Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Thiele

The ethical calculations of the affirmative embrace an ethic of anthropocentrism that makes all violent ethics inevitable – turns case

Gottlieb, 94 (Roger S., Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1994, "Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology," Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, Summer, http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm)
Here I will at least begin in agreement with Levinas. As he rejects an
AND

neither for ourselves nor for the other, but for us all. 

In the status quo, compassionate and empathetic ethical are replaced with universalized calculative abstractions that exclude the nonhuman. Vote neg to embrace and ethic of care to restore compassion in our ethical calculations.

Donovan, 6 (Josephine, "Feminism and the Treatment of Animals: From Care to Dialogue" Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2006, vol. 31, no. 2, M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in comparative literature from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, held academic positions at several universities, retired early from her position as Professor of English (tenured) at the University of Maine, Orono, in order to devote full time to her writing and research. accessed 11/11/13 NB)
Feminist animal care theory developed in reaction against the animal rights/utilitarian theory that
AND
imposing on them a rationalistic, calculative grid of humans’ own monological construction.

Tournament: SWSDIT | Round: Semis | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Sannes, Roberds, Canarie

Critical thought from outside only strengthens hegemony

Baudrillard, 10 (Jean, The Agony of Power, "From Domination to Hegemony", Semiotext(e), 2010)
In the face of this hegemony, the work of the negative, the work
AND
character of the state of things, through the play of objective irony.

Critical thought has been subsumed by a nearly all-inclusive hegemonic society and this destroying of the negative leads to absolute negativity- terrorism

Baudrillard 10 (Jean Baudrillard. Baudrillard is one of the most influential post-modern and post-structuralist philosophers and taught at EGS until his death. "The agony of power".) ROrchinik
And yet by the same token all critical negativity, all the work of the
AND
is therefore both the twilight of critical thought and the agony of power.

Tournament: MV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chandler Prep | Judge: Anna Moe

The aff’s push for "environmentalism" fails to bring into question the underlying social troubles of hierarchy and domination intrinsic to government that shape the ecological crisis itself.

Bookchin, 79 (Murray, author and philosopher who is a pioneer in the movement, co-founder of the Institute of Social Ecology, written 16 books on multiple issues surrounding ecology. "Toward an Ecological Society", essay "The Power to Create, The Power to Destroy" November 1979 P. 35-40)ZBris
The basic conception that humanity must dominate and exploit nature stems from the domination and
AND
serve as a safety valve for the existing system of natural and human exploitation

The alternative is to reject the entirety of the aff as a solution to the ecological crisis. To attempt to confront the ecological crisis without confronting its social roots is to cede totalitarianism – the aff’s environmentalism will never be able to solve unless it directly addresses the social domination that justifies their action.

Bookchin, 79 (Murray, author and philosopher who is a pioneer in the movement, co-founder of the Institute of Social Ecology, written 16 books on multiple issues surrounding ecology. "Toward an Ecological Society", essay "The Power to Create, The Power to Destroy" November 1979 P. 40-46)ZBris
The power of this society to destroy has reached a scale unprecedented in the history
AND
nor in class societies generally, but at the very dawn of civilization.
 "Toward an Ecological Society", essay "The Power to Create, The Power to Destroy" November 1979 P. 40-46)ZBris
The power of this society to destroy has reached a scale unprecedented in the history
AND
nor in class societies generally, but at the very dawn of civilization.

Tournament: WT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chandler CS | Judge: Vered

1NC

Government oppression is self-sustaining and all-consuming, making its natural terminus indifferent marginalization and extinction

Bookchin, 90 (Murray, Founder of the Institute for Social Ecology, "Society and Ecology," originally in "Remaking Society," 1990, http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/bookchin/sp000514.txt)GlassPop
That "clarity," today, is gone. It has been replaced by ambiguity
AND
supporting complex life-forms of any kind, including the human species.

To attempt to confront the political crises without confronting the social roots is to cede totalitarianism – the aff will never be able to solve unless it directly addresses social domination

Bookchin, 79 (Murray, author and philosopher who is a pioneer in the ecological-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology movement, co-founder of the Institute of Social Ecology, written 16 books on multiple issues surrounding ecology. "Toward an Ecological Society", essay "The Power to Create, The Power to Destroy" November 1979 P. 40-46)ZBris
The power of this society to destroy has reached a scale unprecedented in the history
AND
nor in class societies generally, but at the very dawn of civilization. 

The alternative is to reject abstractions of government and nation as a solution in favor of a network of localized social institutions. A rejection of a central hierarchy as a solution to structural oppression allows us to more effectively address it and breeds social democracy.

Bookchin, 86 (Murray, Founder of the Institute for Social Ecology, January 1986, "The Greening of Politics," Green Perspectives)GlassPop
It is time, at long last, that we developed a politics that is
AND
distinctly American radical tradition, not a borrowed and refurbished one from abroad.

Tournament: MV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chandler Prep | Judge: Anna Moe

Structural linkage backs-up strong US-Brazil relationship now

Sotero, 12 (Paulo, director of the Brazil institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Huffington Post, November 9, 2011, "Why United States and Brazil Will Pursue a More Productive Bilateral Relationship" http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paulo-sotero/why-united-states-and-bra_b_2102004.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paulo-sotero/why-united-states-and-bra_b_2102004.html)
The growing presence of Brazilian global companies in the United States, complementing traditionally strong
AND
from working together and risk paying a political price for not doing so.

Brazil hates the plan – they perceive it as a neo-colonialist project

Volkhonsky, 10 (Boris, of Global Research, independent research and media organization, December 31, 2010, "Latin America: no longer the USA’s backyard," http://www.globalresearch.ca/latin-america-no-longer-the-usa-s-backyard/22586-http://www.globalresearch.ca/latin-america-no-longer-the-usa-s-backyard/22586)
During the late 1990s and 2000s quite a number of Latin American countries elected leaders
AND
related as an empire to poor countries. This vision needs to change."

Declining relations derails structural linkage and cooperation

Hakim, 12 (Peter, IPEA Bulletin of Economics and International Politics, October 22, 2012, "Inter-American Discord: Brazil and the United States", http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=3226pubID=3115)
The US and Brazil have not had an easy time with each other in recent
AND
World trade negotiations have long been a matter of contention for both nations.

Strong US-Brazil relations solve every major global problem.

Bodman, 11 (Samuel W. and James D. Wolfensohn, Chairs Julia E. Sweig, Project Director, Council on Foreign Relations, "Global Brazil and U.S.-Brazil Relations," Independent Task Force Report No. 66, pdf)
Cooperation between the United States and Brazil holds too much promise for miscommunication or inevitable
AND
these fronts. The moment to build on this positive foundation is now.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Leland FS | Judge: Washington

Calls for economic engagement are part of an ongoing campaign of hegemonic neoliberal expansionism on the part of the U.S. The aff is a continuation of attempts to ensure global financial domination and entrench ideas of western superiority.

Harris ’8 (Richard L., Professor of Global Studies at California State University, NUEVA SOCIEDAD NRO. 214 March-April 2008 ’Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization’ http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf-http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf) BSH
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
development requires the reorganization and realignment of the existing economies in the region.

The neoliberal ideology negates democracy, the environment, and any solution to human suffering. Vote neg as a protest of the dominant narratives of capitalism – only criticism of the power structures that make up capitalism can enact effective social agency and produce critical education.

Giroux, 13 (Henry, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada, 2013, "America’s Education Deficit and the War on Youth", p. 147-150)ZBris
The protesters, seeking to rescue the political possibilities of ambivalence from the powerful,
AND
all personal energy toward survival. It is an old, old game.

