Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Paul Central BL | Judge: Christian Palacios
The United States remains institutionally racist—the house has been remodeled but never been taken down—seemingly race neutral policies mask the way racism has imbedded itself
Feagin 00 2000, Joe Feagin is the President of the American Sociological Association and a Prof of Sociology, Univ. of Fla. Gainesville; “RACIST AMERICA:  Roots, Current Realities and Future Reparations”; 235-236.
The liberal wing of the white elite has an inordinate fondness for setting up commissions
AND
unite for their own survival and periodically, for large-scale protest.

Focusing on the manifestations of racial violence gets coopted into the maintenance of order—we must question the structure of white supremacy prior to the examples of the violence it produces
Martinot and Sexton, ’03  2003, Steve Martinot is a profesor at San Francisco State University and Jared Sexton has a PhD in ethnic studies from UC Berkeley, Director, African American Studies at UC Irvine, “The Avant-garde of white supremacy,” http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~marto/avantguard.htm
The foundations of US white supremacy are far from stable. Owing to the instability
AND
, and captives—are produced in the crucible of its ritualistic violence. 

The 1AC is the perfection of slavery
Farley 5 Boston College (Anthony, “Perfecting Slavery”, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp)
Slavery is with us still. We are haunted by slavery. We are animated
AND
beyond the veil, beyond death; hence, the end of forever.  

The alternative is to “repair the demolished subjectivity of the slave”—our demand is one for an end to America and end to the world
Wilderson, ’10 2010, Frank B. Wilderson is an Associate Professor of African-American Studies at UC Irvine and has a Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, “Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms,”
Leaving aside for the moment their state of mind, it would seem that the
AND
foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows.

Voting negative has revolutionary potential
Wilderson, ’10 2010, Frank B. Wilderson is an Associate Professor of African-American Studies at UC Irvine and has a Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, “Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms,”
STRANGE AS it might seem, this book project began in South Africa. During
AND
, Andile Mngxitama, Prishani Naidoo, John Shai, and S'bu Zulu.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Paul Central BL | Judge: Christian Palacios
The oppression of different groups of humans seen in both the slave trade was conceived and perfected in humanity’s subjugation of other animals – their genealogy misdiagnoses and conceals the root of the problem – their discourse as seeing “rights” as something only humans can achieve reifies this oppression
Dr. Steven Best ‘7 Associate Professor, Departments of Humanities and Philosophy, University of Texas, El Paso. Reviewing: Charles Patterson, The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust New York: Lantern Books, 2002, 280 pp., Journal of Critical Animal Studies, Vol 5, Issue 2
The Origins of Hierarchy  "As long as men massacre animals, they will kill
AND
common sense” consent to human supremacism and the ongoing pogrom against animals. 

This “silence” on oppression of other species is the dominant characteristic of anthropocentrism in movements to liberate the oppressed – without considering the more than human world, the expansion of liberties merely becomes the expansion of the exploitation of nature – this turns their project by replicating spiciest hierarchies that constitute white supremacy
Anne C. Bell and Constance L. Russell 2K *Faculty of Environmental Studies @ York University, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn”, Canadian Journal of Education, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3.pdf#page=22
We come to critical pedagogy with a background in environmental thought and education. Of
AND
Selby, 1995, pp. 17–20; Spiegel, 1988). 

The logic of human domination naturalizes oppression and recreates hierarchies.
Ahkin, 10 – (Melanie Ahkin, Monash University, 2010, “Human Centrism, Animist Materialism, and the Critique of Rationalism in Val Plumwood’s Critical Ecological Feminism,” Emergent Australian Philosophers, a peer reviewed journal of philosophy, http://www.eap.philosophy-australia.com/archives.html DH)
The five key features of dualism's “logic of domination” are as follows:
AND
of its constituents as interchangeable and replaceable resources for the dominant group.10

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 3 | Opponent: River Hill SS | Judge: Elijah Smith
Their advantage uses suffering as a tool of the ballot, conflating that with empathetic identification of the other - this makes suffering a commodity
Hartman ’97 Associate Professor of English @ UC BERKLEY 1997 Saidiya V.- "SCENCES OF SUBJECTION:  Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America"; pp. 20-21
As well, we need ask why the site of suffering so readily lends itself
AND
the effacement of sentience integral to the wanton use of the captive body.  

