Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Highland Park IT | Judge: Jenny Heidt
Contention 1 is Inherency
Current sanctions prevent effective engagement with Cuba
The Huffington Post 13(The Huffington Post, “Time to End the Cuban Embargo” 8/6/13 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-mager/cuba-embargo_b_3714610.html, RLA)

The United States' embargo against Cuba is a commercial, economic, and financial prohibition
AND
teams. Batter Up! A much better way to settle a grudge.

China is strengthening economic ties in the region –undermines U.S. leadership
Mallen 13(Patricia Rey Mallén, covers Latin America for the International Business Times, “Latin America Increases Relations With China: What Does That Mean For The US?” June 28, 2013 http://www.ibtimes.com/latin-america-increases-relations-china-what-does-mean-us-1317981, RLA)

As if to confirm the declining hegemony of the United States as the ruling global
AND
surpassed the U.S. in some countries, including powerhouse Brazil.
Contention 2 is Leadership
China seeks to expand economic and political influence – U.S. policy is inadequate
Mayers and Walter 13Jim Meyers and Kathleen Walter,news max, reports on political events, relations, and economic trends,"Latin American Expert: Rise of Leftist Governments Killing Democracy" 8/16/13 http://www.newsmax.com/Politics/latin-america-democracy-government/2013/08/16/id/520865, RLA)  

Regarding China's relationship with Latin America, Fleischman said the Chinese have economic interests and
AND
of democracy or the implementation of the OAS charter with regard to democracy."

Cuba is ground zero for expansionism--economic and military ties
Llana 12, Sara Miller Llana is the Monitor's European Bureau Chief based in Paris. She covered Latin America for the paper, from Mexico City, for seven years. She has a masters in journalism from Columbia University and a BA in history from the University of Michigan(Sara, "50 years after Cuba missile crisis, US influence in hemisphere waning" 10/14/12,  The Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas
/2012/1014/50-years-after-Cuba-missile-crisis-US-influence-in-hemisphere-waning)

Investment from emerging economies like China and Russia are diminishing Latin America's reliance on the
AND
pariah state; it is now a linchpin for all the other countries.”

Increased Chinese influence decimates U.S. supremacy – a new approach is essential for the U.S.
Dumbaugh et al 05(Kerry Dumbaugh, Specialist in Asian Affairs
Mark P. Sullivan, Specialist in Latin American Affairs “China’s Growing Interest in Latin America”
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, CRS Report for Congress, April 20, 2005 http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rs22119.pdf, RLA)

Some observers believe increased Chinese interest and economic linkages with Latin¶ America constitute a
AND
cooperative security relationships” — in order to deflect the China challenge.1

Chinese expansion undermines U.S. models for development and replaces the unipolar system  
Jenkins 10(Rhys Jenkins, MA from the University of Cambridge and a D.Phil. from the University of Sussex, acted as a consultant for a number of international bodies including UNCTAD, UNIDO and UNRISD and for the Department of International Development, “China’s Global Expansion and¶ Latin America” 2010 http://www.plataformademocratica.org/Publicacoes/21792.pdf, RLA)

The Right in the United States sees China’s growing involvement in Latin¶ America as
AND
Latin America, arguing that China’s¶ internal political model is not particularly attract

Deepened Sino economic ties create an irreversible sphere of influence – perception is key
Nolte 13(Detlef Nolte, Vice president of GIGA Institute for Latin American Studies, former Research Associate and Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Mannheim, "The Dragon in the Backyard: US Visions of China’s Relations toward Latin America" 2013 http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/gf_international_1305.pdf, RLA)

Nonetheless, deepening economic relations between China and Latin American countries may  have an indirect
AND
for example, defaulting on loans or nationalizing industries, amongst other things.
A decline in political influence is tied to economic influence
Dominguez 06(Jorge Dominguez, Antonio Madero Professor for the Study of Mexico in the Department of Government, Vice Provost for International Affairs in The Office of the Provost, Senior Advisor for International Studies to the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Chairman of The Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies at Harvard University, Member of the executive committee of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Faculty Associate of the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies and of Leverett House, Research focuses on the domestic and international politics of Latin American countries, "China’s Relations With Latin America: Shared Gains, Asymmetric Hopes" June 2006 http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Dominguez_Chinas.pdf, RLA)

The principal explanation for this boom in ¶ “China fever” was China’s own
AND
the current decade did China achieve the ¶ capacity to capitalize on such opportunities

US-Cuba policy is vital– greater economic engagement is the litmus test for engaging all of Latin America
Perez, 10 ¬– JD, Yale Law (David, “America's Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department” 13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, Spring, lexis)

Anti-Americanism has become the political chant de jour for leaders seeking long-
AND
throughout Latin America, and would go a long way toward creating goodwill.¶

Ending the embargo is crucial to effective engagement in Latin America  
National Security Network 09(National Security Network, 2,000 members and experts represent the emerging generation of foreign policy leaders, wealth of experience in government service, the private sector and the non-profit sector, members and experts combine a sophisticated and nuanced understanding of the challenges facing the United States with a fresh and innovative perspective on foreign policy."Time to Change Our Cuba Policy" February 23, 2009 http://www.democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/NSN-Statement.pdf, RLA)

Current US policy toward Cuba has damaged America's image and hurt our ¶ relationships in
AND
supported resolution condemning the embargo for the past 17 years." SFRC,

Failure to strengthen U.S. ties within the region makes a Taiwan conflict inevitable
Vega 5 (Juan, J.D. candidate at the University of Minnesota Law School, M.B.A at the University of Florida, “China's Economic and Political Clout Grows in Latin America at the Expense of U.S. Interests,” 14 Minn. J. Global Trade 377, Summer 2005, lexis,) 

5. Potential Loss of Political and Logistical Support in the Event of a U
AND
offering favorable bilateral trade agreements and reconsidering the wisdom of its agricultural subsidies.

China-Taiwan war is the most probable scenario for extinction
Lowther 13(William Lowther, staff reporter, Taipei Times, "Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report" March 16, 2013 http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211, RLA)

Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
uncertain endeavor, could be especially difficult in any conflict,” it says.

Specifically, lifting the embargo restores U.S. influence
Ben Ami 13 (Shlomo Ben-Ami, a former Israeli foreign minister who now serves as Vice President of the Toledo International Center for Peace, writer for Project Syndicate, ¶ Read more at http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-new-nature-of-us-influence-in-latin-america-by-shlomo-ben-ami#9zt46ME1bbkWY3LX.99 "Is the US Losing Latin America?" June 15, 2013 http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-new-nature-of-us-influence-in-latin-america-by-shlomo-ben-ami, RLA) 

Indeed, at the Summit of the Americas in Cartagena in April 2012, Latin
AND
. Iran has strengthened its economic and military ties, especially in Venezuela.

Removing the embargo maintains global leadership – sanctions tarnish U.S. image
Biles 13(Jonathan Biles, Writer for the Courier, a unique medium for students, faculty , staff, administration and alumni to voice their concerns since 1915, “OP-ED: The embargo against Cuba has run its course” March 16, 2013 http://www.pcccourier.com/2013/03/16/cuba-pro/, RLA)

The UN Secretary General’s office provided a report on Cuba that stated, “The
AND
no longer hold up. The embargo against Cuba is no longer warranted.

Plan boosts US credibility in negotiating other global hot spots
Hinderdael 2011- M.A. candidate at SAIS Bologna Center, B.A in History and Economics from University of Virginia (Klaas, “Breaking the Logjam: Obama's Cuba Policy and a Guideline for Improved Leadership”, 6/11/11, http://bcjournal.org/volume-14/breaking-the-logjam.html?printerFriendly=true, google scholar)

The two countries’ histories have long been intertwined, particularly after the Monroe Doctrine of
AND
truly willing to extend his hand once America’s traditional adversaries unclench their fists.

Heg is key to global stability and accesses every major impact – Prevents Great Power War
Thayer, 6, Professor of Strategic Studies – Associate Professor of Defense and Strategic Study @ Missouri State University, Former Research Fellow @ International Security Program @ Harvard Belfer Center of Science and International Affairs  (Bradley, “In Defense of Primacy,” The National Interest, November/December)

A grand strategy based on American primacy means ensuring the United States stays the world's
AND
primacy due to the economic prosperity it provides. (3:30)

Contention 3 is Trade

Squo reforms aren’t enough - several structural impediments prevent economic recovery
Whitefield 13(Mimi Whitefield, Miami Herald Americas, “Cuba’s economic reforms debated at Miami conference” 8/1/13 http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/01/3537519/cubas-economic-reforms-debated.html, RLA)

As Cuba struggles to reform its faltering economy, it has engaged in a delicate
AND
it could lead to a significant degree of “economy democracy for Cuba.”

Only immediate establishment of unrestricted trade can prevent collapse
Ashby 13(Dr. Timothy Ashby, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs “PRESERVING STABILITY IN CUBA AFTER NORMALIZING RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES – THE IMPORTANCE OF TRADING WITH STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES” March 29, 2013 http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/, RLA)

Cuba under Raúl Castro has entered a new period of economic, social, and
AND
bilateral trade with all Cuban enterprises, both private and state-owned.

Normalizing bilateral trade reworks all key parts of the Cuban economy
Ashby 13(Dr. Timothy Ashby, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs “PRESERVING STABILITY IN CUBA AFTER NORMALIZING RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES – THE IMPORTANCE OF TRADING WITH STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES” March 29, 2013 http://www.coha.org/preserving-stability-in-cuba-timothy-ashby/, RLA)

U.S. policy specifically supports “a market-oriented economic system”
AND
, more than half are in United States, Italy, or France.

Cuban instability causes Caribbean instability, democratic backsliding, and refugee flows
Gorrell 5 (Tim, Lieutenant Colonel, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” 3/18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074)

Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s
AND
in an effort to facilitate a manageable transition to post-Castro Cuba?

Terrorists groups can utilize bioweapons
Dodd 02(Christopher Dodd, Former US Senator, 6/5/02
CUBA’S PURSUIT OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS: FACT OR FICTION? HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON WESTERN HEMISPHERE, PEACE CORPS AND NARCOTICS, www.fas.org/nuke/guide/cuba/sfrc060502.pdf)

The well-respected former Deputy Director of Biopreparat, Ken Alibek, the Soviet
AND
as a direct threat to our allies or to our own national security.

