Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Logan | Judge: 

The aff is anthropocentric – notions of human progress and equality strengthen anthro notions – anthro justifies oppression – turns the affirmative

Bell, York University department of education, and Russell, Lakehead University associate professor, 2k (Anne C. and Constance L., department of education, York University, Canada, and Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, and#34;Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn,and#34; p. 192-194,
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)

Bowers (1993a, 1993b) has identified a number of root metaphors or and#34;
AND
being is reserved for humans (Haraway, 1988, p. 592).

The alternative is to endorse global suicide of humanity. The role of the ballot is to evaluate alternatives to the status quo – that allows for critical discussion and problematizes status quo issues

Kochi, Queen’s University School of Law lecturer, and Ordan, linguist, 08 (Tarik and Noam, Borderlands Volume 7 Number 3, 2008, and#34;An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity,and#34; p. 3)

¶ However, is the form of reflection offered by Hawking broad or critical enough
AND
human to the non-human have, so far, been unavailing.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Berkeley Prep | Judge: 

Brazil controls Latin American influence—increased US presence disrupts regional power balances

Bethell, 10 -  English historian, university professor, and Brazilianist who specialises in the study of 19th and 20th Century Latin America, emphasizing on Brazil in particular, PhD in History at the University of London (Leslie, "Brazil and "Latin America"," Journal of Latin American Studies, Studies, page 467-485, Volume 42 / Issue 03 / August 2010, http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0022216X1000088X)
Brazil and South America since the End of the Cold War¶ There is one
AND
in question,¶ however, is South America, not Latin America.66

U.S. influence directly trades off with Brazil influence in the region

Crandall 11 – Associate Professor of International Politics at Davidson College; Principal Director for the Western Hemisphere at the U.S. Department of Defense in 2009; Director for Andean Affairs at the National Security Council in 2010-11 (Russell Crandall, May-June 2011, Foreign Affairs "Post-American Hemisphere: Power and Politics in an Autonomous Latin America," 90.3,
POWER PLAYS Latin America’s economic growth and political stability are driving an unprecedented power shift  
AND
it, "The new imperialists have arrived, and they speak Portuguese."

====Brazil soft power solves global free trade====
Bodman, Wolfensohn, and Sweig, 11 – ScD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
AND
Brazil Relations: Independent Task Force No. 66," Council on Foreign Relations
¶ International Trade¶ ¶ Brazil aims to restructure global trade architecture to advance both
AND
interests reflects the duality within Brazil as both a developed and developing country.

Protectionism will cause global wars – risks extinction

Panzner 8 – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, "Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse," p. 136-138)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Barstow | Judge:
====CIR will pass now – TOA now but Obama’s pol cap is key to passage and it’s finite ====
McMorris-Santoro 10/15 (Evan, "Obama Has Already Won the Shutdown Fight and He’s Coming For Immigration Next," 10/15/2013, http://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-has-already-won-the-shutdown-fight-and-hes-coming-for, AC)
WASHINGTON — As the fiscal fight roiling Washington nears its end, the White House
AND
be able to leverage momentum or even hang onto it for very long. 

Foreign policy changes drain PC

Helen V. Milner (B. C. Forbes Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and the director of the Niehaus Center for Globalization and Governance at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School) and Dustin H. Tingley (Assistant Professor of Government at Harvard University) "Who Supports Global Economic Engagement?" The Sources of Preferences in American Foreign Economic Policy International Organization 65, Winter 2011, pp. 37–68
In democracies, governments have to build domestic support for the use of foreign policy
AND
, then, results from some combination of these domestic and international pressures.

Key to small farms

Gual 10, 10/17/2010 (Frank, Farm job, anyone?, Associated Content, p. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5877166/farm_job_anyone.html)
Those calling for tougher immigration laws and the UFW claim that farmers have become accustomed
AND
bought by large conglomerates whose management is far removed from the local community.