Tournament: SWSDIT | Round: Semis | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Sannes, Roberds, Canarie

TEXT: The United States federal government should reform display of maps in all public school classrooms by 1) banning the display of the Mercator projection and 2) mandating the display of the Gall-Peters projection.

The way we name and treat nations is a result of the model of movement based on maps – alternative cartography effectively reimagines politics.

Cooppan, 9 (Vilashini, professor of literature and feminist studies at University of California Santa Cruz, "Worlds Within: National Narratives and Global Connections in Postcolonial writing", p. 28-32)
Derrida’s addresses deconstruct the geopolitical sense of an institution that makes maps yet misses places
AND
comes up. in all uses, against the power of the law.

The status quo Mercator projection dominates educational practices and causes distortion of representation

Tangney, 3 (Janine, University of Massachusetts, Summer 2003, "Profile: Bob Abramms ’76G, ’80G", http://web.archive.org/web/20051227031945/http://www.umassmag.com/Summer_2003/Profile__Bob_Abramms_E2809976G__E2809980G_493.html)ZBris
This isn’t the way children are usually taught geography, but Bob Abramms, who
AND
size of Africa, even though Africa is more than 14 times larger. 

The Peters projection solves – rejects Eurocentrism embraces new ideology

New Internationalist, 83 (Issue 123, May 1983, "The New Flat Earth", http://newint.org/features/1983/05/01/flat/)ZBris
AT FIRST SIGHT the Peters map of the world (Fig. 8) does
AND
, appear until next month when it will be published by New Internationalist.

Tournament: SWSDIT | Round: 2 | Opponent: PDCS LB | Judge: 

Text: The People’s Republic of China should substantially increase its economic engagement towards Mexico.

The CP solves best – comparative benefits to China

Hsiang ’9 (Antonio C. is an Associate Professor Chihlee Institute of Technology, Taiwan. "China Rising in Latin America: More Opportunities than Challenges" Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets, Volume 1 Issue 1 November 2009)
It is no accident that in March 2007, during the Inter-American Development
AND
should be a wake-up call for more reforms in the region.

Tournament: State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hamilton RS | Judge: Kurtenbach

Gendered oppression in Mexico is the result of the formation of the Mexican state – patriarchy was rationalized by government regulation of social relations

Alonso, 2 (Ana Maria, Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Arizona, 2002, "What the Strong Owe to the Weak: Rationality, Domestic Violence, and Governmentality in Nineteenth-Century Mexico" from "Gender’s Place: Feminist Anthropologies of Latin America", p. 115-119)ZBris
The notion of bourgeois law as a neutral arbiter of conflict relies on a specialized
AND
the abuse of force" but instead, by the rule of law.

Colonial practices upon which the Mexican state was formed used gendered discourse as the justification – we must look back rather than reform the status quo

Alonso, 2 (Ana Maria, Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Arizona, 2002, "What the Strong Owe to the Weak: Rationality, Domestic Violence, and Governmentality in Nineteenth-Century Mexico" from "Gender’s Place: Feminist Anthropologies of Latin America", p. 120-123)ZBris
In order to advance projects of territorial conquest and domination of Indians, particularly the
AND
above are highly evident in the following Namiquipan legal cases involving domestic violence.

Vote neg to embrace a genealogy of the Mexican state. Criticism of this past justification is a key act – opens up criticism of legal frameworks and remedies of past and present injustices.

Pateman, 7 (Carole, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 2007, "Contract and Domination, p. 73-77)ZBris
The process of decolonization and national self-determination that began after the Second World
AND
new political legitimacy, the building of a new settlement with Native peoples.

A genealogy of historical struggles is key to the criticism- opens up critical ground to challenge contemporary norms

Dean, 94 (Mitchell, Professor of Sociology at Macquarie University, Sydney and contributor to Economy and Society and Theory and Society, 1994, "Critical and Effective Histories: Foucault’s Methods and Historical Sociology", http://www.revalvaatio.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/dean-critical_and_effective_histories_foucaults_methods_and_historical_sociology.pdf)ZB
From the early 1970s Foucault places his studies under the new heading of genealogy.
AND
, the subjected knowledges which were thus released would be brought into play’.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hendrickson GT | Judge: Pappas

Lifting the embargo ruins Cuban health care and causes brain drain – turns case.

Garrett ’10 (Laurie Garrett is a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Will Lifting the Embargo Make Things Worse?"http://thecubaneconomy.com/articles/2013/02/castrocare-in-crisis-will-lifting-the-embargo-on-cuba-make-things-worse/)Nuck
Cuba is a Third World country that aspires to First World medicine and health.
AND
its overall economy, it may be the better of two bad options.

Strong Cuban healthcare system independently key to preventing disease in developing countries.

Oxford Journal ’6 (Oxford Journal, reputable medical journal, Health in Cuba, 8/13)Nuck
The poorer countries of the world continue to struggle with an enormous health burden from
AND
take place on the potential lessons to be learned from the Cuban experience.

Any pathogen outbreak risks extinction

Steinbrunner, 97 (John, Senior Fellow at Brookings Institute, Foreign Policy, p. 12-22, Lexis)
Although human pathogens are often lumped with nuclear explosives and lethal chemicals as potential weapons
AND
for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit.

Tournament: SWSDIT | Round: 2 | Opponent: PDCS LB | Judge: 

No war from economic shocks

Miller 2k (Morris, Economist, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Administration – University of Ottawa, Former Executive Director and Senior Economist – World Bank, "Poverty as a Cause of Wars?", Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Winter, p. 273)
The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a popular reaction to a
AND
by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

US not key to the global economy- structural economics proves

Bozik and Galo 13 (Matej is a graduate from UKF, Ladislav Galo also graduated from UKF in Slovakia, "The Decline of the USA: Why America will not be able to protect its position as global hegemon",http://www.ces.upol.cz/pic/item/pdffile/84.pdf)
The main aspect of power has always been that of force, and in the
AND
it will show up in the ¶ political and military spheres as well.

Growth catalyzes war

Boehmer, 10 (Charles R., Ph.D Pennsylvania State U in IR, associate prof @ U of Texas at El Paso, Defence and Peace Economics, Vol. 21(3), June, pp.249-268, EBSCO, AD: 6-22-11, jm)
Still, states often experience economic growth, whereas violent interstate conflicts are rare events
AND
interstate violence or war, at least with an equal chance of victory.

Only an economic decline can promote environmental sustainability

Trainer, 7 (Ted, Lecturer @ South Wales University in Australia, Renewable Energy Cannot Sustain A Consumer Society, SpringerLink)
The reason why we have an environment problem is simply because there is far too
AND
...without, in other words, extreme and historically unprecedented social change.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: EL Meyers CP | Judge: Thompson

Interpretation: affirmatives read in previous debates should be publicly accessible on the NDCA wiki via description of the argument, complete citations, or open source.

1. Education

First is depth – research is the biggest internal link to education, nondisclosure is the single greatest impediment to in-depth research on their affirmative. Their practices take the neg back to day one with generics. Guts the portable impact of research skills that extends to other educational spheres.

Second is argument improvement – rigorous testing is key to argument improvement and the effectiveness of their advocacy, disclosure is key

Torvalds and Diamond, 1 (Linus, Creator of Linux, and David,
AND
by a peer-review process that has no, er, peer.