This spills their harms over to the debate space
*Hartman ’97 Associate Professor of English @ UC BERKLEY 1997 Saidiya V.- "SCENCES OF SUBJECTION:  Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America"; pp. 21-23
By slipping into the black body and figuratively occupying the position of the enslaved,
AND
way, enjoyment disclosed the sentiments and expectations of the "peculiar institution.

The alternative is a moral imperative — it’s mutually exclusive with the affirmation of solidarity as a tool of liberation
Abugo Ongiri ’10 Asst Prof of English Film and Media Studies @ University of Florida 2k10 Amy- "Spectacular Blackness:  The Cultural Politics of the Black Power Movement and the Search for a Black Aesthetics; p. 15-17.
By 1968, the cultural, social, and political landscape had changed so much
AND
purely and authentically ideologically free from the contamination of the urban industrialized world.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: David Herman
Text: The Department of Defense should streamline the doctrine for domestic response to terrorism

Reforms ensure effective DOD response
NDRI 2004
(National Defense Research Institute and Rand Health, “Triage for civil support : using military medical assets to respond to terrorist attacks,” www.dtra.mil/asco/ascoweb/pdf/Triage20for20Civil20Support.pdf)
 More comprehensive DoD guidance, doctrine, and training will be needed to include
AND
further recommend that the resulting document be made widely available to civilian authorities.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Josh Reisman
No thumpers and debt ceiling will be raised now
Houston Chronicle 9-10 September 10, 2013. Houston Chronicle. “How Long Can We Continue Without a Congress?” http://blog.chron.com/goplifer/2013/09/how-long-can-we-continue-without-a-congress/

By a large margin
AND
The debt ceiling has been raised

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive
Wilson 13 Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, “A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)

At a time when Mexico is
AND
than it ought to be. 

PC is key – the plan gets rid of its limited amount
Moore 9-10 September 10, 2013. Heidi Moore is Guardian’s US Finance and Economics Editor. “Syria: the great distraction; Obama is focused on a conflict abroad, but the fight he should be gearing up for is with Congress on America's economic security.” http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester

Before President Obama speaks to the nation
AND
As it is, he should now judge his actions better.

That staves off economic collapse
Davidson 9-10 September 10, 2013. Adam Davidson is the co-founder of NPR’s Planet Money. 9/10/2013, “Our Debt to Society.” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0

This is the definition of a deficit,
AND
the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Global economic decline leads to miscalculation and crisis escalation
Harris and Burrows, ‘09 Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf

Increased Potential for Global Conflict
AND
In a more dog eat dog world

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoor DP | Judge: Alex Pappas
The United States federal government should implement a comprehensive strategy of cyber deterrence by denial as per our Solomon evidence. 

CP solves cyber attack – deters it and means there’s no impacts
Solomon, ’11 – Associate Analyst at The Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute. Jonathan Solomon, “Cyberdeterrence between Nation-States” Strategic Studies Quarterly, Spring 2011
The US government can do many things to implement its own cyber defenses as well
AND
identifying attack indications and warnings or conducting post-attack forensic analysis.41

Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: David Herman
Text: The United States federal government should provide incentives for public and private sector forest conservation investments and

Counterplan solves agriculture competitiveness
Lyutse 10 – Policy Analyst for the National Resources Defense Council - Sasha. “Securing U.S. Agricultural Competitiveness by Stopping Deforestation: New Report Shows How Protecting Forests Abroad Will Keep Ag State Economies Strong” May 26, 2010. switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/slyutse/securing_us_agricultural_compe.html/CS
The benefits are clear, but do we have the tools to end deforestation and
AND
.S. farm exports, paying dividends for America’s farm state economies.