Prevents extinction

Altieri 8 - Professor of agroecology @ University of California, Berkeley. ~Miguel Altieri (President, Sociedad Cientifica LatinoAmericana de Agroecologia (SOCLA), "Small farms as a planetary ecological asset: Five key reasons why we should support the revitalization of small farms in the Global South," Food First, Posted May 9th, 2008, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2115~~
The Via Campesina has long argued that farmers need land to produce food for their
AND
on which we all depend now and even more so in the future.

Tournament: GDStanfordCal | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge:
THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD ENTER INTO BINDING CONSULTATIONS WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
GENUINE CONSULTATION ON REGIONAL HOTSPOTS NECESSARY TO BUILD A FRAMEWORK OF TRUST NECESSARY TO SAVE US-SINO RELATIONS, IMPACT IS WORLD PEACE
Vice Foreign Minister Zhang 12
~Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Zhijun at the Eighth Lanting Forum of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Stay committed to peaceful development and win-win cooperation the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China: 28 December 2012 Westlaw~
China and the United States, one the world’s largest developing country and the other
AND
major-country relationship based on mutual respect and win-win cooperation.
What has happened in China-US relations shows that both sides stand to gain
AND
counter-terrorism, nuclear proliferation, climate change and regional hotspot issues.
That being said, China and the United States still differ significantly in social system, development stage, history, culture and tradition and still face major and sensitive issues including Taiwan and Tibet-related issues. These issues, if not handled properly, will upset or even seriously damage the bilateral relationship.
To dispel strategic mistrust and build a new type of major-country relationship is a demanding task which calls for unflinching efforts from both sides. At the current stage, I believe it is important for the two countries to do the following:
First, they need to have candid and in-depth communication so as to
AND
path, and refrain from imposing one’s own will on the other side. THESE REGIONAL HOTSPOTS INCLUDE LATIN AMERICA
Beijing Xinhua 09
~Xinhua: 1st Round Sino-US Strategic, Economic Dialogue Concludes in Washington World News Connection July 29, 2009 Westlaw~
IV. On Sino-US Cooperation on International and Regional Issues The two sides
AND
and promote the peace process between the north and the south of Sudan.
BOTh sides pointed out their shared opposition to terrorism and pledged to work collaboratively to
AND
cross-border crimes, terrorism, the illegal drug trade and piracy.
The two sides agreed to enhance consultation on policy planning, Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Central Asia, and Latin America within the Strategic Dialogue framework, with a view to broadening and deepening cooperation on issues of mutual concern.
V. On Mechanism for China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue
The two sides expressed their shared view that the SED will continue to advance China
AND
representatives of the two presidents, working groups, and existing bilateral dialogues.OUR IMPACT IS THE BIGGEST – EVERY IMPACT SCENARIO CAN BE SOLVED BY SINO-US RELATIONS
Beijing Xinhua 09
~Beijing Xinhua in English China’s official news service for English-language audiences (New China News Agency)~ Xinhua ’Commentary’: World Has Every Reason To Closely Watch Obama’s China Visit 11/17/09 Westlaw~
As American geostrategist Zbigniew Brzezinski said at a January seminar marking the 30th anniversary of the two countries’ diplomatic ties, China and the United States have become important forces in global political and economic stability.
Since the ice-breaking visit by late U.S. President Richard Nixon to China in 1972 against the backdrop of the Cold War, bilateral cooperation has expanded to the areas of politics, economy, military and culture.
BOTh countries are aware of the importance of their relations.
Though Obama won the presidential election under the banner of "Change," he decided to keep the U.S.’ China policy of communications and cooperation unchanged, according to Harry Harding, a leading China specialist in the United States who has advised several presidents.
President Hu Jintao also stressed more than once that healthy development of Sino-U.S. relations is not only in the fundamental interests of both countries, but is also conducive to peace, stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region and the world at large.
Given the interwoven relations that China and the United States share in a global village, both nations see huge potential in seeking their common interests through expanded cooperation.
And major challenges, such as the global economic downturn, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and climate change, cannot be tackled by a single country on its own. Instead, they need the joint efforts of the international community, where the United States and China, as two influential countries, should play exemplary roles.
Obama’s visit to China offered an opportunity for China and the United States to reach understandings and agreements and seek solutions to a variety of global issues.
China served as an important engine to drive forward global economic recovery while the United States saw its economy reverse the trend of recession in the third quarter of this year.
To reinforce the positive economic momentum and promote global development in a steady, orderly manner, the United States and China need to join hands in the spirit of mutual support.
Among all of the issues, global warming is a problem of immediate consequence. Earlier this month in Barcelona, representatives from more than 40 small-island countries warned during a five-day convention on climate change that any delay in a solution to the problem would increase the possibility of their homes being flooded.
As the world’s two major greenhouse gas emitters, how the United States and China will cooperate and assume responsibility is a concern with global ramifications.
Undoubtedly, China and the United States still, and will always, have disagreements, especially in the fields of trade, currencies, greenhouse gas emissions, and political and military trust.
But disagreements provide room for talks, improved communications and enhanced cooperation.