Third is dialogic clarity – your education is meaningless if we have nothing to say

Graff, 3 (Gerald, University of English26 Education, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2003, "Clueless in Academe: How Schooling Obscures The Life of The Mind", p. 11-12)
But an even more important point that some readers of my work have missed is
AND
the academic habit of evading conflict helps obscure the life of the mind.

2. Fairness

First is infinite prep – running their aff without disclosure give them a huge structural advantage when they have infinite prep as opposed to our finite pre-round. Derails competitive equity and devolves the role of the affirmative to cheap-shot tricks. Even if they’ve run this before, the labor required to scout their aff trades off with our limited prep.

Second is structural bias – open source reduces entry barriers and solves resource disparities

Antonucci, 5 (Michael, debate coach, December 8, 2005, Edebate, "eDebate open source? resp to Morris", http://cedadebate.org/pipermail/mailman/2005-December/060990.html, accessed 2-6-14, AFB)
I’ll outline controversial propositions I’d hesitate to defend further down; please read those before
AND
private company to transfer college briefs and backfiles when they’re already widely available.

Vote neg – this is a key model for debate, the ballot is intellectual currency to bolster disclosure norms.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Thiele

Their criticism is epistemologically suspect and should be rejected – the Western scholarship on which their criticism relies depends on Eurocentric practices that normalize whiteness and reproduce Western hegemony.

Young, 90 (Iris Marion, Associate Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, 1990, "Justice and the Politics of Difference", p. 126-127)ZBris
Much recent scholarship has revealed the white, bourgeois, male, European biases that
AND
knowledge (cf. Said, 1978, pp. 31-49)

This cultural imperialism creates Otherizing and oppressive norms – expressions of other groups in key to challenge dominant norms

Young, 90 (Iris Marion, Associate Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, 1990, "Justice and the Politics of Difference", p. 59)ZBris
Cultural imperialism involves the universalization of a dominant group’s experience and culture, and its
AND
group’s exhibit as lack and negation. These groups become marked as Other.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 5 | Opponent: RoHo RW | Judge: Sharif

INTERPRETATION: The affirmative must defend the advocacy of the implementation of a public policy against the status quo or a competitive alternative.

We’re the best political strategy- their opposition fails to create order in our public discourse as debaters, we must find "existing reason" in the broken system.

Habermas, 96 (Jurgen, German sociologist and a philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism, 1996, "Between Facts and Norms Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", http://blogs.unpad.ac.id/teddykw/files/2012/07/JC3BCrgen-Habermas-Between-Facts-and-Norms.pdf)
The question about the conditions of a legitimating genesis of law • has turned the
AND
dimension of law and the legitimating force of the democratic genesis of law. 

Switch side debate is the best framework for both education and political agency. They can run their criticism on the neg, this solves all their offense.

Tournament: WT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chandler CS | Judge: Vered

1NC

The aff got it wrong – images of human suffering forged by capitalist societies deny a moral response to violence and further militarize both education and culture. Our method should not be to embraces this suffering as positive but as negative. This is the only just pedagogical interaction with suffering.

Giroux, 12 (Henry, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada, February 25th, 2012, "The Post-9/11 Militarization of Higher Education and the Popular Culture of Depravity: Threats to the Future of American Democracy", International Journal of Sociology of Education, 1(1), 27-53)ZBris
Susan Sontag (1973) wrote that capitalist societies require images in order to infiltrate
AND
to shock might well reinforce a media-induced comfort with horrific images.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien AJ | Judge: Ramakrishna

1NC Heg Turns

US hegemony unsustainable- the rise of the EU and China make a shift to multipolarity inevitable

Cuyckens, 13 (Hanne, PhD Candidate at the Institute f or International Law at the University of Leuven and a Junior Member of the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, February 21, 2013, "The international arena is increasingly heading towards a multipolar model in which US hegemony is challenged by the EU and China." http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/49149/1/__Libfile_repository_Content_LSE20EUROPP_2013_February202013_TO_DO_blogs.lse.ac.uk-The_international_arena_is_increasingly_heading_towards_a_multipolar_model_in_which_US_hegemony_is_ch.pdf)ZBris
We are reminded every day of the extent to which the post-Cold War
AND
a stable and serious actor if it wants to stay in the game.

China will overtake US dominance – delaying transition causes instability

Layne ’12 Christopher Layne, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University, noted neorealist, "This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana," International Studies Quarterly (2012) 56, 203-213
American decline is part of a broader trend in international politics: the shift of
AND
to acquire the power projection capabilities to defend those interests (Zakaria 1998).

and, delaying the transition makes war with China inevitable

Layne, 7 (Christopher, Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University and international relations theorist, 2007, "American Empire: A Debate")
To be sure, the United States should not ignore the potential strategic ramifications of
AND
its current primacy, however, Sino–American conflict is virtually certain. 

and, China solves all major impacts better – rejection of unipolarity is key

Bandow 13 (Doug Bandow, a senior Fellow at the Cato Institute who writes about domestic and foreign policy, 6/4/13, "There’s A Great Deal For The U.S. To Celebrate In China’s Rise", http://www.forbes.com/sites/dougbandow/2013/06/04/theres-a-great-deal-for-the-u-s-to-celebrate-in-chinas-rise/)GNL
BEIJING, CHINA—Four decades ago the People’s Republic of China was a closed
AND
. We all must make it a century of cooperation rather than confrontation.

Tournament: State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Canarie

GUEST WORKERS LINK – your capitalist reform is not the savior to migrants – guest worker programs bolster systemic abuse of immigrants and marginalize workers under the altar of free trade

SPLC, 13 (Southern Poverty Law Center, nonprofit civil rights organization dedicated to fighting hate and bigotry, and to seeking justice for the most vulnerable members of society, "Close to Slavery: Guestworker Programs in the United States", Feb., 2013, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/close-to-slavery-guestworker-programs-in-the-united-states)
In the debate over comprehensive immigration reform, various policymakers and business groups have suggested
AND
overhauled. Recommendations for doing so appear at the end of this report.

GLOBALIZATION LINK – their policy propagates securitization in the name of the punishing state

Coleman, 5 (M. Coleman, Department of Geography, University of California at Los Angeles, 2005, "U.S. statecraft and the U.S.–Mexico border as security/economy nexus", http://www.elsevierscitech.com/pdfs/JPGQ/2005_US_statecraft_and_the_US_Mexico_border_as_securityeconomy_nexus.pdf)ZBris
Although not denying the symbolic importance of U.S. geopolitical practice in the
AND
. geopolitical and geoeconomic policies in the region rather than their intended coherences.

Tournament: Dobson | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Hamilton CP | Judge: Karras

US policy towards Mexico is defined by the immigration-industrial complex – questions of labor and globalization are intrinsically tied to the expansion of prisons. the criminalization of immigration and its related incarceration is the new billion-dollar industry.

Golash-Boza, 9  (Tanya, Assistant Professor at the University of Kansas, 2009, "The Immigration Industrial Complex: Why We Enforce Immigration Policies Destined to Fail", Sociology Compass Vol. 3 No. 2, pdf)ZBris
There are currently over 12 million people in the United States who do not have
AND
this evidence, similar tactics are being deployed with even more force today.