Tournament: Bronx Science | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Law AL | Judge: Evelyn Buse
Our interpretation is that the affirmative team must defend a topical plan under the resolution: Should the United States Federal Government substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico, or Venezuela

First is our Resolutional Basis

A. Resolved means to declare by a formal vote
Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1998  (dictionary.com)
Resolved:
5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; -- followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

And, “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ‘3 2003, Jon M. Ericson is the Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
and compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose

Limits are good – it provides equitable ground that causes clash – produces competent advocates with decision making skills that target all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley ‘8 2008. Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law and David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami. “Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinkign for Reasoned Decision Making,” pg 45

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Roleplaying is good – discussions of policy questions as if we were the government are crucial for skills development and change
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Third, switch-side is key---Effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

This agonism solves critical thinking – the process of switch side debate offers reasonable reflective thinking in making decisions—placing someone outside of their intial beliefs forces them to assess all possible outcomes and arrive at decisions—abdicating this process has grave consequences and risks a multitude of existential risks
Harrigan, ‘08 Casey Harrigan is an NDT champion, debate coach at UGA, thesis submitted to Wake Forest Graduate Faculty for Master of Arts in Communication, “A defense of switch side debate”, http://dspace.zsr.wfu.edu/jspui/bitstream/10339/207/1/harrigancd052008, p. 57-59
Along these lines, the greatest benefit of switching sides, which goes to the
AND
Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p. 82).

Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on all the problems implied
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Only portable skill---means our framework turns case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 6 | Opponent: Stuyvesant AY | Judge: Aubrey Semple
A. Our framework – debate should be a site for contest over political proposals for liberation. This requires that the affirmative present a topical plan of action that increases the United States’ transportation infrastructure investment in a way that confronts white supremacy through the actions of the plan rather than the mere performance of identifying whiteness as a problem. To meet out interpretation the AFF must accomplish three tasks

1. Identify the violence and harm of White Supremacy.
   2. Explain the historical production and causes of White Supremacy
   3. Construct a policy strategy that confronts or disrupts that history of white supremacy.

B. Our interpretation most predictable given the wording of the resolution:

1. The topic is defined by the phrase following the colon – the USFG is the agent of the resolution, not the individual debaters
   Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing – 2000
   http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm
   Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a
   AND
   the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter.

2. “Resolved” expresses intent to implement the plan
American Heritage Dictionary ‘00
www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=resolved
To find a solution to; solve …
To bring to a usually successful conclusion

3. The topic is defined by the phrase following the colon – the United States federal government is the agent of the resolution, not the person resolved
Webster’s ‘00 2000, Guide to Grammar and Writing, http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm
Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on… If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter.

4. “Should” denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
American Heritage Dictionary ‘00 2000, www.dictionary.com
3 Used to express probability or expectation

5. “The United States federal government” is the central government  in D.C
WEBSTER'S ’76  1976, NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY UNABRIDGED, p. 833
Federal government. Of or relating to the central government of a nation, having the character of a federation as distinguished from the governments of the constituent unites as states or provinces.

6. According to Martin Luther King and the History of the Civil Rights Movement Successful and Ethical Approaches to Challenge White Supremacy Require A Specific Policy Strategy – Prerequisite to effective social struggles
Cook ’90 March, 1990, Anthony E. Cook, Associate Professor of Law, University of Florida, 103 Harv. L. Rev. 985
I. Pragmatic Rights and Revolutionary Duty. -- Many of the communal and cooperative
AND
crisis-packed boycott, march, or protest to urge them along. 

7. We win the race to the middle – the aff can claim kritikal advantages and still defend plan passage and the neg can run a K against a policy aff.  This accesses all their offense.

C. Violation – The affirmative Fails to Present a Policy Strategy for Legally Confronting White Supremacy
Lobel ‘6 October 2006 , Orly Lobel, Assistant Professor of Law, University of San Diego, “The Paradox of Extra-Legal Activism: Critical Legal Consciousness and Transformative Politics” Legal Studies Research Paper No. 07-75
Reflecting the aspiration to avoid the process of legal cooptation, three interrelated alternatives to
AND
economic realities and shifting commitments of the state in an era of globalization.

D. Reasons to prefer – 

1. Ground – The aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation
   Ignatieff ‘4 2004, Michael Ignatieff, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, Lesser Evils p. 20-1
   As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
   AND
   , and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

2. Topical education - By manipulating the topic to access their political project they skirt debate about the implementation of policies by the government. Their education is distrusting of institutional study and pragmatic reform. Even if their intentions are noble, their message results in fascist totalitarianism  
Lewis ’92 1992, Martin Lewis, Assistant Professor at George Washington, Green Delusions p. 258
A majority of those born between 1960 and 1980 seem to tend toward cynicism,
AND
compromise becomes a kind of immorality, and constitutional refinements become inconvenient niceties.