Bioweapons outweigh and cause extinction
Steinbruner 97 John D. Steinbruner, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, December 22, 1997, Foreign Policy, “Biological Weapons: A Plague upon All Houses,” JSTOR, pgs. 87-8, accessed 9/3/12

That deceptively simple observation has immense implications. The use of a manufactured weapon is
AND
potential for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit

Economic engagement strengthens the Cuban economy – key to stable transition to markets
Peters 2K(Philip Peters, Lexington Institute, "Cuba's Economy and the Impact of American Engagement" September 19, 2000 http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/cubas-economy-and-the-impact-of-american-engagement, RLA)

It is possible that trade with the United States could alone produce efficiencies that would
AND
through a regime of severe economic sanctions.¶ Engagement could spur further reform.

Expanded free trade is net better for the Cuban and U.S. economies
Krol 08(Robert Krol is a professor of economics at California State University, Northridge, "Trade, Protectionism, and the U.S. Economy: Examining the Evidence" September 16, 2008 http://www.cato.org/publications/trade-briefing-paper/trade-protectionism-us-economy-examining-evidence, RLA) 

The expansion of international trade has provided considerable benefits to the United States and its
AND
in protected industries far exceeds the wages paid to workers in those jobs.
Cuba is the lynchpin of the global free trade effort
Erikson 05 (Daniel P Erikson, director of Caribbean programs, Inter - American Dialogue, the policy and research group on Western Hemisphere affairs in Washington, "Cuba's Economic Future: The Search for Models" December 2005 http://www.cubasource.org/pdf/cuba_economy.pdf, RLA)

In particular Cuba will need to avoid the trap of “partial reform equilibrium”
AND
did not take off until each country liberalized its economy in important ways.

Protectionism will cause global wars – risks extinction
Panzner 8 – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.
Plan: The United States federal government should normalize its economic relations with Cuba.
Contention 4 is Solvency
Now is key – or permanent isolation will occur
Tisdall ’13 (Simon, Death of Hugo Chávez brings chance of fresh start for US and Latin America, 3/5/13,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/05/hugo-chavez-dead-us-latin-america/print)

Hugo Chávez's departure furnishes Barack Obama with an opportunity to repair US ties with Venezuela
AND
build confidence with Venezuela, the Castro regime's key backer, she suggested.

Must act now - only immediate removal of restrictions solves
Pomerantz 13(Phyllis Pomerantz, professor of the practice of public policy, Duke Sanford School of Public Policy, is a former staff member of the World Bank. “Now Is The Time To Lift The U.S. Embargo On Cuba” January 1, 2013 http://news.sanford.duke.edu/news-type/commentary/2013/now-time-lift-us-embargo-cuba, RLA)

Now that the election is over, the United States has a rare opportunity to
AND
of admiring Havana’s old cars, Americans should be selling them new ones.

Certainty is key – quid pro quo approach backfires
Kaufman Purcell et al 12(Susan Kaufman Purcell,¶ Director, Center for Hemispheric
AND
Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy” Page 54, google books, RLA)

Most embargo opponents argue that its removal would make for peaceful and successful transition to
AND
U.S. interests should be willing to press for unconditional lifting.

Only immediate and complete removal can overcome complex structures and regulations
Wally 11 (Omar Wally, writer for the Daily Observer, “US embargo caused over US$104 billion direct economic damages on Cuba -Says Ambassador Fernandez” September 22, 2011 http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/us-embargo-caused-over-us104-billion-direct-economic-damages-on-cuba-says-ambassador-fernandez, RLA)

She said the economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed by the US government against
AND
in its legitimate demand for an end of the blockade,” she added.

Complete removal and promotion of democratic ideas brings effective change
Cisneros and Trujillo 13(Gil Cisneros, interim chairman and CEO of the Chamber of the Americas, Wayne Trujillo,¶ chamber's director of communications, “The Denver Business Journal¶ Viewpoint¶ End the Emotional Embargo against Cuba” 8/9/13 http://www.chamberoftheamericas.com/End20Emotional20Embargo.pdf, RLA)

Since it’s Cuban people rather than the Cuban hierarchy that suffer at the hands of
AND
of Cubans or ¶ Americans.¶ The time to end the embargo is yesterday

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: Desert Vista | Judge: Gino Velto
Neolib is inevitable and movements are getting smothered out of existence—any alt cedes the political
Jones 11—Owen, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph's 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left' for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing", 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html

Cooperation solves the impact- US and Latin America cooperation facilitates stability
 Perm do both- Combining ecological criticism with scientific discourse allows for analysis of the hegemonic definitions they criticize and instigates knowledge necessary for human survival
LeManager et al 11 (Stephanie LeManager, PhD from Harvard, associate professor of English at the University of California at Santa Barbara, Teresa Shewry, PhD in literature from Duke, assistant professor of English and Director of Literature and the Environment at the University of California Santa Barbara, Ken Hiltner, PhD from Harvard, professor of English and environmental studies at the University of California Santa Barbara, “Environmental Criticism for the Twenty-First Century,” Introduction, pp 4-5) 

They can’t win a colonialism internal link
LeManager et al 11 (Stephanie LeManager, PhD from Harvard, associate professor of English at the University of California at Santa Barbara, Teresa Shewry, PhD in literature from Duke, assistant professor of English and Director of Literature and the Environment at the University of California Santa Barbara, Ken Hiltner, PhD from Harvard, professor of English and environmental studies at the University of California Santa Barbara, “Environmental Criticism for the Twenty-First Century,” Introduction, p 5) 

Free markets offer the best means to acquire individual freedom– indicts the thesis of the K
Friedman 02(Milton Friedman, senior research fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Paul Snowden Russel Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Chicago, Awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics 1976, Member of President Reagan's Economic Policy Advisory Board starting at 1981, received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science, “Capitalism and Freedom” Fortieth Anniversary Edition, Page 15, 2002, RLA) 

Not imperialist - Neoliberalism creates order, equality, and interdependence
Ikenberry 4 (G. John Ikenberry, Prof. of Geopolitics, “Illusions of Empire: Defining the New American Order” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2004)

U.S. influence maintains peace – moral obligation to vote aff
Lynn – Jones 98(Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Editor, International Security; Series Editor, Belfer Center Studies in International Security, Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, "Why the United States Should Spread Democracy" 1998 http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/2830/why_the_united_states_should_spread_democracy.html, RLA) 

CP

Lengthy approval process ensures delays
Boom 12(Brian M. Boom, director of the Caribbean Biodiversity Program and Bassett Maguire Curator of Botany at the New York Botanical Garden, "Biodiversity without Borders Advancing U.S.-Cuba Cooperation through Environmental Research" 8/14/12 http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2012/biodiversity-without-borders, RLA) 

NGOs already enhance abilities to cooperate and protect the environment
Boom 12(Brian M. Boom, director of the Caribbean Biodiversity Program and Bassett Maguire Curator of Botany at the New York Botanical Garden, "Biodiversity without Borders Advancing U.S.-Cuba Cooperation through Environmental Research" 8/14/12 http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2012/biodiversity-without-borders, RLA) 

Travel restrictions strengthen the regime, kill relations, and catalyze US economic decline
Sullivan 11-Specialist in Latin American affairs (Mark P., “Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel
and Remittances”, 1/07/2011, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/155003.pdf//VS)

A transition to democracy facilitates measures to preserve the environment
Cepero, 4-Environmental assessment coordinator at the Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology at Florida International University (Eudel, “Environmental Concerns for a Cuba In Transition”, Cuba Transition Project, 2004, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/ECepero.pdf) 

Engagement creates space for US-Cuban environmental cooperation – it outweighs damaging effects of increasing trade
Conell, 09-Research Associate at COHA (Christina, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?”, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 6/12/09, http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)//TL

Continued restrictions devastate small businesses
Hanson et al 13(Daniel Hanson is an economics researcher at the American Enterprise Institute.  Dayne Batten is affiliated with the University of North Carolina Department of Public Policy.  Harrison Ealey is a financial analyst. “It's Time For The U.S. To End Its Senseless Embargo Of Cuba” 1/16/13 http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/, RLA)

They’re the backbone of the U.S. economy
United States Trade Representative 13(United States Trade Representative “Small Businesses” 2013 http://www.ustr.gov/trade-topics/small-business, RLA) 

Causes military drawdown – extinction
Harris and Burrows 09 (Mathew Harris, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer Burrows, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)

Chinese influence makes China Japan war inevitable
Gertz 13(Bill Gertz, The Washington Free Beacon, June 17, 2013 “China moves against U.S. pivot to Asia with stepped up military, diplomatic economic ties to Americas” http://freebeacon.com/counter-pivot/, RLA)

Regional instability causes extinction
Toon et. Al. 7 Department of Atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences, Laboratory for Atmosphere and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder (Owen B. Toon, 2 March 2007, “Consequences of Regional-Scale Nuclear Conflicts,” Science Magazine, Vol 315, http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/SciencePolicyForumNW.pdf)//KP

No scenario for environmental destruction causing extinction
Easterbrook, 3 – Distinguished Fellow, Fulbright Foundation (Gregg, “We’re All Gonna Die!”, Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1andtopic=andtopic_set=)

Brazil

Chinese expansion and snowden thump the disad
Brazilian Influence collapses U.S. hegemony
Soares de Lima and Hirst 06 - PhD in Political Science from Vanderbilt University (1986). Currently she is a professor at the Institute of Social and Political Studies (IESP-UERJ) and coordinator of the South American Politics Observatory, OPSA/UERJ (Maria and Monica, “Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities,” International Affairs, 2006, http://disciplinas.stoa.usp.br/pluginfile.php/43103/mod_resource/content/1/Brazil20as20an20intermediate20state20and20regional20power20-20action,20power20and20responsabilities.pdf)

US primacy prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multiple places
Brooks et al 13 Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107

Expanded Brazilian influence corrodes U.S. influence
Espach and Tulchin 10(Ralph Espach, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, Strategic Studies and Director, Latin American Affairs Program, Joseph S. Tulchin, served as Director of the Latin American Program from 1989 through 2005,U.S. foreign policy, inter-American relations, contemporary Latin America, strategic planning, and social science research methodology, “Brazil’s Rising Influence and Its Implications ¶ for Other Latin American Nations” June 2010 http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/CNA20Brazils20Rise20and20Implications20for20Neighbors.pdf, RLA)