Tournament: GDStanfordCal | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge:
framework in 1ac data on aff wiki

Tournament: Stanford Invitational | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Peninsula | Judge: Grigsby, Sander, Woodhead
ECONOMIC SANCTIONS EMPIRICALLY HURT REGIME STABILITY, HELPING TRANSITIONS TO DEMOCRACY
Escriba-Folch 26 Wright 10
~Abel Escriba`-Folch  Universitat Pompeu Fabra and IBEI (Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals);  Joseph Wright  Pennsylvania State University Dealing with Tyranny: International  Sanctions and the Survival of Authoritarian  Rulers1   International Studies Quarterly (2010) 54, 335–359~ 

Concluding Remarks Sanctions are one of the most widely used mechanisms of international pressure,
AND
authoritarian leaders to understand how sanctions affect stability in different types of regimes.
Our theoretical argument emphasizes that sanctions can reduce a dictator’s ability to obtain patronage rents
AND
domestic opposition entails substantial risks that the military will intervene against the incumbent.
In contrast, single-party and military regimes are able to increase their revenues
AND
the likelihood of both irregular and regular exits from power in personalist regimes.
While the recent empirical literature on sanctions effectiveness suggests that sanctions are unlikely to destabilize
AND
, dictators cannot adequately adjust and are thus likely to face destabilizing pressure.

WE USE A LAGGED MODEL THAT USES SANCTION DATA FROM 150 COUNTRIES OVER 55 YEARS THAT CONTROLS FOR REGIME TYPE, ECONOMY, POPULATION, FOREIGN WAR, INSTITUTIONS, REGIME HISTORY, PAST DEMOCRACY, PAST COLONY, RELIGION, GEOGRAPHIC REGION, COLD WAR, OIL, AND RULER EXIT
Escriba-Folch 26 Wright 10
~Abel Escriba`-Folch  Universitat Pompeu Fabra and IBEI (Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals);  Joseph Wright  Pennsylvania State University Dealing with Tyranny: International  Sanctions and the Survival of Authoritarian  Rulers1   International Studies Quarterly (2010) 54, 335–359~ 