The question of this round isn’t whether or not Maquiladoras are the result of global economic policy but rather who has the power to dictate those policies

Kopinak, 10 (Kathryn, King’s University College, Sociology, 2010, "How Maquiladora Industries Contribute to Mexico-U.S. Labor Migration", http://publish.uwo.ca/~~kopinak/PapersPub.pdf)ZBris
Maquiladoras, also called maquilas, are factories in Mexico that produce for export,
AND
of northern Mexico, increasing their economic importance over almost a half century. 

and, the immigration-industrial complex facilitates large flows of capital and have made Latinos and Latinas the majority in federal prisons

Carlsen, 12  (Laura, Director of the Mexico City-based Americas Program of the Center for International Policy and a columnist for Foreign Policy, December 12, 2012, "How Private Prisons Profit From the Criminalization of Immigrants", http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/12/how-private-prisons-profit-from-the-criminalization-of-immigrants/)ZBris
A series of recent laws have redefined undocumented immigration from an administrative infraction to a
AND
billions of dollars, much of it paid to the private prison industry.

Prisons commodify inmates and are the starting point of racism in the United States

Davis, 98  (Angela, PhD in philosophy from Humboldt University, September 10, 1998, "Masked Racism: Reflections on the Prison Industrial Complex", http://colorlines.com/archives/1998/09/masked_racism_reflections_on_the_prison_industrial_complex.html)ZBris
Mass incarceration is not a solution to unemployment, nor is it a solution to
AND
on and nourishes the racism hidden within the deep structures of our society.

Specifically, enforcement of strict immigration laws and related incarceration leads to Otherization of undocumented migrants

Golash-Boza, 9  (Tanya, Assistant Professor at the University of Kansas, 2009, "The Immigration Industrial Complex: Why We Enforce Immigration Policies Destined to Fail", Sociology Compass Vol. 3 No. 2, pdf)ZBris
One can also gather evidence from large-scale trends to show that increased incarceration
AND
evidence of a moral panic in terms of both crime and immigration policy.

The resolution provides an opportunity to examine the immigration-industrial complex – undocumented migration is historically a key point of economic engagement between the US and Mexico.

Golash-Boza, 9  (Tanya, Assistant Professor at the University of Kansas, 2009, "The Immigration Industrial Complex: Why We Enforce Immigration Policies Destined to Fail", Sociology Compass Vol. 3 No. 2, pdf)ZBris
In 2006, the top ten countries from which undocumented immigrants hailed were Mexico (
AND
mass migration has created a large undocumented Mexican population in the United States.

However, the discussions the aff has chosen to engage in focus on fail to bring into question prisons. Instead they view economic engagement with Mexico through the lens framed by immigration-industrial complex. PRISONS AND THOSE WHO ARE HOUSED IN THEM ARE INVISIBLE. We ask you to vote neg as a challenge to the social invisibility that plague prisons, this public critical discourse is a prerequisite to discussions of economic engagement in Mexico.

Davis, 99  (Angela, PhD in philosophy from Humboldt University, 1999, "Globalism and the prison industrial complex: an interview with Angela Davis", Race Class, 40; 145)ZBris
How many of us have stood outside a prison, let alone been inside one
AND
movements that can legitimise anti-capitalist critiques of the prison industrial complex.

The prison-industrial complex and the political drive against immigration are part of a strategy of domestic militarization by the state – traditional educational strategies cede militarism and must be rejected.

Giroux, 3  (Henry, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada, 2003, "Zero Tolerance, Domestic Militarization, and the War Against Youth", Social Justice,  Vol. 30, No. 2)ZBris
I WISH TO ARGUE THAT AS THE STATE IS HOLLOWED OUT AND SHIFTS ITS EMPHASIS
AND
and intellectual courage to the refusal to surrender knowledge to the highest bidder.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: EL Meyers CP | Judge: Thompson

PLAN FOCUS LINK – US policy towards Mexico is defined by the immigration-industrial complex – questions of labor and globalization are intrinsically tied to the expansion of prisons. the criminalization of immigration and its related incarceration is the new billion-dollar industry.

Golash-Boza, 9 (Tanya, Assistant Professor at the University of Kansas, 2009, "The Immigration Industrial Complex: Why We Enforce Immigration Policies Destined to Fail", Sociology Compass Vol. 3 No. 2, pdf)ZBris
There are currently over 12 million people in the United States who do not have
AND
this evidence, similar tactics are being deployed with even more force today.

WAR ON DRUGS LINK – acts as ideological infrastructure for prisons – upholds the state apparatus

Rodriguez, 4 (Dylan, assistant professor of ethnic studies at the University of California, Riverside, December 2004, "Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime", p. 17-18, PDF)ZBris
Statecraft under these conditions required a qualitative transformation and expansion of the existing prison apparatus
AND
prison into a primary apparatus for the maintenance and reproduction of social order.

GLOBALIZATION LINK – The expansion of prisons are directly tied to strategies of global integration in Mexico

Goldberg/Evans, 97 (Eve, writer, film maker, and
solidarity and prisoners’ rights activist/Linda, North American anti-imperialist political prisoner currently at FCI Dublin in California, "THE PRISON-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY", Boston Anarchist Black Cross)ZBris
The proliferation of prisons in the United States is one piece of a puzzle called
AND
given only if governments agree to certain conditions known as "structural adjustment."

and, the immigration-industrial complex facilitates large flows of capital and have made Latinos and Latinas the majority in federal prisons

Carlsen, 12 (Laura, Director of the Mexico City-based Americas Program of the Center for International Policy and a columnist for Foreign Policy, December 12, 2012, "How Private Prisons Profit From the Criminalization of Immigrants", http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/12/how-private-prisons-profit-from-the-criminalization-of-immigrants/)ZBris
A series of recent laws have redefined undocumented immigration from an administrative infraction to a
AND
billions of dollars, much of it paid to the private prison industry.

Prisons institutionalize dehumanization – criticism separate from state authority is key

Rodriguez, 4 (Dylan, assistant professor of ethnic studies at the University of California, Riverside, December 2004, "Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime", p. 158-159, PDF)ZBris
Lewis Gordon, elaborating on Fanon’s "tragic revolutionary violence" in The Wretched of
AND
civic and social death, in close proximity to biological and premature death.

The discussions the aff has chosen to engage in focus on fail to bring into question prisons. Instead they view economic engagement with Mexico through the lens framed by immigration-industrial complex. PRISONS AND THOSE WHO ARE HOUSED IN THEM ARE INVISIBLE. We ask you to vote neg as a challenge to the social invisibility that plague prisons, this public critical discourse is a prerequisite to discussions of economic engagement in Mexico.

Davis, 99 (Angela, PhD in philosophy from Humboldt University, 1999, "Globalism and the prison industrial complex: an interview with Angela Davis", Race Class, 40; 145)ZBris
How many of us have stood outside a prison, let alone been inside one
AND
movements that can legitimise anti-capitalist critiques of the prison industrial complex.

Open debate and conflict is necessary to challenge a constructed truth by prisons – only our framework allows for activism against prisons

Rodriguez, 4 (Dylan, assistant professor of ethnic studies at the University of California, Riverside, December 2004, "Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime", p. 8-10, PDF)ZBris
The problem of truth ought also to be considered. In every age, among
AND
new languages, strategies, and fantasies of struggle against domination and oppression.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Desert Vista RZ | Judge: Grigsby

and, evaluate impacts of racial otherness first – absent action on racism, all violence and extinction are inevitable.

Memmi 2k – MEMMI Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris Albert (
AND
. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Err neg – their literature is reflective of an academy claimed by the corporate state and conservative intellectuals

Giroux, 13 (Henry, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada, 2013, "America’s Education Deficit and the War on Youth", p. 40-42)ZBris
The conservative takeover of public pedagogy has a long history, extending from the work
AND
specifically for the purpose of advocating industry interests in policy and regulatory debates."