Brazil is incapable of regional leadership – numerous barriers
Espach and Tulchin 10(Ralph Espach, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, Strategic Studies and Director, Latin American Affairs Program, Joseph S. Tulchin, served as Director of the Latin American Program from 1989 through 2005,U.S. foreign policy, inter-American relations, contemporary Latin America, strategic planning, and social science research methodology, “Brazil’s Rising Influence and Its Implications ¶ for Other Latin American Nations” June 2010 http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/CNA20Brazils20Rise20and20Implications20for20Neighbors.pdf, RLA)

Brazil can’t engage Latin America – U.S. cooperation fails
Barham 11(John A Barham, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences ¶ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the ¶ degree of ¶ Master of Arts in Liberal Studies, Georgetown University, "COOPERATION OR COLLISION: THE UNITED STATES, BRAZIL, AND EMERGING GLOBAL POWERS" April 1, 2011 http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553286/barhamJohn.pdf?sequence=1, RLA)

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: Desert Vista | Judge: Gino Velto
Neolib is inevitable and movements are getting smothered out of existence—any alt cedes the political
Jones 11—Owen, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraphand#39;s and#39;Top 100 Most Influential People on the Leftand#39; for 2011, author of and#34;Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Classand#34;, The Independent, UK, and#34;Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothingand#34;, 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html

Cooperation solves the impact- US and Latin America cooperation facilitates stability
 Perm do both- Combining ecological criticism with scientific discourse allows for analysis of the hegemonic definitions they criticize and instigates knowledge necessary for human survival
LeManager et al 11 (Stephanie LeManager, PhD from Harvard, associate professor of English at the University of California at Santa Barbara, Teresa Shewry, PhD in literature from Duke, assistant professor of English and Director of Literature and the Environment at the University of California Santa Barbara, Ken Hiltner, PhD from Harvard, professor of English and environmental studies at the University of California Santa Barbara, “Environmental Criticism for the Twenty-First Century,” Introduction, pp 4-5) 

They can’t win a colonialism internal link
LeManager et al 11 (Stephanie LeManager, PhD from Harvard, associate professor of English at the University of California at Santa Barbara, Teresa Shewry, PhD in literature from Duke, assistant professor of English and Director of Literature and the Environment at the University of California Santa Barbara, Ken Hiltner, PhD from Harvard, professor of English and environmental studies at the University of California Santa Barbara, “Environmental Criticism for the Twenty-First Century,” Introduction, p 5) 

Free markets offer the best means to acquire individual freedom– indicts the thesis of the K
Friedman 02(Milton Friedman, senior research fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Paul Snowden Russel Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Chicago, Awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics 1976, Member of President Reaganand#39;s Economic Policy Advisory Board starting at 1981, received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science, “Capitalism and Freedom” Fortieth Anniversary Edition, Page 15, 2002, RLA) 

Not imperialist - Neoliberalism creates order, equality, and interdependence
Ikenberry 4 (G. John Ikenberry, Prof. of Geopolitics, “Illusions of Empire: Defining the New American Order” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2004)

U.S. influence maintains peace – moral obligation to vote aff
Lynn – Jones 98(Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Editor, International Security; Series Editor, Belfer Center Studies in International Security, Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, and#34;Why the United States Should Spread Democracyand#34; 1998 http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/2830/why_the_united_states_should_spread_democracy.html, RLA) 

CP

Lengthy approval process ensures delays
Boom 12(Brian M. Boom, director of the Caribbean Biodiversity Program and Bassett Maguire Curator of Botany at the New York Botanical Garden, and#34;Biodiversity without Borders Advancing U.S.-Cuba Cooperation through Environmental Researchand#34; 8/14/12 http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2012/biodiversity-without-borders, RLA) 

NGOs already enhance abilities to cooperate and protect the environment
Boom 12(Brian M. Boom, director of the Caribbean Biodiversity Program and Bassett Maguire Curator of Botany at the New York Botanical Garden, and#34;Biodiversity without Borders Advancing U.S.-Cuba Cooperation through Environmental Researchand#34; 8/14/12 http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2012/biodiversity-without-borders, RLA) 

Travel restrictions strengthen the regime, kill relations, and catalyze US economic decline
Sullivan 11-Specialist in Latin American affairs (Mark P., “Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel
and Remittances”, 1/07/2011, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/155003.pdf//VS)

A transition to democracy facilitates measures to preserve the environment
Cepero, 4-Environmental assessment coordinator at the Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology at Florida International University (Eudel, “Environmental Concerns for a Cuba In Transition”, Cuba Transition Project, 2004, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/ECepero.pdf) 

Engagement creates space for US-Cuban environmental cooperation – it outweighs damaging effects of increasing trade
Conell, 09-Research Associate at COHA (Christina, “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?”, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 6/12/09, http://www.coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/)//TL

Continued restrictions devastate small businesses
Hanson et al 13(Daniel Hanson is an economics researcher at the American Enterprise Institute.  Dayne Batten is affiliated with the University of North Carolina Department of Public Policy.  Harrison Ealey is a financial analyst. “Itand#39;s Time For The U.S. To End Its Senseless Embargo Of Cuba” 1/16/13 http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/, RLA)

They’re the backbone of the U.S. economy
United States Trade Representative 13(United States Trade Representative “Small Businesses” 2013 http://www.ustr.gov/trade-topics/small-business, RLA) 

Causes military drawdown – extinction
Harris and Burrows 09 (Mathew Harris, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer Burrows, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)

Chinese influence makes China Japan war inevitable
Gertz 13(Bill Gertz, The Washington Free Beacon, June 17, 2013 “China moves against U.S. pivot to Asia with stepped up military, diplomatic economic ties to Americas” http://freebeacon.com/counter-pivot/, RLA)

Regional instability causes extinction
Toon et. Al. 7 Department of Atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences, Laboratory for Atmosphere and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder (Owen B. Toon, 2 March 2007, “Consequences of Regional-Scale Nuclear Conflicts,” Science Magazine, Vol 315, http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/SciencePolicyForumNW.pdf)//KP

No scenario for environmental destruction causing extinction
Easterbrook, 3 – Distinguished Fellow, Fulbright Foundation (Gregg, “We’re All Gonna Die!”, Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1andtopic=andtopic_set=)

Brazil

Chinese expansion and snowden thump the disad
Brazilian Influence collapses U.S. hegemony
Soares de Lima and Hirst 06 - PhD in Political Science from Vanderbilt University (1986). Currently she is a professor at the Institute of Social and Political Studies (IESP-UERJ) and coordinator of the South American Politics Observatory, OPSA/UERJ (Maria and Monica, “Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities,” International Affairs, 2006, http://disciplinas.stoa.usp.br/pluginfile.php/43103/mod_resource/content/1/Brazil20as20an20intermediate20state20and20regional20power20-20action,20power20and20responsabilities.pdf)

US primacy prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multiple places
Brooks et al 13 Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Donand#39;t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107

Expanded Brazilian influence corrodes U.S. influence
Espach and Tulchin 10(Ralph Espach, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, Strategic Studies and Director, Latin American Affairs Program, Joseph S. Tulchin, served as Director of the Latin American Program from 1989 through 2005,U.S. foreign policy, inter-American relations, contemporary Latin America, strategic planning, and social science research methodology, “Brazil’s Rising Influence and Its Implications ¶ for Other Latin American Nations” June 2010 http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/CNA20Brazils20Rise20and20Implications20for20Neighbors.pdf, RLA)

Brazil is incapable of regional leadership – numerous barriers
Espach and Tulchin 10(Ralph Espach, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, Strategic Studies and Director, Latin American Affairs Program, Joseph S. Tulchin, served as Director of the Latin American Program from 1989 through 2005,U.S. foreign policy, inter-American relations, contemporary Latin America, strategic planning, and social science research methodology, “Brazil’s Rising Influence and Its Implications ¶ for Other Latin American Nations” June 2010 http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/CNA20Brazils20Rise20and20Implications20for20Neighbors.pdf, RLA)

Brazil can’t engage Latin America – U.S. cooperation fails
Barham 11(John A Barham, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences ¶ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the ¶ degree of ¶ Master of Arts in Liberal Studies, Georgetown University, and#34;COOPERATION OR COLLISION: THE UNITED STATES, BRAZIL, AND EMERGING GLOBAL POWERSand#34; April 1, 2011 http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553286/barhamJohn.pdf?sequence=1, RLA)

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 3 | Opponent: Juan Diego DLM | Judge: A Kosmach
Influence
Multilateralism empirically doesn’t solve anything – four reasons
Harvey, 4 – University Research Professor of International Relations, professor in the Department of Political Science, and the director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University (Frank, Smoke And Mirrors: Globalized Terrorism And The Illusion Of Multilateral Security, p. 43-45) 

2AC Neolib
Foreign investment is better for the environment—critical example and empirically improves overall environmental standards
Liverman and Vilas, Regents Professor of Geography and Development, and co-Director of the Institute of the Environment at the University of Arizona and Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Center for the Environment respectively 06 (Diana and Silvina, “NEOLIBERALISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN LATIN AMERICA”, Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 6/23/06, University of Michigan Libraries)AS
Trade eliminates the only rational incentives for war—proves sustainability
Gartzke 11 Erik Gartzke is an associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF and#34;SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLDand#34; www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/
Rebelling against neoliberalism inevitably leads to a violent struggle characterized by the struggle to meet basic needs.
Ceceña, Professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, 2009(Ana Esther, National Autonomous University of Mexico; Director of the ObservatorioLatinoamericano de Geopolítica and active in the Americas Demilitarisation Campaign, “Postneoliberalism and its bifurcations” Development Dialogue Issue 51, http://rosalux-europa.info/userfiles/file/DD51.pdf#page=35)//CS