Data on sanction episodes are taken from Marinov’s (2005) replication data set,
AND
Kubota 2005; Lai and Slater 2006; Davenport 2007; Weeks 2008).
We control for the log GDP per capita, its annual growth rate, and
AND
-state war. This variable is from the Correlates of War project.
Regarding institutions and regime history, we include a series of dummy variables that summarize
AND
of 1 for all the years between 1946 and 1990 and 0 otherwise.
It is also possible that sanctions’ effect on the resources available for patronage may vary
AND
a given year multiplied by the oil price index for that year.30
We use a binary dependent variable, Ruler Exit, which indicates whether a dictator
AND
reality our analysis addresses the probability of leader failure within a given year.
Empirical Analysis
Autocratic Survival and Foreign Pressure
The conditional nature of our hypotheses requires the use of interaction models. Therefore, we multiply the dummies created for each type of authoritarian regime by Sanctions. Table 1 reports the results of the duration models. The estimates reveal that the effect of international sanctions varies by the target country’s authoritarian regime type.
In column 1, we report the baseline model without any interactions. The coefficient
AND
The effect is much weaker and not significant for single-party regimes.
The effect of sanctions on personalist dictators’ survival is stronger after introducing the interaction with
AND
or are better able to generate a ’’rally around the flag’’ effect.
In columns 1, 2, and 4, when we do not interact sanctions
AND
3 and 5–8 are all negative but not statistically significant.35
The control variables yield results in line with our expectations and the existing literature.
AND
. This finding suggests that past institutions affect the stability of autocratic leaders.

DATA FOLLOWS

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 3 | Opponent: College Prep | Judge: 

Rule-based ethics sacrifice justice – upholding your responsibility to one other always comes at the cost of the other others.

Derrida 92 (Jacques, director of studies at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Gift of Death, p.67-69)
But isn’t this also the most common thing? what the most cursory examination of
AND
) in favor of another absolutely imperative duty bind me to every other. 

This is a gateway issue - vote negative to embrace a system of ethics predicated on contingency and calculation – rule-based morality authorizes complicity in the worst injustices.

Derrida 2 (Jacques, director of studies at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, "Force of Law: The ’Mystical Foundation of Authority,’" Acts of Religion, p. 257-8)
This excess of justice over law and calculation, this overflowing of the unpresentable over
AND
, even if his propositions on this subject remain quite obscure or traditional.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: Notre Dame | Judge: 

Economic engagement is an imperialist tool used to forward US geopolitical dominance – economic influence perpetuates the North/South geographical divide which makes war inevitable

Jones, Jones, and Woods, 04 (Martin Jones* - PhD in Human Geography from the University of Manchester, Rhys Jones; Professor of Human Geography at the University
of Wales Aberystwyth - Professor in Human Geography @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, Michael Woods* - PhD in Human Geography from Bristol University; Professor of Human Geography and Director of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, 2004, "AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Space, place and politics", http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf) MD
Political domination can take on many forms. At¶ its most basic and uncompromising
AND
and the broader international political economy (see Agnew and Corbridge¶ 1995).¶ 

This makes imperialistic violence, war and destruction inevitable – Latin America becomes a playground for the elite to commit violence

Grandin 06 (Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism,  Greg Grandin,  Macmillan, May 2, 2006 –BRW)
The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis Borges once remarked that the lack of camels in the
AND
in the Cold War, of which Central America was the tragic endgame. 

The alternative is to reject the 1AC in order to politicize the affirmative’s conception of geography – discourse analysis solves

Jones, Jones, and Woods, 04 (Martin Jones* - PhD in Human Geography from the University of Manchester, Rhys Jones; Professor of Human Geography at the University
of Wales Aberystwyth - Professor in Human Geography @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, Michael Woods* - PhD in Human Geography from Bristol University; Professor of Human Geography and Director of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, 2004, "AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Space, place and politics", http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf) MD
Far more influential have been two conceptual¶ developments which served to further politicise the
AND
independent of the person who exercises it.¶ (Foucault 1979: 201)

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 2 | Opponent: Rowland Hall | Judge: 

The plan attempts to remake the target countries in the image of Northern development through economic engagement. Challenging the limits of neoliberalism in public spaces is key to politicize alternative strategies.

Sheppard et al., Minnesota geography professor, 2010
(Eric, "Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus", Geoforum, 41.2, ScienceDirect)

We have shown that there have been marked periodic remakings of global capitalist governance from
AND
economic and cultural subordination" (Fraser, 1997, p. 28).

Neolbieralism produces crises, securitizes them and militarily lashes out against them-this cycle triggers every impact and terminates in extinction.

