy, Sept 1, 2003, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2003/09/01/the_morality_of_the_market5D///WNM
A sophisticated market economy works … and attitudes of its critics. 

Neoliberalism spreads peace and prosperity—its sustainable and inevitable—this also defends our epistemology and it’s specific to Latin America
Kilgour 2k – JD @ Toronto Law, crown attorney in northern Alberta to Canadian Cabinet minister, Kilgour ended his 27-year tenure in the Canadian House of Commons as an Independent MP
(David, “Globalization For the Benefit of All,” http://www.david-kilgour.com/secstate/globali2.htm)
When your Secretary General asked …greater sharing around the world.

Globalization is key to value to life– tech, employment, and resource availability
Mukherjee 12 – Department of Political Science, University of Missouri (Nisha Mukherjee and Jonathan Krieckhaus, “Globalization and human well-being” International Political Science Review, vol. 33 no. 2, March 2012, Sage Publications) MR
Yet while economic globalization certainly … 2000; Dunning, 2001; Reddy, 2006).

Tournament: Alta | Round: 7 | Opponent: Eagle CR | Judge: Elyse Conklin
No alternative, no uniqueness, no impact. Satire is awful
Wallace 93 (David Foster, Professor of Creative Writing and English at Pomona College, Review of Contemporary Fiction, “An Interview With David Foster Wallace”, Volume 13.2, Summer, http://www.centerforbookculture.org/interviews/interview_wallace.html)
Irony and cynicism were just … come to love his cage.

It’s a self-serving performative gesture that can’t drive practical insights
Kompridis, 2000  (Nikolas, professor of philosophy at the University of Dundee, Philosophy and Social Criticism, v. 26 n.4)
Once critique is completely ironized…the culture it supposedly opposes.

Even if they win their method is good, lack of specific alt means no reason to endorse it
Kompridis, 2000  (Nikolas, professor of philosophy at the University of Dundee, Philosophy and Social Criticism, v. 26 n.4)
(5) Critique needs to subordinate unmasking …to understand and ‘know’ everything.54

Even if they hold out the potential of transformation, the reliance on satire requires everything they criticize
Duncombe 97 (Stephen, Professor at the Gallatin School of New York University, “Notes From Underground: Zines and the Politics of Alternative Culture”, p. 148)
But boundaries of inclusion are … reaffirms its dependency on it.

Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx Science DrMa | Judge: Priten Shah
Solar power is a Trojan horse for corporatization of tech—they can’t control the consumerist deployment toward unsustainable ends
Glover et al 2006 – *Policy Fellow at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, Directs the Urban Studies and Wheaton in Chicago programs, selected to the Chicago Council on Global Affairs Emerging Leaders Program for 2011-2013, *2007 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Distinguished Professor of Energy and Climate Policy at the University of Delaware, Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (Leigh Glover, Noah Toly, John Byrne, “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse”, in “Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict”, p. 1-32, http://www.ceep.udel.edu/energy/publications/2006_es_energy_as_a_social_project.pdf, WEA)
The Sustainable Energy Quest The … tie it to the modernization project. 20

Fetishizing solar energy makes energy politics undemocratic and reductive
Bookchin ’80 (Murray, Noted Social Philosopher, Toward an Ecological Society, Pg. 91-92)
To make solar energy alone, … each other as human  beings.

Increasing local solar without upgrading the grid causes collapse
Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Director of the Congressional Budget Office, 2003 “Prospects for Distributed Electricity Generation.” Congressional Budget Office. September 2003. ttp:// www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=4552andtype= 0andsequence=0
Threats to the Performance of … the local distribution network's capacity.

solar society logistically impossible – not enough land
McCluney 2K3 Ross, June 14, 2003, “Renewable Energy Limits”, Page 4, http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-GP-216-03.PDF
There are physical limits to … not possible for this utilization.