The squo is structurally improving
Goklany 9—Worked with federal and state governments, think tanks, and the private sector for over 35 years.  Worked with IPCC before its inception as an author, delegate and reviewer. Negotiated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Managed the emissions trading program for the EPA.  Julian Simon Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center, visiting fellow at AEI, winner of the Julian Simon Prize and Award. PhD, MS, electrical engineering, MSU. B.Tech in electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Tech. (Indur, “Have increases in population, affluence and technology worsened human and environmental well-being?”  2009, http://goklany.org/library/Goklany20IPAT20200920preprint.pdf)

3. Trends in Human Well-being Although global population is no longer growing exponentially, it has quadrupled
2AC Brazil Negotiations CP
U.S. is the only actor that can solve
Pierce 02(Melissa A. Pierce, Submitted to: ¶ Dr. Jonathan S. Lockwood ¶ American Military University ¶ Analytic Methods course IN520, and#34;U.S. and Cuba Policy: The Consequences of Ending Over Forty Years of Closed Tradeand#34; 6 October, 2002 http://lamp-method.org/eCommons/Pierce.pdf, RLA)

Only U.S. involvement can revitalize ties, and result in effective engagement
Pierce 02(Melissa A. Pierce, Submitted to: ¶ Dr. Jonathan S. Lockwood ¶ American Military University ¶ Analytic Methods course IN520, and#34;U.S. and Cuba Policy: The Consequences of Ending Over Forty Years of Closed Tradeand#34; 6 October, 2002 http://lamp-method.org/eCommons/Pierce.pdf, RLA)

Direct Talks only way to solve – key to trust and relations
Perez 2010- J.D. from Yale Law School
(David A., “America’s Cuba Policy: The Way Forward: A Policy Recommendation for the U.S. State Department” ,Harvard Latino Law Review, Spring, 13 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 187, lexis nexis

Brazilian engagement threatens U.S. influence and cooperation
Barham 11(John A Barham, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences ¶ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the ¶ degree of ¶ Master of Arts in Liberal Studies, Georgetown University, and#34;COOPERATION OR COLLISION: THE UNITED STATES, BRAZIL, AND EMERGING GLOBAL POWERSand#34; April 1, 2011 http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553286/barhamJohn.pdf?sequence=1, RLA)

Continued restrictions devastate small businesses
Hanson et al 13(Daniel Hanson is an economics researcher at the American Enterprise Institute.  Dayne Batten is affiliated with the University of North Carolina Department of Public Policy.  Harrison Ealey is a financial analyst. “Itand#39;s Time For The U.S. To End Its Senseless Embargo Of Cuba” 1/16/13 http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/, RLA)

They’re the backbone of the U.S. economy
United States Trade Representative 13(United States Trade Representative “Small Businesses” 2013 http://www.ustr.gov/trade-topics/small-business, RLA) 

Causes military drawdown – extinction
Harris and Burrows 09 (Mathew Harris, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer Burrows, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)

2AC Debt Ceiling
Won’t pass – partisan division and fiscal disagreements
Weisman 9/27(Jonathon Weisman, “House G.O.P. Raises Stakes in Debt-Ceiling Fight” 9/27/13 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/27/us/politics/house-gop-leaders-list-conditions-for-raising-debt-ceiling.html?_r=0, RLA)

Plan won’t cost PC- it’ll be bipartisan
Turner, 9 (Aaron Turner Co-President Miami University College Democrats, The Miami Student, “Obama administration has brilliant chance to normalize Cuban relations”, February 13th 2009, http://www.miamistudent.net/2.8193/obama-administration-has-brilliant-chance-to-normalize-cuban-relations-1.1148968#.Udc6IflQGRs)

Issues are isolated – external policies are irrelevant to the Debt Ceiling
Dickinson, 09 – professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt (5/26/09, Matthew, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, “Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/)

Debt ceiling doesn’t bring down the market – new economy and new rationale
ETF Daily 9/18 ETF Daily News is a news outlet that analyzes the economy and markets, http://etfdailynews.com/2013/09/18/debt-ceiling-budget-showdown-wont-derail-bull-market/, “Debt Ceiling, Budget Showdown Won’t Derail Bull Market”, 9/18/13, 9/19/13, CW

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley ZZ | Judge: Ri Idriss
Leadership
Securitizing threats maintains peace and stability
Noorani 5
Yaseen, Assistant Professor in Near Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona, The Rhetoric of Securityand#34; CR: The New Centennial Review 5.1 (2005) 13-41 Muse
Any threat to the existence of the United States is therefore a threat to the existence of the world order, which is to say, the values that make this order possible. It is not merely that the United States, as the most powerful nation of the free world, is the most capable of defending it. It is rather that the United States is the supreme agency advancing the underlying principle of the free order. The United States is the world orderand#39;s fulcrum, and therefore the key to its existence and perpetuation. Without the United States, freedom, peace, civil relations among nations, the possibility of civil society are all under threat of extinction. This is why the most abominable terrorists and tyrants single out the United States for their schemes and attacks. They know that the United States is the guardian of liberal values. In the rhetoric of security, therefore, the survival of the United States, its sheer existence, becomes the content of liberal values. In other words, what does it mean to espouse liberal values in the context of the present state of world affairs? It means to desire fervently and promote energetically the survival of the United States of America. When the world order struggles to preserve its and#34;self,and#34; the self that it seeks to preserve, the primary location of its being, is the United States. Conferring;this status upon the United States allows the rhetoric of security to insist upon a threat to the existence of the world order as a whole while confining the non-normative status that arises from this threat to the United States alone. The United States-as the self under threat-remains external to the normative relations by which the rest of the world continues to be bound. The United States is both a specific national existence struggling for its life and normativity itself, which makes it coextensive with the world order as a whole. For this reason, any challenge to U.S. world dominance would be a challenge to world peace and is thus impermissible. W e read in The National Security Strategy that the United States End Page 321 will and#34;promote a balance of power that favors freedomand#34; (National Security 2002, 1).And later, we find out what is meant by such a balance of power.

Solvency
Focus on gender discourse is unproductive
Baden and Goetz, Researcher and Policy Analyst specialising in Agricultural Development, Food Security and Gender Equality and Chief Advisor of Governance, Peace and Security at UNIFEM respectively 97 (Sally and Anne Marie, “Who Needs Sex When You Can Have Gender? Conflicting Discourses on Gender at Beijing”, Feminist Review 56, Summer 1997, http://graduateinstitute.ch/webdav/site/developpement/shared/developpement/mdev/soutienauxcours0809/verschuur_rights/E742_Baden_Goetz.pdf)//AS

Western feminism excludes non Western struggles of poverty and class
Bruno, PhD Candidate at the University of Texas at Austin, 06 (Javier Pereira, “Third World Critiwues of Western Feminist Theory in the Post-Development Era”, University of Texas at Austin, January 2006, http://www.ucu.edu.uy/facultades/CienciasHumanas/IPES/pdf/Laboratorio/Critiques_to_Western_Feminism_JPereira.pdf)//
2AC T

1. We meet - there would inevitably be conditions that Cuba and the U.S. would abide by before lifting the embargo
   2. Counter interpretation –Engagement must be unconditional—it’s distinct from conditional policies.
   Smith 5 — Karen E. Smith, Professor of International Relations and Director of the European Foreign Policy Unit at the London School of Economics, 2005 (“Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,” Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, May, Available Online at http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/24863/ichaptersection_singledocument/273de787-0ede-4c7e-a001-94d09f793f1b/en/03_Conditionality.pdf, Accessed 07-25-2013, p. 23)

First, a few definitions. ‘Engagement’ is a foreign policy strategy of building close ties with the government and/or civil society and/or business community of another state. The intention of this strategy is to undermine illiberal political and economic practices, and socialise government and other domestic actors into more liberal ways. Most cases of engagement entail primarily building economic links, and encouraging trade and investment in particular. Some observers have variously labelled this strategy one of interdependence, or of ‘oxygen’: economic activity leads to positive political consequences.19¶ ‘Conditionality’ , in contrast, is the linking, by a state or international organisation, of perceived benefits to another state (such as aid or trade concessions) to the fulfilment of economic and/or political conditions. ‘Positive conditionality’ entails promising benefits to a state if it fulfils the conditions; ‘negative conditionality’ involves reducing, suspending, or terminating those benefits if the state violates the conditions (in other words, applying sanctions, or a strategy of ‘asphyxiation’).20 To put it simply, engagement implies ties, but with no strings attached; conditionality attaches the strings. In another way of looking at it, engagement is more of a bottom-up strategy to induce change in another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy.
Economic engagement is measures to normalize trade and diplomacy
United States Department of State 12(United States Department of State, “Economic Statecraft” 2012 http://www.state.gov/e/eb/econstatecraft/, RLA)

2AC Neolib
Refer to Long Beach Neolib – they are the same
2AC Sutdown
Refer to Round 3 Long Beach

Tournament: Long Beach | Round: Octas | Opponent: Peninsula WT | Judge:
2AC T Conditional

1. We meet - there would inevitably be conditions that Cuba and the U.S. would abide by before lifting the embargo
   2. Counter interpretation –Engagement must be unconditional—it’s distinct from conditional policies.
   Smith 5 — Karen E. Smith, Professor of International Relations and Director of the European Foreign Policy Unit at the London School of Economics, 2005 (“Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,” Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, May, Available Online at http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/24863/ichaptersection_singledocument/273de787-0ede-4c7e-a001-94d09f793f1b/en/03_Conditionality.pdf, Accessed 07-25-2013, p. 23)

Economic engagement is measures to normalize trade and diplomacy
United States Department of State 12(United States Department of State, “Economic Statecraft” 2012 http://www.state.gov/e/eb/econstatecraft/, RLA)

2AC Human Rights Conditions CP
Cuba Study Group 13 (The Cuba Study Group is a non-partisan, not-for-profit organization made up of business and professional individuals seeking to help facilitate a peaceful transition in Cuba leading to a free and open society, respect for human rights and the rule of law, “Restoring Executive Authority Over U.S. Policy Toward Cuba, February, http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=45d8f827-174c-4d43-aa2f-ef7794831032)

Prioritize existential risks over anything else
Bostrom 11 Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, 2011, “The Concept of Existential Risk,” Draft of a Paper published on ExistentialRisk.com, http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html, Accessed 07-04-2011

Lifting the embargo against economic engagement solves human rights and stability
Whiting ’13 (Ashley, LEEHG Institute for Foreign Policy, Policy Recommendation to Lift the Cuban Embargo, 1/30/13,
http://www.leehg.org/?p=467)