REFORMISM LINK – reformist politics aid the growth of prisons

Gilmore, 7 (Ruth Wilson, Associate Professor of Geography at UC Berkeley, 2007, "Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California", p. 242-243)ZBris
The proliferation of antiprison groups during the decade when this book was in progress indicates
AND
—which then creates the possibility of further, sometimes innovative , action.

To place ourselves in terms of the USFG is to cede the prison-industrial complex – political actions reflect powerful interests

Golash-Boza, 9 (Tanya, Assistant Professor at the University of Kansas, 2009, "The Immigration Industrial Complex: Why We Enforce Immigration Policies Destined to Fail", Sociology Compass Vol. 3 No. 2, pdf)ZBris
The prison industrial complex is maintained because of fear of crime, political maneuvers and
AND
has a minimal effect on crime rates (King et al. 2005).

and, under our framework debate acts not as a training mechanism of right-wing indoctrination but rather a pedagogical practice for students to challenge hegemonic intellectual production. This form of education better trains us as students and debaters as well as educators and judges because it spills over to social action.

Giroux, 6 (Henry, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada, Fall 2006, "Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy", College Literature vol. 33 no. 4, Fall 2006)ZBris
While most defenders of the university as a democratic public sphere rightly argue that the
AND
now at risk in the latest and most dangerous attack on higher education.

Calculative thinking under their framework fails- Eurocentric biases shape concepts of rational decisionmaking

Young, 90 (Iris Marion, Associate Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, 1990, "Justice and the Politics of Difference", p. 126-127)ZBris
Much recent scholarship has revealed the white, bourgeois, male, European biases that
AND
knowledge (cf. Said, 1978, pp. 31-49)

Tournament: State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hamilton RS | Judge: Kurtenbach

To embrace the feminine in Latin America we must deal Latin American thought collectively – vote neg to affirm the mestiza identity, only then can we discourage cultural homogenization, avoid an oppressive narrative of speaking for others, and decenter the hegemonic models that allow subordination in the first place.

Montecino, 2 (Sonia, directed the Center for Interdisciplinary Gender Studies at the University of Chile, 2002, "Understanding Gender in Latin America" from "Gender’s Place: Feminist Anthropologies of Latin America", p. 273-278)ZBris
The issue of Woman and, later, of gender has been present in our
AND
by habit keeps us quiet" and replaced silence with knowing and speaking.

The alt uniquely solves – specifically embracing mestiza and the feminine communicates feelings in a way that challenges dominant norms more effectively than the aff

Rodriguez, 4 (Jeanette, professor in the department of theology and religious studies at Seattle University, 2004, "MESTIZA SPIRITUALITY: COMMUNITY, RITUAL, AND JUSTICE", Theological Studies, 65, PDF)ZBris
In the late 1980s, writer and poet Gloria Anzaldu´a articulated la conciencia
AND
identity, in brief, develops from the living words of a community.

Tournament: SWSDIT | Round: Semis | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Sannes, Roberds, Canarie

Their criticism is too polarized – fails to generate agency and crowds out mestiza identity, rejecting this dichotomy is a prerequisite to action

Burke, 7 (John Francis, University of St. Thomas, April 26, 2007, Portularia, Vol. VIII, No. 2., "THE THREE PARADIGMS OF  MESTIZAJE: REALIZING DEMOCRACY IN A TRANSNATIONAL WORLD OF CROSSING BORDERS", PDF)ZBris
Mestizaje, traditionally has referred to the biological and cultural mixing of the European and
AND
mestizaje is articulated as a way of seek- ing agency through resistance.

and, mestiza identity uniquely solves – communicates feelings in a way that challenges dominant norms more effectively than the aff

Rodriguez, 4 (Jeanette, professor in the department of theology and religious studies at Seattle University, 2004, "MESTIZA SPIRITUALITY: COMMUNITY, RITUAL, AND JUSTICE", Theological Studies, 65, PDF)ZBris
In the late 1980s, writer and poet Gloria Anzaldu´a articulated la conciencia
AND
identity, in brief, develops from the living words of a community.

Tournament: WT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Brophy SS | Judge: Yun

1NC

The affirmative embraces a foreign policy of crisis politics shaped by New Militarism. Neoconservative elites prop up crisis to dictate policy and protect American hard power.

Grandin, 6 (Greg, professor of Latin American history at New York University and served on the United Nations Truth Commission, 2006, "Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism", p. 67-68)ZBris
Bound together not by their knowledge of the world but by a devotion to American
AND
, and secrecy of the government in general and the presidency in particular.

Specifically, American narratives of Latin America contain hegemonic ideals that seek to uphold this New Militarism

Grandin, 6 (Greg, professor of Latin American history at New York University and served on the United Nations Truth Commission, 2006, "Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism", p. 6-7)ZBris
In other words, it was in Central America where the Republican Party first combined
AND
in the Cold War, of which Central America was the tragic endgame.

The military-industrial complex has militarized education – this orients civil society toward violence, commodifies knowledge production, and creates a culture of masculinity

Giroux, 12 (Henry, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada, February 25th, 2012, "The Post-9/11 Militarization of Higher Education and the Popular Culture of Depravity: Threats to the Future of American Democracy", International Journal of Sociology of Education, 1(1), 27-53)ZBris
Since the tragic events of 9/11, state-sanctioned violence and the
AND
and what educational issues are at stake in the emerging depravity of aesthetics.

The status quo of debate is intellectual production by way of the New Militarism. The alternative is to reject the aff as a challenge to the corrupt process by which their foreign policy becomes a legitimate political action. This is a key pedagogical practice to reclaim intellectual production.

Giroux, 6 (Henry, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada, Fall 2006, "Higher Education Under Siege: Implications for Public Intellectuals", The NEA Higher Education Journal, Special Focus: The Academy at Work)ZBris
Individuals and collectivities have to be regarded as potential agents and not simply as victims
AND
that something else is possible, but not that everything is possible." 44

Under the alternative, debate acts not as a training mechanism of right-wing indoctrination but rather a pedagogical practice for students to challenge hegemonic intellectual production. This form of education better trains us as students and debaters as well as educators and judges because it spills over to social action.

Giroux, 6 (Henry, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada, Fall 2006, "Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy", College Literature vol. 33 no. 4, Fall 2006)ZBris
While most defenders of the university as a democratic public sphere rightly argue that the
AND
now at risk in the latest and most dangerous attack on higher education.

Separating ourselves from policymaking is key – frameworks intimate with policy processes cedes interest groups, dilutes the public sphere, and derails the criticism

Young, 90 (Iris Marion, Associate Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, 1990, "Justice and the Politics of Difference", p. 73)ZBris
When each agent or organization acts to promote its own specific interests through government agency
AND
Under these circumstances it is little wonder that citizens are often politically apathetic. 

Their evidence is the result of a skewed public policy debate that seeks to favor militarism

Grandin, 6 (Greg, professor of Latin American history at New York University and served on the United Nations Truth Commission, 2006, "Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism", p. 140-141)ZBris
For conservative activists, both in and out of the government, taking defensive action
AND
Cold War policy and opinion makers, militarists, and the Christian right.

2NC OV

and, independently cultural imperialism has created a setting of irrational violence- unconscious fears and hegemonic backlash turn the case

Young, 90 (Iris Marion, Associate Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, 1990, "Justice and the Politics of Difference", p. 62-63)ZBris
On the contrary, the violation of rape, beating, killing, and harassment
AND
challenge to the hegemonic cultural meaning can also be source of irrational violence.