3. Extra-topicality – even if the affirmative claims to advocate the resolution, they skirt discussion of its instrumental by arguing the benefits derived from their contextualized advocacy outweigh. This is a voting issue because we’re forced to win framework just to get back to equal footing – extra topicality also proves the resolution insufficient and explodes aff ground.

4. Limits – there are limitless contexts or avenues through which they could purport to advocate the plan. Our interpretation limits debate to promote politically relevant dialogue and structured communication
Lutz ’00 2000, Donald S. Lutz, Professor of Polisci at Houston, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 39-40
Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels—discourse
AND
the theory, not in the moral vision of the non-theorist.

E. Framework is a reason to vote negative –
You must use your ballot to ratify constraints on discourse to preserve fairness
Shively ’00 2000, Ruth Lessl Shively, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas AandM, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 179
To put this point another way, it turns out that to be open to
AND
they require the most unflag¬ging and firm support that we can give them. 

And, only specifically supported proposals will be able to overcome bureaucratic resistance
Nolan and Holmes ‘8 March/April 2008, Janne E Nolan, prof. of int’l affairs @ Pittsburgh, James R Holmes, assc. Prof. of strategy @ US Naval War College, “The Bureaucracy of Nuclear Deterrence,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 64:1, p. 40-3; 55-8
Another piece of advice: Seasoned professionals, loyal to the president yet respected by
AND
awaits a new president—but that’s what Americans elect presidents to do.

Tournament: Bronx Science | Round: 1 | Opponent: Debate Rhode Island MS | Judge: Jonah Garnick
Gradual reforms now – key to a stable transition
Piccone 13(Ted Piccone¶ Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy, Brookings Institute, "Time to Bet on Cuba" March 18, 2013 http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/opening-to-havana, RLA)

Under Castro, the Cuban government has undertaken important reforms to modernize and liberalize the
AND
evidence that the Castro generation is looking forward to securing a viable legacy.

Lifting the Embargo would pressure Cuba for rapid reforms 
Cave, 12 – foreign correspondent for The New York Times, based in Mexico City and has a B.A. from Boston College and an M.S. from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism (Damien, "Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo", NY Times, 11/19/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)//EX

Still, in a country where Cubans "resolve" their way around government restrictions
AND
the 1950s. "There is a lot of work to be done."

Slow change key to Cuban reform - avoids rapid regime collapse
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID 

Gradualism: Gradualism in economic reform—as opposed to an Eastern European-style
AND
policy paralysis or a smoke-screen for maintenance of the status quo.

Rapid change risks Cuban civil war
Feinberg 11 - professor of international political economy at UC San Dieg, nonresident senior fellow with the Latin America Initiative at Brookings (Richard E., "Reaching Out: Cuba’s New Economy and the International Response", November, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/11/1820cuba20feinberg/1118_cuba_feinberg.pdf)//ID
Some in the United States have long supported severe sanctions  intended to starve the Cuban
AND
to quell a bloody civil  war and halt a mass exodus of refugees.

Conced impact Cuban collapse turns every 1ac internal link
Gorrell, 5 - Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, paper submitted for the USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT (Tim, "CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoor DP | Judge: Alex Pappas
Immigration will pass – delay collapses economy
Bush 12-19 Jeb Bush Jr. “Time is now for immigration reform”, thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/193578-time-is-now-for-immigration-reform
Wide acknowledgement from Republican House leadership — and support among Republican constituents — shows that
AND
the higher the costs to our economy, our security and our families.

PC key
Orlando Sentinel 11-1 11/1/13, It’s a newspaper that follows Congress, “What we think: It'll take both parties to clear immigration logjam”, http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-11-01/news/os-ed-immigration-reform-congress-20131031_1_immigration-reform-comprehensive-reform-house-republicans
For those who thought the end of the government shutdown would provide a break from
AND
earn citizenship. House Democratic leaders will have to underscore the president's message.