Continued restrictions devastate small businesses
Hanson et al 13(Daniel Hanson is an economics researcher at the American Enterprise Institute.  Dayne Batten is affiliated with the University of North Carolina Department of Public Policy.  Harrison Ealey is a financial analyst. “Itand#39;s Time For The U.S. To End Its Senseless Embargo Of Cuba” 1/16/13 http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/01/16/its-time-for-the-u-s-to-end-its-senseless-embargo-of-cuba/, RLA)

They’re the backbone of the U.S. economy
United States Trade Representative 13(United States Trade Representative “Small Businesses” 2013 http://www.ustr.gov/trade-topics/small-business, RLA) 

Causes military drawdown – extinction
Harris and Burrows 09 (Mathew Harris, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer Burrows, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Chinese influence makes China Japan war inevitable
Gertz 13(Bill Gertz, The Washington Free Beacon, June 17, 2013 “China moves against U.S. pivot to Asia with stepped up military, diplomatic economic ties to Americas” http://freebeacon.com/counter-pivot/, RLA)

Regional instability causes extinction
Toon et. Al. 7 Department of Atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences, Laboratory for Atmosphere and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder (Owen B. Toon, 2 March 2007, “Consequences of Regional-Scale Nuclear Conflicts,” Science Magazine, Vol 315, http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/SciencePolicyForumNW.pdf)//KP
*Secondary authors include: Alan Robock (Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University), Richard P. Turco (Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California – Los Angeles), Charles Bardeen (Department of Atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences, Laboratory for Atmosphere and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder), Luke Oman (Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University), and Georgiy L. Stenchikov (Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University).

2AC Ptx
No compromise– House proves
Tribune 9/29 (Chicago Tribune, Shutdown nears as house votes to delay healthcare law; http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-government-shutdown-house-20130928,0,6090370.story)HS

debt ceiling the uniqueness overwhelms the link

Issues are isolated – external policies are irrelevant to avoiding shutdown
Dickinson, 09 – professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt (5/26/09, Matthew, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, “Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/)

Normal means is executive licensing – shields the link – no need to publicize activities  
Pascual and Huddleston, 9 – Carlos, VP and Director of Foreign policy, Brookings Institute, and Vicki, Visiting Fellow
( “CUBA: A New policy of Critical and Constructive Engagement”, April, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2009/4/cuba/0413_cuba.pdf)
No impact to disease – they either burn out or don’t spread
Posner 05 – Senior Lecturer at University of Chicago (Richard A, “Catastrophe: the dozen most significant catastrophic risks and what we can do about them.”, Winter, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmske/is_3_11/ai_n29167514/pg_2?tag=content;col1)//WL

2AC Security K
Securitizing threats maintains peace and stability
Noorani 5
Yaseen, Assistant Professor in Near Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona, The Rhetoric of Securityand#34; CR: The New Centennial Review 5.1 (2005) 13-41 Muse
Absolute rejection of security based politics leads to global injustices – only US forces can prevent global violence
Elshtain 3 Jean Bethke, Laura Spelman Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics at the University of Chicago Divinity School, and is a contributing editor for The New Republic, Just War Against Terror

In round rejection doesn’t solve – the alt cannot stop the securitization of threats that occurs afterwords.
Predictions are necessary and possible – policy demands action in the face of uncertainty
Singh 2/16/12 (Michael, How to Construct an Inaccurate Historical Analogy, Foreign Policy, February 16, 2012, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1823)
Disregard the kritik. They foreclose problem-solving which makes all impacts inevitable.
Jarvis 2k (Darryl, lecturer in IR at the University of Sydney, International relations and the challenge of postmodernism, 2000, p. 128-130)

Tournament: All | Round: 3 | Opponent: All | Judge:
Chinese expansion and snowden thump the disad
Brazilian Influence collapses U.S. hegemony
Soares de Lima and Hirst 06 - PhD in Political Science from Vanderbilt University (1986). Currently she is a professor at the Institute of Social and Political Studies (IESP-UERJ) and coordinator of the South American Politics Observatory, OPSA/UERJ (Maria and Monica, “Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities,” International Affairs, 2006, http://disciplinas.stoa.usp.br/pluginfile.php/43103/mod_resource/content/1/Brazil20as20an20intermediate20state20and20regional20power20-20action,20power20and20responsabilities.pdf)

US primacy prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multiple places
Brooks et al 13 Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Donand#39;t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107

Expanded Brazilian influence corrodes U.S. influence
Espach and Tulchin 10(Ralph Espach, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, Strategic Studies and Director, Latin American Affairs Program, Joseph S. Tulchin, served as Director of the Latin American Program from 1989 through 2005,U.S. foreign policy, inter-American relations, contemporary Latin America, strategic planning, and social science research methodology, “Brazil’s Rising Influence and Its Implications ¶ for Other Latin American Nations” June 2010 http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/CNA20Brazils20Rise20and20Implications20for20Neighbors.pdf, RLA)

Brazil is incapable of regional leadership – numerous barriers
Espach and Tulchin 10(Ralph Espach, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, Strategic Studies and Director, Latin American Affairs Program, Joseph S. Tulchin, served as Director of the Latin American Program from 1989 through 2005,U.S. foreign policy, inter-American relations, contemporary Latin America, strategic planning, and social science research methodology, “Brazil’s Rising Influence and Its Implications ¶ for Other Latin American Nations” June 2010 http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/CNA20Brazils20Rise20and20Implications20for20Neighbors.pdf, RLA)

Brazil can’t engage Latin America – U.S. cooperation fails
Barham 11(John A Barham, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences ¶ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the ¶ degree of ¶ Master of Arts in Liberal Studies, Georgetown University, and#34;COOPERATION OR COLLISION: THE UNITED STATES, BRAZIL, AND EMERGING GLOBAL POWERSand#34; April 1, 2011 http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553286/barhamJohn.pdf?sequence=1, RLA)

Tournament: All | Round: 3 | Opponent: All | Judge:
Chinese expansion and snowden thump the disad
Brazilian Influence collapses U.S. hegemony
Soares de Lima and Hirst 06 - PhD in Political Science from Vanderbilt University (1986). Currently she is a professor at the Institute of Social and Political Studies (IESP-UERJ) and coordinator of the South American Politics Observatory, OPSA/UERJ (Maria and Monica, “Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities,” International Affairs, 2006, http://disciplinas.stoa.usp.br/pluginfile.php/43103/mod_resource/content/1/Brazil20as20an20intermediate20state20and20regional20power20-20action,20power20and20responsabilities.pdf)

US primacy prevents global conflict – diminishing power creates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multiple places
Brooks et al 13 Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Donand#39;t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107

Expanded Brazilian influence corrodes U.S. influence
Espach and Tulchin 10(Ralph Espach, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, Strategic Studies and Director, Latin American Affairs Program, Joseph S. Tulchin, served as Director of the Latin American Program from 1989 through 2005,U.S. foreign policy, inter-American relations, contemporary Latin America, strategic planning, and social science research methodology, “Brazil’s Rising Influence and Its Implications ¶ for Other Latin American Nations” June 2010 http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/CNA20Brazils20Rise20and20Implications20for20Neighbors.pdf, RLA)

Brazil is incapable of regional leadership – numerous barriers
Espach and Tulchin 10(Ralph Espach, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, Strategic Studies and Director, Latin American Affairs Program, Joseph S. Tulchin, served as Director of the Latin American Program from 1989 through 2005,U.S. foreign policy, inter-American relations, contemporary Latin America, strategic planning, and social science research methodology, “Brazil’s Rising Influence and Its Implications ¶ for Other Latin American Nations” June 2010 http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/CNA20Brazils20Rise20and20Implications20for20Neighbors.pdf, RLA)

Brazil can’t engage Latin America – U.S. cooperation fails
Barham 11(John A Barham, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences ¶ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the ¶ degree of ¶ Master of Arts in Liberal Studies, Georgetown University, and#34;COOPERATION OR COLLISION: THE UNITED STATES, BRAZIL, AND EMERGING GLOBAL POWERSand#34; April 1, 2011 http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553286/barhamJohn.pdf?sequence=1, RLA)

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: College Prep BY | Judge: Woodhead, ,
CONTENTION ONE – DEMOCRATIC FREEDOMS
ECONOMIC SANCTIONS HAVE A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT, NEGATIVE EFFECT ON DEMOCRATIC FREEDOMS; AND THE EFFECT ONLY GETS WORSE EACH YEAR THE SANCTION CONTINUES

Drury and Peksen 10
A. Cooper Drury, Professor / Chair of Political Science, University of Missouri; PHD Arizona State University; Dursun Peksen, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Univ. of Memphis; PHD Univ of Missouri; Coercive or Corrosive: The Negative Impact of Economic Sanctions on Democracy International Interactions, 36:240–264, 2010
WE USE A LAGGED TIME SERIES MODEL OF 102 COUNTRIES OVER 28 YEARS CONTROLLING FOR TYPE OF SANCTION, GDP, ECONOMIC GROWTH, FDI, POPULATION, CIVIL WAR, OIL, AND ARAB COUNTRIES

Drury and Peksen 10
A. Cooper Drury, Professor / Chair of Political Science, University of Missouri; PHD Arizona State University; Dursun Peksen, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Univ. of Memphis; PHD Univ of Missouri; Coercive or Corrosive: The Negative Impact of Economic Sanctions on Democracy International Interactions, 36:240–264, 2010
DEMOCRATIC FREEDOM DIRECTLY IMPACTS ONE’S QUALITY OF LIFE

Orviska et al 12
Assoc Prof. Marta Orviska; Faculty of Economics, Matej Bel University at Bystrica, Slovak Republic; Assoc Prof Anetta Caplanova Department of Economics, University of Economics, Dolnozemska at Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Professor.John Hudson Department of Economics, University of Bath at Bath, United Kingdom The impact of democracy on well-being. Social Indicators Research, 2012 http://opus.bath.ac.uk/28943/1/Hudson_Social-Indicatos-Research_2012.pdf
CUBANS WANT DEMOCRATIC FREEDOMS

Moreno and Calingaert 11
Alejandro Moreno PhD in Political Science at University of Michigan, Professor of Political Science at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM); Daniel Calingaert. D.Phil from Oxford University, Deputy Director of Programs at Freedom House responsible for civil society and media programs worldwide; Associate Professor at Georgetown University’s M.A. Program in Democracy and Governance and Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies.  Change Comes to Cuba Citizens’ Views on Reform after the Sixth Party Congress October 21, 2011
WE USE SIMPLE STATISTICS FROM 190 INFORMAL INTERVIEWS IN CUBA

Moreno and Calingaert 11
Alejandro Moreno PhD in Political Science at University of Michigan, Professor of Political Science at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM); Daniel Calingaert. D.Phil from Oxford University, Deputy Director of Programs at Freedom House responsible for civil society and media programs worldwide; Associate Professor at Georgetown University’s M.A. Program in Democracy and Governance and Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies.  Change Comes to Cuba Citizens’ Views on Reform after the Sixth Party Congress October 21, 2011

Plan:
The United States federal government should remove all economic sanctions on Cuba.
CONTENTION 2 - FRAMEWORK

PREDICTIONS MUST HAVE WITH A CLAIM, A WARRANT, AND STRONG DATA TO GET A DEFAULT 100 PROBABILITY, ANYTHING LESS GETS 0. 