2NC FW

and, the ideology of expertism cedes power and leads to political failure

Young, 90 (Iris Marion, Associate Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, 1990, "Justice and the Politics of Difference", p. 80)ZBris
In welfare corporate society knowledge is power. Depoliticization of public life succeeds apparently because
AND
other experts whose judgments determine their actions or the conditions of their actions.

We’re the best political strategy- their framework fails to create order in our public discourse as debaters, we must find "existing reason" in the broken system

Habermas, 96 (Jurgen, German sociologist and a philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism, 1996, "Between Facts and Norms Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", http://blogs.unpad.ac.id/teddykw/files/2012/07/JC3BCrgen-Habermas-Between-Facts-and-Norms.pdf)ZBris
The question about the conditions of a legitimating genesis of law • has turned the
AND
dimension of law and the legitimating force of the democratic genesis of law. 

2NC Perm

SECOND IS THE AGENCY DA – the critical pedagogy embraced by the alternative alone is critical to our engagement as students. Taking on the pedagogy of the affirmative fails to access a critical form of agency

Giroux, 6 (Henry, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada, Fall 2006, "Higher Education Under Siege: Implications for Public Intellectuals", The NEA Higher Education Journal, Special Focus: The Academy at Work)ZBris
Democracy cannot work if citizens are not autonomous, self-judging, and independent
AND
to refuse to be easily co-opted by governments or corporations." 37

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster MZ | Judge: McCoy

CRISIS POLITICS LINK – The affirmative embraces a foreign policy of crisis politics shaped by New Militarism. Neoconservative elites prop up crisis to dictate policy and protect American hard power.

Grandin, 6 (Greg, professor of Latin American history at New York University and served on the United Nations Truth Commission, 2006, "Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism", p. 67-68)ZBris
Bound together not by their knowledge of the world but by a devotion to American
AND
, and secrecy of the government in general and the presidency in particular.

COLLAPSE LINK – the aff’s representation of economic collapse justifies immoral representations of violence that become the moral criteria for militarism

Giroux, 12 (Henry, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada, February 25th, 2012, "The Post-9/11 Militarization of Higher Education and the Popular Culture of Depravity: Threats to the Future of American Democracy", International Journal of Sociology of Education, 1(1), 27-53)ZBris
Spectacles of violence provide an important element in shaping a market-driven culture of
AND
Marx once supposed it, but in full spectacular view of the world.

NEOLIBERALISM LINK – Empirically economic engagement with Latin America gives way to violent mobilization of the free market and militarism

Grandin, 6 (Greg, professor of Latin American history at New York University and served on the United Nations Truth Commission, 2006, "Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism", p. 14-15)ZBris
Neither did American business stay neutral. In the mid-1960s executives from thirty
AND
regimes demonstrates how that kind of evangelicalism easily gives way to brute coercion.

and, even your main solvency advocates think neoconservative policy is threat con

Wilson Center, 10 (October 29, 2010, "U.S. Neo-Conservative Thought: Its Influence in Latin America", http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/us-neo-conservative-thought-its-influence-latin-america)ZBris
On October 29, 2010, the Latin American Program hosted the discussion "U
AND
exclusion of social issues, Calvo questioned its viability in the long term.

Tournament: SWSDIT | Round: Semis | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Sannes, Roberds, Canarie

Interpretation: The 1AC and the 1NC are performances. They have to win both a political and a performative defense of their aff or you vote neg on presumption.

No permutations – our performances should be mutually exclusive methods

Evans 13 (Rashad, former debate coach at Emporia, October 14th 2013, https://www.facebook.com/groups/318979761518379/permalink/542109029205450)
Rashad Evans: Counter performances are always competitive. Performance based framework recognizes that there
AND

we say the role of the ballot is who best challenges Y.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Thiele

The aff’s calculation through preemption subscribes to the same logic that justified the war on terror – their securitizing logic turns the case

de Goede, 8 (Marieke, Professor of Politics, at the University of Amsterdam, PhD in International Politics from the University of Newcastle, April 2008, "Beyond Risk: Premediation and the Post-9/11 Security Imagination", Security Dialogue, vol. 39, PDF)
Through its self-conscious deployment of imagination, premediation can be understood to address
AND
ricin and killed five thousand imaginary people’ (Raban, 2006: 13).

Tournament: SWSDIT | Round: Semis | Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Sannes, Roberds, Canarie

Postcolonial society has been fashioned by capitalist motivations that push black and indigenous populations to the peripheries – modern class divisions are the result of racial capitalism

Robinson, 83 (Cedric J., director of the Center for Black Studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara, "Black Marxism: The Making of The Black Radical Tradition", p. 310-313, PDF)ZBris
Marx and Engels, if we recall, had once conceived the notion that the
AND
training." 14 Forty years later, Penelope Hetherington would penetrate Mayhew’s objections:

Capitalist development in the New World was defined by the eradication of the African as human – colonialism was just the apex of a capitalist obliteration of the African past

Robinson, 83 (Cedric J., director of the Center for Black Studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara, "Black Marxism: The Making of The Black Radical Tradition", p. 166-168, PDF)ZBris
The Destruction of the African Past For many reasons, however, it is fair
AND
a thousand years long and one at the root of European historical identity.

Vote neg to perform a genealogy of revolutionary black consciousness – effectively refocuses their criticism and challenges the history of capitalist exploitation of black and indigenous populations

Robinson, 83 (Cedric J., director of the Center for Black Studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara, "Black Marxism: The Making of The Black Radical Tradition", p. 508-517, PDF)ZBris
When the investigation into the conflicts extant between Western radicalism and the struggle for Black
AND
, and George Padmore, the elements of its first phase were discernible.

A genealogy of historical struggles is key to the criticism- opens up critical ground to challenge contemporary norms

Dean, 94 (Mitchell, Professor of Sociology at Macquarie University, Sydney and contributor to Economy and Society and Theory and Society, 1994, "Critical and Effective Histories: Foucault’s Methods and Historical Sociology", http://www.revalvaatio.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/dean-critical_and_effective_histories_foucaults_methods_and_historical_sociology.pdf)ZB
From the early 1970s Foucault places his studies under the new heading of genealogy.
AND
, the subjected knowledges which were thus released would be brought into play’.

Tournament: Dobson | Round: 2 | Opponent: Desert Vista JM | Judge: Yang

Western expansion into the Americas is characterized and framed via the white settler contract; the displacement of Indigenous peoples was justified by branding the Native existence as the state of nature and replacing it with the civil society of the modern state.

Pateman, 7 (Carole, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 2007, "Contract and Domination, p. 39-42)ZBris
Colonial planting was more than cultivation and development of land. The seeds of new
AND
at present inquire)" (1899: Intro. §4, 96).

The aff doesn’t have access to a just lawmaking framework – the contract for the modern state is built upon exclusion of Natives.

Pateman, 7 (Carole, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 2007, "Contract and Domination, p. 54-56)ZBris
That is to say, the Native peoples lack both proper sovereignty and a properly
AND
, and their lives, lands, and nations are reordered by it.

Vote neg to embrace a genealogy of the settler contract on which the Americas were formed. Criticism of this past justification is a key act – opens up criticism of legal frameworks and remedies of past and present injustices.

Pateman, 7 (Carole, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 2007, "Contract and Domination, p. 73-77)ZBris
The process of decolonization and national self-determination that began after the Second World
AND
new political legitimacy, the building of a new settlement with Native peoples.