Mosaddeq, Sussex University IR professor, 2010
(Nafeez, "Globalizing Insecurity: The Convergence of Interdependent Ecological, Energy, and Economic Crises", 7-20, http://yalejournal.org/2010/07/globalizing-insecurity-the-convergence-of-interdependent-ecological-energy-and-economic-crises/, DOA: 6-29-12)

The logic of ’growth’ – as currently defined – is driving the depletion of
AND
preventively by re-thinking the efficacy of our current way of life.

Tournament: GDStanfordCal | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge:
The narrative of progress structures us foreign policy; it reduces complex social issues to simple technical linear problem/solutions – their harms aren’t true, they can’t solve, and it turns case
Escobar 1995 ~Arturo, Kenan Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill
AND
AND UNMAKING OF THE THIRD WORLD" 1995, page 52-53~
CONCLUSION The crucial threshold and transformation that took place in the early post– World
AND
as the discourse of economists. To them I dedicate the coming chapter.
Specifically, the aff invokes the narrative of progress.
rhetoric of progress also shapes academia as a space geared around promoting development projects.  Consequently, the discourse dominates the classroom and leads to marginalization
Appleby 10(Roslyn Appleby, Senior Lecturer at the University of Technology, Sydney. She holds a PhD in education,"ELT, Gender and International Development: Myths of Progress in a Neocolonial World" 2010, RLA)
A crucial problem for development classroom interactions arises in the inherent separation between foreign teachers
AND
with the developed world, English is the language of opportunity and privilege.  The narrative of progress locks us into ignoring pressing economic, environmental, nuclear, and social issues that risk extinction because we believe our exceptionalism
Loewen 07(James W. "Jim" Loewen, American sociologist, historian, and author, University of Vermont, "Lies My Teacher Told Me", page 285 – 286, 2007, RLA)
This is the America in which most textbook authors grew up and the America they
AND
salvaged," Mushan noted. "The human race can only perish once.¶
Vote neg – refusing the narrative of progress is necessary to allow Latin American pedagogical movements to rise up to check dominant narratives of exceptionalism
Rosenberg ’6, Associate Professor of Hispanic Studies and Comparative Literature at Brandeis (Fernando J., The Avant-garde and Geopolitics in Latin America, Google Books, p. 1-6, njw)
THIS BOOK is about the avant-gardes of Latin America and their critique of
AND
validation that is not at all foreign to a global circulation of commodities.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 4 | Opponent: Desert Vista | Judge:
Restricting individual rights is good – we must give up rights and accept state coercion and control over nature.
William Ophuls, Foreign Service officer and winner of the Gladys M. Kammerer Award for best policy book, and Stephen Boyan, Political scientist at University of Maryland, 1992 (Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity Revisited p. 206)
However, although the socioeconomic machinery needed to enforce a steady-state political economy
AND
of an iron regime that will compel our consent to living with less. 

Only an immediate transition to the steady state solves – failure to sacrifice rights will lead to extinction.
William Ophuls, Foreign Service officer and winner of the Gladys M. Kammerer Award for best policy book, and Stephen Boyan, Political scientist at University of Maryland, 1992 (Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity Revisited p.183-185)

Through most of recorded history, the human race has existed in rough equilibrium with
AND
reconstruction of the political paradigm that prevails throughout most of the modern world.

It’s a trap – the pursuit of liberal rights and freedoms only creates totalitarianism – vote negative to reject liberalism and rise from the ashes of modern politics.
William Ophuls, Former Foreign Service Officer, Formerly taught at Northwestern University, 1997 (Requiem for Modern Politics)

The essential lesson of this political tragedy is that taught by the ancient philosophers:
AND
of life and outmoded ideas or help the phoenix rise from the ashes? 