STRONG DATA REQUIRES (1) EXPLICIT DISCLOSURE OF (2) QUANTIFIABLE RESEARCH METHODS 

OUR INTERPRETATION IS BEST FOR DEBATE
SUBPOINT A - TRUTH – REGRESSION ANALYSIS ALLOWS US TO MAKE ACCURATE PREDICTIONS

Braumoeller and Sartori 02
Bear F. Braumoeller, Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University and Anne E. Sartori , Associate Professor of Political Science at Northwestern University 6 Empirical-Quantitative Approaches to the Study of International Relations in  Cases, Numbers, Models: International Relations Research Methods edited by Detlef F. Sprinz and Yael Wolinsky REVISED, November 2002
SPECIFICALLY, EXPLICIT DISCLOSURE IS REQUIRED – WE USE A SIMPLE REGRESSION MODEL OF SHARED DATA FROM 49 PAPERS CONTAINING OVER 1148 TEST STATISTICS

Wicherts et al 2011
Jelte M. Wicherts*, Marjan Bakker, Dylan Molenaar Psychology Department, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands "Willingness to Share Research Data Is Related to the Strength of the Evidence and the Quality of Reporting of Statistical Results" PLoS ONE 6(11) http://www.plosone.org/article/info3Adoi 2F10. 13712Fjournal.pone.0026828
SUBPOINT B IS POLICYMAKING EDUCATION – STRONG DATA IS KEY

Saks 86
Michael J. Prof of Law at Arizona State University, cited in a Supreme Court opinion and thousands of articles. B.A., B.S., Pennsylvania State University, 1969; M.A., 1972; Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1975; M.S.L., Yale Law School, 1983. *63 IF THERE BE A CRISIS, HOW SHALL WE KNOW IT? 46 Md. L. Rev. 63 Fall, 1986
SUBPOINT C IS WEAK DATA GETS ZERO PERCENT

ASSUME THE NEG DISADS, CRITIQUES, AND CP SOLVENCY HAVE ZERO PROBABILITY UNLESS PROVEN WITH STRONG DATA BECAUSE THEY ARE WITHIN THE STATISTICAL “MARGIN FOR ERROR”

Zellner 07
Arnold Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago Philosophy and objectives of econometrics Journal of Econometrics Volume 136, Issue 2, February 2007, Pages 331-339
ASSIGNING A NON-ZERO VALUE TO WEAK DATA ONLY PREVENTS FUTURE DEBATES OVER STRONG DATA BY REWARDING THE LAZY
Sterba 06
Sonya K. Department of Psychology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Misconduct in the Analysis and Reporting of Data: Bridging Methodological and Ethical Agendas for Change ETHICS and BEHAVIOR, 16(4), 305–318 2006
JUDGES CANNOT ACCESS HIGH MAGNITUDE / LOW PROBABILITY EVENTS – WE USE A PROBIT MODEL USING SURVEY DATA FROM OF 95 STATE COURT JUDGES

Viscusi 99
W. Kip Harvard Law School “How Do Judges Think about Risk?” American Law and Economics Review VI N1/2 1999 (26- 62)

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: College Prep BY | Judge: Woodhead, ,
CONTENTION ONE – DEMOCRATIC FREEDOMS
ECONOMIC SANCTIONS HAVE A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT, NEGATIVE EFFECT ON DEMOCRATIC FREEDOMS; AND THE EFFECT ONLY GETS WORSE EACH YEAR THE SANCTION CONTINUES

Drury and Peksen 10
A. Cooper Drury, Professor / Chair of Political Science, University of Missouri; PHD Arizona State University; Dursun Peksen, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Univ. of Memphis; PHD Univ of Missouri; Coercive or Corrosive: The Negative Impact of Economic Sanctions on Democracy International Interactions, 36:240–264, 2010
WE USE A LAGGED TIME SERIES MODEL OF 102 COUNTRIES OVER 28 YEARS CONTROLLING FOR TYPE OF SANCTION, GDP, ECONOMIC GROWTH, FDI, POPULATION, CIVIL WAR, OIL, AND ARAB COUNTRIES

Drury and Peksen 10
A. Cooper Drury, Professor / Chair of Political Science, University of Missouri; PHD Arizona State University; Dursun Peksen, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Univ. of Memphis; PHD Univ of Missouri; Coercive or Corrosive: The Negative Impact of Economic Sanctions on Democracy International Interactions, 36:240–264, 2010
DEMOCRATIC FREEDOM DIRECTLY IMPACTS ONE’S QUALITY OF LIFE

Orviska et al 12
Assoc Prof. Marta Orviska; Faculty of Economics, Matej Bel University at Bystrica, Slovak Republic; Assoc Prof Anetta Caplanova Department of Economics, University of Economics, Dolnozemska at Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Professor.John Hudson Department of Economics, University of Bath at Bath, United Kingdom The impact of democracy on well-being. Social Indicators Research, 2012 http://opus.bath.ac.uk/28943/1/Hudson_Social-Indicatos-Research_2012.pdf
CUBANS WANT DEMOCRATIC FREEDOMS

Moreno and Calingaert 11
Alejandro Moreno PhD in Political Science at University of Michigan, Professor of Political Science at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM); Daniel Calingaert. D.Phil from Oxford University, Deputy Director of Programs at Freedom House responsible for civil society and media programs worldwide; Associate Professor at Georgetown University’s M.A. Program in Democracy and Governance and Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies.  Change Comes to Cuba Citizens’ Views on Reform after the Sixth Party Congress October 21, 2011
WE USE SIMPLE STATISTICS FROM 190 INFORMAL INTERVIEWS IN CUBA

Moreno and Calingaert 11
Alejandro Moreno PhD in Political Science at University of Michigan, Professor of Political Science at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM); Daniel Calingaert. D.Phil from Oxford University, Deputy Director of Programs at Freedom House responsible for civil society and media programs worldwide; Associate Professor at Georgetown University’s M.A. Program in Democracy and Governance and Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies.  Change Comes to Cuba Citizens’ Views on Reform after the Sixth Party Congress October 21, 2011

Plan:
The United States federal government should remove all economic sanctions on Cuba.
CONTENTION 2 - FRAMEWORK

PREDICTIONS MUST HAVE WITH A CLAIM, A WARRANT, AND STRONG DATA TO GET A DEFAULT 100 PROBABILITY, ANYTHING LESS GETS 0. 

STRONG DATA REQUIRES (1) EXPLICIT DISCLOSURE OF (2) QUANTIFIABLE RESEARCH METHODS 

OUR INTERPRETATION IS BEST FOR DEBATE
SUBPOINT A - TRUTH – REGRESSION ANALYSIS ALLOWS US TO MAKE ACCURATE PREDICTIONS

Braumoeller and Sartori 02
Bear F. Braumoeller, Associate Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University and Anne E. Sartori , Associate Professor of Political Science at Northwestern University 6 Empirical-Quantitative Approaches to the Study of International Relations in  Cases, Numbers, Models: International Relations Research Methods edited by Detlef F. Sprinz and Yael Wolinsky REVISED, November 2002
SPECIFICALLY, EXPLICIT DISCLOSURE IS REQUIRED – WE USE A SIMPLE REGRESSION MODEL OF SHARED DATA FROM 49 PAPERS CONTAINING OVER 1148 TEST STATISTICS

Wicherts et al 2011
Jelte M. Wicherts*, Marjan Bakker, Dylan Molenaar Psychology Department, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands "Willingness to Share Research Data Is Related to the Strength of the Evidence and the Quality of Reporting of Statistical Results" PLoS ONE 6(11) http://www.plosone.org/article/info3Adoi 2F10. 13712Fjournal.pone.0026828
SUBPOINT B IS POLICYMAKING EDUCATION – STRONG DATA IS KEY

Saks 86
Michael J. Prof of Law at Arizona State University, cited in a Supreme Court opinion and thousands of articles. B.A., B.S., Pennsylvania State University, 1969; M.A., 1972; Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1975; M.S.L., Yale Law School, 1983. *63 IF THERE BE A CRISIS, HOW SHALL WE KNOW IT? 46 Md. L. Rev. 63 Fall, 1986
SUBPOINT C IS WEAK DATA GETS ZERO PERCENT

ASSUME THE NEG DISADS, CRITIQUES, AND CP SOLVENCY HAVE ZERO PROBABILITY UNLESS PROVEN WITH STRONG DATA BECAUSE THEY ARE WITHIN THE STATISTICAL “MARGIN FOR ERROR”

Zellner 07
Arnold Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago Philosophy and objectives of econometrics Journal of Econometrics Volume 136, Issue 2, February 2007, Pages 331-339
ASSIGNING A NON-ZERO VALUE TO WEAK DATA ONLY PREVENTS FUTURE DEBATES OVER STRONG DATA BY REWARDING THE LAZY
Sterba 06
Sonya K. Department of Psychology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Misconduct in the Analysis and Reporting of Data: Bridging Methodological and Ethical Agendas for Change ETHICS and BEHAVIOR, 16(4), 305–318 2006
JUDGES CANNOT ACCESS HIGH MAGNITUDE / LOW PROBABILITY EVENTS – WE USE A PROBIT MODEL USING SURVEY DATA FROM OF 95 STATE COURT JUDGES