A genealogy of historical struggles is key to the criticism- opens up critical ground to challenge contemporary norms

Dean, 94 (Mitchell, Professor of Sociology at Macquarie University, Sydney and contributor to Economy and Society and Theory and Society, 1994, "Critical and Effective Histories: Foucault’s Methods and Historical Sociology", http://www.revalvaatio.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/dean-critical_and_effective_histories_foucaults_methods_and_historical_sociology.pdf)ZB
From the early 1970s Foucault places his studies under the new heading of genealogy.
AND
, the subjected knowledges which were thus released would be brought into play’.

Tournament: MV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chandler Prep | Judge: Anna Moe

TEXT: The United States federal government should change its Middle East foreign policy by: 1) push a peace agreement regarding Palestine, 2) create a long-term plan to decrease military aid to Israel, and 3) increase transparency of military drone activity.

Pragmatic policy towards Palestine is the biggest barrier to US credibility and effective soft power – public opinion proves

Heller, 12 (Dr. Mark A., principal research associate at the Institute for National Security Studies, January 2012, "Barack Obama and the Middle East Three Years On", Strategic Assessment, Volume 14, No. 4, p. 67,  PDF)ZBris
On the specific question of general perceptions of America, the most plausible explanation for
AND
security objectives stemmed simply from Obama’s inhibitions about the use of hard power.

and, move away from status quo drone policy is critical to Middle East opinion

Laney, 13 (Brock, BYU Law School, 2013, "Drone Strikes and The War Powers Resolution", BYU Prelaw review, Vol. 27, https://journals.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/PrelawReview/article/viewFile/20571/19062)ZBris
Illustrating another drawback, drone strikes in Pakistan have exacerbated already tense US-Pakistan
AND
important step towards making the usage of drone strikes subject to public scrutiny.

Foreign public opinion is the biggest internal link to soft power

Horiuchi/Goldsmith, 9 (Benjamin E., University of Sydney/Yusaku, The Australian National University, August 11, 2009, "In Search of Soft Power: Does Foreign Public Opinion Matter for U.S. Foreign Policy?", http://ssrn.com/abstract=1932478)ZBris
The results of our instrumental variable regressions show that the effect on Sent troops to
AND
troops into harm’s way –– which might incur significant public concern or opposition.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Leland FS | Judge: Washington

Absence of US influence in Latin America aids Brazilian and Chinese power in the region

Brand et al, 12 (Alexander Brand, Lecturer and Post-Doc Researcher
AND
.de/files/2012/10/mpiep04.pdf)ZBris
In conclusion, China’s military footprint has been relatively light, although increased exchanges of
AND
´s status of emerging global and multidimensional actor (ibid.: 98).

Increased US influence directly trades-off with a regional power shift to Brazil

Crandall 11 (Russell, Associate Professor of International Politics at Davidson College; Principal Director for the Western Hemisphere at the U.S. Department of Defense in 2009; Director for Andean Affairs at the National Security Council in 2010-11  May-June 2011, Foreign Affairs, "Post-American Hemisphere: Power and Politics in an Autonomous Latin America," 90.3, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fora9026div=4926g_sent=1)//JES-http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fora9026div=4926g_sent=1)//JES
POWER PLAYS Latin America’s economic growth and political stability are driving an unprecedented power shift  
AND
it, "The new imperialists have arrived, and they speak Portuguese."

and, independently US re-engagement of Latin America reverses the absence that allows Chinese expansion

Pham, 10 (J. Peter, director of the Michael S. Ansari Africa Center at the Atlantic Council, former editor of American Foreign Policy Interests, "China’s Strategic Penetration of Latin America: What It Means for U.S. Interests," American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, Volume 32, Issue 6, 2010, pages 363-381, DOI:10.1080/10803920.2010.535762)
All of this led to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton telling an audience of
AND
rare move, authorized the imposition of punitive sanctions against American products.89

Brazilian influence is key to solve prolif, warming, and Latin American stability

Hakim, 10 (Peter, president emeritus and senior fellow of the Inter-American Dialogue, July 1, 2010, "Rising Brazil: The Choices of a New Global Power," Inter-American Dialogue, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=3226pubID=2273-http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=3226pubID=2273)
Beyond Iran, there are other questions about Brazil foreign policy that concern the international
AND
is compromised by its disinclination to take strong positions on vital global matters.

and, Chinese influence key to global security – soft power is essential to resolving pressing international issues

Zhang, 12 (Weiwei, professor of international relations at Fudan University, and a senior research fellow at the Chunqiu Institute, senior fellow at the Centre for Asian Studies, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, and a visiting professor at the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations, September 4, 2012, "The rise of China’s political soft power", http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm)
As China plays an increasingly significant role in the world, its soft power must
AND
As the China model improves, it will continue to surprise the world.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Leland FS | Judge: Washington

We’ll defend the entirety of the 1AC without the plan text.

Separating ourselves from the USFG is key – frameworks intimate with policy processes cedes interest groups, dilutes the public sphere, and lock us out of decisionmaking

Young, 90 (Iris Marion, Associate Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, 1990, "Justice and the Politics of Difference", p. 73)ZBris
When each agent or organization acts to promote its own specific interests through government agency
AND
Under these circumstances it is little wonder that citizens are often politically apathetic. 

TWO IMPACTS TO THEIR FORM OF AGENCY:

First, co-opting our agency with the state makes marginalization and extinction inevitable

Bookchin, 90 (Murray, Founder of the Institute for Social Ecology, "Society and Ecology," originally in "Remaking Society," 1990, http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/bookchin/sp000514.txt)GlassPop
That "clarity," today, is gone. It has been replaced by ambiguity
AND
supporting complex life-forms of any kind, including the human species.

Second, their form of agency in context of debate makes us as debaters subject to oppression by the state and justifies real-world atrocities

Reid-Brinkley, 8 (Shanara, PhD in Philosophy, University of Georgia, 2008, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE", PDF)
Jones discusses the UDL further with this personal statement about her own experiences with debate
AND
debate community’s ignorance of the relevance of the body to competition and judgment.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Peak to Peak HJ | Judge: Brotherton

Interpretation and violation: Economic engagement is the exchange of goods, services, capital and labor – energy is a non-economic partnership.

Rose, 8 — UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Administration ~Andrew, and Mark Spiegel, "Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties," April 2008, www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1-http://www.nber.org/papers/w13988.pdf?new_window=1~~
Non-Economic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties We examine
AND
relations. The answer, in both theory and practice, is positive.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Thiele

Interpretation: "Economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement

Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "CONTAINMENT AND ENGAGEMENT AS MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES" BALTIC JOURNAL OF LAW 26 POLITICS VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/v10076-010-0015-7)
The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy
AND
other types of engagement, such as the conditional-unconditional economic engagement.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Hendrickson GT | Judge: Pappas

Interpretation: Economic engagement requires the plan to engage with the GOVERNMENT of a topic country

Kahler and Kastner ’6 (Miles, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at University of California, San Diego, and Scott, Department of Government and Politics at University of Maryland, "STRATEGIC USES OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: ENGAGEMENT POLICIES IN SOUTH KOREA, SINGAPORE, AND TAIWAN", Journal of Peace Research, Sage.)
Economic engagement – a policy of deliberately
AND
subject of growing interest in international relations.

Tournament: MV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Chandler Prep | Judge: Anna Moe

Interpretation and violation: The plan is offers their assistance unconditionally – this is economic appeasement which is distinct from engagement.