5 (if there is time)

The neg is a refusal to engage in traditional politics, abdicating social responsibility and causing extinction

Boggs, 97 (Carl, National University, Los Angeles, Theory and Society, "The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America", December, Volume 26, Number 6, http://www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.emory.edu/content/m7254768m63h16r0/fulltext.pdf)

The decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America poses a series
AND
of those universal, collective interests that had vanished from civil society. 75

This failure to engage the political process turns the negative into spectators who are powerless to produce real change.
Rorty 98 – professor emeritus of comparative literature and philosophy, by courtesy, at Stanford University (Richard, "ACHIEVING OUR COUNTRY: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America", 1998, Pg. 7-9)
Such people find pride in American citizenship impossi¬ble, and vigorous participation in electoral politics
AND
reason in him will sit down fatalistically before the croaker’s picture. "2 

 Institutional approaches are the only way to avoid the collapse of all movements and effectively challenge the flawed state policies.
Grossberg, 92 (Lawrence, Morris Davis Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "We Gotta Get Out of this Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture", page 388-389)

The demand for moral and ideological purity often results in the rejection of any
AND
reasonably democratic structures of institutionalization, even if they are impure and compromised.  

The desire for pure politics undermines a litany of meaningful possibilities at overcoming domination
Grossberg, 92 (Lawrence, Morris Davis Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "We Gotta Get Out of this Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture", page 396)

Above all, rethinking the possibility of a Left politics will require a new model
AND
challenges of strategy and compromise. An impure politics fighting for high stakes.

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 6 | Opponent: Notre Dame | Judge: 

A’s the interpretation - Economic engagement is strictly expanding economic ties

Çelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction
Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement
AND
position of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

Economic engagement must benefit both parties and create interdependence

Celik 11(Arda Can Çelik, Master’s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, "Economic Sanctions and Engagement Policies" Page 11 2011 http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/175204/economic-sanctions-and-engagement-policies, RLA)

Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement
AND
in the position of one state affects the position of others in the samedirection’’

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Logan | Judge: 

The Counterplan is mutually exclusive because any permutation will have to include the affirmative’s 1AC advocacy in this debate which is the link to our offense.  Fundamentally, we are offering an approach to disrupt _ and they are defending that they should win this debate round. These approaches are not compatible and if we win the disadvantages to using the competitive format and solvency for our counterplan then you vote negative.

The Counter Plan solves the case better for two reasons:

First, attempting to create recognition through a competitive debate round is structurally flawed since there are no written records of decisions and there is little collective memory of what happened in any given debate

Atchison and Panetta, 09

(Jarrod Atchison, Phd Rhetoric University of Georgia, Assistant Professor and Director of debate at Wake Forest University, and Edward Panetta, Phd Rhetoric Associate Professor University of Pitt and Director of Debate at Georgia, Intercollegiate Debate and Speech Communication, Historical Developments and Issues for the Future, and#34;Intercollegiate Debate and Speech Communication: Issues for the Future,and#34; The Sage Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Lunsford, Andrea, ed. (Los Angeles: Sage Publications Inc., 2009) p. 317-334)

In addition to the structural problems, the collective forgetfulness of the debate community reduces
AND
take on their opponents through the wins and losses of their own debaters.

Second, using the competitive debate format to generate change does not generate the necessary coalitions – it just makes the losing team scapegoats for the community’s problems, which causes a focus on and#34;how to winand#34; rather than and#34;how to make the community betterand#34;

Atchison and Panetta, 09 (Jarrod Atchison, Phd Rhetoric University of Georgia, Assistant Professor and Director of debate at Wake Forest University, and Edward Panetta, Phd Rhetoric Associate Professor University of Pitt and Director of Debate at Georgia, Intercollegiate Debate and Speech Communication, Historical Developments and Issues for the Future, and#34;Intercollegiate Debate and Speech Communication: Issues for the Future,and#34; The Sage Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Lunsford, Andrea, ed. (Los Angeles: Sage Publications Inc., 2009) p. 317-334)

Competition has been a critical component of the interest in intercollegiate debate from the beginning
AND
what is best for promoting solutions to diversity problems in the debate community.