Viscusi 99
W. Kip Harvard Law School “How Do Judges Think about Risk?” American Law and Economics Review VI N1/2 1999 (26- 62)

Tournament: USC Round Robbin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: Phillips Stables
The resolution is an attempt to uphold the narrative of progress. The narrative of progress fuels the attempt to remake the target countries in the image of Northern development through economic engagement
Sheppard et al 10 (., Minnesota geography professor, 2010
(Eric, “Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus”, Geoforum, 41.2, ScienceDirect)

Globalism implies coercive means to enforce neoliberal models exclusive of any alternative – this spurs power structures and inequality  
Porter 11 (Trinalynn Leslie Porter, Memorial University, Student Journal of Political Science, "The Nature of Our Demise: A Social Constructivist Analysis of Neoliberal Barriers to Development" Volume 5 2011 http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/MP/article/view/200/174, RLA)

Neoliberal development models undermine individual and societal rights – there is a moral obligation to affirm  
Figueredo 07(Darío Salinas Figueredo, PhD in Social Sciences from the Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico, Full Professor and Member of the National System of Researchers (Level II ), coordinates the research " Governance and Political Institutions in Latin America, “Imperialism, Neoliberalism And Social Struggles in Latin America” page 64  2007 http://books.google.com/books?id=XnXyN97XjwYCandpg=PR11andlpg=PR11anddq=22Imperialism22+22Discourse2222Latin+America22+22neoliberalism22andsource=blandots=7YJmCAKr6Vandsig=VhF6MuqBH2CB-a4pfM3uuieLRFwandhl=enandsa=Xandei=HvpNUuOFG6SiiQKEr4DIDQandved=0CGMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepageandq=22Imperialism222022Discourse2222Latin20America222022neoliberalism22andf=false, RLA)
132)
The free market emphasis on competition facilitates coercion and a materialistic assessment of values – undermining the individual and society
Sukys 09(Paul Andrew Sukys, Professor of Philosophy and Law, Humanities Department, North Central State College, "Dehumanizing the Humanities: Neoliberalism and the Unethical Dimension of the Market Ethic" http://forumonpublicpolicy.com/spring09papers/archivespr09/sukys.pdf, RLA)

We are taught in the classroom that this flawed narrative of progress is unquestionably good – this education prevents us from developing a coherent understanding of U.S. influence and development. This causes imperial conquests in the name of development that produce an endless cycle of problems.
Loewen 07(James W. "Jim" Loewen, American sociologist, historian, and author, University of Vermont, “Lies My Teacher Told Me”, page 285 – 286, 2007, RLA)

This is because the educational system is plagued by quantifying mania and co – option.
 Sukys 09(Paul Andrew Sukys, Professor of Philosophy and Law, Humanities Department, North Central State College, "Dehumanizing the Humanities: Neoliberalism and the Unethical Dimension of the Market Ethic" page 3 -4 http://forumonpublicpolicy.com/spring09papers/archivespr09/sukys.pdf, RLA)

This means that scholars feed students selective portions of information – this prevents a holistic debate
Loewen 07(James W. "Jim" Loewen, American sociologist, historian, and author, University of Vermont, “Lies My Teacher Told Me”, page 285 – 286, 1995, RLA)

Status quo academia is inherently corporatized and produces knowledge to empower the social elite and reinforce the narrative.  This cedes political decision-making to elites – the affirmative is key to deregulating discussion and reclaiming public spaces to achieve collective solutions
Giroux 13(Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario , Receiver of multiple awards, cultural critic, "Henry A. Giroux | Beyond Savage Politics and Dystopian Nightmares"  9/25/13 http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19025-beyond-savage-politics-and-dystopian-nightmares, RLA)

The affirmative problematizes the narrative of progress as a linear development project that sees Latin America as primitive and in need of saving – it is a moment of interruption that calls into question the fundamental underpinnings of modernity. This produces a new discourse that challenges the assumptions of symbolic production and spatiality which the topic is built on.
Rosenberg ‘6, Associate Professor of Hispanic Studies and Comparative Literature at Brandeis (Fernando J., The Avant-garde and Geopolitics in Latin America, Google Books, p. 1-6, njw)

Dominant discourse misconstrues economic liberalization as positive sum– This materialist rhetoric distorts reality and enforces a system of power and influence     
Porter 11 (Trinalynn Leslie Porter, Memorial University, Student Journal of Political Science, "The Nature of Our Demise: A Social Constructivist Analysis of Neoliberal Barriers to Development" Volume 5 Page 58 – 59 2011 http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/MP/article/view/200/174, RLA)

Accepting the rhetoric and discourse of policymakers is futile – self -interest and poor method prevent effective policy
Jenson 09(Jane Jenson ¶ Département de science politique ¶ Université de Montréal  "Diffusing ideas for after-neoliberalism: The social investment perspective in Europe and Latin America" Page 4-5 May 2009 http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2009/Jenson.pdf, RLA)

Pursuing alternatives to the neoliberal mindset requires an objective observation - discursive analysis is a prerequisite to deconstructing flawed neoliberal ideology   
Dello Buono and Bell Lara 07(Richard A. Dello Buono, Ph.D. (1986) in Sociology is Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Sociology, Manhattan College,  Dr José Bell Lara, professor at the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Havana “Imperialism, Neoliberalism And Social Struggles in Latin America” 2007 Google books page 3, RLA)

Placing limits on the debate represses criticism and co- opts social movements
Cooney 06(Paul Cooney¶ Socio-Economic Center¶ Department of Economics¶ Campus of Guama, "The Decline of Neoliberalism and the Role of Social Movements in Latin America" 2006 http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/ec/jec10/ponencias/703Cooney.pdf, RLA)

Consumerism drives institutions to marginalize populations and disengage from productive education.  A critical pedagogy is the only way to enable all members of society to engage.
Giroux 13(Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario , Receiver of multiple awards, cultural critic, "Henry A. Giroux | When Schools Become Dead Zones of the Imagination: A Critical Pedagogy Manifesto" 8/13/13  http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18133-when-schools-become-dead-zones-of-the-imagination-a-critical-pedagogy-manifesto, RLA) 

Their model of debate fuels elitist domination of education causing exclusion of those deemed unfit – debate is critical for engaging the pedagogical engagement
Wikins 12(Wilkins, Ph.D. in Social Policy, Research Fellow at University of Roehampton, April 23, 2012
Andrew, “The spectre of neoliberalism: pedagogy, gender and the construction of learner identities,” Critical Studies in Education, Vol. 53.2, pg 207-8)

Policymaking focus kills political agency and fails to understand the root of the problem—discursive analysis must come first
Hay and Rosamond 02(Reader in Political Analysis in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham and Senior Research Fellow in International Politics in the Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation at the University of Warwick respectively, 02, (Colin and Ben, “Globalisation, European Integration and the Discursive Construction of Economic Imperatives”, Journal of European Public Policy 9:2, 4/02, http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ssfc0041/globalisation.pdf)

Disregard utilitarian calculations – they preclude individual rights
Arneson 2k (Richard J. Arneson is Distinguished Professor and Valtz Family Professor at the University of California, San Diego, “RAWLS VERSUS UTILITARIANISM IN THE LIGHT OF POLITICAL
LIBERALISM” 2000 http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/rarneson/rawlsut.pdf, RLA)
PLAN?
We Affirm/ Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela.

Tournament: USC Round Robbin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Niles North OW | Judge: Phillips Stables
The resolution is an attempt to uphold the narrative of progress. The narrative of progress fuels the attempt to remake the target countries in the image of Northern development through economic engagement
Sheppard et al 10 (., Minnesota geography professor, 2010
(Eric, “Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus”, Geoforum, 41.2, ScienceDirect)

Globalism implies coercive means to enforce neoliberal models exclusive of any alternative – this spurs power structures and inequality  
Porter 11 (Trinalynn Leslie Porter, Memorial University, Student Journal of Political Science, "The Nature of Our Demise: A Social Constructivist Analysis of Neoliberal Barriers to Development" Volume 5 2011 http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/MP/article/view/200/174, RLA)

Neoliberal development models undermine individual and societal rights – there is a moral obligation to affirm  
Figueredo 07(Darío Salinas Figueredo, PhD in Social Sciences from the Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico, Full Professor and Member of the National System of Researchers (Level II ), coordinates the research " Governance and Political Institutions in Latin America, “Imperialism, Neoliberalism And Social Struggles in Latin America” page 64  2007 http://books.google.com/books?id=XnXyN97XjwYCandpg=PR11andlpg=PR11anddq=22Imperialism22+22Discourse2222Latin+America22+22neoliberalism22andsource=blandots=7YJmCAKr6Vandsig=VhF6MuqBH2CB-a4pfM3uuieLRFwandhl=enandsa=Xandei=HvpNUuOFG6SiiQKEr4DIDQandved=0CGMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepageandq=22Imperialism222022Discourse2222Latin20America222022neoliberalism22andf=false, RLA)
132)
The free market emphasis on competition facilitates coercion and a materialistic assessment of values – undermining the individual and society
Sukys 09(Paul Andrew Sukys, Professor of Philosophy and Law, Humanities Department, North Central State College, "Dehumanizing the Humanities: Neoliberalism and the Unethical Dimension of the Market Ethic" http://forumonpublicpolicy.com/spring09papers/archivespr09/sukys.pdf, RLA)

We are taught in the classroom that this flawed narrative of progress is unquestionably good – this education prevents us from developing a coherent understanding of U.S. influence and development. This causes imperial conquests in the name of development that produce an endless cycle of problems.
Loewen 07(James W. "Jim" Loewen, American sociologist, historian, and author, University of Vermont, “Lies My Teacher Told Me”, page 285 – 286, 2007, RLA)

This is because the educational system is plagued by quantifying mania and co – option.
 Sukys 09(Paul Andrew Sukys, Professor of Philosophy and Law, Humanities Department, North Central State College, "Dehumanizing the Humanities: Neoliberalism and the Unethical Dimension of the Market Ethic" page 3 -4 http://forumonpublicpolicy.com/spring09papers/archivespr09/sukys.pdf, RLA)