CIR’s critical to economic growth---multiple internals
Klein 13 Ezra is a columnist for The Washington Post. “To Fix the U.S. Economy, Fix Immigration,” 1/29, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-29/to-fix-the-u-s-economy-fix-immigration.html
Washington tends to have a narrow view of what counts as “economic policy.”
AND
influx of foreign-born students is the most obvious solution you’ll find.

Economic decline leads to miscalculation and crisis escalation—escalates
Harris and Burrows, ‘09 Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: David Herman
Text: The Economic Development Administration should create a national network of advanced industries innovation hubs.

Innovation hubs solve manufacturing
Saha and Muro 1/14 January 14th, 2013, Devashree, and Mark, Brookings, “Cut to Invest: Create a Nationwide Network of Advanced Industries Innovation Hubs”, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/14-federalism-series-advanced-industries-hubs
Congress should authorize the build-out of a national network of advanced industries (
AND
in the nation’s advanced industries and so strengthen their long-term competitiveness.

Absent the counterplan the plan fails
Saha and Muro 1/14 January 14th, 2013, Devashree, and Mark, Brookings, “Cut to Invest: Create a Nationwide Network of Advanced Industries Innovation Hubs”, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/01/14-federalism-series-advanced-industries-hubs
In the aftermath of the Great Recession, the United States needs to transition from
AND
vitality and preeminence without a strong push to extend the leadership of AIs.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: David Herman
The United States Federal Government should legalize and regulate marijuana. 

Legalizing Marijuana solves your drug violence internal links
Carlsen 10 (Laura Carlsen, Director of the Mexico City-based Americas Program of the Center for International Policy and a columnist for Foreign Policy in Focus, “How Legalizing Marijuana Would Weaken Mexican Drug Cartels,” Huffington Post blog, November 2, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/laura-carlsen/how-legalizing-marijuana_b_777837.html)
  In the months leading up to today's vote on California's Proposition 19 to legalize
AND
business. Hardline rhetoric and wars of statistics cannot change that fundamental equation.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Josh Reisman
Text: The United States Federal Government should provide market-based incentives in the form of effluent taxes to Mexico to regulate hazardous waste disposal from maquiladoras

Imposition of regulations through effluent taxes is the most efficient waste-minimization method available
Pirozzi 97 1997, Elia V. Pirozzi is a writer for the University of Oregon Journal for Environmental Law and Regulation, “Compliance Through Alliance: Regulatory Reform and the Application of Market-Based Incentives to the United States-Mexico Border Region Hazardous Waste Problem”

From an economic standpoint
AND
along the United States- Mexico border.

CP solves for environmental injustice-- The dumping of hazardous waste near the US-Mexico border has led to disproportionate amounts of health, environmental, legal, and ethical dilemmas on minorities and oppressed peoples
Bullard 2 (Robert D. Bullard is Ware Professor of Sociology and director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University, Georgia, “Confronting environmental racism: voices from the grassroots”, http://books.google.com/books?id=yVr9lhrrTVwCandprintsec=frontcoveranddq=bullardandhl=enandsa=Xandei=TFF5UZ_qDsiN0QGHkIH4AQandved=0CFAQ6AEwAw)

Hazardous waste generation
AND
skies has become a major health hazard”.8

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Josh Reisman
Will pass—bipartisan support, Calderon’s reforms  
Pickrell 9-20 September 20, 2013 at 2:53 pm by Emily Pickrell “Former Mexico president expects lawmakers to pass energy reforms.” http://fuelfix.com/midland/2013/09/20/former-mexico-president-expects-lawmakers-to-pass-energy-reforms/

But his Institutional Revolutionary Party
AND
be irrelevant to have those reserves,” Calderón said.

US engagement with Mexico is unpopular—hyper nationalism and past interventionism produces a strong barrier to cooperation
Starr ‘12 October 2012. Pamela K. Starr is the Director of the U.S.-Mexico Network and an Associate Professor at the Center on Public Diplomacy at the University of Southern California. “The United States and Mexican Domestic Politics,” college.usc.edu/usmexnet/wp-content/.../Camp-Oxford-paper-final.doc

The nature, depth, and anti-American undertones
AND
where Congress has interests. 

Nieto’s political capital is key to passage—shores up public support
Wilkinson and Fausset ’13 August 13, 2013. Tracy Wilkinson and Richard Fausset—journalists for the LA Times. “Mexico's officials wage PR battle to sell energy reform plan.” http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/13/world/la-fg-mexico-pemex-pr-20130814

Even if energy reform
AND
"Mexico needs this to be able to move ahead."