Mastanduno ’3 Michael, Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Nelson A. Rockefeller Professor of Government, B.A., Economics and Political Science, and Ph.D., Political Science, Princeton University, "The Strategy of Economic Engagement: Theory and Practice," Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate
Our knowledge of the workings of economic engagement is still at a fairly preliminary stage
AND
subsequently, are difficult to meet individually and all the more so cumulatively.

Tournament: Dobson | Round: 2 | Opponent: Desert Vista JM | Judge: Yang

THE AFF SHOULD LOSE THIS DEBATE BECAUSE OF THEIR USE OF VISUAL METHAPHORS. Ableism is an a priori social issue that we need to debate about in order to change the status quo. We need to re-evaluate how we learn and teach debate, but above all we must re-evaluate how we as debaters participate in the activity and how we represent our actions.

Longmore, ’9 (Paul K., professor of history and director of the Institute on Disability, "Making Disability and Essential Part of American History," Organization of American Historians Magazine of History, Volume: 23, Issue 3, 2009, P. 11, LPS)
At that conference, a planning group focused on disability history curricular materials to aid
AND
all of them reflected a deeper culture-wide modern ideology of disability."

The rhetoric used within the 1AC perpetuate the visual metaphors that penetrate our language

Hibbits 94 Professor Bernard J. Hibbitts, professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, 1994 Making Sense of Metaphors Visuality, Aurality, And The Reconfiguration of American Legal Discourse http://faculty.law.pitt.edu/hibbitts/meta_p2.htm-http://faculty.law.pitt.edu/hibbitts/meta_p2.htm
Visuality penetrates our very language. We routinely rely on visual metaphors to communicate understanding
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such as the deaf)69 whose identities have been less visually defined. 

Ableism operates as master trope illuminating the fundamental tactic of oppression—the naturalization of social inferiority as biological difference

Siebers, 9  Tobin, University of Michigan, Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism, "The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification", Oct 28, Lecture, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=126ved=0CCoQFjAA26url=http3A2F2Fdisabilities.temple.edu2Fmedia2Fds2Flecture20091028siebersAesthetics_FULL.doc26ei=LWz4T6jyN8bHqAHLkY2LCQ26usg=AFQjCNGdkDuSJkRXMHgbXqvuyyeDpldVcQ26sig2=UCGDC4tHbeh2j7-Yce9lsA-http://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=126ved=0CCoQFjAA26url=http3A2F2Fdisabilities.temple.edu2Fmedia2Fds2Flecture20091028siebersAesthetics_FULL.doc26ei=LWz4T6jyN8bHqAHLkY2LCQ26usg=AFQjCNGdkDuSJkRXMHgbXqvuyyeDpldVcQ26sig2=UCGDC4tHbeh2j7-Yce9lsA, accessed 7/7/12, sl)
Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
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represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

Tournament: MV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chandler Prep | Judge: Parker

TEXT: The United States federal government should implement a consumption-based carbon tax of 2480 per tonne CO2-e.

Carbon tax solves warming— de-incentivizes inefficient driving and sparks social change

Worstall, 12 (Tim, Fellow at the Adam Smith Institute in London, June 6, "iPads on a Plane and Why a Carbon Tax Would Solve Global Warming" http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/06/06/ipads-on-a-plane-and-why-a-carbon-tax-would-solve-global-warming/)ZBris
My basic view (and yes, I know many disagree) is that climate
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simply got to use the price system. There is no other way.

Carbon tax significantly increases governmental revenue

Avi-Yonah/Uhlmann, 9 (Stanford Environmental Law, 2009, "COMBATING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: WHY A CARBON TAX IS A BETTER RESPONSE TO GLOBAL WARMING THAN CAP AND TRADE" https://www.e-education.psu.edu/drupal6/files/geog432/images/Avi-Yonah,20R.S.20and20D.M.20Uhlman20Stanford20Environmental20Law20Journal202009.pdf-https://www.e-education.psu.edu/drupal6/files/geog432/images/Avi-Yonah, R.S. and D.M. Uhlman Stanford Environmental Law Journal 2009.pdf)ZBris
A carbon tax by definition generates revenue. A relatively modest tax of 2410
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that such opposition is based on the perception that government is wasteful.140

Tax revenue is the biggest internal link to economic stability

Piana, 3 (Valentino, of the Economics Web Institute/PhD in Economics, 2003, "TAX REVENUE", http://www.economicswebinstitute.org/glossary/taxrev.htm)ZBris
Money earned by the State thanks to taxation. It is the main income for
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the tax amount and for figuring out ways to decrease the tax burden.

Economic shocks causes global wars

Royal ’10 director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: SWSDIT | Round: 2 | Opponent: PDCS LB | Judge: 

Even with massive efforts reserves push us over carbon budget tipping point

McKibben, 12 (Bill, environmentalist, author, and founder of three environmental campaigns, July 19, 2012. "Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math", Rolling Stone Magazine, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/global-warmings-terrifying-new-math-20120719)ZBris
The Third Number: 2,795 Gigatons. This number is the scariest of
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been likely. Now, barring some massive intervention, it seems certain.

US leaders fail to assume a role in international climate change— no significant international spillover

McKibben, 12 (Bill, environmentalist, author, and founder of three environmental campaigns, July 19, 2012. "Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math", Rolling Stone Magazine, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/global-warmings-terrifying-new-math-20120719)ZBris
Meteorologists reported that this spring was the warmest ever recorded for our nation – in
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equally brutal: COPENHAGEN: THE MUNICH OF OUR TIMES? asked one.

Even if they solve CO2 impacts, warming causes oceanic methane burps 20 times stronger than CO2, outweighs warming, impact is extinction.

Atcheson 4 – a geologist, has held a variety of policy positions in several federal government agencies. (John, "Ticking Time Bomb," http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1215-24.htm-http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1215-24.htm)
The Arctic Council’s recent report on the effects of global warming in the far north
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of a failed energy policy be the mass extinction of life on Earth.

Tournament: WT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chandler CS | Judge: Vered

1NC

The demands made by the 1AC are made with the knowledge that the system will not comply with them. This allows for a cycle of self-satisfaction by the academic left and guts true change.

Zizek, 2 (Slavoj, ~23realist dude on Earth, 2002, "Welcome to the Desert of the Real21", p. 59-61)
Happiness is thus — to put it in Alain Badiou’s terms — not a category
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or she stands a good chance of getting hundreds of thousands of dollars.

The educational framework of the aff cedes the state- their conceptions of producing change fail politically.

Zizek, 7 (Slavoj, ~23relaist dude on Earth, November 2007, "Resistance Is Surrender", http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n22/slavoj-zizek/resistance-is-surrender)
The response of some critics on the postmodern Left to this predicament is to call
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should not seek to mimic and mirror the archic violent sovereignty it opposes.

The leftist psychology produces motivates of self-preservation and turns the case

Kaczynski, 95 (Theodore, PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan and former assistant professor at the University of California specializing in complex analysis known as geometric function theory, 1995, "Industrial Society and Its Future", p. 2-4)
10. (fr) By "feelings of inferiority" we mean not only
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. It is only a rough indication of a general tendency of leftism.

The alt is critical rejection of the aff as an avenue to create functioning alternatives through their demands. This necessitates a full rejection of the 1AC, the leftist framework is inseparable.

Zizek, 7 (Slavoj, ~23relaist dude on Earth, November 2007, "Resistance Is Surrender", http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n22/slavoj-zizek/resistance-is-surrender)
My critics make the following claims (Letters, 13 December 2007): 1.
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felt smug, as if each side had succeeded in making its point.