This means that scholars feed students selective portions of information – this prevents a holistic debate
Loewen 07(James W. "Jim" Loewen, American sociologist, historian, and author, University of Vermont, “Lies My Teacher Told Me”, page 285 – 286, 1995, RLA)

Status quo academia is inherently corporatized and produces knowledge to empower the social elite and reinforce the narrative.  This cedes political decision-making to elites – the affirmative is key to deregulating discussion and reclaiming public spaces to achieve collective solutions
Giroux 13(Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario , Receiver of multiple awards, cultural critic, "Henry A. Giroux | Beyond Savage Politics and Dystopian Nightmares"  9/25/13 http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19025-beyond-savage-politics-and-dystopian-nightmares, RLA)

The affirmative problematizes the narrative of progress as a linear development project that sees Latin America as primitive and in need of saving – it is a moment of interruption that calls into question the fundamental underpinnings of modernity. This produces a new discourse that challenges the assumptions of symbolic production and spatiality which the topic is built on.
Rosenberg ‘6, Associate Professor of Hispanic Studies and Comparative Literature at Brandeis (Fernando J., The Avant-garde and Geopolitics in Latin America, Google Books, p. 1-6, njw)

Dominant discourse misconstrues economic liberalization as positive sum– This materialist rhetoric distorts reality and enforces a system of power and influence     
Porter 11 (Trinalynn Leslie Porter, Memorial University, Student Journal of Political Science, "The Nature of Our Demise: A Social Constructivist Analysis of Neoliberal Barriers to Development" Volume 5 Page 58 – 59 2011 http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/MP/article/view/200/174, RLA)

Accepting the rhetoric and discourse of policymakers is futile – self -interest and poor method prevent effective policy
Jenson 09(Jane Jenson ¶ Département de science politique ¶ Université de Montréal  "Diffusing ideas for after-neoliberalism: The social investment perspective in Europe and Latin America" Page 4-5 May 2009 http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2009/Jenson.pdf, RLA)

Pursuing alternatives to the neoliberal mindset requires an objective observation - discursive analysis is a prerequisite to deconstructing flawed neoliberal ideology   
Dello Buono and Bell Lara 07(Richard A. Dello Buono, Ph.D. (1986) in Sociology is Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Sociology, Manhattan College,  Dr José Bell Lara, professor at the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Havana “Imperialism, Neoliberalism And Social Struggles in Latin America” 2007 Google books page 3, RLA)

Placing limits on the debate represses criticism and co- opts social movements
Cooney 06(Paul Cooney¶ Socio-Economic Center¶ Department of Economics¶ Campus of Guama, "The Decline of Neoliberalism and the Role of Social Movements in Latin America" 2006 http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/ec/jec10/ponencias/703Cooney.pdf, RLA)

Consumerism drives institutions to marginalize populations and disengage from productive education.  A critical pedagogy is the only way to enable all members of society to engage.
Giroux 13(Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario , Receiver of multiple awards, cultural critic, "Henry A. Giroux | When Schools Become Dead Zones of the Imagination: A Critical Pedagogy Manifesto" 8/13/13  http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18133-when-schools-become-dead-zones-of-the-imagination-a-critical-pedagogy-manifesto, RLA) 

Their model of debate fuels elitist domination of education causing exclusion of those deemed unfit – debate is critical for engaging the pedagogical engagement
Wikins 12(Wilkins, Ph.D. in Social Policy, Research Fellow at University of Roehampton, April 23, 2012
Andrew, “The spectre of neoliberalism: pedagogy, gender and the construction of learner identities,” Critical Studies in Education, Vol. 53.2, pg 207-8)

Policymaking focus kills political agency and fails to understand the root of the problem—discursive analysis must come first
Hay and Rosamond 02(Reader in Political Analysis in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham and Senior Research Fellow in International Politics in the Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation at the University of Warwick respectively, 02, (Colin and Ben, “Globalisation, European Integration and the Discursive Construction of Economic Imperatives”, Journal of European Public Policy 9:2, 4/02, http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ssfc0041/globalisation.pdf)

Disregard utilitarian calculations – they preclude individual rights
Arneson 2k (Richard J. Arneson is Distinguished Professor and Valtz Family Professor at the University of California, San Diego, “RAWLS VERSUS UTILITARIANISM IN THE LIGHT OF POLITICAL
LIBERALISM” 2000 http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/rarneson/rawlsut.pdf, RLA)
PLAN?
We Affirm/ Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela.

Tournament: La Costa Canyon | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Nevada Union KH | Judge:
Status quo engagement attempts to uphold the narrative of progress, recreating the topic countries to the image and likeness of Northern development through economic engagement
Sheppard et al 10 (., Minnesota geography professor, 2010
(Eric, “Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus”, Geoforum, 41.2, ScienceDirect)

The narrative of progress obfuscates the internal contradictions inherent in status quo predatory economic engagement policies that allow for the violent extermination of the periphery. This is a form of bankrupt from of ethics that removes individual agency from discussions of economic engagement. The affirmative’s rejection of the totalizing narrative of modernity is a critical starting point for unlearning these myths – it is a pocket of resistance that is a prerequisite for affirming any vision of economic engagement.

Pratt ‘7, prof. of Spanish and Portuguese Languages and Literatures at NYU (Mary Louise, Globalization, Demodernization and the Return of the Monsters, A lecture read at the Third Encounter of Performance and Politics, Universidad Catolica, Lima, Peru, July 2002, Translated from Spanish by QMS, Fall 2007, http://smashthisscreen.blogspot.com/2008/02/globalization-demodernization-and.html, njw)

.

Furthermore, the narrative of progress creates an endless cycle of problems that must be solved by imperial conquest - ultimately this will lead to extinction. As students we are taught in the classroom that this narrative is unquestionably good - this education prevents us from coherently understanding US influence and development policies.
Loewen 07(James W. "Jim" Loewen, American sociologist, historian, and author, University of Vermont, “Lies My Teacher Told Me”, page 285 – 286, 2007, RLA)

This is because the educational system is plagued by quantifying mania and co – option.
 Sukys 09(Paul Andrew Sukys, Professor of Philosophy and Law, Humanities Department, North Central State College, "Dehumanizing the Humanities: Neoliberalism and the Unethical Dimension of the Market Ethic" page 3 -4 http://forumonpublicpolicy.com/spring09papers/archivespr09/sukys.pdf, RLA)

Additionally, The narrative of progress structures us foreign policy; it reduces complex social issues to simple technical linear problem/solutions – aff harms aren't true, they can't solve, and it turns case

Escobar 1995 Arturo, Kenan Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill Director, Institute of Latin American Studies, UNC-Chapel Hill Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, UNC-Chapel Hill Adjunct Professor, Department of Communications, UNC-Chapel Hill Fellow, Institute of Arts and Humanities, UNC Fellow, Center for Urban and Regional Research, UNC Facilitator, World Anthropologies Network / Red de Antropologías Mundiales Research Associate, Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, Bogotá, “Encountering Development THE MAKING AND UNMAKING OF THE THIRD WORLD” 1995, page 52-53

Consumerism drives institutions to marginalize populations and disengage from productive education.  A critical pedagogy is the only way to enable all members of society to engage.
Giroux 13(Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario , Receiver of multiple awards, cultural critic, "Henry A. Giroux | When Schools Become Dead Zones of the Imagination: A Critical Pedagogy Manifesto" 8/13/13  http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18133-when-schools-become-dead-zones-of-the-imagination-a-critical-pedagogy-manifesto, RLA)
Their model of debate fuels elitist domination of education causing exclusion of those deemed unfit – debate is critical for engaging the pedagogical engagement
Wikins 12(Wilkins, Ph.D. in Social Policy, Research Fellow at University of Roehampton, April 23, 2012
Andrew, “The spectre of neoliberalism: pedagogy, gender and the construction of learner identities,” Critical Studies in Education, Vol. 53.2, pg 207-8)

Without our model the only alternative to critical pedagogy is bare pedagogy, which ingrains its educational values into the market and narrative of progress. Absent critical pedagogy, we can never break free of these corporatized institutions regardless of the side we are on.
Giroux and Laureate 09(Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario , Receiver of multiple awards, cultural critic, Kappa Delta Pi Laureate "Bare Pedagogy and the Scourge of Neoliberalism: Rethinking Higher Education as a Democratic Public Sphere" http://www.kdp.org/publications/theeducationalforum/pdf/Leaureate_Leader_Giroux.pdf, RLA)

Lastly, the aff’s Critical pedagogy offers the only method capable of unraveling the corporatized grip over institutions.  Our stance as transformative intellectuals is key to opening space for change.  Prioritizing a critical pedagogy is the only way to empower the voiceless.  
Bercaw and Stooksberry 01(Lynne A. Bercaw, Appalachian State University, Lisa M. Stooksberry, American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, "Teacher Education, Critical Pedagogy, and Standards: An Exploration of Theory and Practice" http://www.usca.edu/essays/vol122004/bercaw.pdf, RLA)

PLAN/Advocacy Statement
Thus Reece and I affirm the resolution as a site to challenge the narrative of progress inherent in status quo economic engagement. 

The affirmative problematizes the narrative of progress as a linear development project that sees Latin America as primitive and in need of saving – it is a moment of interruption that calls into question the fundamental underpinnings of modernity. This produces a new discourse that challenges the assumptions of symbolic production and spatiality which the topic is built on.
Rosenberg ‘6, Associate Professor of Hispanic Studies and Comparative Literature at Brandeis (Fernando J., The Avant-garde and Geopolitics in Latin America, Google Books, p. 1-6, njw)
The underlying motivations for policy directly influences how the government carries out economic policy – the new orientation toward economic engagement fostered by the affirmative directly influences policymaking. 

DEFRA ’10, the UK’s Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Andrea Collier, Andrew Cotterill, Tim Everett, Rachel Muckle, Tony Pike and Amy Vanstone, Understanding and influencing behaviours: a review of social research, economics and policy making in Defra, draft paper, Defra, February 2010, p. 1-3, http://archive.defra.gov.uk/evidence/series/documents/understand-influence-behaviour-discuss.pdf, njw)