Energy reforms are key to reverse declining oil production—that stabilizes Mexico—the alternative is Mexican collapse
Wood ‘9 November 30th, 2009. Duncan Wood is the Mexico Institute Director at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. “Cantarell, Mexico’s Economy and Interdependence.” http://csis.org/blog/cantarell-mexicos-economy-and-interdependence

On Tuesday the 17th of November
AND
and its neighbor to the north.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington ZZ | Judge: TJ McCarrick
Text: The United States federal government should increase the size and capability of its navy.

Naval power solves their heg advantage faster and better
Ealgen and McGrath 11 (5/16/11, Mackenzie, Research Fellow for National Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation.     Bryan, Bryan McGrath is a retired naval officer and the Director of Delex Consulting, Studies and Analysis in Vienna, Virginia. On active duty, he commanded the destroyer USS Bulkeley (DDG 84) and served as the primary author of the current maritime strategy. "Thinking about A Day Without US Sea Power: Implications for US defense Policies" http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2011/05/Thinking-About-a-Day-Without-Sea-Power-Implications-for-US-Defense-Policy)
America is a maritime power, and a strong U.S. Navy is
AND
how rapidly a navy can become hollow and unable to influence events abroad.
?

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 5 | Opponent: Chattahoochee AS | Judge: Nasir Nanjee
The President of the United States should remove all restrictions on Cuban-American travel and remittances; grant visas to Cubans invited to the United States to participate in educational, cultural, religious, humanitarian, and scientific activities if they pass normal visa security reviews; communicate to the Cuban government The United States desire to restore the diplomatic function of the Interest Section as its core mission; immediately turn off the electronic ticker-tape billboard on the Interests Section building in Havana; propose immediate resumption of regular consultations with Cuba over implementation of the migration agreements signed by Presidents Reagan and Clinton; remove travel limits of U.S. and Cuban diplomats.

The counterplan competes and is DISTINCT from Economic Engagement
Rose and Spiegel 8 2008, Andrew K. Rose is a Professor of International Business, Economic Analysis and Policy Group, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley and Mark M. Spiegel is a Research Fellow, CEPR; and Vice President, Economic Research and Data at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, respectively; “NON-ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE: THE CASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES,” http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1

Countries
AND
The fear of these spillovers may then encourage good behavior in the first area.

And, it solves the aff
LeoGrande 8 (William M. LeoGrande is dean of the School of Public Affairs at American University in Washington, DC, and a specialist on U.S. relations with Latin America. “Engaging Cuba: A Roadmap,” World Policy Journal 2008 25: 87, pg Sage um-ef) 

From the time Fidel Castro
AND
and in Eastern Europe at the end of the communist era.

Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: St Paul Central BL | Judge: Christian Palacios
Their presentation of the 1AC in a debate round is a safe transgression that only maintains the very structures they criticize-~--more effective change comes from alternative sources—Ideology sustains itself by constructing spaces of false disidentification to convince us that we’re challenging it, when in reality our transgression through those forums sustains the very ideology it claims to reject
Stavrakakis ‘12 August 2012, Yannis, Associate Professor at the School of Political Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "SYMPOSIUM: FANTASY AND MARKETS: Beyond the Spirits of Capitalism? Prohibition, Enjoyment, and Social Change", Cardozo Law Review 33 Cardozo L. Rev. 2289, http://www.cardozolawreview.com/content/33-6/Stavrakakis.33-6.pdf
If, today, the battle between austerity and spending, the return of ascetic
AND
charting an alternative course beyond the short-circuit present in such cases.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont CN | Judge: Rishi Cherbolu
The United States federal government should institute and fund a Quadrennial Ecosystems Services Trends Assessment.   

Solves biodiversity
PCAST ’11 ( President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology,  REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT SUSTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL CA PITA L : PROTECTING SOC IETY AND THE ECONOMY , White House, July 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast_sustaining_environmental_capital_report.pdf)
In the report we transmit here, PCAST’s Working Group on Biodiversity Preservation and Ecosystem
AND
quadrennial National Climate Assessment mandated by the Global Change Research Act of 1990.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Alpharetta MK | Judge: Dan Bagwell
The affirmative rhetorical silence on whiteness is an active stance that allows white privilege to thrive by masking its existence and treating is as an assumed norm.
DR. CRENSHAW Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala.  1997
Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION

This analysis of Helms’ opening argument illustrates
AND
they mask its existence.

Racism must be rejected in EVERY INSTANCE without surcease. It justifies atrocities, creates another and is truly the CAPITAL SIN.
MEMMI  Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris 2000, Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165

The struggle against racism will be long
AND
but the stakes are irresistible.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Josh Reisman
Shunning human rights violators is necessary to uphold a moral order – protecting rights is an a-priori concern
Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. “On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions.” Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2)

A fundamental task of morality
AND
as ancient communities might have put it.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington ZZ | Judge: TJ McCarrick
Text: The United States federal government should deploy sulphate aerosols in the stratosphere in sufficient quantities to stabilize average global temperature at safe levels.

Sulphate solves warming
Victor et al, ’9 (David G. Victor, M. Granger
AND
., "The Geoengineering Option", Foreign Affairs, March/April 2009)
Today, the term "geoengineering" refers to a variety of strategies designed to
AND
one percent (or less) of the cost of dramatically cutting emissions.

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington ZZ | Judge: TJ McCarrick
QPQs are not Engagement
Smith 5 (Karen E, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, London School of Economics, “Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,”  May 2005, Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:8-3RqE0TzFMJ:scholar.google.com/+engagement+positive+incentives+bilateralandhl=enandas_sdt=0,14)

First, a few definitions.
AND
conditionality more of a top-down strategy

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Josh Reisman
Interpretation – economic engagement must be conditional
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books

In sum, conditional engagement
AND
This is also cited in Fareed Zakaria, “The Reagan Strategy of Containment,” Political Science Quarterly 105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

Tournament: Scranton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edgemont CN | Judge: Rishi Cherbolu
Interpretation - Engagement is the attempt to influence the political behavior of a state by increasing contacts with that state – economic engagement means using exclusively economic contacts like trade, loans and grants
Resnik ‘1 Evan Resnik is an assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University. Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
AND
types of positive sanctions.

Violation- the affirmative is not a trade agreement, promotion, or foreign aid in the form of loans and/or grants

That’s a voter—

Ground- They take away key negative CP ground such as non-economic engagement CP’s

Limits- They allow for affs that deal with ALL TYPES of engagement, not just economic engagement

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Alpharetta MK | Judge: Dan Bagwell
The President of the United States should issue an executive order to (insert text) enacting through the appropriate agencies

The CP solves economic engagement
Hsu 12 (David T. Hsu - Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Browne Center for International Politics, "Executive Discretion, Domestic Constraints, and Patterns of Post-9/11 U.S. Foreign Economic Policy", September 2012, Pg 6, http://davidthsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/hsu-patterns-of-post911-us-foreign-economic-policy-september-2012.pdf)
The specific empirical puzzle
AND
 for manipulating foreign economic policies.

Executive orders bypass congress without expending political capital
Warshaw, ’06 (Shirley Anne Warshaw, MAD QUALZ21 An authority on the American presidency, presidential elections, the president’s Cabinet, and organizational decision structures for presidential policy making, Warshaw is a frequent speaker and commentator on network radio, television, and print media on presidential leadership and related topics, including CNN, BBC, CBS, NPR, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, Washington Post, New York Times, Reuters, Associated Press, Christian Science Monitor, USA Today, Wall Street Journal, and others. Warshaw has written several books on presidential decision-making, Gettysburg College, The Administrative Strategies of President George W. Bush, http://www.ou.edu/special/albertctr/extensions/spring2006/Warshaw.pdf
                                                                                
As presidents segue from the campaign into governance
AND
George W. Bush has utilized administrative actions as his primary tool for governance.

Tournament: Contact Information | Round: 1 | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
I will try to post all 1ACs and 1NCs after every tournament as soon as I can. If you want any specific 2AC or block cites, email us at:

Sahil Shah -- spshah@mcdonogh.org (2A/2N)

Harini Radhakrishnan -- hradhakrishnan@mcdonogh.org (1A/1N)